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-6022911984757567962	where is bermuda located on the world map	[ "approximately 1,070 km (665 mi) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; 1,236 km (768 mi) south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia; and 1,578 km (981 mi) north of Puerto Rico", "approximately 1,070 km (665 mi) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; 1,236 km (768 mi) south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia; and 1,578 km (981 mi) north of Puerto Rico", "approximately 1,070 km (665 mi) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina", "1,236 km (768 mi) south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia", "1,578 km (981 mi) north of Puerto Rico" ]	{ "0": "Bermuda - wikipedia Bermuda Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the British Overseas Territory . For other uses , see Bermuda ( disambiguation ) . An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://bearboat.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/tvlbt-bda-bd-11feb09_sailingtravel1.pdf Triggered by \\ bfiles \\. wordpress \\. com \\ b on the global blacklist Coordinates : 32 ° 20 ′ N 64 ° 45 ′ W / 32.333 ° N 64.750 ° W / 32.333 ; - 64.750 Bermuda Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Quo Fata Ferunt '' ( Latin ) `` Whither the Fates carry ( us ) '' Anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' ( official ) `` Hail to Bermuda '' ( unofficial ) `` All the Bermudians '' ( unofficial ) Location of Bermuda ( circled in red ) in the Atlantic Ocean ( blue ) Status British Overseas Territory Capital Hamilton 32 ° 18 ′ N 64 ° 47 ′ W / 32.300 ° N 64.783 ° W / 32.300 ; - 64.783 Largest city St George 's Official languages English Ethnic groups ( 2010 ) 54 % Black 31 % White 8 % Multiracial 4 % Asian 3 % Other Demonym Bermudian Government Parliamentary dependency under constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Governor John Rankin Premier E. David Burt Responsible Minister ( UK ) Baroness Anelay of St John 's Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house House of Assembly Area Total 53.2 km ( 20.5 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 27 Population 2016 census 65,", "1": "331 Density 1,275 / km ( 3,302.2 / sq mi ) ( 9th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2014 estimate Total $5.60 billion ( 161th ( estimate ) ) Per capita $89,795 ( 4th ) HDI ( 2008 ) 0.981 very high Currency Bermudian dollar ( BMD ) Time zone AST ( UTC -- 4 ) Summer ( DST ) ADT ( UTC -- 3 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the left Calling code + 1 - 441 ISO 3166 code BM Internet TLD . bm This song is also used at international sporting events such as the Olympic Games . ( `` Bermuda -- London 2012 Olympics '' . Telegraph . July 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2012. ) For the Overseas Territories . On par with United States dollar . Bermuda ( / bərˈmjuːdə / ) is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean . It is approximately 1,070 km ( 665 mi ) east - southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina ; 1,236 km ( 768 mi ) south of Cape Sable Island , Nova Scotia ; and 1,578 km ( 981 mi ) north of Puerto Rico . The capital city is Hamilton . Bermuda is an associate member of Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) . Bermuda 's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance , and tourism , the two largest economic sectors . Bermuda had one of the world 's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century and several years beyond . Recently , its economic status has been affected by the global recession . It has a subtropical climate . Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle , a region of sea in which , according to legend , a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances .", "2": "The island is in the hurricane belt and prone to related severe weather ; however , it is somewhat protected by a coral reef that surrounds the island and its position at the north of the belt , which limits the direction and severity of approaching storms . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-settlement 1.2 Settlement by the English 1.3 Company colony 1.4 Civil War 1.5 Maritime economy 1.6 Bermuda and the American War of Independence 1.7 Fortress Bermuda 1.8 Anglo - Boer War 1.9 Economic and political development 2 Geography 2.1 Main sights 2.2 Geology 2.3 Climate 2.4 Flora and fauna 3 Demographics 3.1 Languages 3.2 Religion 4 Politics 4.1 Government organization 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Role in international relations 4.3. 1 Asylum offered to four former Guantánamo detainees 4.3. 2 Caribbean Community 4.4 Military 5 Economy 6 Education 7 Culture 7.1 Arts 7.2 Sports 8 Health 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Bermuda The first person known to have reached Bermuda was the Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503 , after whom the islands are named . He claimed the islands for the Spanish Empire . Bermúdez never landed on the islands , but made two visits to the archipelago , of which he created a recognisable map . Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription on Portuguese Rock ( previously called Spanish Rock ) . Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there , which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began .", "3": "In 1609 , the English Virginia Company , which had established Jamestown in Virginia two years earlier , permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane , when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking , then landed ashore . The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614 . Its spin - off , the Somers Isles Company , took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684 . At that time , the company 's charter was revoked , and the English Crown took over administration . The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England , which created the Kingdom of Great Britain . After 1949 , when Newfoundland became part of Canada , Bermuda became the oldest remaining British overseas territory . After the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997 , Bermuda became the most populous remaining dependent territory ( from 2002 overseas territory ) . Its first capital , St. George 's , was established in 1612 . Pre-settlement ( edit ) First map of the island of Bermuda in 1511 , made by Peter Martyr d'Anghiera in his book Legatio Babylonica Bermuda was discovered in 1503 by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez . It is mentioned in Legatio Babylonica , published in 1511 by historian Pedro Mártir de Anglería , and was also included on Spanish charts of that year . Both Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands as a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water . Legends arose of spirits and devils , now thought to have stemmed from the calls of raucous birds ( most likely the Bermuda petrel , or cahow ) and the loud noise heard at night from wild hogs . Combined with the frequent storm - wracked conditions and the dangerous reefs , the archipelago became known as the Isle of Devils . Neither Spain nor Portugal attempted to settle it . Settlement by the English ( edit ) John Smith wrote one of the first histories of Bermuda in 1624 ( combined with Virginia and New England ) . For the next century , the island is believed to have been visited frequently , but not settled .", "4": "After the failure of the first two English colonies in Virginia , a more determined effort was initiated by King James I of England , who granted a Royal Charter to the Virginia Company . It established a colony at Jamestown , Virginia , in 1607 . Two years later , a flotilla of seven ships left England under the Company 's Admiral , Sir George Somers , and the new Governor of Jamestown , Sir Thomas Gates , with several hundred settlers , food and supplies to relieve the colony of Jamestown . Somers had previous experience sailing with both Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh . The flotilla was broken up by a storm . As the flagship , the Sea Venture , was taking on water , Somers drove it onto Bermuda 's reef and gained the shores safely with smaller boats -- all 150 passengers and a dog survived . ( William Shakespeare 's play The Tempest , in which the character Ariel refers to the `` still - vex 'd Bermoothes '' ( I. ii. 229 ) , is thought to have been inspired by William Strachey 's account of this shipwreck . ) They stayed 10 months , starting a new settlement and building two small ships to sail to Jamestown . The group of islands were claimed for the English Crown , and the charter of the Virginia Company was later extended to include them . In 1610 , all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown . Among them was John Rolfe , whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda . Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas , a daughter of the powerful Powhatan , leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian - speaking tribes in coastal Virginia . In 1612 , the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough . St. George 's was settled that year and designated as Bermuda 's first capital . It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World . In 1615 , the colony was passed to a new company , the Somers Isles Company , named after the admiral who saved his passengers from the Sea Venture . Many Virginian place names refer to the archipelago , such as Bermuda City , and Bermuda Hundred . The first English coins to circulate in North America were struck in Bermuda .", "5": "Company colony ( edit ) The archipelago 's limited land area and resources led to the creation of what may be the earliest conservation laws of the New World . In 1616 and 1620 acts were passed banning the hunting of certain birds and young tortoises . Civil War ( edit ) In 1649 , the English Civil War was in its seventh year and King Charles I was beheaded in Whitehall , London . In Bermuda , related tensions resulted in civil war on the island ; it was ended by militias . The majority of colonists developed a strong sense of devotion to the Crown . Dissenters , such as Puritans and Independents , were pushed to settle the Bahamas under William Sayle . Bermuda and Virginia , as well as Antigua and Barbados were , however , the subjects of an Act of the Rump Parliament which was essentially a declaration of war . An Act prohibiting Trade with Barbados , Virginia , Bermuda and Antego , specified that : due punishment ( be ) inflicted upon the said Delinquents , do Declare all and every the said persons in Barbada 's , Antego , Bermuda 's and Virginia , that have contrived , abetted , aided or assisted those horrid Rebellions , or have since willingly joyned with them , to be notorious Robbers and Traitors , and such as by the Law of Nations are not to be permitted any maner of Commerce or Traffique with any people whatsoever ; and do forbid to all maner of persons , Foreiners , and others , all maner of Commerce , Traffique and Correspondency whatsoever , to be used or held with the said Rebels in the Barbada 's , Bermuda 's , Virginia and Antego , or either of them . All Ships that Trade with the Rebels may be surprised . Goods and tackle of such ships not to be embezeled , till judgement in the Admiralty. ; Two or three of the Officers of every ship to be examined upon oath . The Royalist colonies were also threatened with invasion . The Government of Bermuda eventually reached an agreement with the Parliamentarians in England which left the status quo in Bermuda . Maritime economy ( edit ) Bermuda Gazette of 12 November 1796 , calling for privateering against Spain and its allies ; it has advertisements for crew for two privateer vessels .", "6": "In the 17th century , the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding , as it needed Bermudians to farm in order for it to generate income from the land . The colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced . Bermudians began to turn to maritime trades relatively early in the 17th century , but the Somers Isles Company used all its authority to suppress turning away from agriculture . This interference led to the islanders demanding , and receiving , the revocation of the Company 's charter in 1684 , and the Company was dissolved . Bermudians rapidly abandoned agriculture for shipbuilding , replanting farmland with the native juniper ( Juniperus bermudiana , called Bermuda cedar ) trees that grew thickly over the entire island . Establishing effective control over the Turks Islands , Bermudians deforested their landscape to begin the salt trade . It became the world 's largest and remained the cornerstone of Bermuda 's economy for the next century . Bermudian sailors and merchants relied on more than the export of salt , however . They vigorously pursued whaling , privateering , and the merchant trade . The Bermuda sloop became highly regarded for its speed and manoeuvrability , and was soon adapted for service with the Royal Navy . The Bermuda sloop HMS Pickle carried despatches of the victory at Trafalgar , and news of the death of Admiral Nelson , to England . Bermuda and the American War of independence ( edit ) Bermuda 's ambivalence towards the American rebellion changed in Sept. 1774 , when the Continental Congress resolved to ban trade with Great Britain , Ireland , and the West Indies after 10 Sept. 1775 . Such an embargo would mean the collapse of their intercolonial commerce , famine and civil unrest . Lacking political channels with Great Britain , the Tucker Family met in May 1775 with eight other parishioners , and resolved to send delegates to the Continental Congress in July , with the goal of an exemption from the ban . Henry Tucker noted a clause in the ban which allowed the exchange of American goods for military supplies . This clause was confirmed by Benjamin Franklin when Tucker met with the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety . Independently , Tucker 's sons St.", "7": "George and Thomas Tudor confirmed this business arrangement with Peyton Randolph and the Charlestown Committee of Safety , while another Bermudian , Harris , did so with George Washington . Three American vessels , independently operating from Charlestown , Philadelphia and Newport , all headed to Bermuda . On 14 Aug. , 100 barrels of gunpowder were taken from the Bermudian magazine , while Governor George James Bruere slept , and loaded onto these vessels . As a consequence , on 2 Oct. the Continental Congress exempted Bermuda from their trade ban . Bermuda thus acquired a reputation for disloyalty . Parliament then prohibited trade with the American rebelling colonies in the 1775 Prohibitory Act , and sent the HMS Scorpion to keep watch over the island . The island 's forts were stripped of cannon , such that by the end of 1775 , all of Bermuda 's forts were without cannon , shot and powder . Yet , wartime trade of contraband continued along well established family connections . With 120 vessels by 1775 , Bermuda continued to trade with St. Eustatius through 1781 , and provided salt to North American ports , despite the presence of hundreds of privateers . In June 1776 , the HMS Nautilus secured the island , followed by the HMS Galatea in Sept . Yet , the two British captains seemed more intent on capturing prize money , causing a severe food shortage on the island until the departure of Nautilus in Oct . After France 's entry into the war in 1778 , Sir Henry Clintonrefortified and garrisoned the island under the command of Major William Sutherland . As a result , 91 French and American ships were captured in the winter of 1778 - 1779 , bringing the population once again to the brink of starvation . Bermudian trade was severely hampered by the combination of the Royal Navy , the British garrison and loyalist privateers , such that famine struck the island in 1779 . The death of George Bruere in 1780 , turned the governorship over to his son , George Jr. , an active loyalist . Under his leadership , smuggling was stopped , and the Bermudian colonial government populated with like - minded loyalists .", "8": "Even Henry Tucker abandoned trading with the United States , because of the presence of many privateers . Loyalist privateers based in Bermuda captured 114 prizes between 1777 and 1781 , while 130 were captured in 1782 . Fortress Bermuda ( edit ) Main article : Military of Bermuda An illustration of the Devonshire Redoubt , Bermuda , 1614 . After the American Revolution , the Royal Navy began improving the harbours . In 1811 , it started building the large dockyard on Ireland Island , in the west of the chain , to serve as its principal naval base guarding the western Atlantic Ocean shipping lanes . To guard it , the British Army built up a large Bermuda Garrison , and heavily fortified the archipelago . During the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States , the British attacks on Washington , D.C. and the Chesapeake were planned and launched from Bermuda , where the headquarters of the Royal Navy 's North American Station had recently been moved from Halifax , Nova Scotia . The harbour at St. George In 1816 , James Arnold , the son of Benedict Arnold , fortified Bermuda 's Royal Naval Dockyard against possible US attacks . Today , the National Museum of Bermuda , which incorporates Bermuda 's Maritime Museum , occupies the Keep of the Royal Naval Dockyard , including the Commissioner 's House , and exhibits artifacts of the base 's military history . As a result of Bermuda 's proximity to the southeastern US coast , during the American Civil War Confederate States blockade runners frequently used it as a stopping point base for runs to and from the Southern states or England to evade Union naval vessels on blockade patrol , delivering much needed war goods from England and for transporting much needed cotton back to England . The old Globe Hotel in St George 's , which was a centre of intrigue for Confederate agents , is preserved as a public museum . Anglo - Boer War ( edit ) During the Anglo - Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) , 5,000 Boer prisoners of war were housed on five islands of Bermuda . They were located according to their views of the war . `` Bitterenders '' ( Afrikaans : Bittereinders ) , who refused to pledge allegiance to the British Crown , were interned on Darrell 's Island and closely guarded .", "9": "Other islands such as Morgan 's Island held 884 men , including 27 officers ; Tucker 's Island held 809 Boer prisoners , Burt 's Island 607 , and Port 's Island held 35 . The New York Times reported an attempted mutiny by Boer prisoners of war en route to Bermuda and that martial law was enacted on Darrell 's Island , in addition to the escape of three Boer prisoners to mainland Bermuda , a young Boer soldier stowed away and sailed from Bermuda to New York on the steamship Trinidad . The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life sentence for `` conspiracy against the British government and on ( the charge of ) espionage . '' . On the night of 25 June 1902 , Duquesne slipped out of his tent , worked his way over a barbed - wire fence , swam 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) past patrol boats and bright spot lights , through storm - wracked waters , using the distant Gibbs Hill Lighthouse for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island . From there he escaped to the port of St. George 's and a week later , he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore , Maryland . He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars . He claimed to be responsible for the 1916 death of Lord Herbert Kitchener in the sinking of HMS Hampshire , the head of the British Army who had also commanded British forces in South Africa during the second Boer War , but this had resulted from a mine . In 1942 , Col. Duquesne was arrested by the FBI for leading the Duquesne Spy Ring , which still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States . Lord Kitchener 's brother , Lt. Gen. Sir Walter Kitchener , had been the Governor of Bermuda from 1908 until his death in 1912 . His son , Major Hal Kitchener , bought Hinson 's Island ( with his partner , Major Hemming , another First World War aviator ) . The island had formerly been part of the Boer POW camp , housing teenaged prisoners from 1901 to 1902 .", "10": "Economic and political development ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip visiting Bermuda in 1953 . Hamilton Harbour in the mid-1920s . The SS Queen of Bermuda in Hamilton Harbour , December 1952 / January 1953 . In the early 20th century , as modern transport and communication systems developed , Bermuda became a popular destination for American , Canadian and British tourists arriving by sea . The United States 1930 Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act enacted protective tariffs . It cut off Bermuda 's once - thriving agricultural export trade to the US and encouraged its development of tourism as an alternative . After several failed attempts , in 1930 the first aeroplane reached Bermuda . A Stinson Detroiter seaplane flying from New York City , it had to land twice in the ocean : once because of darkness and again to refuel . Navigation and weather forecasting improved in 1933 when the Royal Air Force ( then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ) established a station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair ( and supply replacement ) float planes for the fleet . In 1936 Luft Hansa began to experiment with seaplane flights from Berlin via the Azores with continuation to New York City . In 1937 , Imperial Airways and Pan American World Airways began operating scheduled flying - boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell 's Island , Bermuda . In 1948 , regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land - based aeroplanes began to Kindley Field ( now L.F. Wade International Airport ) , helping tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s -- 1970s . By the end of the 1970s , international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda 's economy ( see Economy of Bermuda ) . The Royal Naval Dockyard , and the attendant military garrison , continued to be important to Bermuda 's economy until the mid-20th century . In addition to considerable building work , the armed forces needed to source food and other materials from local vendors . Beginning in World War II , US military installations also were located in Bermuda ( see `` Military '' section below and Military of Bermuda ) . Universal adult suffrage and the development of a two - party political system occurred in the 1960s .", "11": "Before universal suffrage , adopted as part of Bermuda 's Constitution in 1967 , voting was dependent on a certain level of property ownership . ( see `` Politics '' section , below , and Politics of Bermuda ) . On 10 March 1973 , the Governor of Bermuda Richard Sharples was assassinated by local Black Power militants during a period of civil unrest . In 1995 an independence vote was conducted , and failed . Geography ( edit ) View from the top of Gibb 's Hill Lighthouse Landsat 8 satellite image Bermuda pictured from the International Space Station Topographic map of Bermuda Main article : Geography of Bermuda Bermuda is a group of low - forming volcanoes in the Atlantic Ocean , near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea , roughly 578 nautical miles ( 1,070 km ( 665 mi ) ) east - southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles ( 1,100 km ( 684 mi ) ) southeast of Martha 's Vineyard of Massachusetts . It is 898 nautical miles ( 1,664 km ( 1,034 mi ) ) northeast of Miami , Florida , and 667 nautical miles ( 1,236 km ( 768 mi ) ) from Cape Sable Island , in Nova Scotia , Canada . The islands lie due east of Fripp Island , South Carolina , west - northwest of Cape Verde , southeast of New York City , New York , north - northwest of Brazil and north of Puerto Rico . It has 103 km ( 64 mi ) of coastline . The two incorporated municipalities in Bermuda are the City of Hamilton and the Town of St George . Bermuda is divided into nine parishes , which have some localities called villages , such as Flatts Village and Somerset Village . Although usually referred to in the singular , the territory consists of 181 islands , with a total area of 53.3 square kilometres ( 20.6 square miles ) . The largest island is Main Island , sometimes called Bermuda . Eight of the larger islands are connected by bridges , and are the populated islands . Compiling a list of the islands is often complicated , as many have more than one name ( as does the entire archipelago , which has also been known historically as La Garza , Virgineola , and the Isle of Devils .", "12": "Somers Isles is often rendered `` Somers Islands '' , or mistaken for `` Summer Isles '' ) . Despite the small land mass , place names are repeated : two islands named Long Island , three bays named Long Bay ( on Somerset , Main , and Cooper 's islands ) , two Horseshoe Bays ( one in Southampton , on the Main Island , the other at Morgan 's Point , formerly Tucker 's Island ) , two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass , one in Warwick , the other in St. George 's Parish , and two St George 's Towns on St George 's Island in St George 's Parish , each known as St George 's . There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to the City of Hamilton in Pembroke Parish . Main sights ( edit ) One of Bermuda 's pink - sand beaches at Astwood Park . Bermuda 's pink sand beaches and clear , cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists . Many of Bermuda 's few hotels are located along the south shore of the island . In addition to its beaches , there are a number of sightseeing attractions . Historic St George 's is a designated World Heritage Site . Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water ( typically 30 -- 40 ft or 9 -- 12 m in depth ) , with virtually unlimited visibility . Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers , especially at Church Bay . Bermuda 's most popular visitor attraction is the Royal Naval Dockyard , which includes the Bermuda Maritime Museum . Other attractions include the Bermuda Aquarium , Museum and Zoo , Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute , the Botanical Gardens and Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art , lighthouses , and the Crystal Caves with stalactites and underground saltwater pools . It is not possible to rent a car on the island ; public transport and taxis are available or visitors can hire scooters for use as private transport . Geology ( edit ) NOAA Ocean Explorer Bermuda Geologic Map .", "13": "where red denotes the Walsingham Formation , purple denotes the Town Hill and Belmont Formations , green denotes the Rocky Bay and Southampton Formations , and white is fill associated with the airport Bermuda consists of more than 150 limestone islands , but 5 main islands , along the southern margin of the Bermuda Platform , which is one of three topographic highs found on the Bermuda Pedestal . This Bermuda Pedestal sits atop the Burmada Rise , a mid-basin swell surrounded by abyssal plains . Initial uplift of this rise occurred in the Middle to Late Eocene and concluded by the Late Oligocene , when it subsided below sea level . The volcanic rocks associated with this rise are tholeiitic lavas and intrusive lamprophyre sheets , which form a volcanic basement , on average , 50 m below the island carbonate surface . The limestones of Bermuda consist of biocalcarenites with minor conglomerates . The portion of Bermuda above sea level consists of rocks deposited by Aeolian processes . These eolianites are actually the type locality , and formed during interglaciations , and are laced by red paleosols , also referred to as geosols or terra rossas , indicative of Saharan atmospheric dust and forming during glacial stages . The stratigraphic column starts with the Walsingham Formation , overlain by the Castle Harbour Geosol , the Lower and Upper Town Hill Formations separated by the Harbour Road Geosol , the Ord Road Geosol , the Belmont Formation , the Shore Hills Geosol , the Rocky Bay Formation , and the Southampton Formation . The older eolianite ridges ( Older Bermuda ) are more rounded and subdued compared to the outer coastline ( Younger Bermuda ) . Thus , post deposition morphology includes chemical erosion , with inshore water bodies demonstrating much of Bermuda is partially drowned Pleistocene karst . The Walsinghsm Formation is a clear example , constituting the cave district around Castle Harbour . The Upper Town Hill Formation forms the core of the Main Island , and prominent hills such as Town Hill , Knapton Hill , and St. David 's Lighthouse , while the highest hills , Gibbs Hill Lighthouse , are due to the Southampton Formation .", "14": "Bermuda has two major aquifers , the Langton Aquifer located within the Southampton , Rocky Bay and Belmont Formations , and the Brighton Aquifer located within the Town Hill Formation . Four freshwater lenses occur in Bermuda , with the Central Lens being the largest on Main Island , containing an area of 7.2 km and a thickness greater than 10 m . Climate ( edit ) Main articles : Climate of Bermuda and List of Bermuda hurricanes Residential scene in Bermuda Bermuda has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) . Bermuda is warmed by the nearby Gulf Stream , and low latitude . The islands may experience modestly cooler temperatures in January , February , and March ( average 63 ° F ( 17 ° C ) ) . There has never been snow , a frost or freeze on record in Bermuda . Summertime heat index in Bermuda can be high , although mid-August temperatures rarely exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . The highest recorded temperature was 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) in August 1989 . Bermuda is in the hurricane belt . Along the Gulf Stream , it is often directly in the path of hurricanes recurving in the westerlies , although they usually begin to weaken as they approach Bermuda , whose small size means that direct landfalls of hurricanes are rare . The most recent hurricanes to cause significant damage to Bermuda were category 2 Hurricane Gonzalo on 18 October 2014 and category 3 Hurricane Nicole on 14 October 2016 , both of which struck the island directly . Before that , Hurricane Fabian on 5 September 2003 was the last major hurricane to hit Bermuda directly . The only source of fresh water in Bermuda is rainfall , which is collected on roofs and catchments ( or drawn from underground lenses ) and stored in tanks . Each dwelling usually has at least one of these tanks forming part of its foundation . The law requires that each household collect rainwater that is piped down from the roof of each house . Average monthly rainfall is highest in October , at over 6 inches ( 150 mm ) , and lowest in April and May .", "15": "The average annual temperature of the Atlantic Ocean around Bermuda is 22.8 ° C ( 73.0 ° F ) , from 18.6 ° C ( 65.5 ° F ) in February to 28.2 ° C ( 82.8 ° F ) in August . Bermuda is on the same parallel as the Portuguese archipelago Madeira a few time zones farther east in the Atlantic . The two archipelagos are the only land in the Atlantic on the 32nd parallel north . ( hide ) Climate data for Hamilton -- capital of Bermuda Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 26.1 ( 79.0 ) 26.1 ( 79.0 ) 27.2 ( 81.0 ) 30 ( 86.0 ) 32.2 ( 90.0 ) 33.1 ( 91.6 ) 33.9 ( 93.0 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 31.7 ( 89.0 ) 28.9 ( 84.0 ) 26.7 ( 80.0 ) 33.9 ( 93.0 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 20.3 ( 68.6 ) 21.6 ( 70.8 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 27 ( 80.6 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 29.8 ( 85.7 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 26.3 ( 79.4 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 21.4 ( 70.6 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 18 ( 64.4 ) 19.3 ( 66.", "16": "7 ) 22 ( 71.6 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 26.7 ( 80.0 ) 27.2 ( 80.9 ) 26.2 ( 79.1 ) 23.9 ( 75.0 ) 21.2 ( 70.1 ) 19 ( 66.2 ) 22 ( 71.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 16.1 ( 60.9 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 15.7 ( 60.2 ) 16.9 ( 62.5 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 22.8 ( 73.0 ) 24.1 ( 75.3 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 21.4 ( 70.6 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 7.8 ( 46.0 ) 6.7 ( 44.0 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) 8.9 ( 48.0 ) 12.8 ( 55.0 ) 17.8 ( 64.0 ) 20 ( 68.0 ) 20 ( 68.0 ) 18.9 ( 66.0 ) 14.4 ( 58.0 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 10 ( 50.0 ) 6.7 ( 44.0 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 128.5 ( 5.06 ) 115.3 ( 4.54 ) 110 ( 4.33 ) 87.9 ( 3.46 ) 82.8 ( 3.26 ) 130.3 ( 5.13 ) 114.6 ( 4.51 ) 130.8 ( 5.15 ) 129.3 ( 5.", "17": "09 ) 161.3 ( 6.35 ) 105.4 ( 4.15 ) 114.3 ( 4.50 ) 1,409.7 ( 55.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 inch ) 17 15 15 12 10 12 13 14 15 16 13 17 171 Mean monthly sunshine hours 142.9 144.5 185.7 228.1 248.1 257.2 281.0 274.1 220.1 197.5 170.3 142.5 2,492 Source : Bermuda Weather Service ( sun , 1999 -- 2010 ) Flora and fauna ( edit ) Main article : Flora and fauna in Bermuda Young Bermuda cedar at Ferry Reach When discovered , Bermuda was uninhabited and mostly dominated by forests of Bermuda cedar , with mangrove marshes along its shores . Only 165 of the island 's current 1,000 vascular plant species are considered native . Of those , 15 , including the eponymous cedar , are endemic . Settlers have introduced many species of palm trees to Bermuda . Coconut palms are found on Bermuda , making it the northernmost location for the natural growth of this species . However , the climate is usually too cool to allow the palms to properly set fruit . The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats , all of which are also found in the eastern United States : Lasionycteris noctivagans , Lasiurus borealis , Lasiurus cinereus , Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus . Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird , the Bermuda petrel or cahow . It was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s . It is important as an example of a Lazarus species . The government has a programme to protect it , including restoration of a habitat area .", "18": "The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda , discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches . Recently through genetic DNA studies , scientists have discovered that a species of turtle , the diamondback terrapin , previously thought to have been introduced , pre-dated the arrival of humans in the archipelago . As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds , some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink 's unique status . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Bermuda A view of Bermuda from Gibbs Hill Lighthouse in July 2015 . Bermuda 's 2010 Census put Bermuda 's population at 64,237 and , with an area of 53.2 km ( 20.5 sq mi ) , it has a calculated population density of 1207 / km2 . The racial makeup of Bermuda as recorded by the 2010 census , was 54 % black , 31 % white , 8 % multiracial , 4 % Asian , and 4 % other races , although these numbers are based on self - identification , and the majority of those who answered `` black '' have any mixture of black , white and indigenous American ancestry . Native - born Bermudians made up 67 % of the population , compared to 29 % non-natives . The image of the Lord Holy Christ of the Miracles , in Hamilton , venerated by Azoreans in Bermuda . The island experienced large - scale immigration over the 20th century , especially after the Second World War . Bermuda has a diverse population including both those with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for centuries , and newer communities whose ancestry results from recent immigration , especially from Britain , North America , the West Indies , and the Portuguese Atlantic islands ( especially the Azores ) , although these groups are steadily merging . About 46 % of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010 , which was a decrease from the 51 % who did so in the 2000 census . Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1 % to 11 % ( although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons ) . The number of people born in Canada declined by 13 % .", "19": "Those who reported West Indian ancestry were 13 % . The number of people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538 . A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry ( 10 % ) , the result of immigration over the past 160 years , of whom 79 % have residency status . The deeper ancestral demography of Bermuda 's population has been obscured by the ethnic homogenisation of the last four centuries . There is effectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians , other than those characterising recent immigrant communities . In the 17th century , this was not so . For the first hundred years of settlement , white Protestants of English heritage were the distinct majority , with white minorities of Irish ( the native language of many of whom can be assumed to have been Gaelic ) and Scots sent to Bermuda after the English invasions of their homelands that followed the English Civil War . Non-white minorities included Spanish - speaking , free ( indentured ) blacks from the West Indies , black chattel slaves primarily captured from Spanish and Portuguese ships by Bermudian privateers , and Native Americans , primarily from the Algonquian and other tribes of the Atlantic seaboard , but possibly from as far away as Mexico . By the 19th century , the white ethnically - English Bermudians had lost their numerical advantage . Despite the banning of the importation of Irish , and the repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and the owners of black slaves to export them , the merging of the various minority groups , along with some of the white English , had resulted in a new demographic group , `` coloured '' ( which term , in Bermuda , referred to anyone not wholly of European ancestry ) Bermudians , gaining a slight majority . Any child born before or since then to one coloured and one white parent has been added to the coloured statistic . Most of those historically described as `` coloured '' are today described as `` black '' , or `` of African heritage '' , which obscures their non-African heritage ( those previously described as `` coloured '' who were not of African ancestry had been very few , though the numbers of South Asians , particularly , is now growing .", "20": "The number of persons born in Asian countries doubled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses ) , blacks have remained in the majority , with new white immigration from Portugal , Britain and elsewhere countered by black immigration from the West Indies . Bermuda 's modern black population contains more than one demographic group . Although the number of residents born in Africa is very small , it has tripled between 2000 and 2010 ( this group also includes non-blacks ) . The majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed `` Bermudian blacks '' , whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th century and the end of slavery in 1834 , Bermuda 's black population was self - sustaining , with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion . This contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies , who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate , and slaveholders in the West Indies found it necessary to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa until the end of slavery ( the same had been true for the Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the New World plantations ) . The indigenous populations of many West Indian islands , and much of the South - East of what is now the United States that had survived the 16th - and 17th - century epidemics of European - introduced diseases then became the victims of large - scale slave raiding , with much of the region completely depopulated . When the supply of indigenous slaves ran out , the slaveholders looked to Africa . The ancestry of Bermuda 's black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways : first , the higher degree of European and Native American admixture ; secondly , the source of the African ancestry . In the British West Indian islands ( and also in the United States ) , the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa ( roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana ) . Very little of Bermuda 's original black emigration came from this area . The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish - speaking areas of the West Indies , and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese .", "21": "As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South - West Africa ( the Portuguese through ports in modern - day Angola ; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders , and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar ) . Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians ( other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands ) is largely from a band across southern Africa , from Angola to Mozambique , which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America , but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States . Most of Bermuda 's black population trace some of their ancestry to Native Americans , although awareness of this is largely limited to St David 's Islanders and most who have such ancestry are unaware of it . During the colonial period , hundreds of Native Americans were shipped to Bermuda . The best - known examples were the Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th century , notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King Philip 's wars . Today several thousand expatriate workers , principally from Britain , Canada , the West Indies , South Africa and the US , reside in Bermuda . They are primarily engaged in specialised professions such as accounting , finance , and insurance . Others are employed in various trades , such as hotels , restaurants , construction , and landscaping services . Of the total workforce of 38,947 persons in 2005 , government employment figures stated that 11,223 ( 29 % ) were non-Bermudians . Languages ( edit ) The predominant language on Bermuda is Bermudian English . It exhibits characteristics of British , West Indian , and American English . Perhaps most interesting is its closeness to acrolectal English compared to other varieties in the West Indies . British English spellings and conventions are used in print media and formal written communications . Portuguese is also spoken in Bermuda ; this is owing to immigration from Portugal , particularly from the Azores , as well as from Cape Verde .", "22": "Religion ( edit ) Religion in Bermuda ( 2010 ) Protestant ( 57.1 % ) Roman Catholic ( 15.8 % ) Other Christian ( 1.5 % ) Unaffiliated ( 19.4 % ) Other religion ( 6.2 % ) Protestant 46.2 % ( includes Anglican 15.8 % , African Methodist Episcopal 8.6 % , Seventh Day Adventist 6.7 , Pentecostal 3.5 % , Methodist 2.7 % , Presbyterian 2.0 % , Church of God 1.6 % , Baptist 1.2 % , Salvation Army 1.1 % , Brethren 1.0 % , other Protestant 2.0 % ) , Roman Catholic 14.5 % , Jehovah 's Witness 1.3 % , other Christian 9.1 % , Muslim 1 % , other 3.9 % , none 17.8 % , unspecified 6.2 % ( 2010 est . ) . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Bermuda Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions The current ruling party in Bermuda is the Progressive Labour party , commonly referred to as the PLP . They were voted into power in July 2017 after Bermuda was ruled by the One Bermuda Alliance ( OBA ) for 5 years , from 2012 to 2017 . David Burt is currently ( 2017 ) the Premier of Bermuda replacing Michael Dunkley who led the OBA . Government organization ( edit ) Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor . The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government . The current governor is John Rankin ; he was sworn in on 5 December 2016 . There is also a Deputy Governor ( currently David Arkley JP ) . Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom , which also retains responsibility to ensure good government . It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda . Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory , but it is the oldest British colony .", "23": "In 1620 , a Royal Proclamation granted Bermuda limited self - governance ; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world , behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom , the Tynwald of the Isle of Man , the Althing of Iceland , and Sejm of Poland . The State House , the home of Bermuda 's parliament between 1620 and 1815 Sessions House , current home of the House of Assembly and the Supreme Court The Constitution of Bermuda came into force on 1 June 1967 ; it was amended in 1989 and 2003 . The head of government is the premier . A cabinet is nominated by the premier and appointed officially by the governor . The legislative branch consists of a bicameral parliament modelled on the Westminster system . The Senate is the upper house , consisting of 11 members appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier and the leader of the opposition . The House of Assembly , or lower house , has 36 members , elected by the eligible voting populace in secret ballot to represent geographically defined constituencies . Elections must be called at no more than five - year intervals . The most recent took place on 18 July 2017 . Following this election , the Progressive Labour Party took power , with David Burt succeeding Michael Dunkley , of the One Bermuda Alliance , as Premier . There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda . The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda , comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport . The current US Consul General is Robert Settje , who took office in August 2012 . The United States is Bermuda 's largest trading partner ( providing over 71 % of total imports , 85 % of tourist visitors , and an estimated $163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance / re-insurance industry ) , and an estimated 5 % of Bermuda residents are US citizens , representing 14 % of all foreign - born persons . The American diplomatic presence is an important element in the Bermuda political landscape . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Bermuda Parishes of Bermuda . Bermuda is divided into nine parishes and two incorporated municipalities .", "24": "Bermuda 's nine parishes are : Devonshire Hamilton Paget Pembroke Sandys Smith 's Southampton St George 's Warwick Bermuda 's two incorporated municipalities are : Hamilton ( city ) St George 's ( town ) Bermuda 's two informal villages are : Flatts Village Somerset Village Jones Village in Warwick , Cashew City ( St. George 's ) , Claytown ( Hamilton ) , Middle Town ( Pembroke ) , and Tucker 's Town ( St. George 's ) are neighbourhoods ; Dandy Town and North Village are sports clubs , and Harbour View Village is a small public housing development . Role in International relations ( edit ) As a British Overseas Territory , Bermuda does not have a seat in the United Nations ; it is represented by Britain in matters of foreign affairs . To promote its economic interests abroad , Bermuda maintains representative offices in cities such as London and Washington , D.C. Bermuda 's proximity to the US had made it attractive as the site for summit conferences between British Prime Ministers and US Presidents . The first summit was held in December 1953 , at the insistence of Prime Minister Winston Churchill , to discuss relations with the Soviet Union during the Cold War . Participants included Churchill , US President Dwight D. Eisenhower and French Premier Joseph Laniel . In 1957 , a second summit conference was held . The British Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , arrived earlier than President Eisenhower , to demonstrate they were meeting on British territory , as tensions were still high regarding the previous year 's conflict over the Suez Canal . Macmillan returned in 1961 for the third summit with President John F. Kennedy . The meeting was called to discuss Cold War tensions arising from construction of the Berlin Wall . The most recent summit conference in Bermuda between the two powers occurred in 1990 , when British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher met US President George H.W. Bush . Direct meetings between the President of the United States and the Premier of Bermuda have been rare . The most recent meeting was on 23 June 2008 , between Premier Ewart Brown and President George W. Bush . Prior to this , the leaders of Bermuda and the United States had not met at the White House since a 1996 meeting between Premier David Saul and President Bill Clinton .", "25": "Bermuda has also joined several other nations in efforts to protect the Sargasso Sea . Asylum offered to four former Guantánamo detainees ( edit ) Main article : Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay : Bermuda On 11 June 2009 , four Uyghurs who had been held in the United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp , in Cuba , were transferred to Bermuda . The four men were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees , who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after fleeing the American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan . They were accused of training to assist the Taliban 's military . They were cleared as safe for release from Guantánamo in 2005 or 2006 , but US domestic law prohibited deporting them back to China , their country of citizenship , because the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights . In September 2008 , the men were cleared of all suspicion and Judge Ricardo Urbina in Washington ordered their release . Congressional opposition to their admittance to the United States was very strong and the US failed to find a home for them until Bermuda and Palau agreed to accept the 22 men in June 2009 . The secret bilateral discussions that led to prisoner transfers between the US and the devolved Bermuda government sparked diplomatic ire from the United Kingdom , which was not consulted on the move despite Bermuda being a British territory . The British Foreign Office issued the following statement : We 've underlined to the Bermuda Government that they should have consulted with the United Kingdom as to whether this falls within their competence or is a security issue , for which the Bermuda Government do not have delegated responsibility . We have made clear to the Bermuda Government the need for a security assessment , which we are now helping them to carry out , and we will decide on further steps as appropriate . As of May 2013 , the four Uyghurs still lived in Bermuda ; but they have not been given Bermudian status and remain stateless , posing problems for emergency medical situations and finding certain jobs . However , granting them Bermudian status would require a change in Bermudian laws , and the issue has prompted a major debate within Bermuda 's parliament on what steps should be taken .", "26": "Caribbean Community ( edit ) A Bermudian passport Bermuda became an associate member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) in 2003 despite not being in the Caribbean region . This is a socio - economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea . Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America , along with Belize in Central America . The Turks and Caicos Islands , an associate member of CARICOM , and the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , a full member of CARICOM , are in the Atlantic , but near to the Caribbean . Other nearby nations or territories , such as the United States , are not members ( although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status , and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM ) . Bermuda , at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea , has little trade with , and little economically in common with , the region , and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links . Among some scholars , `` the Caribbean '' can be a socio - historical category , commonly referring to a cultural zone characterised by the legacy of slavery ( a characteristic Bermuda shared with the Caribbean and the US ) and the plantation system ( which did not exist in Bermuda ) . It embraces the islands and parts of the neighbouring continent , and may be extended to include the Caribbean Diaspora overseas . Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK . It had a history of African slavery , although Britain abolished it decades before the US . Since the 20th century , there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda from the West Indies , as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands . Unlike immigrants from British colonies in the West Indies , the latter immigrants have had greater difficulty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship , mostly spoke no English , and required renewal of work permits to remain beyond an initial period . From the 1950s onwards , Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws , allowing increased immigration from Britain and Canada . Some Black politicians accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades .", "27": "The PLP , the party in government when the decision to join CARICOM was made , has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants . ( The prominent roles of West Indians among Bermuda 's black politicians and labour activists predated party politics in Bermuda , as exemplified by Dr. E.F. Gordon ) . The late PLP leader , Dame Lois Browne - Evans , and her Trinidadian - born husband , John Evans ( who co-founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976 ) , were prominent members of this group . They have emphasised Bermuda 's cultural connections with the West Indies . Many Bermudians , both black and white , who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis . Opinion polls conducted by Bermudian newspapers , The Royal Gazette and The Bermuda Sun , showed clear majorities of Bermudians to be opposed to joining CARICOM . The UBP , which had been in Government from 1968 to 1998 , objected that joining CARICOM was detrimental to Bermuda 's interests : Bermuda 's trade with the West Indies is negligible , its primary economic partners being the US , Canada , and UK ( it has no direct air or shipping links to Caribbean islands ) ; CARICOM is moving towards a single economy . the Caribbean islands are generally competitors to Bermuda 's already ailing tourism industry ; and participation in CARICOM would involve considerable investment of money and the time of government officials that could more profitably be spent elsewhere .", "28": "Foreign relations in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Military ( edit ) Main article : Military of Bermuda The First Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps Contingent , raised in 1914 . By the war 's end , the two BVRC contingents had lost over 75 % of their combined strength . Remembrance Day Parade , Hamilton , Bermuda . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Once known as `` the Gibraltar of the West '' and `` Fortress Bermuda '' , Bermuda today is defended by forces of the British government . For the first two centuries of settlement , the most potent armed force operating from Bermuda was its merchant shipping fleet , which turned to privateering at every opportunity . The Bermuda government maintained a local militia . After the American Revolutionary War , Bermuda was established as the Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy . Once the Royal Navy established a base and dockyard defended by regular soldiers , however , the militias were disbanded following the War of 1812 . At the end of the 19th century , the colony raised volunteer units to form a reserve for the military garrison .", "29": "Main article : Battle of the Atlantic Due to its isolated location in the North Atlantic Ocean , Bermuda was vital to the Allies ' war effort during both world wars of the 20th century , serving as a marshalling point for trans - Atlantic convoys , as well as a naval air base . By the Second World War , both the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm and the Royal Air Force were operating Seaplane bases on Bermuda . In May 1940 , the US requested base rights in Bermuda from the United Kingdom , but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was initially unwilling to accede to the American request without getting something in return . In September 1940 , as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement , the UK granted the US base rights in Bermuda . Bermuda and Newfoundland were not originally included in the agreement , but both were added to it , with no war material received by the UK in exchange . One of the terms of the agreement was that the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK ( which it was for the duration of the war , with RAF Transport Command relocating there from Darrell 's Island in 1943 ) . Construction began in 1941 of two airbases consisting of 5.8 km ( 2.2 sq mi ) of land , largely reclaimed from the sea . For many years , Bermuda 's bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines , first German and , later , Soviet . The principal installation , Kindley Air Force Base on the eastern coast , was transferred to the US Navy in 1970 and redesignated Naval Air Station Bermuda . As a naval air station , the base continued to host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft , as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft . The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island , a seaplane base until the mid-1960s , was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex . It provided optional anchorage and / or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy , US Coast Guard and NATO vessels , depending on size . An additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda ( NAVFAC Bermuda ) , a SOSUS station , was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility .", "30": "Although leased for 99 years , US forces withdrew in 1995 , as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the Cold War . Canada , which had operated a war - time naval base , HMCS Somers Isles , on the old Royal Navy base at Convict Bay , St George 's , also established a radio - listening post at Daniel 's Head in the West End of the islands during this time . In the 1950s , after the end of World War II , the Royal Naval dockyard and the military garrison were closed . A small Royal Navy supply base , HMS Malabar , continued to operate within the dockyard area , supporting transiting Royal Navy ships and submarines until it , too , was closed in 1995 , along with the American and Canadian bases . HMS Ambuscade at the Royal Naval Dockyard . Bermudians served in the British armed forces during both World War I and World War II . After the latter , Major - General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert , Bermuda 's highest - ranking soldier , was instrumental in developing the Bermuda Regiment . A number of other Bermudians and their descendants had preceded him into senior ranks , including Bahamian - born Admiral Lord Gambier , and Bermudian - born Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey . When promoted to Brigadier at age 39 , following his wounding at the Anzio landings , Harvey became the youngest - ever Royal Marine Brigadier . The Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building ( in Hamilton ) was erected in tribute to Bermuda 's Great War dead ( the tribute was later extended to Bermuda 's Second World War dead ) and is the site of the annual Remembrance Day commemoration . Today , the only military unit remaining in Bermuda , other than naval and army cadet corps , is the Bermuda Regiment , an amalgam of the voluntary units originally formed toward the end of the 19th century . Although the Regiment 's predecessors were voluntary units , the modern body is formed primarily by conscription : balloted males are required to serve for three years , two months part - time , once they turn 18 . Economy ( edit ) Front Street , Hamilton .", "31": "Main article : Economy of Bermuda In 1970 the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar , which is pegged at par with the US dollar . US notes and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes and coins within the islands for most practical purposes ; however , banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars . Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II . The Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins , and regulates financial institutions . The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins . According to the Bermuda Government 's Economic Statistics Division , Bermuda 's GDP was $5.85 billion in 2007 , or $91,477 per capita , giving Bermuda the highest GDP per capita in the world . The affordability of housing became a prominent issue during Bermuda 's business peak in 2005 but has softened with the decline of Bermuda 's real estate prices . The CIA World Factbook lists the average cost of a house in June 2003 as $976,000 , while real estate agencies have claimed that this figure had risen to between $1.6 million and $1.845 million by 2007 , though such high figures have been disputed . Bermuda is an offshore financial centre , which results from its minimal standards of business regulation / laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income . It has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system . Bermuda 's consumption tax is equivalent to local income tax to local residents and funds government and infrastructure expenditures . The local tax system depends upon import duties , payroll taxes and consumption taxes . The legal system is derived from that of the United Kingdom , with recourse to English courts of final appeal . Foreign private individuals can not easily open bank accounts or subscribe to mobile phone or internet services . Having no corporate income tax , Bermuda is a popular tax avoidance location . Google , for example , is known to have shifted over $10 billion in revenue to its Bermuda subsidiary utilising the `` Double Irish '' and `` Dutch Sandwich '' tax avoidance strategies , reducing its 2011 tax liability by $2 billion . Government employment , off - shore business , and tourism are the largest sectors of Bermuda 's economy .", "32": "However , in September 2009 , the Irish press reported that a growing number of companies were moving from Bermuda to Ireland as part of a search for `` a more stable environment '' . Large numbers of leading international insurance companies operate in Bermuda . Those internationally owned and operated businesses that are physically based in Bermuda ( around four hundred ) are represented by the Association of Bermuda International Companies ( ABIC ) . In total , over 15,000 exempted or international companies are currently registered with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda , most of which hold no office space or employees . There are four hundred securities listed on the stock exchange , of which almost three hundred are offshore funds and alternative investment structures attracted by Bermuda 's regulatory environment . The Exchange specialises in listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities , debt issues , funds ( including hedge fund structures ) and depository receipt programmes . The BSX is a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges and is located in an OECD member nation . It also has Approved Stock Exchange status under Australia 's Foreign Investment Fund ( FIF ) taxation rules and Designated Investment Exchange status by the UK 's Financial Services Authority . Four banks operate in Bermuda , having consolidated total assets of $24.3 billion ( March 2014 ) . Tourism is Bermuda 's second - largest industry , with the island attracting over half a million visitors annually , of whom more than 80 % are from the United States . Other significant sources of visitors are from Canada and the United Kingdom . Tourists arrive either by cruise ship or by air at L.F. Wade International Airport , the only airport on the island . Healthcare is another industry where expats are able to find employment relatively easily . Physicians , registered nurses , imaging technologists and healthcare managers and coders are in high demand for a small country and all pay decent salaries in excess of $100 k US / year . Education ( edit ) See also : List of schools in Bermuda The Bermuda Education Act 1996 requires that only three categories of schools can operate in the Bermuda Education system : An aided school has all or a part of its property vested in a body of trustees or board of governors and is partially maintained by public funding or , since 1965 and the desegregation of schools , has received a grant - in - aid out of public funds .", "33": "A maintained school has the whole of its property belonging to the Government and is fully maintained by public funds . A private school , not maintained by public funds and which has not , since 1965 and the desegregation of schools , received any capital grant - in - aid out of public funds . The private school sector consists of six traditional private schools , two of which are religious schools , and the remaining four are secular with one of these being a single - gender school and another a Montessori school . Also , within the private sector there are a number of home schools , which must be registered with the government and receive minimal government regulation . The only boys ' school opened its doors to girls in the 1990s , and in 1996 , one of the aided schools became a private school . Warwick Academy was established in 1662 and is in the parish of Warwick . Prior to 1965 , the Bermuda school system was racially segregated . When the desegregation of schools was enacted in 1965 , two of the formerly maintained `` white '' schools and both single - sex schools opted to become private schools . The rest became part of the public school system and were either aided or maintained . At present there are 26 schools in the Bermuda Public School System , 18 of which are primary schools , five are middle schools , two senior schools ( The Berkeley Institute and Cedarbridge Academy ) and one special school . An Alternative Programme is provided for students with behavioural challenges who can not function in the public mainstream . There is one aided primary school , two aided middle schools , and one aided senior school . For higher education , the Bermuda College offers various associate degrees and other certificate programmes . Bermuda does not have any four - year colleges or universities . Bermuda 's graduates attend four year Universities in the United States , Canada , or England . In May 2009 , Bermudian Government 's application was approved to become a contributory member of the University of the West Indies ( UWI ) . Bermuda 's membership enabled Bermudian students to enter the University at an agreed upon subsidised rate by 2010 . UWI also agreed that their Open Campus ( online degree courses ) would become open to Bermudian students in the future , with Bermuda becoming the 13th country to have access to the Open Campus .", "34": "Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Bermuda See also : Holidays in Bermuda This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bermuda 's culture is a mixture of the various sources of its population : Native American , Spanish - Caribbean , English , Irish , and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th century , and became part of the dominant British culture . English is the primary and official language . Due to 160 years of immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands ( primarily the Azores , though also from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands ) , a portion of the population also speaks Portuguese . There are strong British influences , together with Afro - Caribbean ones . A second wave of immigration from the West Indies was sustained throughout the 20th century ; the more recent arrivals have primarily come from English - speaking countries , also bringing aspects of their cultures . This new infusion of West Indians has both accelerated social and political change , and diversified Bermuda 's culture . The first notable , and historically important , book credited to a Bermudian was The History of Mary Prince , a slave narrative by Mary Prince . It is thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire . Ernest Graham Ingham , an expatriate author , published his books at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries . In the 20th century , numerous books were written and published locally , though few were directed at a wider market than Bermuda . ( The latter consisted primarily of scholarly works rather than creative writing ) . The novelist Brian Burland ( 1931 -- 2010 ) achieved a degree of success and acclaim internationally . More recently , Angela Barry has won critical recognition for her published fiction . Bermuda 's proximity to the United States , as well as its origin as part of Virginia , means that many aspects of US culture are reflected in , or incorporated into , Bermudian culture . Many non-Bermudian writers have also made Bermuda their home , or have had homes here , including A.J. Cronin and F. Van Wyck Mason , who wrote on Bermudian subjects .", "35": "Actors such as Ernest Trimingham , Oona O'Neill , Earl Cameron , Diana Dill , Lena Headey , Will Kempe , and most famously , Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta - Jones , grew up here or have lived here as adults . Other native or resident film and television figures in Bermuda include producer Arthur Rankin , Jr. , and Michael Frith ; an author and puppeteer most well known for his work on the Muppets franchise . Arts ( edit ) West Indian musicians introduced calypso music when Bermuda 's tourist industry was expanded with the increase of visitors brought by post-Second World War aviation . While calypso appealed more to the visitors than to the locals , reggae has been embraced by many Bermudians since the 1970s with the influx of Jamaican immigrants . Gombey dancers from Bermuda during 2001 Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington , D.C. , United States . Bermuda 's early literature consisted of non-Bermudian writers commenting on the island . These included John Smith 's The Generall Historie of Virginia , New - England , and the Summer Isles ( 1624 ) , and Edmund Waller 's poem , `` Battle of the Summer Islands '' ( 1645 ) . Music and dance are important in Bermuda . Noted musicians have included local icons The Talbot Brothers , who performed for many decades both in Bermuda and the United States , and appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show ; jazz pianist Lance Hayward , singer - songwriter Heather Nova and her brother Mishka ; tenor Gary Burgess , classical musician and conductor Kenneth Amis and , more recently , dancehall artist Collie Buddz . Bermuda is the only placename in the New World specifically mentioned in the works of Shakespeare , in The Tempest in Act 1 , Scene 2 , line 230 : `` the still - vexed Bermoothes '' . The dances of the colourful Gombey dancers , seen at many events , are strongly influenced by African , Caribbean , Native American and British cultural traditions . In summer 2001 they performed in Washington , D.C. at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the Mall ( see photo ) . Bermudian Gina Swainson was crowned `` Miss World '' in 1979 .", "36": "Bermuda hosts an annual international film festival , which shows many independent films . One of the founders is film producer and director Arthur Rankin , Jr. , co-founder of the Rankin / Bass production company . Bermuda watercolours painted by local artists are sold at various galleries . Hand - carved cedar sculptures are another speciality . One such 7 ft ( 2.1 m ) sculpture , created by Bermudian sculptor Chesley Trott , is installed at the airport 's baggage claim area . In 2010 , his sculpture The Arrival was unveiled near the bay to commemorate the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835 . Local artwork may also be viewed at several galleries around the island . Alfred Birdsey was one of the more famous and talented watercolourists ; his impressionistic landscapes of Hamilton , St George 's and the surrounding sailboats , homes , and bays of Bermuda are world - renowned . Local resident Tom Butterfield founded the Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art in 1986 , initially featuring works about Bermuda by artists from other countries . He began with pieces by American artists , such as Winslow Homer , Charles Demuth , and Georgia O'Keeffe , who had lived and worked here . He has increasingly supported the development of local artists , arts education , and the arts scene . In 2008 , the museum opened its new building , constructed within the Botanic Gardens . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports and recreation in Bermuda Many sports popular today were formalised by British Public schools and universities in the 19th century . These schools produced the civil servants and military and naval officers required to build and maintain the British empire , and team sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team . Former public schoolboys continued to pursue these activities , and founded organisations such as the Football Association ( FA ) . Today 's association of football with the working classes began in 1885 when the FA changed its rules to allow professional players . The professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys .", "37": "Bermuda 's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere , with an army garrison to match , ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda , including cricket , football , rugby football , and even tennis and rowing ( rowing did not adapt well from British rivers to the stormy Atlantic . The officers soon switched to sail racing , founding the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club ) . Once these sports reached Bermuda , they were eagerly adopted by Bermudians . Bermuda 's national cricket team participated in the Cricket World Cup 2007 in the West Indies . Their most famous player is a 130 kilograms ( 290 lb ) police officer named Dwayne Leverock . But India defeated Bermuda and set a record of 413 runs in a One - Day International ( ODI ) . Bermuda were knocked out of the World Cup . Also very well - known is David Hemp , a former captain of Glamorgan in English first class cricket . The annual `` Cup Match '' cricket tournament between rival parishes St George 's in the east and Somerset in the west is the occasion for a popular national holiday . This tournament began in 1872 when Captain Moresby of the Royal Navy introduced the game to Bermuda , holding a match at Somerset to mark forty years since the unjust thraldom of slavery . The East End versus West End rivalry resulted from the locations of the St. George 's Garrison ( the original army headquarters in Bermuda ) on Barrack Hill , St. George 's , and the Royal Naval Dockyard at Ireland Island . Moresby founded the Somerset Cricket Club which plays the St. George 's Cricket Club in this game ( the membership of both clubs has long been mostly civilian ) . In 2007 , Bermuda hosted the 25th PGA Grand Slam of Golf . This 36 - hole event was held on 16 -- 17 October 2007 , at the Mid Ocean Club in Tucker 's Town . This season - ending tournament is limited to four golfers : the winners of the Masters , U.S. Open , British Open and PGA Championship . The event returned to Bermuda in 2008 and 2009 . Bermudian Quinn Talbot was once the World one - armed golf champion . An IOD racer on a mooring in Hamilton Harbour .", "38": "The Government announced in 2006 that it would provide substantial financial support to Bermuda 's cricket and football teams . Among Bermuda 's most prominent footballers are Clyde Best , Shaun Goater , Kyle Lightbourne , Reggie Lambe , Sam Nusum and Nahki Wells . In 2006 , the Bermuda Hogges were formed as the nation 's first professional football team to raise the standard of play for the Bermuda national football team . The team played in the United Soccer Leagues Second Division but folded in 2013 . Sailing , fishing and equestrian sports are popular with both residents and visitors alike . The prestigious Newport -- Bermuda Yacht Race is a more than 100 - year - old tradition , with boats racing between Newport , Rhode Island and Bermuda . In 2007 , the 16th biennial Marion - Bermuda yacht race occurred . A sport unique to Bermuda is racing the Bermuda Fitted Dinghy . International One Design racing also originated in Bermuda . In December 2013 , Bermuda 's bid to host the 2017 America 's Cup was announced . At the 2004 Summer Olympics , Bermuda competed in sailing , athletics , swimming , diving , triathlon and equestrian events . In those Olympics , Bermuda 's Katura Horton - Perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games . Bermuda has had one Olympic medallist , Clarence Hill , who won a bronze medal in boxing . Bermuda also competed in Men 's Skeleton at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . Patrick Singleton placed 19th , with a final time of 1 : 59.81 . Jillian Teceira competed in the Beijing Olympics in 2008 . It is tradition for Bermuda to march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts , regardless of the summer or winter Olympic celebration . Bermuda also competes in the biennial Island Games , which it hosted in 2013 . Bermuda has developed a proud rugby union community . The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships , defeating Guyana in the final . They previously beat The Bahamas and Mexico to take the crown . Rugby sevens is also played , with four rounds scheduled to take place in the 2011 -- 2012 season .", "39": "The Bermuda sevens team competed in the 2011 Las Vegas Sevens , defeating the Mexican team . There are four clubs on the island : ( 1 ) Police ( 2 ) Mariners ( 3 ) Teachers ( 4 ) Renegades . There is a men 's and women 's competition -- current league champions are Police ( Men ) ( winning the title for the first time since the 1990s ) and Renegades ( women 's ) . Games are currently played at Warwick Academy . Bermuda u / 19 team won the 2010 Caribbean Championships . The New York Yankees of Major League Baseball held Spring Training in Bermuda in 1913 . Yankee owner Frank J. Farrell was said to be so pleased with the experience that he considered moving the Yankee training camp to Bermuda permanently . In 1998 , Bermuda established its own Basketball Association . Since then , its national team has taken advantage of Bermuda 's advanced basketball facilities and competed at the Caribbean Basketball Championship where it beat competitors with multiple times its population . Health ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) The Bermuda Hospitals Board operates the King Edward VII Memorial Hospital , located in Paget Parish , and the Mid-Atlantic Wellness Institute , located in Devonshire Parish . Boston 's Lahey Medical Center has an established visiting specialists program on the island which provides Bermudians and expats with access to specialists regularly on the island . Unlike other countries that are a part of the British Colonies , Bermuda does not have national healthcare . Employers must provide a healthcare plan and pay 50 % of the cost . Having healthcare is mandatory and even with help from employers is expensive , though no more expensive than that which an employee in the US would typically pay for healthcare when obtained through their employer and the coverage typically far exceeds that which one may have through their employer in the US . There are only a few approved healthcare providers that offer insurance to Bermudians . In 2016 these were the Bermudan government 's Health Insurance Department , three other approved licensed health insurance companies , and three approved health insurance schemes ( provided by the Bermudan government for its employees and by two banks ) . Bermuda uses the ICD - 9 diagnostic coding system .", "40": "It plans , however , to switch to the more comprehensive ICD - 10 system to align with the US ( which switched in 2015 ) , since Bermudan residents most commonly obtain overseas healthcare there . Bermuda does not have Stark laws nor do they have self - referral guidelines or anti-kickback laws . The lack of regulation in healthcare , specifically with billing and reimbursement , makes healthcare in Bermuda quite lucrative for physicians and owners of medical / healthcare practices . See also ( edit ) Bermuda portal Index of Bermuda - related articles Outline of Bermuda Places of interest in Bermuda Telecommunications in Bermuda Notable historical people Notable cultural people Notable sporting people Notable political people Notable people in Hamilton Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook , Field Listing ( World ) . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Bermuda 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Bermuda Department of Statistics . December 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bermuda . Data.un.org . Retrieved on 2017 -- 04 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bermuda -- History and Heritage '' . 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In July 2003 , Bermuda formally joined the Caribbean Community as an Associate Member ( non-voting member ) , in certain areas but not in others . This specifically excludes free movement of Caribbean nationals to Bermuda , and any prospect of Bermuda joining CARIFTA or its newest free trade organization ; the Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) . Membership of the Caribbean Community costs Bermuda about US $90,000 a year . Direct trade between Bermuda and Caribbean countries is also welcomed and encouraged , especially given the close or extended family links many Bermudians have with Caribbean islands or territories ... All visitors to Bermuda who are nationals of and resident in Caribbean islands must come via the USA or Canada or United Kingdom and must have appropriate visas to come via those countries . Effective January 2003 , all Jamaican nationals who are not Bermudian must also have a visa to enter Bermuda on business or vacation . 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Jump up ^ `` Hiscox Prepares Move to Bermuda Holding Company '' , Insurance Journal , 25 October 2006 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Banks in Bermuda '' . thebanks.eu . Jump up ^ Quarterly Banking Digest , Q1 2014 . bma.bm . Retrieved on 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism in 2006 '' , Royal Gazette , 1 February 2006 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda College '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda joins the UWI Family '' . Retrieved 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda joins the UWI Family '' . sta.uwi.edu. 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Edmund Waller Hunter : `` Battle of the Summer Islands '' . Poemhunter.com . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ III . Writers of the Couplet. § 4 . Edmund Waller . Bartleby.com . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index '' . bermudafilmfest.com . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Tom Butterfield , CBS DC , 6 July 2011 ; accessed 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art , official website ; accessed 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Stranack Jump up ^ `` Bermuda International One Design Fleet '' . Iodfleet.bm . Retrieved 20 June 2010 .", "49": "Jump up ^ `` It Happens Every Spring : A 110 - Year Retrospective of Yankees Spring Training New York Yankees blog , Yankees blog , A blog about the New York Yankees '' . The Yankee Analysts . 16 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees '' . Springtrainingonline.com. 2008 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ FIBA National Federations Bermuda , fiba.com . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda 's Sports '' . bermuda-online.org/ . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Bermuda Hospitals Board . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda Healthcare requirements '' . Bermuda Online . Jump up ^ `` Licensed and Approved Health Insurers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` There on the horizon -- ICD - 10CMs '' ( PDF ) . Newsletter . Vol. 7 no . 1 . Bermuda Health Council . April 2016 . Retrieved 2 Jan 2017 . References ( edit ) Duffy , Peter ( 2014 ) . Double Agent . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 6795 - 0 . Ronnie , Art ( 1995 ) . Counterfeit Hero : Fritz Duquesne , Adventurer and Spy . Annapolis , Md. : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 733 - 3 . OCLC 605599179 . `` Non-Self - Governing Territories listed by General Assembly in 2002 '' . United Nations Special Committee of 24 on Decolonization . Retrieved 10 March 2005 . `` Bermuda '' . The New American Desk Encyclopedia ( Third ed . ) . New York , NY : Signet. 1993 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 17566 - 2 .", "50": "Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bermudas . Boultbee , Paul G. and David F. Raine . Bermuda . Oxford : ABC - Clio Press , 1998 . Glover , Lorri . co-author , The Shipwreck That Saved Jamestown : The Sea Venture Castaways and the Fate of America Anonymous , but probably written by John Smith ( 1580 -- 1631 ) : The Historye of the Bermudaes or Summer Islands . University of Cambridge Press , 2010 .", "51": "ISBN 978 - 1108011570 External links ( edit ) Bermuda Government -- Official government website Bermuda Tourism Bermuda Guide Bermuda Parliament Bermuda Chamber of commerce Wikimedia Atlas of Bermuda ( hide ) Bermuda articles History Sloop Railway Hurricane strikes Colonisation Eleuthera History of the Turks and Caicos Islands London Company Sea Venture George Somers Somers Isles Company Military Militias 1612 -- 1687 1687 -- 1813 1813 Volunteer / Territorial Army Units 1895 -- 1965 North American Station RAF in Bermuda during World War II USN Submarine Base , Ordnance Island Geography Bermuda Triangle Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences ( BIOS ) National Trust Coral reef Sargasso Sea Spittal Pond Environment Flora Bermuda onion Casuarina Cassine laneana Juniperus bermudiana Lilium longiflorum Sabal bermudana Sisyrinchium Fauna Bermuda land snail Bermuda petrel Bermuda rock skink Common ground dove Eastern bluebird Gray catbird Great kiskadee Humpback whale Mourning dove Northern cardinal White - eyed vireo White - tailed tropicbird Yellow - crowned night heron Schools State Berkeley Institute Cedarbridge Academy Independent Bermuda HS Bermuda Institute Saltus Grammar School Warwick Academy Tertiary Bermuda College Politics British Overseas Territories Governor LGBT rights Parliament House of Assembly Senate Political parties Progressive Labour Party One Bermuda Alliance Premiers Economy ACE Ltd . Bermudian dollar ( currency ) Bermudian pound ( former currency ) Butterfield Bank HSBC Bank Bermuda Industrial Union Monetary Authority Public Services Association Stock Exchange Transport airport XL Capital Society Places Places of interest The Causeway The Fairmont Hamilton Princess Government House Hamilton , Bermuda Royal Naval Dockyard Somerset Bridge Victoria Park , Hamilton Communications .", "52": "bm ( Internet domain ) Area code 441 Bermuda Broadcasting Company Postal codes TV stations VSB - TV ZBM - TV ZFB - TV The Royal Gazette Culture Architecture Bermudian English Coat of arms Gombey Kites Music Public holidays Shorts Sports and recreation Religion Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity Cathedral of Saint Theresa of Lisieux , of the Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda Anglican Church of Bermuda Bishop of Bermuda Outline Index Portal Articles relating to Bermuda Countries and dependencies of North America Sovereign states Entire Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States In part Colombia San Andrés and Providencia France Guadeloupe Martinique Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Dependencies Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island St. Barthélemy St. Martin St.", "53": "Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States Navassa Island Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Venezuela Federal Dependencies Nueva Esparta Countries , territories and dependencies of the United Kingdom Constituent countries England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Overseas territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Crown dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey Guernsey Alderney Sark Isle of Man Jersey Former colonies List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas . Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty . British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint", "54": "Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower", "55": "Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 .", "56": "Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia", "57": "17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 --", "58": "1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1953 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea .", "59": "Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Dependencies of European Union states Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland France Clipperton Island French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Île Amsterdam Crozet Islands Îles Éparses Kerguelen Islands Île Saint - Paul New Caledonia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Crown dependencies Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Sovereign Base Areas Akrotiri and Dhekelia Overseas territories Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe ( see inclusion criteria for further information ) .", "60": "Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Kerguelen Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Lampedusa Lampione Linosa Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Chafarinas Islands Alhucemas Islands Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Secretariat ( Secretary - General ) Members Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St.", "61": "Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Associate members Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Observers Aruba Colombia Curaçao Dominican Republic Mexico Puerto Rico Sint Maarten Venezuela Institutions Common Fund for Commodities ( CFC ) Court of Justice ( CCJ ) Disaster Emergency Management ( CDEMA ) Examinations Council ( CXC ) Meteorological Institute ( CMI ) Meteorological Organisation ( CMO ) Public Health Agency ( CARPHA ) Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) Related organizations CARIFORUM Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Member of the Community but not of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) British overseas territory awaiting entrustment to join the CSME English - speaking world Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region Further links Articles English - speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language ,", "62": "but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage News stories from Wikinews Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata VIAF : 126599932 LCCN : n79115394 GND : 4005759 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&oldid=819016201 '' Categories : Bermuda Archipelagoes of the Atlantic Ocean Bermuda Triangle British North America British Overseas Territories Dependent territories in North America English colonization of the Americas English - speaking countries and territories Island countries Islands of North America Islands of the North Atlantic Ocean Pre-Holocene volcanism Special territories of the European Union States and territories established in 1612 1612 establishments in North America 1612 establishments in the British Empire Calderas of North America Volcanoes of Bermuda Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata", "63": "Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2010 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2012 Articles to be expanded from December 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg", "64": "Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan", "65": "ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 22 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4209712193405977362	who won big brother head of household canada	[ "Kaela" ]	{ "0": "Big Brother Canada ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Big Brother Canada ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Brother Canada ◄ Season 6 ( 2018 ) Name Entry Exit Derek Day 1 Kaela Day 1 Maddy Day 1 Paras Day 1 Will Day 1 Olivia Day 1 Day 55 Johnny Day 1 Day 55 Alejandra Day 1 Day 55 Ryan Day 1 Day 48 Erica Day 1 Day 41 Merron Day 6 Day 34 Hamza Day 1 Day 27 Veronica Day 6 Day 27 Jesse Day 1 Day 20 Andrew Day 1 Day 13 Rozina Day 1 Day 6 Legend Evicted Nominated Head of Household Immune Jury Member Big Brother Canada 6 is the current sixth season of the Canadian reality television series Big Brother Canada . The season premiered on March 7 , 2018 on Global . It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name , which gained notoriety in 1999 and 2000 . The series revolves around different strangers living in a house together with no communication with the outside world . They are constantly filmed during their time in the house with live feeds on the Internet and have no communication with the outside world . One HouseGuest , known as the Head of Household , has the task of nominating two of their fellow HouseGuests for eviction . The Power of Veto can be used to save a nominee . The HouseGuests then vote to evict one of the nominees , with the HouseGuest who receives the most votes being evicted from the house . When only two HouseGuests remain , seven of previously evicted houseguests decide which of them will win the grand prize of $100,000 , a European dream vacation for two courtesy of Air Transat , as well as a $30,000 home makeover from The Brick . The runner - up receives a $20,000 cash prize .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production 2.1 Teasers 3 HouseGuests 3.1 Former Potential HouseGuests 4 Summary 5 Have - Nots 6 Shortlist 7 Voting history 7.1 Notes 8 Ratings 9 References 10 External links Development ( edit ) It was originally announced in June 2017 that Big Brother Canada had been put on indefinite hiatus . In response , the show 's fan base started a campaign to save the program . After several weeks , it was announced that due to the overwhelming response from viewers , the show had been green lit for a sixth season in 2018 . Production ( edit ) Teasers ( edit ) A 15 - second teaser was released following the conclusion of Celebrity Big Brother .", "2": "HouseGuests ( edit ) Name Age on entry Occupation Residence Alejandra `` Ali '' Martinez 30 Personal trainer British Columbia , Vancouver , Vancouver , British Columbia Andrew Miller 36 Small business owner Ontario , Toronto , Toronto , Ontario Derek Kesseler 27 Entrepreneur Alberta , Beaumont , Beaumont , Alberta Erica Hill 23 Server Ontario , Pickering , Pickering , Ontario Hamza Hatoum 27 Soccer coach Ontario , Thunder Bay , Thunder Bay , Ontario Jesse Larson 24 Sales executive Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan Johnny Mulder 28 House husband British Columbia , Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia Kaela Grant 25 Wine ambassador New Brunswick , Saint John , Saint John , New Brunswick Madeline `` Maddy '' Poplett 25 Bartender Ontario , Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario Merron Haile 22 Business student Alberta , Edmonton , Edmonton , Alberta Olivia Riemer 21 Student Ontario , Guelph , Guelph , Ontario Paras Atashnak 23 Law student British Columbia , Vancouver , Vancouver , British Columbia Rozina Yaqub 49 Religious educator Ontario , Toronto , Toronto , Ontario Ryan Ballantine 39 Fire safety technician Alberta , Calgary , Calgary , Alberta Veronica Doherty 24 Server & Student Ontario , Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario William `` Will '' Kenny 25 Oil field technician Newfoundland , Trepassey , Trepassey , Newfoundland ^ Jump up to : Merron and Veronica were voted into the house by Canada . Former potential HouseGuests ( edit ) Four potential HouseGuests were unveiled on February 25 , 2018 . The viewers could vote for one male and one female to enter the House as the fifteenth and sixteenth HouseGuests . These two lost the public vote and did not enter the Big Brother Canada 6 house .", "3": "Name Age on entry Occupation Residence Kirsten MacInnis 25 University housing coordinator Alberta , Calgary , Calgary , Alberta Michael `` Mikey '' Jacobczak 33 Real estate agent Ontario , Toronto , Toronto , Ontario Summary ( edit ) On Day 1 , Erica , Hamza , Kaela , William , Alejandra , Andrew , Rozina , Johnny , Olivia , Jesse , Paras , Ryan , Maddy and Derek entered the House . A twist shortly after forced Andrew to select seven HouseGuests to live in Hell for the first week ; only these HouseGuests could compete for Head of Household and be nominated for eviction , whilst those living in Heaven were immune . He chose to send Alejandra , Johnny , Kaela , Maddy , Paras , Rozina , and Will to Hell , where they competed in the Feel the Burn Head of Household competition . In this endurance competition , HouseGuests had to hold on to rocks connected to an adjacent wall which tilted forwards and backwards at several intervals during the game . If a HouseGuest fell off the wall , they were eliminated . Johnny was the last HouseGuest standing , and he therefore became the new Head of Household . On Day 2 , Johnny nominated Alejandra and Rozina for eviction . Derek , Paras , Kaela , and Jesse formed the `` Real Deal '' alliance . On Day 3 , Johnny , Alejandra , and Rozina , as well as Hamza , Olivia , and Jesse , squirmed in the Game of Inches Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must crawl along their lane , take an egg and carry it along their lane . At the five inch mark , they may no longer use their hands to transport the egg . They must move their egg into one of the five holes at the end of their lane . Each HouseGuest also has one golden egg . If a HouseGuest lands a golden egg , they will freeze their opponents for thirty seconds . The first HouseGuest to land an egg in all five holes will win the Power of Veto . Johnny was the winner . On Day 4 , Johnny decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 6 , Rozina was evicted by a 11 - 0 vote .", "4": "Immediately following Rozina 's eviction , Arisa revealed the Gate Crashers twist to the HouseGuests . Merron and Veronica were revealed to have won Canada 's vote and entered the House . They were given immunity for one week . Following Rozina 's eviction and Merron and Veronica 's entrance , the HouseGuests splashed in the Right in the Kisser Head of Household competition . Before the competition , HouseGuests filled out a first impressions survey of each other in private . The HouseGuests will be read a question , and the first HouseGuest to buzz in will head to the bar with their martini glass . They must then throw their drink in the face of the HouseGuest they believe is the correct answer . If they are correct , they can choose a HouseGuest to eliminate . If they are incorrect , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Ryan was the winner . As Head of Household , Ryan was required to name four Have - Nots for the week . Derek , Erica , Hamza , and Jesse became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 7 , Ryan nominated Andrew and Hamza for eviction , with the plan to backdoor Olivia . On Day 8 , Ryan , Andrew , and Hamza , alongside Johnny , Jesse , and Erica , scrapped in the Tomb Raider Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must first untie themselves from their pole . Afterwards , they must use their bow and arrow to knock off their first puzzle piece . They must then climb over the wall and search the jungle for the rest of their pieces . They can bring only one puzzle piece back at a time . They must then use their pieces to assemble their pyramid puzzle . When completed , the puzzle will reveal a code to unlock the Tomb of the Mother of Death . The first HouseGuest to unlock the tom will win the Power of Veto , as well as an advanced screening of `` Tomb Raider '' and $5000 . Erica was the winner . On Day 10 , Erica decided not to use the Power of Veto .", "5": "The House began to divide based on where everyone was sleeping , with the Red Room of Alejandra , Derek , Erica , Jesse , Johnny , Kaela , Merron and Olivia against the White Room of Andrew , Hamza , Maddy , Paras , Ryan , Veronica , and Will . At the live eviction , Arisa revealed the Gate Crashers Merron and Veronica were ineligible to vote . On Day 13 , Andrew was evicted by a 10 - 0 vote . Following Andrew 's eviction , the HouseGuests paired up for the Handle with Care Head of Household competition . Before the competition , HouseGuests had a random draw to determine their partner . As Erica was the odd one out , she earned immunity for the week . In this competition , HouseGuests must work together , while in their individual crates , to transport fruit from one end of the yard to the other . One HouseGuest must pass the fruit to their partner halfway , who will then deposit the fruit into their tray . The first team to transfer all of their fruit will win the competition , and they will decide who between them will be the new Head of Household . Hamza and Veronica were the winners , and Hamza became the new Head of Household . The showmances Derek / Kaela , Will / Veronica , Jesse / Paras , and Erica / Merron tested how well they knew each other in the Will You Showmance ? Have - Not competition . In this competition , one person of each pair would answer a question in private . Their partner would then be asked the same question , trying to match their partner 's answer . If they match , they will earn one point . The two pairs with the least points will be Have - Nots for the week . Derek , Erica , Kaela , and Merron became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 14 , Hamza nominated Jesse and Olivia for eviction . On Day 15 , Hamza , Jesse , and Olivia , joined by Derek , Ryan , and Erica , freshened up in the Fresh off the Block Power of Veto competition , sponsored by Wendy 's . In this competition , HouseGuests must walk across their balance beams to their freeze . They must then break open an ice block from the freezer to retrieve a ball .", "6": "They must then walk back across their balance beam to their garden . They can then attempt to knock down one of their targets . After they knock down four targets , they can attempt to search their garden for a key which unlocks a larger tool to help break the ice . The first HouseGuest to knock down all of their targets will win the Power of Veto , as well as $5000 . Hamza was the winner . On Day 17 , Hamza decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 18 , the HouseGuests were given the task to clean the House , but also dance when music played . The HouseGuests completed their task and won food from `` Skip the Dishes '' . On Day 20 , Jesse was evicted by a 9 - 2 vote , with Derek and Veronica voting to evict Olivia . Following Jesse 's eviction , the HouseGuests recalled in the Night in the BBCAN Museum Head of Household competition . The day before the competition , the HouseGuests had the opportunity to view three exhibits from memorable moments in `` Big Brother Canada '' history . HouseGuests were asked a series of questions about the exhibits . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Erica was the winner . On Day 21 , Erica nominated Maddy and Merron for eviction . On Day 22 , Erica , Maddy , Merron , Olivia , Alejandra , and Ryan fished in the Fisherman 's Barf Power of Veto competition . In the first round , each HouseGuest will be connected to a fishing line wrapped around a series of posts . While attached to one end of the line , they must climb over , under , and around the posts in order to untangle the line . The first three to untangle their fishing line and ring their bell will move on to the final round . Olivia , Erica , and Maddy moved on to the final round . For the final round , they must each roll over their fishing pole in order to reel in their fish . The first HouseGuest to reel in their fish will win the Power of Veto . Erica was the winner . On Day 24 , Erica decided to take Maddy off the block , and named Veronica as the replacement nominee .", "7": "On Day 25 , Cassandra from Big Brother Canada 4 & 5 surprised the HouseGuests for a task . The guys were required to give the girls an ' 80s - themed makeover . However , the guys were also secretly given the task to give the worst makeover possible . The best pair will win a $2000 cash prize and a year 's supply of `` L'Oreal '' hair care products , as well as a special dinner . Veronica and Johnny won the task . Just before the Live Eviction , Arisa informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . On Day 27 , Veronica was evicted by a 9 - 1 vote , with Will voting to evict Merron . The HouseGuests then faced off in the One , Two , Three Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests played in a series of head - to - head matches . They were asked a question about the season 's events . The answer will either be one , two , or three . The first HouseGuest to buzz in with the correct answer will advance and eliminate their opponent . If they are incorrect , they will be eliminated and their opponent will advance . If nobody buzzes in , they will both be eliminated unless they are the final two . The survivor of the match will then select the next two HouseGuests to face off . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Olivia was the winner . She immediately nominated Merron and Ryan for eviction . Afterwards , Olivia , Merron , and Ryan , plus Alejandra , Hamza , and Paras , bounced in the Big Brother Pinball Power of Veto competition . In this competition , each HouseGuest has their own board with two balls and five targets . They must slide their balls down their board , trying to knock down their targets . The first HouseGuest to knock down all of their targets will win the Power of Veto . Ryan was the winner . At the Veto Meeting , Ryan took himself off the block , and Olivia named Hamza as the replacement nominee . On Day 27 , Hamza was evicted by an 8 - 1 vote , with Erica voting to evict Merron .", "8": "Following Veronica and Hamza 's evictions , the HouseGuests were hung over in the About Last Night Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked true - false questions based on the party they had the previous night . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Erica was the winner . For being the first four eliminated during the Head of Household competition , Alejandra , Kaela , and Merron became Have - Nots for the week . Since there was a tie for the last Have - Not , Erica selected Johnny to join them . On Day 28 , Erica nominated Merron and Ryan for eviction , with Merron as the target . On Day 29 , Erica , Merron , and Ryan , beside Alejandra , Maddy , and Johnny , delivered in the Delivering the Goods Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must deliver a series of ten various restaurant orders to various homes . However , the orders are made more difficult by leaving out key information , which they must figure out themselves . The HouseGuest who completes the ten orders in the fastest time will win the Power of Veto , as well as a $5000 `` Skip the Dishes '' gift card . Johnny was the winner . On Day 31 , Johnny decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 34 , Merron was evicted in a 5 - 3 vote , with Alejandra , Derek , and Kaela voting to evict Ryan . After the eviction , Arisa revealed to Canada within the next two weeks , they could vote to save a nominee after the veto is used , or not to use the power . If it is not used in the coming week , it carries over to the week after . If it still is n't used , the twist ends . Following Merron 's eviction , the houseguests competed in the `` Buttoned Up '' endurance competition , where the houseguests held a button , and whichever houseguest was the last one standing became the new Head of Household . Kaela won her first competition of the season after making a deal with Olivia . She decided to nominate Will and Ryan , with Ryan as the target . The houseguests then competed in the veto competition .", "9": "The houseguests played three rounds in the veto competition it ultimately came down to Ryan and Johnny . Johnny won his third veto of the season . At the veto ceremony , Johnny wanted to use the veto on his close friend , Will , however , he was worried another one of his close allies could be the replacement nominee . Ultimately , Johnny decided not to use the veto . At the live eviction , Arisa announced that Canada decided to use the save twist to save Ryan . Kaela then had to pick a replacement nominee . She chose Erica for her challenge dominance . At the live eviction , Erica was evicted by a vote of 5 - 2 with Johnny and Ryan voting to evict Will . Afterwards , Arisa said jury started the coming week . Following Erica 's eviction , The houseguests competed in the Before or After competition . It came down to a tiebreaker round and Derek won his first competition of the season . Derek put up Ryan because he and Kaela did not have a strong relationship with him . He remained a backup target in case Johnny won the vote . He nominated Johnny for trying to take out Kaela and Derek in previous weeks . He was also targeted for lying about voting to evict Will and competition dominance . Derek then won the POV . At the veto ceremony , he decided to keep his nominations in place . Ryan was evicted in a unanimous vote and became the first member of the Jury of seven . Following Ryan 's eviction , The houseguests competed in the `` Slippery Slope '' competition . Johnny won and immediately named Keala and Derek have - nots for the week. he them nominated the two for eviction , with Derek as the target . Derek then won the POV for the second straight time .", "10": "Have - Nots ( edit ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Have - Nots none Derek , Erica , Hamza , Jesse Derek , Erica , Kaela , Merron none Alejandra , Johnny , Kaela , Merron none Alejandra , Kaela , Olivia , Paras Derek , Kaela Notes Jump up ^ Alejandra , Johnny , Kaela , Maddy , Paras , Rozina , and Will were put in Hell by Andrew on night one , so they all were on slop for the week except for Johnny , because he was the Head of Household . Jump up ^ Originally , Olivia successfully completed a task so there would be no Have - Nots for the week . After the veto ceremony , Big Brother punished the houseguests and put all of them on slop for the remainder of the week . Jump up ^ There were no official have - nots for this week , however HouseGuests were put on slop for one hour for every five minutes that elapsed from the beginning to the end of the endurance Head of Household competition . Shortlist ( edit ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 HOH Johnny Ryan Hamza Erica Olivia Erica Kaela Derek Johnny Derek Kaela Shortlist none Andrew , Erica , Hamza , Olivia Alejandra , Jesse , Olivia , Ryan Hamza , Maddy , Merron , Veronica none Alejandra , Merron , Ryan , Will Johnny , Maddy , Ryan , Will none Alejandra , Derek , Kaela , Paras none Derek , Maddy , Paras , Will Notes ^ Jump up to : The shortlist was not revealed to the viewers . Jump up ^ Due to a double eviction , the second round of week 4 had no shortlist . Jump up ^ Due to a triple eviction , the second round of week 8 had no shortlist . Voting history ( edit )", "11": "Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Day 20 Day 27 Day 34 Day 41 Day 48 Day 55 Day 62 Day 69 Finale Head of Household Johnny Ryan Hamza Erica Olivia Erica Kaela Derek Johnny Derek Kaela ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Alejandra Rozina Andrew Hamza Jesse Olivia Maddy Merron Merron Ryan Merron Ryan Ryan Will Ryan Will Johnny Ryan Derek Kaela Johnny Maddy Olivia Paras Will Veto Winner Johnny Erica Hamza Erica Ryan Johnny Johnny Ryan Derek Derek Kaela ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Alejandra Rozina Andrew Hamza Jesse Olivia Merron Veronica Hamza Merron Merron Ryan Ryan Will Erica Will Johnny Ryan Alejandra Kaela Johnny Maddy Olivia Derek Rozina Andrew Olivia Veronica Hamza Ryan Nominations void Erica Head of Household Alejandra Head of Household Kaela Rozina Andrew Jesse Veronica Hamza Ryan Head of Household Ryan Nominated Maddy Head of Household Maddy Rozina Andrew Jesse Veronica Hamza Merron Nominations void", "12": "Erica Ryan Alejandra Nominated Paras Rozina Andrew Jesse Veronica Hamza Merron Nominations void Erica Ryan Alejandra Maddy Nominated Will Rozina Andrew Jesse Merron Hamza Merron Nominated Ryan Alejandra Maddy Nominated Johnny Head of Household Andrew Jesse Veronica Hamza Merron Nominations void Will Nominated Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 55 ) Jury Member Olivia Rozina Andrew Nominated Veronica Head of Household Merron Nominations void Erica Ryan Kaela Nominated Evicted ( Day 55 ) Jury Member Alejandra Nominated Andrew Jesse Veronica Hamza Ryan Nominations void Erica Ryan Nominated Evicted ( Day 55 ) Jury Member Ryan Rozina Head of Household Jesse Veronica Hamza Nominated Nominated Will Nominated Evicted ( Day 48 ) Jury Member Erica Rozina Andrew Jesse Head of Household Merron Head of Household Nominations void Nominated Evicted ( Day 41 ) Merron Not in House Exempt Jesse Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 34 ) Hamza Rozina Nominated Head of Household Veronica Nominated Evicted ( Day 27 ) Veronica Not in House Exempt", "13": "Olivia Nominated Evicted ( Day 27 ) Jesse Rozina Andrew Nominated Evicted ( Day 20 ) Andrew Rozina Nominated Evicted ( Day 13 ) Rozina Nominated Evicted ( Day 6 ) Notes none 5 , 6 , 7 none 8 Evicted Rozina 11 of 11 votes to evict Andrew 10 of 10 votes to evict Jesse 9 of 11 votes to evict Veronica 9 of 10 votes to evict Hamza 8 of 9 votes to evict Merron 5 of 8 votes to evict None Erica 5 of 7 votes to evict Ryan 6 of 6 votes to evict Alejandra 4 of 5 votes to evict Olivia 0 of 3 votes to save Johnny 0 of 3 votes to save Notes ( edit ) ^ Note 1 : On Night 1 , the 14 HouseGuests participated in a toast . Andrew toasted with the only Goblet with a Blue Eye . Because of this , he was tasked with dividing the House between Heaven and Hell . The 7 HouseGuests sent to Heaven would have immunity from the first eviction and be given their personal belongings . The 7 HouseGuests sent to Hell would not be given their belongings and be on slop for the first week . Additionally , they will be the only HouseGuests eligible to compete for Head of Household . ^ Note 2 : Four potential contestants competed for Canada 's vote to become Houseguests . Following Rozina 's eviction , it was revealed that Veronica and Merron received the most votes to enter the House . As new HouseGuests , they were immune for the week and were not eligible to vote at the second eviction . ^ Note 3 : Week 3 's HoH Competition was played in pairs . As Erica was left without a partner , she was awarded immunity for the week . However , Erica will still be able to compete in the next HOH .", "14": "^ Note 4 : Week 4 was a double eviction week . Following Veronica 's eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a week 's worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the week . ^ Note 5 : After Merron 's eviction , Arisa revealed the `` Canada 's Save '' Twist to the audience . Following Week 6 's Veto episode , voting will open to save a nominee with an additional option to not use the power . Should Canada use their save , the HoH must name a replacement nominee at the live eviction ceremony . Should Canada 's Save not be used during Week 6 , the power will carry over to Week 7 where after Following Week 7 's Veto episode , voting will open again to save a nominee or not use the power . After Week 7 , the power will expire , regardless of its usage or lack thereof . During Week 6 , Canada voted to save Ryan from eviction with 51 % of Canada 's Vote . Will received 36 % and Not Using the Power got 12 % . Kaela nominated Erica in his place . ^ Note 6 : During the Head of Household competition , houseguests were given temptations to drop out . Derek dropped out of the HoH competition and gained immunity for the week . Paras also dropped out for $1000 . Will dropped out for a phone call home . ^ Note 7 : Johnny won the Power of Veto this week and therefore was ineligible to become nominated in Ryan 's place . ^ Note 8 : Week 8 was a triple eviction week . Following the eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a week 's worth of game -- including HoH and Veto competitions , and Nomination , Veto , and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second and third eviction for the week . As Head of Household , Derek was forced to nominate three HouseGuests for eviction and was not allowed to compete for the Power of Veto . The voting HouseGuests cast their vote to save a nominee .", "15": "Ratings ( edit ) # Air Date Canada Source Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( week ) Wednesday , March 7 , 2018 1.291 15 Thursday , March 8 , 2018 1.210 21 Monday , March 12 , 2018 1.158 18 Wednesday , March 14 , 2018 1.045 24 5 Thursday , March 15 , 2018 1.038 25 6 Monday , March 19 , 2018 1.092 24 7 Wednesday , March 21 , 2018 1.211 14 8 Thursday , March 22 , 2018 1.168 18 9 Monday , March 26 , 2018 1.201 18 10 Wednesday , March 28 , 2018 1.091 25 11 Thursday , March 29 , 2018 1.057 27 12 Monday , April 2 , 2018 1.172 24 13 Wednesday , April 4 , 2018 1.227 20 14 Thursday , April 5 , 2018 1.154 25 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother Canada ' returns to Global for Season 6 in 2018 '' . Global News . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Canada 6 teaser reveals first houseguests '' . CarterMatt . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother Canada ' Season 6 : Canada Has The Power To Choose 2 Houseguests '' . ET Canada . Jump up ^ https://www.bigbrothercanada.ca/news/canada-saves-bombshell/ Jump up ^ https://www.bigbrothercanada.ca/news/canada-saves-bombshell-results/ ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) -- March 5 -- March 11 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . BBM . Numeris .", "16": "^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) -- March 12 -- March 18 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . BBM . Numeris . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) -- March 19 -- March 25 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . BBM . Numeris . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) -- March 26 -- April 1 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . BBM . Numeris . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) -- April 2 , 2018 -- April 8 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . BBM . Numeris . External links ( edit ) Global official site ( hide ) Big Brother in Canada French version Loft Story Big Brother English version 5 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_Canada_(season_6)&oldid=838549322 '' Categories : 2018 Canadian television seasons Big Brother Canada Big Brother ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 29 . 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5063128834246440475	only player to play for manchester united manchester city liverpool and everton	[ "Peter Andrew Beardsley", "Peter Andrew Beardsley MBE", "Peter Andrew Beardsley" ]	{ "0": "Peter Beardsley - wikipedia Peter Beardsley Jump to : navigation , search Peter Beardsley Full name Peter Andrew Beardsley Date of birth ( 1961 - 01 - 18 ) 18 January 1961 ( age 57 ) Place of birth Hexham , Northumberland , England Height 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Playing position Forward ,", "1": "Midfielder Club information Current team Newcastle United Under - 23s ( manager ) Youth career Newcastle United Wallsend Boys Club Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1979 -- 1982 Carlisle United 104 ( 22 ) 1982 Vancouver Whitecaps 48 ( 20 ) 1982 -- 1983 Manchester United 0 ( 0 ) Vancouver Whitecaps 25 ( 8 ) 1983 -- 1987 Newcastle United 147 ( 61 ) 1987 -- 1991 Liverpool 131 ( 46 ) 1991 -- 1993 Everton 81 ( 25 ) 1993 -- 1997 Newcastle United 129 ( 47 ) 1997 -- 1998 Bolton Wanderers 17 ( 2 ) 1998 → Manchester City ( loan ) 6 ( 0 ) 1998 Fulham 21 ( 4 ) 1998 -- 1999 Hartlepool United 22 ( 2 ) 1999 Melbourne Knights ( 0 ) Total 755 ( 237 ) National team 1991 -- 1992 England B ( 0 ) 1986 -- 1996 England 59 ( 9 ) Teams managed 1999 -- 2000 England ( assistant ) 2001 -- 2011 Newcastle United Reserves Newcastle United ( caretaker ) 2014 -- Newcastle United Reserves 2015 Newcastle United ( assistant ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Peter Andrew Beardsley MBE ( born 18 January 1961 ) is an English former footballer who played as a forward or midfielder between 1979 and 1999 . In 1987 , he set a record transfer fee in the English game and represented his country 59 times between 1986 and 1996 , once as captain , taking part in two FIFA World Cups ( 1986 and 1990 ) and UEFA Euro 1988 .", "2": "At club level , he played for Newcastle United , Liverpool and Everton , having also had spells with Carlisle United , Manchester United , Vancouver Whitecaps , Bolton Wanderers , Manchester City , Fulham , Hartlepool United and the Melbourne Knights . He was briefly appointed as the caretaker manager of Newcastle United in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 1.1 Early career 1.2 Newcastle United 1.3 Liverpool 1.4 Everton 1.5 Return to Newcastle United 1.6 Later career and retirement 2 International career 3 Coaching career 3.1 Newcastle United 4 Personal life 5 Career statistics 5.1 Club 6 Honours 6.1 Club 6.1. 1 Liverpool 6.2 International 6.2. 1 England 6.3 Individual 7 In popular culture 8 Notes and references 9 External links Club career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Born in Hexham , Beardsley grew up in Longbenton , Newcastle - upon - Tyne . As a youth player , he played for Wallsend Boys Club in North Tyneside before joining Newcastle United . However they released him as a teenager , and so he began his professional career with Carlisle United in 1978 . He managed 22 goals in 104 league games , helping them win promotion to the Second Division at the end of the 1981 -- 82 season . During 1982 - 83 , he also spent time at Canadian club Vancouver Whitecaps and Manchester United , although his period at United was unsuccessful , making only one single appearance in a League Cup tie , and otherwise failing to break into the first team . Eventually , in September 1983 he was signed back to Newcastle United . Newcastle United ( edit ) Beardsley signed for Newcastle for a fee of £ 150,000 , although when they had let him go earlier they could have signed him for nothing . The pacey , incisive and skilful forward made his debut for the Magpies the day after he signed , 24 September , in the 1 -- 1 2nd division draw with Barnsley at Oakwell .", "3": "Beardsley was an instant hit with the Newcastle supporters , scoring and setting up spectacular goals . He went on to celebrate promotion with his teammates , who were captained by Kevin Keegan in his final season as a player . They finished in the final promotion spot behind winners Chelsea and runners - up Sheffield Wednesday . He scored 20 league goals that season and formed an exciting strike partnership with former England striker Kevin Keegan who had also won major honours with Liverpool . Beardsley 's career would have echoes of that enjoyed by Keegan , who retired at the end of that promotion campaign . Beardsley scored his first goal for the Magpies on 19 October 1983 in their 2 -- 0 victory over Cardiff City at Ninian Park . His first goals at St James ' Park came in Newcastle 's next fixture , against Manchester City . United beat City 5 -- 0 and Beardsley scored his first ever hat - trick . In his first season in the First Division , Beardsley scored 17 goals in 38 league games as Newcastle finished in 14th position . These included a hat - trick on New Year 's Day in a 3 - 1 home win over local rivals Sunderland , who finished the season relegated . During the following campaign he played in all of Newcastle 's 42 league matches , scoring 19 goals . In one fixture against West Ham United , Beardsley ended the game as a stand - in goalkeeper . The game ended in an 8 -- 1 defeat for Newcastle , with Beardsley conceding the last 3 goals . After returning from the 1986 World Cup , Beardsley helped a struggling Newcastle to avoid relegation in the 1986 -- 87 season , eventually finishing 17th . He scored just five goals in 36 appearances that season , winning a further six caps for his country , before Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish made a national record £ 1.9 million offer to Newcastle for Beardsley 's services . Manager Willie McFaul accepted the offer and Beardsley was on his way to Merseyside after four seasons on Tyneside which had brought a total of a 61 goals ( all in the league ) , his transfer completed on 14 July 1987 .", "4": "12 years later , Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson revealed in his autobiography that he had made a £ 2 million bid for Beardsley , but McFaul had rejected the offer and told him that he would n't sell the player even if Ferguson offered £ 3 million . Liverpool ( edit ) Beardsley joined Liverpool at the same time as John Barnes , the Watford winger who would be voted PFA Player of the Year for the 1987 -- 88 season . They were added to John Aldridge , who had signed during the previous campaign , with the three playing against Arsenal on Beardsley 's debut at Highbury for Aldridge to score after just nine minutes of the opening day of the 1987 -- 88 season , 15 August 1987 . Liverpool went on to win 2 -- 1 and this would shape the rest of the season for the Reds . The new - look striker partnership of Beardsley and Aldridge took over from the long - standing partnership of Kenny Dalglish and Ian Rush , which was arguably the most successful partnership in English football during the 1980s . Rush had departed to Juventus of Italy , while player - manager Kenny Dalglish had decided only to make occasional first - team appearances from 1987 -- 88 onwards , finally retiring as a player in August 1990 . Aldridge had been signed during the 1986 -- 87 season as Dalglish prepared to build his new strike force . Beardsley 's first goal for his new club came on 29 August 1987 in the 4 -- 1 victory over Coventry City at Highfield Road , with Beardsley scoring in the 83rd minute . He helped Liverpool to a record - equalling 29 league matches undefeated as Liverpool convincingly strolled to the League title with just two defeats to their name . However , there was disappointment at the end when Wimbledon denied them the ' double ' with a shock 1 -- 0 win in the FA Cup final , a game in which Beardsley found the net , only for it to be ruled out by the referee who awarded Liverpool a free - kick for an earlier foul instead of allowing play to continue . Wimbledon scored the only goal of the game from a looping header by Lawrie Sanchez . John Aldridge missed a penalty for Liverpool in the second half .", "5": "Beardsley scored 15 league goals in his first season for Liverpool , level with John Barnes as the club 's highest scorer behind John Aldridge . Ian Rush rejoined the club in the 1988 close season and Liverpool returned to Wembley and won the FA Cup the following year , but lost their League championship with virtually the last kick of the last game of the season against Arsenal . Although Rush missed 14 games due to injury , when all three of Liverpool 's strikers were fit , Dalglish played with a 4 -- 3 -- 3 formation that allowed Beardsley , Aldridge and Rush to play alongside each other when possible . Beardsley scored 11 league goals that season . In April 1989 , after the Hillsborough disaster claimed the lives of 96 Liverpool fans , Beardsley was among many Liverpool stars left distraught by the tragedy , attending several funerals and visiting the injured in hospital . He was part of the team that won the FA Cup that season with a 3 -- 2 win over neighbours Everton at Wembley Stadium , though the league title slipped away on the final day of the season when Liverpool conceded a last minute goal to champions Arsenal at Anfield . With the departure of John Aldridge a few weeks into the 1989 -- 90 season , Dalglish reverted to a 4 -- 4 -- 2 formation with Beardsley and Rush as his main strikers , with Beardsley scoring 10 goals in 29 games . Liverpool won the championship again that season , but the arrival of Israeli international striker Ronny Rosenthal saw his first - team opportunities limited in the title run - in , in which Liverpool overcame a strong challenge by Aston Villa to finish champions by a nine - point margin . Despite UEFA lifting the ban on English clubs in European competitions for the 1990 -- 91 season , Liverpool were unable to compete in the European Cup as ( being the team present at the Heysel disaster that had sparked the ban in 1985 ) they had to serve an extra year of the ban before being allowed to play in European competitions again . Beardsley suffered another blow to his first team chances in January 1991 when Kenny Dalglish signed David Speedie .", "6": "Dalglish stepped down the following month and was replaced a few weeks later by former Liverpool player Graeme Souness , after Ronnie Moran spent two months in charge on an interim basis . Beardsley managed 27 games that campaign and scored 11 goals -- three of them in a 4 -- 0 league win over Manchester United on 16 September 1990 , and a further two in the Merseyside derby against Everton a week later . Beardsley 's final league goal for the Reds came on 17 November 1990 , when he scored the only goal in a 1 -- 0 win at Coventry City . By this relatively early stage of the season he had scored an impressive 11 times in the league , but a failure to add any more goals over the Christmas period may have played a part in Dalglish 's decision to sign another striker in the new year . His final competitive goals for Liverpool came in a dramatic fifth round FA Cup first replay against Everton at Goodison Park on 20 February 1991 , which ended in a 4 -- 4 draw and would be the club 's last game before the sudden resignation of manager Kenny Dalglish , who by the end of the season had been succeeded by Graeme Souness . Liverpool were top of the league at this stage , but in the new year were overhauled by Arsenal and the title went to Highbury at the end of the season . And with the arrival of Dean Saunders for a national record fee of £ 2.9 million after the end of the season , Beardsley 's days at Anfield were looking even more numbered , despite the sale of David Speedie . During Beardsley 's Anfield career he played in 175 matches and scored 59 goals , but it was his vision , guile and all action style of play that endeared him to the Anfield faithful , so much so he was voted in 19th position in the 2006 poll 100 Players Who Shook The Kop , conducted by the official Liverpool Football Club web site ; over 110,000 supporters worldwide voted for their 10 favourite players of all time .", "7": "Everton ( edit ) Liverpool 's derby rivals , Everton succeeded in gaining 30 - year - old Beardsley 's signature when he joined them on 5 August 1991 for a fee of £ 1 million . He made his debut on 17 August in a 2 -- 1 defeat to Nottingham Forest at the City Ground . Beardsley scored 25 goals in 81 appearances for the blue half of Merseyside , though Everton did not achieve anything greater than a mid table finish in the league during his time there , and failed to make an impact in the cup competitions . While at Everton he became -- along with David Johnson -- one of only two players to have scored for both sides in Merseyside derbies . He finished as the club 's top scorer by the end of his first season at Goodison Park and again showed his dynamic quality during his second season , but off the field Everton were suffering financial difficulties and when former club Newcastle offered Everton £ 1.5 million for Beardsley , it was a sum they could not turn down for a 32 - year - old player . After 95 matches for Everton , scoring 32 goals , he returned to his home town club Newcastle . Return to Newcastle United ( edit ) On 16 July 1993 , Beardsley rejoined Newcastle for £ 1.5 million , where his old teammate and strike partner Kevin Keegan was now manager . Newcastle had just won promotion to the Premier League as Division One champions , and in 1993 -- 94 they finished third and qualified for the UEFA Cup , with Beardsley scoring a total of 25 goals and his strike - partner Andy Cole scoring a club record of 41 goals in all competitions . He played for a further four years at the club , almost captaining them to the Premier League title in 1996 , but they were pipped to the title by Manchester United . They finished runners - up a year later as well , although 1996 -- 97 was a trying season for the club as they failed to set the pace at the top of the table as they had the previous season , and halfway through the season Kevin Keegan had stunned the club with his resignation , with Kenny Dalglish then succeeding him .", "8": "During his second spell at St James 's Park he racked up 157 appearances and scored 56 goals , bringing his overall total after two spells with the club to 321 appearances and 117 goals . This equates to a goal every 2.74 matches , a decent ratio for a player who was seen by many as a provider rather than a goalscorer , particularly in the 1996 -- 97 season when he was switched to midfield following Alan Shearer 's arrival . It is this period of his career that Beardsley regards as the time when he peaked . Later career and retirement ( edit ) He left Newcastle for the second time on 18 August 1997 for £ 450,000 , joining Bolton Wanderers , where he made 21 appearances but was unable to save them from being relegated from the Premier League just one season after promotion . He then went on loan to Manchester City , where he played six times in Division One . This loan spell made Beardsley the only player to play for both top - flight teams in Liverpool and Manchester . He then moved to Fulham who were managed by his former manager Kevin Keegan , where he made 28 appearances in two separate loan spells , eventually signing for them permanently . He then went to Hartlepool United on a free transfer , and played 22 times in Division Three to secure their Football League status . He finally ended his career at the age of 38 when he played twice for the Melbourne Knights in Australia . In a professional career totalling some 20 years in English football , he managed 659 league games and 210 goals , and a total of 799 games and 238 goals in all competitions . He had collected three major trophies ( all of them with Liverpool ) and was capped 59 times by England , scoring nine times . He had also played in two promotion winning teams earlier in his career , although he had been sold by Carlisle just before they sealed promotion in 1982 . During the 2012 -- 13 season , Beardsley played in a friendly for Cambridge United against the Newcastle United reserve squad to celebrate Cambridge 's 100 year anniversary since they were founded .", "9": "International career ( edit ) After reaching the First Division with Newcastle , Beardsley became a regular in the England side in the second half of the 1980s , and teamed up with striker Gary Lineker , who described Beardsley as `` the best partner I could ever have '' . Ironically , it was Lineker who made way for Beardsley when manager Bobby Robson gave him his debut as a substitute on 29 January 1986 in the 4 -- 0 friendly victory over Egypt in Cairo . His first goal came in his fourth appearance , on 17 May 1986 in the 3 -- 0 friendly win over Mexico in Los Angeles as England prepared for the forthcoming World Cup in Mexico . Having only made his debut on 29 January 1986 in a 4 -- 0 friendly win over Egypt , Beardsley 's performances for England won him a call - up for the 1986 World Cup finals in Mexico . England scored seven goals in the tournament , of which Lineker scored six ( winning the Golden Boot for doing so ) ; the other goal came from Beardsley in a 3 -- 0 victory over Paraguay in the second round . England had failed to score a goal in the first two matches of the finals , but in the third match -- Beardsley 's first start in the tournament -- they beat Poland 3 -- 0 . Beardsley contributed in that match with a spectacular cross to Steve Hodge , which allowed Hodge to make England 's second goal for Lineker . The next match was to be the famous Argentina vs. England , in which Diego Maradona scored twice for the 2 -- 1 victory that left England out of the tournament . Beardsley played the full game and was one of the five players passed by Maradona for the `` Goal of the Century '' . He maintained his place in the England team and featured in both Euro 88 and the 1990 World Cup . He was named as England captain on 17 February 1988 when they drew 0 -- 0 in a friendly with Israel .", "10": "Beardsley was dropped by England manager Graham Taylor after the end of 1990 , around the same time he lost his regular place in the Liverpool line - up , and , controversially , continued to be overlooked by him despite England 's disappointing performance at Euro 92 as well as their unsuccessful attempt to qualify for the 1994 World Cup . Beardsley , meanwhile , was performing very well for his new club Everton , having signed for them in August 1991 , although Everton 's form as a team was far from impressive . During his second spell at Newcastle , Beardsley was recalled to the England team by new manager Terry Venables in early 1994 after an absence of three years , and ultimately ended his international career while still at Newcastle in 1996 , when he was one of the 3 players dropped from the provisional squad of 25 for the final squad of 22 for Euro 96 , along with Dennis Wise and Jason Wilcox , after gaining 59 caps and scoring nine goals . Beardsley once scored four goals for England against Aylesbury United . These did not count towards his international tally , however , as this was not an official international match . ( Aylesbury became the only non-League side to face the full England team , as they hosted the national side in a warm - up match in 1988 in preparation for the European Championships . England won the game 7 -- 0 . ) Coaching career ( edit ) Newcastle United ( edit ) Beardsley joined the coaching staff at Newcastle United after his playing career was over . In early 1999 , Beardsley also served as assistant manager to Howard Wilkinson during his first caretaker period as manager of England , between the dismissal of Glenn Hoddle and the appointment of Kevin Keegan . England faced -- and lost to -- world champions France in a friendly at Wembley . In 2003 Beardsley was the subject of a Premier League inquiry , after it was claimed that he had bullied two Newcastle United youth players . He was cleared of the charges . were again raised against Beardsley in January 2018 for which he is awaiting the outcome of an internal investigation . Beardsley left Newcastle United in 2006 , when Glenn Roeder took over as permanent manager of the club . He believed Newcastle should go in a different direction .", "11": "Beardsley then worked in a media role at the club . In 2007 , his former boss at Everton Howard Kendall stated he was interested in taking over as manager of Republic of Ireland with Beardsley as his assistant manager . Beardsley was also linked with a return to Newcastle in January 2008 when Kevin Keegan returned as manager for a second spell . Then in March 2009 , Beardsley was re-appointed as an academy coach at Newcastle United , working primarily with young strikers . On 27 July 2010 , he was appointed as Reserve Team Manager , with Steve Stone as his assistant manager . On 6 December 2010 , following the dismissal of Chris Hughton , Beardsley was briefly placed in charge of the team on a temporary basis before Alan Pardew was brought in as Hughton 's replacement . Personal Life ( edit ) Beardsley has been married since 1981 to his wife Sandra . They have a son , Drew ( born 1989 ) and a daughter , Stacey ( born 1993 ) . Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Club performance League Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Club Season Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Carlisle United 1979 -- 80 Third Division 1980 -- 81 Vancouver Whitecaps 1981 NASL 26 13 N / A N / A 26 13 Carlisle United 1981 -- 82 Third Division Vancouver Whitecaps 1982 NASL 22 7 N / A", "12": "N / A 22 7 Manchester United 1982 -- 83 First Division 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 Vancouver Whitecaps NASL 25 8 N / A N / A 25 8 Newcastle United 1983 -- 84 Second Division 34 20 0 0 -- 37 20 1984 -- 85 First Division 38 17 0 0 -- 44 17 1985 -- 86 42 19 0 0 -- 45 19 1986 -- 87 32 5 0 0 -- 36 5 Liverpool 1987 -- 88 38 15 7 0 0 0 48 18 1988 -- 89 37 10 5 6 0 51 14 1989 -- 90 29 10 8 41 16 1990 -- 91 27 11 5 0 0 35 13 Everton 1991 -- 92 42 15 50", "13": "20 1992 -- 93 FA Premier League 39 10 0 -- 45 12 Newcastle United 1993 -- 94 35 21 -- 41 24 1994 -- 95 34 13 0 0 -- 44 15 1995 -- 96 35 8 -- -- 40 11 1996 -- 97 25 5 0 6 0 37 8 Bolton Wanderers 1997 -- 98 17 0 0 -- 17 Manchester City ( loan ) First Division 6 0 0 0 0 0 -- 6 0 Fulham ( loan ) Second Division 10 0 0 0 0 -- 10 1998 -- 99 12 0 0 5 -- 17 Fulham 0 -- -- -- 0 Hartlepool United Third Division 22 0 0 -- 0 24 1999 -- 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0", "14": "-- 0 0 Melbourne Knights 1999 -- 2000 NSL 0 -- -- -- 0 Career total 557 189 45 15 53 13 10 667 223 Honours ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Liverpool ( edit ) Football League First Division ( Level 1 ) : 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 FA Cup : 1989 FA Charity Shield : 1988 , 1989 and 1990 ( shared ) International ( edit ) England ( edit ) Rous Cup : 1986 , 1988 , 1989 Individual ( edit ) PFA Team of the Year : 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1994 English Football Hall of Fame inducted in 2007 In popular culture ( edit ) Beardsley starred in a video game in the eighties : Peter Beardsley 's International Football . Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Football League Career Stats at Neil Brown '' . Neilbrown.newcastlefans.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ferguson , Alex ( 2000 ) . Managing My Life : My Autobiography . London : Hodder & Stoughton . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 72856 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glicksman , Gavin . `` Top 10 greatest FA Cup finals The Sun Sport Top 10s '' . The Sun . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Results 1990 -- 91 '' . Liverweb . Archived from the original on 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 PWSTK - The definitive list '' . Liverpool FC . Archived from the original on 13 November 2006 .", "15": "Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Beardsley 's Mersey swap was Graeme Souness 's mistake '' . lfchistory.net . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playing both sides of the fence '' . The Guardian . 1 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Beardsley Football Stats No Club Age 52 1978 -- 1999 '' . Soccer Base . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Money is king - Peter Beardsley '' . Cambridge News . 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter BEARDSLEY - England - Biography of his England Career by Matthew Rudd '' . Sporting Heroes . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England in the European Championship 1992 - Squad Records '' . Englandfootballonline.com . Archived from the original on 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 4 June 2011 ) . `` Magazine : When national teams play clubs sides : England v Spurs , France v Arsenal , Brazil v Barca and more Radio talkSPORT '' . Talksport . Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Beardsley profile '' . www.liverpoolfc.tv . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beardsley cleared of bullying '' . BBC News . 3 June 2003 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bullying and racism allegations '' . BBC News . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Beardsley gets Newcastle United coaching job '' . Chronicle Live . 27 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Beardsley Appointed Reserve Team Coach '' . Newcastle United F.C. 27 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boss Chris Hughton sacked by Newcastle United '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Uri Geller 's Articles '' . Uri-geller.com . Archived from the original on 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tears of a crowd for Beardsley - LFChistory - Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . LFChistory . Archived from the original on 12 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soccerway career stats '' . soccerbase.com . Retrieved 30 January 2016 .", "17": "External links ( edit ) Peter Beardsley at Soccerbase Official Liverpool FC profile Profile at LFCHistory.net Peter Beardsley index at Sporting-heroes.net English Football Hall of Fame Awards 1986 -- 87 Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year GK : Neville Southall DF : Viv Anderson DF : Alan Hansen DF : Tony Adams DF : Kenny Sansom MF : Glenn Hoddle MF : Kevin Sheedy MF : David Rocastle FW : Ian Rush FW : Clive Allen FW : Peter Beardsley 1987 -- 88 Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year GK : Neville Southall DF : Gary Stevens DF : Alan Hansen DF : Gary Gillespie DF : Stuart Pearce MF : Steve McMahon MF : Peter Reid MF : Paul Gascoigne FW : John Barnes FW : Peter Beardsley FW : Graeme Sharp 1989 -- 90 Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year GK : Neville Southall DF : Lee Dixon DF : Des Walker DF : Alan Hansen DF : Stuart Pearce MF : David Platt MF : Steve Hodge MF : Steve McMahon MF : John Barnes FW : Peter Beardsley FW : Gary Lineker 1993 -- 94 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Tim Flowers DF : Gary Kelly DF : Gary Pallister DF : Tony Adams DF : Denis Irwin MF : Paul Ince MF : Gary McAllister MF : David Batty FW : Alan Shearer FW : Eric Cantona FW : Peter Beardsley Newcastle United F.C.", "18": "Player of the Year 1975 : Macdonald 1976 : Gowling 1977 : Kennedy 1978 : Burns 1979 : Withe 1980 : Shoulder 1981 : Shinton 1982 : Varadi 1983 : Keegan 1984 : Keegan 1985 : Waddle 1986 : Beardsley 1987 : Jackson 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : McCreery 1990 : Quinn 1991 : Quinn 1992 : L. Clark 1993 : Kelly 1994 : Cole 1995 : Beardsley 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Batty 1999 : Solano 2000 : Speed 2001 : Hughes 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Dyer 2004 : Shearer 2005 : Given 2006 : Given 2007 : Milner 2008 : Beye 2009 : Taylor 2010 : José Enrique 2011 : Tioté 2012 : Coloccini 2013 : Krul 2014 : Rémy 2015 : Janmaat 2016 : Elliot 2017 : C. Clark Newcastle United F.C.", "19": "-- Hall of Fame inductees Ameobi Beardsley Brennan Ferdinand Gallacher Harper Harvey Keegan Lawrence Macdonald McCracken Milburn Mitchell Moncur Robson Rutherford Shearer Srníček Veitch English Football Hall of Fame Players Men Adams Allchurch Anderson Ardiles Armfield Ball Banks Barnes Bastin Beardsley Bell Bergkamp Beckham Best Blanchflower Bloomer Bonds Brady Bremner Brooking Buchan Callaghan Cantona Carter Charles J. Charlton R. Charlton Clemence Cohen Crompton Dalglish Dean Doherty Edwards Ferdinand Finney Francis Gallacher Gascoigne Gerrard Giggs Giles Gray Greaves Hansen Haynes Henry Hoddle E. Hughes L. Hughes Hunt Hunter Hurst Irwin James Jennings Jones Keane Keegan Lampard Law Lawrenson Lawton Lee Le Tissier Liddell Lineker Lofthouse Mackay Mannion Matthews McGrath McIlroy McLintock Meredith Milburn Moore Mortensen Mullery Neville Owen Pearce Peters Ramsey Roberts Robertson Robson Rush Schmeichel Scholes Seaman Shackleton Shearer Sheringham Shilton Souness Southall Speed Stephenson Stiles Strachan Summerbee Swift Trautmann Vieira Wharton Wilkins R. Wilson R.P.", "20": "Wilson I. Wright W. Wright Zola Women Bampton Brown - Finnis Cope Coultard Gore Lopez Parker Parr Powell Sempare Spacey Smith Unitt Walker Whalley White Yankey Managers Allison Busby Catterick Clough Ferguson Gradi Greenwood Kendall Mee Mercer Paisley Ramsey Revie Shankly Venables Wenger Winterbottom Liverpool F.C. -- 100 players who shook the Kop Original list ( 2006 ) : A'Court Aldridge Alonso Anelka Babbel Balmer Barmby Barnes Beardsley Berger Bromilow Busby Byrne Callaghan Camara Carragher Case Chambers Cissé Clemence Clough Collymore Crouch Dalglish ( 1st ) Dudek Evans Fairclough Finnan Fowler L. García Gayle Gerrard ( 2nd ) Gillespie Grobbelaar Hall Hamann Hansen Hardy Heighway Henchoz Hodgson Houghton Hughes Hunt Hyypiä D. Johnson C. Johnston J. Jones R. Jones Keegan A. Kennedy R. Kennedy Lawler Lawrence Lawrenson Lee Liddell Lindsay Litmanen Longworth McAllister McDermott McKinlay McMahon McManaman Meijer Mellor Mølby Moran Murphy Neal Nicol Owen Paisley Raisbeck Raybould Redknapp Reina Riise Rosenthal Rush ( 3rd ) Scott Sissoko Šmicer Smith Souness St John Strong Stubbins Taylor Thomas Pe. Thompson Ph.", "21": "Thompson Toshack Walsh Walters Wark Whelan Wright Yeats 2013 additions : Ablett Agger Baroš Benayoun Graham Hannah Hanson Hysén Ince James B. Jones Kuyt Lacey Lucas Mascherano Škrtel Suárez Torres England squads England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- UEFA Euro 1988 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Webb 5 Watson 6 Adams 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Steven 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Waddle 13 Woods 14 Anderson 15 McMahon 16 Reid 17 Hoddle 18 Hateley 19 Wright 20 Dorigo Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson Newcastle United F.C.", "22": "-- managers Selection committee ( overseen by Frank Watt ) ( 1892 -- 1930 ) Cunningham ( 1930 -- 35 ) Mather ( 1935 -- 39 ) Seymour ( 1939 -- 47 ) Martin ( 1947 -- 50 ) Seymour ( 1950 -- 54 ) Livingstone ( 1954 -- 56 ) Seymour ( 1956 -- 58 ) Mitten ( 1958 -- 61 ) N. Smith ( 1961 -- 62 ) Harvey ( 1962 -- 75 ) Lee ( 1975 -- 77 ) Dinnis ( 1977 ) McFaul ( 1977 ) McGarry ( 1977 -- 80 ) Harvey ( 1980 ) Cox ( 1980 -- 84 ) Charlton ( 1984 -- 85 ) McFaul ( 1985 -- 88 ) Suggett ( 1988 ) J. Smith ( 1988 -- 91 ) Saxton ( 1991 ) Ardiles ( 1991 -- 92 ) Keegan ( 1992 -- 97 ) McDermott ( 1997 ) Dalglish ( 1997 -- 98 ) Gullit ( 1998 -- 99 ) Clarke ( 1999 ) Robson ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Carver ( 2004 ) Souness ( 2004 -- 06 ) Roeder ( 2006 -- 07 ) Pearson ( 2007 ) Allardyce ( 2007 -- 08 ) Pearson ( 2008 ) Keegan ( 2008 ) Hughton ( 2008 ) Kinnear ( 2008 -- 09 ) Hughton ( 2009 ) Shearer ( 2009 ) Hughton ( 2009 -- 10 ) Beardsley ( 2010 ) Pardew ( 2010 -- 14 ) Carver ( 2015 ) McClaren ( 2015 -- 16 ) Benítez ( 2016 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager ; ( a ) = acting in regular manager 's absence ;", "23": "( i ) = interim VIAF : 10644482 GND : 118914359 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Beardsley&oldid=838510100 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people 1986 FIFA World Cup players 1990 FIFA World Cup players Association football midfielders Bolton Wanderers F.C. players Carlisle United F.C. players England international footballers England B international footballers English expatriate footballers English expatriates in Australia English expatriates in Canada English footballers English Football Hall of Fame inductees Everton F.C. players Expatriate soccer players in Australia Expatriate soccer players in Canada Fulham F.C. players Hartlepool United F.C. players Liverpool F.C. players Manchester City F.C. players Manchester United F.C. players Melbourne Knights FC players Members of the Order of the British Empire National Soccer League ( Australia ) players North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) players Newcastle United F.C. non-playing staff Newcastle United F.C. players Sportspeople from Newcastle upon Tyne Premier League players English Football League players UEFA Euro 1988 players Vancouver Whitecaps ( 1974 -- 84 ) players Wallsend Boys Club players Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 13 : 40 . 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1729335868618505893	what is a buckeye the mascot for ohio state university	[ "the official state tree of Ohio", "buckeye is the official state tree of Ohio", "Anthropomorphic buckeye nut", "Anthropomorphic buckeye nut" ]	{ "0": "Brutus Buckeye - wikipedia Brutus Buckeye Jump to : navigation , search Brutus Buckeye Brutus during the Army game in 2017 University The Ohio State University Conference Big Ten Description Anthropomorphic buckeye nut Origin of name Winning entry in competition First seen 1965 Brutus Buckeye is the athletics mascot of The Ohio State University . Brutus made his debut in 1965 , with periodic updates to design and wardrobe occurring in the years since . As a member of the spirit squad , Brutus Buckeye travels to many events around the university and often makes appearances around Columbus . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Appearances 3 2010 tackling 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Books 7 External links History ( edit ) Ohio State students Ray Bourhis and Sally Huber decided Ohio State needed a mascot in 1965 and convinced the athletic council to study the matter . At the time , mascots were generally animals brought into the stadium or arena . A buck deer was contemplated but rejected as impossible . Instead , the buckeye was selected , as the buckeye is the official state tree of Ohio . A simple papier - mâché nut was constructed by students , worn over the head and torso , with legs sticking out . It made its appearance at the Minnesota vs. Ohio State homecoming football game on October 30 , 1965 . The heavy papier - mâché nut did not last and it was soon replaced by a fiberglass shell . On November 21 , 1965 , The Columbus Dispatch reported that judges picked Brutus Buckeye to be the new mascot 's name after a campus - wide `` Name the Buckeye '' contest . The winning name was the idea of then Ohio State student Kerry J. Reed , 21 . `` Block O '' agreed to care for Brutus in December . In the early 2000s , the Brutus costume was stolen before a game . The mascot was forced to wear the old costume . Brutus has a buckeye head and block O hat , scarlet and grey shirt emblazoned `` Brutus '' and `` 00 '' , red pants with an Ohio State towel hanging over the front , and high white socks with black shoes .", "1": "Male and female students both serve as Brutus Buckeye . Appearances ( edit ) Brutus in Austin , TX before a football game against the Texas Longhorns Brutus Buckeye appears in ESPN This Is Sportscenter ads eating lunch and performing aerobics with Richard Simmons . Brutus appears in Home Depot commercials advertising Glidden paint strapped to the back of a truck . Brutus appears in the NCAA Football series and NCAA March Madness series of video games as a mascot and has his own mascot team . During the 2002 -- 2003 NCAA football season , Brutus was 1 of 12 contestants competing to be the Capital One National Mascot of the Year . Brutus appeared in approximately 4 commercials depicting the faux competition between the 12 mascots . He appeared again for the 2010 -- 11 NCAA football season , this time with fifteen other mascots and then again in the 2011 -- 12 NCAA football season . In 2006 , Brutus appeared on The Daily Show 's Midwest Midterm Midtacular as a guest correspondent and was interviewed by Jon Stewart . In the middle of the interview , Brutus is caught and eaten by a giant squirrel , a play on the fact that he is a nut . Brutus was the subject of a comic series from the College of Pharmacy at the University entitled `` Adventures in Pharmacy '' . Episodes depicted Brutus as a patient stricken with common household illnesses including the influenza , gout and the common cold . Adventures in Pharmacy was created as a community service by The Ohio State College of Pharmacy , the Department of Athletics , and the Columbus Public Schools . One of the goals of this program is to educate students about the role pharmacists play in health care and the treatment of common illnesses . 2010 tackling ( edit ) On September 18 , 2010 , the Ohio Bobcats football team played the Ohio State Buckeyes in Columbus . As the Buckeyes were running onto the field , Brandon Hanning , dressed as Rufus the Bobcat , saw Ohio State mascot Brutus Buckeye leading the team and charged into the field . Hanning failed in his initial sideswiping attempt on Brutus , losing his mascot head in the process .", "2": "Hanning then got back on his feet and ran after Brutus and jumped on his back and continued to hit the mascot in the head . Hanning was then pulled aside by security who told him to stop . Neither Rufus nor Brutus were harmed during the event . After the game , Hanning was terminated from his position as Ohio 's mascot , and was banned from attending Ohio home athletic events . In a post-game interview , Hanning explained that this was his sole purpose in trying out to be the mascot . `` It was actually my whole plan to tackle Brutus when I tried out to be mascot , '' Hanning explained , `` I tried out about a year ago , and the whole reason I tried out was so I could come up here to Ohio State and tackle Brutus . '' When asked if the attack on Brutus was the first mascot brawl he had been in he replied with , `` Before this , I actually got in a fight with the Buffalo mascot . He 's a bull . I started it . I was thinking I should go ahead and try out tackling another mascot . I brought a red square cape thing , like in a bullfight . He was just playing around , acting like he was charging me . I tackled him and put him on the ground . It was pretty funny . No one got upset because it was n't Ohio State . '' Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ OSU vs UM Brutus Buckeye , Ohio State University Libraries , October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved on October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brutus Buckeye Chronology , The Ohio State University Cheerleading . Retrieved on June 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) . Brutus Buckeye ( TV - Series ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ `` Brutus Buckeye Attacked By Ohio Bobcat '' . References ( edit ) `` Brutus Turns 40 '' , Ohio State University Athletics Department press release , September 3 , 2005 . Retrieved on June 27 , 2006 . Blundo , Joe , `` Their Child Is a Nut , But They 're Proud '' , The Columbus Dispatch , October 16 , 2006 .", "3": "Kehoe , Susan , `` Up close and personal with Brutus Buckeye '' , The Lantern , January 3 , 2005 . Retrieved on June 27 , 2006 . Lestini , Gregory J. & Glenn , Anna , `` Brutus Buckeye , recognized nut at Ohio State '' , The Lantern , November 22 , 1996 . Retrieved on June 27 , 2006 . Martin , Melissa , `` Brutus ' threads under scrutiny '' , The Lantern , March 7 , 2002 . Retrieved on June 27 , 2006 . Sowash , Audra , `` Brutus Buckeye costume fits man , woman equally '' , The Lantern , April 12 , 2001 . Retrieved on June 27 , 2006 . `` Brutus Photo Page '' , Buckeye 50 Yard Line , Retrieved on November 5 , 2008 . Books ( edit ) Dean , Meredith ; Marshall , Michelle ; & Cleverley , James . The Spirit of a Buckeye : Brutus Buckeye 's Lessons for Life . Cleverley Created , Ltd. , Columbus , Ohio . ISBN 0 - 9675664 - 0 - 1 . Bourhis , Ray ; Lanyon , Sally . The Autobiography of Brutus Buckeye . Orange Frazer , Ltd. , Wilmington , Ohio . ISBN 978 - 1939710 - 376 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) Autobiography of Brutus Buckeye The Ohio State University Located in : Columbus , Ohio Campuses Columbus Main Campus Delaware Center Lima Campus Mansfield Campus Marion Campus Newark Campus Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Agricultural Technical Institute Academics College of Dentistry College of Engineering John Glenn School of Public Affairs College of Medicine Fisher College of Business Moritz College of Law Health Sciences Center for Global Health Reading Recovery Ross Mathematics Program Athletics Bill Davis Stadium Jerome Schottenstein Center Ohio Stadium Ohio State University Golf Club OSU Ice Rink OSU baseball OSU men 's basketball OSU women 's basketball OSU field hockey OSU football OSU men 's ice hockey OSU women 's ice hockey OSU men 's lacrosse OSU men 's soccer St.", "5": "John Arena Woody Hayes Athletic Center Facilities Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum Blackwell Inn Drake Performance and Event Center Hilandar Research Library John A. Prior Health Sciences Library Ohio State University Airport Ohio Union Orton Hall South Bass Island Light Lincoln and Morrill Towers Thompson Library Wexner Center for the Arts Wexner Medical Center Media The Lantern Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society Journal of Money , Credit and Banking Journal of Number Theory Ohio State University Press WOSU - FM WOSU - TV / WPBO WOSA WVSG AROUSE OSU Research Aeronautical & Astronautical Research Laboratory The Big Ear Buckeye Bullet Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center Center for Interdisciplinary Law and Policy Studies Center for Survey Research Chadwick Arboretum DNB Extension for Education and Research Edison Welding Institute James Cancer Hospital Large Binocular Telescope Mershon Center for International Security Studies Mobius project National Cartoon Museum Newman projection Olentangy River Wetland Research Park Richard M. Ross Heart Hospital Secrest Arboretum Stone Laboratory Traditions Across the Field Brutus Buckeye Buckeye Battle Cry Carmen Ohio Hang on Sloopy Illibuck Maudine Ormsby Men 's Glee Club Mirror Lake Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame Script Ohio OSU Athletic Bands OSU Marching Band UM - OSU Rivalry Student life American Folklore Society Anime Punch ! Block O Buckeye Leadership Society Old North Columbus The Oval Activities and Organizations Sigma Alpha Sigma Eta Chi Texnikoi Engineering Honorary The Stadium Scholarship Program University District 2016 attack Related Jack Nicklaus Museum Established : 1870 -- Endowment : $3.579 billion -- Students : 58,322 Ohio State Buckeyes football Venues Recreation Park ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 ) Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Woody Hayes Athletic Center ( practice )", "6": "Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Illinois ( Illibuck ) Michigan ( The Ten Year War ) Michigan State Penn State Culture & lore History Brutus Buckeye `` Across the Field '' `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' `` Carmen Ohio '' Neutron Man Marching band Snow Bowl ( 1950 ) 1969 Michigan game 1973 Michigan game The Kick `` Holy Buckeye '' 2006 `` Game of the Century '' Block O `` Hang On Sloopy '' The Ten Year War WBNS - TV WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Yearly statistical leaders NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945", "7": "1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Ohio State Buckeyes men 's basketball Venues The Armory ( 1897 -- 1918 ) Ohio Expo Center Coliseum ( 1918 -- 1956 ) St. John Arena ( 1956 -- 1998 ) Value City Arena ( 1998 -- present ) Covelli Arena ( practice ; 2014 ) Culture & lore Brutus Buckeye Buckeye Nuthouse WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches Retired numbers Statistical leaders Seasons 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99", "8": "1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61", "9": "1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA national championships in bold ;", "10": "NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Mascots of the Big Ten Conference East Division No mascot ( Indiana ) Testudo ( Maryland ) No mascot ( Michigan ) Sparty ( Michigan State ) Brutus Buckeye ( Ohio State ) Nittany Lion ( Penn State ) Scarlet Knight ( Rutgers ) West Division No mascot ( Illinois ) Herky the Hawk ( Iowa ) Goldy Gopher ( Minnesota ) Herbie Husker / Lil ' Red ( Nebraska ) Willie the Wildcat ( Northwestern ) Boilermaker Special / Purdue Pete ( Purdue ) Bucky Badger ( Wisconsin ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brutus_Buckeye&oldid=824747826 '' Categories : Ohio State Buckeyes Big Ten Conference mascots Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4352771238918801643	who is the quarterback for the green bay packers	[ "Aaron Rodgers", "Aaron Rodgers" ]	{ "0": "List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion / wins by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Running backs ( show ) Career rushing attempts leaders Career rushing yards leaders Career rushing touchdowns leaders Annual rushing yards leaders Annual rushing touchdowns leaders 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receivers ( show ) Career receptions leaders Career receiving yards leaders Career receiving touchdowns leaders Annual receptions leaders Annual receiving yards leaders Annual receiving touchdowns leaders Defense ( show ) Career sacks leaders Annual sacks leaders Career interceptions leaders Annual interceptions leaders Special teams ( show ) Longest field goals Career field goals leaders Career punting yards leaders Career punt return yards leaders Career kickoff return yards leaders Annual field goals leaders Annual punting yards leaders Annual punt return yards leaders Annual kickoff return yards leaders Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Career all - purpose yards leaders Career scoring leaders Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay , Wisconsin . They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and are the third - oldest franchise in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The club was founded in 1919 by coach , player , and future Hall of Fame inductee Curly Lambeau and sports and telegraph editor George Whitney Calhoun . The Packers competed against local teams for two seasons before entering the NFL in 1921 . The Packers have had 46 starting quarterbacks ( QB ) in the history of their franchise .", "1": "The Packers ' past starting quarterbacks include Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Curly Lambeau , Tony Canadeo , Arnie Herber , Bart Starr and Brett Favre . The team 's first starting quarterback was Norm Barry , while the longest serving was Brett Favre . The Packers ' starting quarterback for the 2016 season was Aaron Rodgers , who was playing in his 12th season in the NFL . They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the Packers . Regular season ( edit ) Tobin Rote ( 1950 -- 1956 ) Bart Starr ( 1956 -- 1971 ) Don Majkowski ( right ) ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Brett Favre ( 1992 -- 2007 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 2008 -- present ) Matt Flynn ( 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 ) Scott Tolzien ( 2013 ) Brett Hundley ( 2017 ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( games ) References 1921 Adolph Kliebhan ( 5 ) 1921 Norm Barry ( 5 ) 1922 Charlie Mathys ( 10 ) 1923 Charlie Mathys ( 10 ) 1924 Charlie Mathys ( 11 ) 1925 Charlie Mathys ( 11 ) / Curly Lambeau ( 1 ) 1926 Pid Purdy ( 8 ) / Charlie Mathys ( 3 ) 1927 Red Dunn ( 10 ) 1928 Red Dunn ( 12 ) / Bullet Baker ( 1 ) 1929 Red Dunn ( 8 ) / Bullet Baker ( 2 ) / Jack Evans ( 2 ) 1930 Red Dunn ( 10 ) / Arnie Herber ( 4 ) 1931 Paul Fitzgibbon ( 7 ) / Red Dunn ( 4 ) / Roger Grove (", "2": "3 ) 1932 Arnie Herber 1933 Arnie Herber 1934 Arnie Herber 1935 Arnie Herber 1936 Arnie Herber 1937 Arnie Herber 1938 Arnie Herber / Cecil Isbell 1939 Arnie Herber / Cecil Isbell 1940 Cecil Isbell / Arnie Herber / Hal Van Every 1941 Cecil Isbell 1942 Cecil Isbell / Tony Canadeo 1943 Tony Canadeo / Irv Comp 1944 Irv Comp 1945 Irv Comp / Roy McKay 1946 Irv Comp / Cliff Aberson 1947 Jack Jacobs 1948 Jack Jacobs / Irv Comp / Perry Moss 1949 Jug Girard ( 10 ) / Stan Heath ( 1 ) / Jack Jacobs ( 1 ) 1950 Tobin Rote ( 12 ) 1951 Tobin Rote ( 11 ) / Bobby Thomason ( 4 ) 1952 Tobin Rote ( 8 ) / Babe Parilli ( 4 ) 1953 Tobin Rote ( 7 ) / Babe Parilli ( 5 ) 1954 Tobin Rote ( 12 ) 1955 Tobin Rote ( 12 ) 1956 Tobin Rote ( 11 ) / Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1957 Bart Starr ( 11", "3": ") / Babe Parilli ( 1 ) 1958 Bart Starr ( 7 ) / Babe Parilli ( 4 ) / Joe Francis ( 1 ) 1959 Bart Starr ( 5 ) / Lamar McHan ( 7 ) 1960 Bart Starr ( 8 ) / Lamar McHan ( 4 ) 1961 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1962 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1963 Bart Starr ( 10 ) / John Roach ( 4 ) 1964 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1965 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1966 Bart Starr ( 13 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 1 ) 1967 Bart Starr ( 12 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 2 ) 1968 Bart Starr ( 9 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 5 ) 1969 Bart Starr ( 9 ) / Don Horn ( 5 ) 1970 Bart Starr ( 13 ) / Don Horn ( 1 ) 1971 Scott Hunter ( 10 ) / Bart Starr ( 3 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 1 ) 1972 Scott Hunter ( 14 ) 1973 Jerry Tagge ( 6 ) / Scott Hunter ( 5 ) / Jim Del Gaizo ( 3 ) John Hadl ( 6 ) / Jerry Tagge ( 6 ) / Jack Concannon ( 2 ) John Hadl ( 13 ) / Don Milan ( 1 ) 1976 Lynn Dickey ( 10 ) / Carlos Brown ( 3 ) / Randy Johnson ( 1 ) 1977 Lynn Dickey ( 9", "4": ") / David Whitehurst ( 5 ) 1978 David Whitehurst ( 16 ) 1979 David Whitehurst ( 13 ) / Lynn Dickey ( 3 ) 1980 Lynn Dickey ( 16 ) 1981 Lynn Dickey ( 13 ) / David Whitehurst ( 3 ) 1982 Lynn Dickey ( 9 ) Lynn Dickey ( 16 ) 1984 Lynn Dickey ( 15 ) / Randy Wright ( 1 ) 1985 Lynn Dickey ( 10 ) / Jim Zorn ( 5 ) / Randy Wright ( 1 ) 1986 Randy Wright ( 16 ) Randy Wright ( 7 ) / Don Majkowski ( 5 ) / Alan Risher ( 3 ) 1988 Don Majkowski ( 9 ) / Randy Wright ( 7 ) 1989 Don Majkowski ( 16 ) 1990 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Anthony Dilweg ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1991 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Mike Tomczak ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1992 Brett Favre ( 13 ) / Don Majkowski ( 3 ) 1993 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1994 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1995 Brett Favre ( 16 ) Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1997 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1998 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1999 Brett Favre ( 16 )", "5": "2000 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2001 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2002 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2003 Brett Favre ( 16 ) Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2005 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2006 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2007 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2008 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2009 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 15 ) / Matt Flynn ( 1 ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( 15 ) / Matt Flynn ( 1 ) 2012 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2013 Aaron Rodgers ( 9 ) / Matt Flynn ( 4 ) / Scott Tolzien ( 2 ) / Seneca Wallace ( 1 ) 2014 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2015 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2016 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2017 Aaron Rodgers ( 7 ) / Brett Hundley ( 9 ) Postseason ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( games ) 1936 Arnie Herber ( 2 ) 1938 Arnie Herber ( 2 ) 1939 Arnie Herber ( 1 ) 1941 Cecil Isbell ( 1 ) 1944 Irv Comp ( 1 ) 1960 Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1961 Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1962 Bart Starr ( 1", "6": ") 1965 Bart Starr ( 2 ) 1966 Bart Starr ( 2 ) 1967 Bart Starr ( 3 ) 1972 Scott Hunter ( 1 ) 1982 Lynn Dickey ( 2 ) 1993 Brett Favre ( 2 ) 1994 Brett Favre ( 2 ) 1995 Brett Favre ( 3 ) Brett Favre ( 3 ) 1997 Brett Favre ( 3 ) 1998 Brett Favre ( 1 ) 2001 Brett Favre ( 2 ) 2002 Brett Favre ( 1 ) 2003 Brett Favre ( 2 ) Brett Favre ( 1 ) 2007 Brett Favre ( 2 ) 2009 Aaron Rodgers ( 1 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 4 ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( 1 ) 2012 Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) 2013 Aaron Rodgers ( 1 ) 2014 Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) 2015 Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) 2016 Aaron Rodgers ( 3 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1921 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 .", "7": "Jump up ^ `` 1924 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 Green Bay Packers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 Green Bay Packers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 Green Bay Packers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . 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-7147339950013793632	georgia out of angus thongs and perfect snogging	[ "Georgia Groome", "Georgia Groome", "Georgia Groome as Georgia Nicolson" ]	{ "0": "Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging - wikipedia Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging Jump to : navigation , search Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging Theatrical release poster Directed by Gurinder Chadha Produced by Gurinder Chadha Lynda Obst Screenplay by Gurinder Chadha Paul Mayeda Berges Will McRobb Chris Viscardi Based on Angus , Thongs and Full - Frontal Snogging and It 's OK , I 'm Wearing Really Big Knickers by Louise Rennison Starring Georgia Groome Alan Davies Karen Taylor Aaron Johnson Eleanor Tomlinson Music by Joby Talbot Cinematography Richard Pope Edited by Justin Krish Martin Walsh Production company Nickelodeon Movies Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date 25 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 25 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 96 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget About £ 700,000 Box office $14,924,919 Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging is a 2008 British coming of age - comedy film co-written and directed by Gurinder Chadha . The film 's lead is played by Georgia Groome , with Aaron Taylor - Johnson and Karen Taylor amongst the supporting cast . The story is based on two teenage novels by Louise Rennison : Angus , Thongs and Full - Frontal Snogging and It 's OK , I 'm Wearing Really Big Knickers . The narrative follows fourteen - year - old Georgia Nicholson ( Groome ) as she tries to find a boyfriend while also organising her fifteenth birthday party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 6 Music 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On the first day of the school year Georgia and her friends , Jas , Ellen and Rosie spot two new brothers that have just moved to Eastbourne from London , fraternal twins Robbie and Tom . The girls follow the boys , who are exploring Eastbourne with their friend Dave `` the Laugh '' .", "1": "Georgia then hatches a plan to get close to Robbie . Realizing that Robbie likes cats she pretends her cat , Angus , has gone missing . Jas has Angus on a leash , but he escapes and Tom rescues him . Jas and Tom begin dating while Robbie is dating Georgia 's rival - Lindsay . In the midst of all this , Georgia 's father has been offered a job in New Zealand , and he goes to New Zealand to prepare for the family to move out with him . During his absence , Georgia 's mum hires a handsome builder called Jem to re-do the living room , and begins to spend increasingly longer periods of time with him , making Georgia worried as to the state of her parents marriage . In an attempt to `` grow up '' for Robbie , Georgia then goes to have `` snogging lessons '' with Peter Dyer . He becomes infatuated with her and at a party the following night , he tries to kiss her , causing her to fall in to a bush and expose her underwear to Robbie , Lindsay , Jas and Tom , who see her on the ground with Peter . In order to get away from Peter , Georgia tells him that she is a lesbian . Tom invites Jas to go swimming with him and Robbie . Georgia conspires to meet them at the pool and brings her sister along as she is stuck babysitting her . While in the pool Robbie and Georgia kiss . Robbie then leaves , claiming that he has to `` sort some things out '' but that he will phone Georgia later . A few weeks later Georgia asks Dave the laugh to a gig for Robbie 's band , the Stiff Dylans . After reading Men are from Mars , Women are from Venus Georgia hatches a plan to make Robbie to realize his feelings for her by going to the gig with Dave the Laugh . Robbie tries to talk to Georgia at the gig , but is stopped by Lindsay . At school , Dave finds out that Georgia was only using him to make Robbie jealous and so stops talking to her . When Dave tells Robbie that Georgia was only using him , he stops talking to her as well . When she finds out it was Jas that leaked this information , they have an argument , and they vow never to speak to each other again and then Robbie tells her a sad bit of his disappointment in her .", "2": "Feeling like there is no point in staying in England , Georgia decides that she would like to move to New Zealand . Before she leaves she goes to the beach for a walk knowing Robbie would be there and apologizes to him . Robbie tells her that he dumped Lindsay and he admits that he still likes her . In the end Georgia 's mother takes her to a club for the first time and it turns out to be a surprise fifteenth birthday party , which Jas had secretly organized with Georgia 's mother.It is at a newer club , outnumbering Lindsays party . She is greeted by all her friends and her family , with Jas and Georgia befriending each other again . As a surprise , Georgia 's father returns from New Zealand , deciding to stay in Eastbourne for a better job opportunity . It is also revealed that Jem is gay , and that his boyfriend is the owner of the nightclub . The Stiff Dylans are performing the song `` Ultraviolet '' which Robbie had written about Georgia , when they are interrupted by Lindsay who had come from her own party ( to which no - one had turned up ) and tells Robbie that he would either have to take her back or lose her forever . He tells her that Georgia is the one he wants , and he kisses Georgia on - stage . Jas then stuffs her hands into Lindsay 's breasts and pulls out her breast pads . She tosses them into the crowd , and furiously , Lindsay storms off the stage . Cast ( edit ) Georgia Groome as Georgia Nicolson : The main character , a 14 - year - old girl who falls in love with Robbie and tries to get him to be her boyfriend throughout the film . Aaron Johnson as Robbie Jennings : Georgia 's love interest , he is in a band called The Stiff Dylans , and is initially Lindsay 's boyfriend at the beginning . Karen Taylor as Connie Nicolson : Georgia 's mum , she is ' old - fashioned ' , and scares Georgia as it seems she gets very close to Jem , but also attempts to maintains a close relationship with her daughter . Alan Davies as Bob Nicolson : Georgia 's loving dad , who is a bit ' old - fashioned ' too , as he does not want Georgia to have a party in a club for her birthday . He travels to New Zealand for work which upsets Georgia and her family .", "3": "Eleanor Tomlinson as Jas : Georgia 's best friend , very girlish in understanding , and wants to get a boyfriend just as much as Georgia does . She worries about her lack of ample cleavage . She starts to date Tom , Robbie 's fraternal twin brother . Manjeeven Grewal as Ellen : Georgia 's friend , in ' The Ace gang ' along with Georgia , Jas and Rosie . She is the vulnerable one of the group . In the end , she is introduced properly to Dave by Georgia , and they dance together and kiss . Georgia Henshaw as Rosie : Georgia 's friend , fourth member of ' The Ace gang ' . She is the experienced one of the group because she already has a boyfriend called Sven . Kimberley Nixon as Lindsay ( Slaggy Lindsay ) : Georgia 's rival , is the main antagonist of the film . She is slim and very good looking but she is a complete bully to Georgia . She is seen as ' the slag of the century ' . Sean Bourke as Tom Jennings : Robbie 's brother , later Jas ' boyfriend . Tommy Bastow as Dave `` The Laugh '' : Georgia uses Dave to make Robbie jealous , which makes him feel very hurt . Dave is one of Robbie 's best friends . He had feelings for Georgia until the party . He then dances with Ellen and they share a kiss . Liam Hess as Peter Dyer ( Saliva Boy ) : He likes Georgia a lot , though the feeling is not mutual . He gives girls lessons on how to snog , charging five ' quid ' for a session . Matt Brinkler as Sven : Rosie 's crazy boyfriend , an exchange student from Sweden . Eva Drew as Libby Nicolson : Georgia 's eccentric 6 - year - old sister . Likes to dress up her cat Angus . Steve Jones as Jem : He remodels / decorates a room in Georgia 's house and Georgia thinks her mother is falling for him . Stiff Dylans as themselves ( with the extension of Robbie ) . Ray Shirley as Woman with the Poodle Benny & Jimmy as Angus : The cat of titular distinction .", "4": "Production ( edit ) Chadha was originally brought into the project as a scriptwriter : When the project came to me , the studio , Paramount , had had it for five years and even though they 're British books they had these two American guys adapt the book and they could n't get it to work . I read the script and thought how weird , this is a sort of LA male 's version of an English girl 's childhood and then I read the books and I thought wow , there is something here that relates to me growing up that I had n't seen in the script . I thought this could be a British genre film or be like Clueless or Mean Girls in England and I liked the idea of doing a British version of those films . Then it clicked that it should be like Sixteen Candles . Most of the scenes were filmed on location in Brighton and Eastbourne . Others , such as the gig scene and some interiors and exteriors for Georgia 's house , were filmed in and around Ealing Studios , London . Areas in nearby west London like Bishopshalt school in Hillingdon and the Liquid nightclub in Uxbridge were used as well . Other sites include locations in Teddington and Twickenham . Costumes included green blazers and kilts borrowed from St. Bede 's Prep School in Eastbourne , and props included Eastbourne 's signature blue bins to add to the effect and continuity when filming in multiple locations . Release ( edit ) The film was the first movie produced by Nickelodeon Movies to receive a PG - 13 rating . Reception ( edit ) The film received positive reviews . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 71 % based on reviews from 24 critics . The site 's consensus states : `` Based on two of British writer Louise Rennison 's popular books , Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging is a pleasant and funny tween comedy , comfortable for UK audiences as well as stateside crowds . '' Critics noted the strong central performance of Georgia Groome , who was praised for her `` super-engaging '' and `` endearingly natural '' performance . Box office ( edit ) The film has earned $14,924,919 , which includes $10,627,381 ( £ 6.6 million ) from the UK alone .", "5": "The film was in the top 40 in the UK and Ireland and Malta 2008 box office . The film was not released theatrically in the United States , but instead had its U.S. premiere on Nick at Nite and TeenNick , where it was rated TV - PG , and later was released on DVD . Music ( edit ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging : Music from the Motion Picture Compilation album by Various Released July 21 , 2008 Genre Pop rock Label Columbia No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` She 's So Lovely '' Scouting for Girls 3 : 42 2 . `` Girls and Boys in Love '' The Rumble Strips 2 : 31 3 . `` The Show '' Lenka 3 : 54 4 . `` Naïve '' Lily Allen 3 : 44 5 . `` She 's Got You High '' Mumm - Ra 3 : 24 6 . `` Who Needs Love '' Razorlight 3 : 31 7 . `` Your Song '' Kate Walsh 4 : 07 8 . `` Mad About the Boy '' Ava Leigh 3 : 22 9 . `` Young Folks '' Peter Bjorn and John 4 : 37 10 . `` Toothpaste Kisses '' The Maccabees 2 : 37 11 . `` Sugar Mouse '' Oh , Atoms 4 : 36 12 . `` Ever Fallen in Love '' Stiff Dylans 2 : 59 13 . `` I Found Out '' The Pigeon Detectives 2 : 03 14 . `` In the Morning '' The Coral 2 : 32 15 . `` Pull Shapes '' The Pipettes 2 : 58 16 . `` Great DJ '' The Ting Tings 3 : 22 17 .", "6": "`` Ultraviolet '' Stiff Dylans 3 : 46 Some songs played in the film were not included on the soundtrack : `` Out of Time '' - Stiff Dylans `` You 're the Best Thing '' -- The Style Council `` Agadoo '' -- Black Lace `` True '' -- Spandau Ballet `` I 'm Your Man '' -- Shane Richie `` Mr. Loverman '' -- Shabba Ranks `` Dance wiv Me '' -- Dizzee Rascal featuring Calvin Harris and Chrome `` Teenage Kicks '' -- Nouvelle Vague `` Big Fish , Little Fish '' -- Nik Martin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Teenage kicks : Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging '' . London : The Independent . 24 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Field , Annemarie ( 5 October 2007 ) . `` Perfect town for major teen film '' . Eastbourne Herald . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' . Movie 's office website . Jump up ^ `` Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging '' . rottentomatoes.com. 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ McCahill , Mike ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` Film Reviews : Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Tookey , Christopher ( 31 July 2008 ) . `` Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging : Refreshing optimism in a world of angst '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` 2008 United Kingdom Yearly Box Office Results '' . boxofficemojo.com .", "7": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging on IMDb Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging at AllMovie Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging at Rotten Tomatoes BBC Slink goes behind the scenes of Angus Thongs ... A round of up videos from and about the film Films directed by Gurinder Chadha Bhaji on the Beach ( 1993 ) What 's Cooking ? ( 2000 ) Bend It Like Beckham ( 2002 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) It 's a Wonderful Afterlife ( 2010 ) Viceroy 's House ( 2017 ) Works by Louise Rennison Novels Angus , Thongs and Full - Frontal Snogging ( 1999 ) It 's OK , I 'm Wearing Really Big Knickers ( 2001 ) Dancing in my Nuddy - Pants ( 2003 ) Luuurve is a Many Trousered Thing ( 2007 ) Film Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) Nickelodeon Movies Feature films Animated The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) Hey Arnold !", "8": ": The Movie ( 2002 ) The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) Barnyard ( 2006 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Wonder Park ( 2019 ) The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) The SpongeBob Movie ( 2020 ) Live - action Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Snow Day ( 2000 ) Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Fun Size ( 2012 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) Film franchises Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 , Sequels planned ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angus,", "9": "_Thongs_and_Perfect_Snogging&oldid=836736261 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films 2000s coming - of - age films 2000s teen comedy films 2000s teen drama films 2000s teen romance films British comedy - drama films British coming - of - age films British films British romantic comedy films British romantic drama films British teen comedy films British teen drama films British teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Confessions of Georgia Nicolson Films based on British novels Films based on multiple works of a series Films directed by Gurinder Chadha Films set in Sussex Films shot in England Nickelodeon Movies films Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Paul Mayeda Berges Screenplays by Gurinder Chadha Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Use British English from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 15 : 21 . 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6173192803639008655	who has appeared in the most royal rumbles	[ "Isaac Yankem/\"Diesel\"/Kane", "Isaac Yankem/\"Diesel\"/Kane", "Isaac Yankem/\"Diesel\"/Kane", "Isaac Yankem/\"Diesel\"/Kane", "Shawn Michaels" ]	{ "0": "Royal Rumble - wikipedia Royal Rumble Jump to : navigation , search For the games based on this event , see WWF Royal Rumble and WWF Royal Rumble ( 2000 video game ) . Royal Rumble The Royal Rumble logo used since 2017 Information Created by Pat Patterson Promotion ( s ) WWE Brand ( s ) Raw ( 2003 -- 2011 , 2017 -- present ) SmackDown ( 2003 -- 2011 , 2017 -- present ) ECW ( 2007 -- 2010 ) First event Royal Rumble ( 1988 ) Signature match types Royal Rumble match The Royal Rumble is a professional wrestling event , produced every January since 1988 by professional wrestling promotion WWE . It is named after the Royal Rumble match , a battle royal whose participants enter at timed intervals . After the initial event was broadcast as a television special on USA Network , the Royal Rumble has been shown on pay - per - view and is one of WWE 's `` Big Four '' , along with WrestleMania , SummerSlam , and Survivor Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Event 1.2 Match 1.3 Prize 1.4 Other Royal Rumble matches 2 Dates , venues , and winners 2.1 Male Royal Rumble winner 's championship opportunity 2.2 Female Royal Rumble winner 's championship opportunity 3 Royal Rumble records 3.1 Males 3.1. 1 Most Rumble victories 3.1. 2 Most times being a Rumble runner - up 3.1. 3 Winners by entry number 3.1. 4 Longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble 3.1. 5 Longest cumulative time spent in Royal Rumbles 3.1. 6 Shortest time spent in a single Royal Rumble 3.1. 6.1 Non-eliminated wrestlers 3.1. 6.2 Wrestlers who had their number stolen or were replaced 3.1. 7 Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble 3.1.", "1": "8 Total eliminations in cumulative Royal Rumbles 3.1. 9 Most Rumble appearances 3.1. 10 Female entrants in male Royal Rumbles 3.2 Females 3.2. 1 Longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble 3.2. 2 Shortest time spent in a single Royal Rumble 3.2. 3 Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble 4 Other Royal Rumble matches 5 Video box set 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History Event The Royal Rumble is a pay - per - view consisting of the Royal Rumble match , title matches , and various other matches . The first Royal Rumble event took place on January 24 , 1988 , and was broadcast live on the USA Network . The following year , the event started to be broadcast on pay - per - view and thus became one of WWE 's `` big four '' pay - per - views , along with WrestleMania , Survivor Series , and SummerSlam . The men 's Royal Rumble match is usually located at the top of the card , though there have been exceptions , such as the 1988 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2006 , 2013 , and 2018 events . Due to the Rumble match taking up a large amount of time ( most Rumble matches last roughly one hour ) , the Rumble event tends to have a smaller card than most other pay - per - view events , which routinely have six to eight matches per card . The 2008 Royal Rumble was the first WWE pay - per - view to be available in high - definition . The 2018 Royal Rumble was the first to feature a women 's Royal Rumble match , which was the main event for that year . Match The Royal Rumble is based on the classic Battle Royal match , in which a number of wrestlers ( traditionally 30 ) aim at eliminating their competitors by tossing them over the top rope , with both feet touching the floor . The winner of the event is the last wrestler remaining after all others have been eliminated .", "2": "According to Hornswoggle , who worked for WWE from 2006 until 2016 and participated in two Rumbles , participants may learn their eliminations by knowing the two wrestlers who are eliminated before them and which wrestlers are entering the Royal Rumble in between their elimination . The Royal Rumble differs from the classical Battle Royal as the contestants do not enter the ring at the same time , but instead are assigned entry numbers , usually via a lottery , although desirable spots are occasionally assigned by other means , the most common being winning a match . This lottery is usually staged right before the event begins . The match begins with the two wrestlers who have drawn entry numbers one and two , with the remaining wrestlers entering the ring at regular timed intervals , either 90 seconds or two minutes , according to their entry number . This format is credited to Pat Patterson . To date , only four men who have been one of the starting wrestlers have won the Royal Rumble : Shawn Michaels , Vince McMahon , Chris Benoit , and Rey Mysterio . The most common number to win is number 27 . Royal Rumble match in 2010 The Royal Rumble match traditionally involves 30 wrestlers and usually lasts an hour , with the longest match , at the 2011 event , lasting over one hour and nine minutes of a three - hour pay - per - view . However , the first televised Rumble match , contested in 1988 , involved only 20 men , and lasted 33 minutes of the two - hour broadcast . The 1998 Royal Rumble nominally had the traditional 30 - man field , but only 28 individual wrestlers competed ; Mick Foley entered the Royal Rumble match three different times -- first as Cactus Jack , then as Mankind , and finally as Dude Love . The 2011 Royal Rumble was the first and only to have a 40 - man field , out of whom Alberto Del Rio was victorious . The 2018 Royal Rumble was the first to feature a women 's Royal Rumble match , with Stephanie McMahon making the official announcement on the December 18 , 2017 edition of Raw . The women 's Royal Rumble match has all of the same rules as the men 's match , including having 30 participants . Steve Austin holds the current record for most Royal Rumble match wins , with three .", "3": "The match has no stipulations or rules other than that elimination must occur by a participant being placed over the top rope and both feet touching the floor . A wrestler who only touches the floor with one foot is not eliminated from the match , a rule which greatly affected the 1995 match , allowing Shawn Michaels to re-enter the ring and win the match . This has been popularized by Kofi Kingston , who although has not won a match , he has found various ways to keep both of his feet from touching the floor . Subsequently , a wrestler who exits the ring without going over the top rope is not eliminated from the contest . For example , during the 1999 match , both Vince McMahon and Steve Austin left the ring , only to return later in the match . In the 1994 match , the last two participants , Bret Hart and Lex Luger , were declared co-winners when it was decided that both of their feet touched the floor at exactly the same time . A similar situation occurred in the 2005 match . However , the match was instead restarted after Batista and John Cena eliminated each other at the same time ( as their simultaneous elimination was actually an accident ) ; Batista eliminated Cena afterwards to win the match . Though various referees are charged with observing the match , some eliminations have gone unnoticed to allow the eliminated participants to sneak back into the ring to continue . Steve Austin was able to win in this way during the 1997 match after re-entering following an unacknowledged elimination and eventually tossed Bret Hart , who was the last legal wrestler in the ring , over the top .", "4": "Although the vast majority of eliminations are caused by active participants , eliminations caused by other means have occurred , and have been ruled legitimate , including self - eliminations ( such as Andre the Giant jumping out of the ring after seeing a snake in 1989 , Kane eliminating himself in 1999 , and Drew Carey eliminating himself in 2001 ; however , Randy Savage 's jump over the top rope in 1992 was not ruled as self - elimination ) , elimination from previously - eliminated participants ( such as The Undertaker eliminating Maven in 2002 , Kurt Angle eliminating Shawn Michaels in 2005 , Kane eliminating CM Punk in 2014 , and The Wyatt Family eliminating Brock Lesnar in 2016 ) , and elimination from non-participants ( such as Shane McMahon eliminating Shawn Michaels in 2006 and The Miz eliminating John Cena in 2011 ) . Furthermore , if an injured wrestler is taken away by medical staff , he can return to the match as long as the match is still ongoing ( such as Steve Austin in 1999 or Roman Reigns in 2016 ) , but if the match ends without the injured wrestler returning , he is deemed eliminated ( such as Scotty 2 Hotty in 2005 or Curtis Axel in 2015 ) . Prize Since 1993 , the winner of the Royal Rumble match is traditionally awarded a title match for WWE 's top championship at WrestleMania -- presently , there are two top championships , the Universal Championship on Raw and the WWE Championship on SmackDown . Similarly , the winner of the women 's Royal Rumble match ( first contested in 2018 ) is awarded a match at WrestleMania for either of WWE 's top two women 's championships , the Raw Women 's Championship or the SmackDown Women 's Championship . With the brand extension introduced in mid-2002 , the 30 male entrants from 2003 to 2006 consisted of 15 wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown brands . At first , the winner of the match received a shot at their brand 's top champion . Starting in 2004 , the Rumble winner had the option of challenging any brand 's champion . For instance , Chris Benoit switched brands after winning the 2004 Royal Rumble and won the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XX .", "5": "From 2007 to 2010 , participants from the ECW brand competed along with the Raw and SmackDown brands , with the ECW World Championship added as an option for the winner to challenge for , although no winners ever did . During ECW 's participation , the entries for each brand were not evenly divided . The ECW Championship was deactivated in 2010 , and the World Heavyweight Championship was unified into the WWE Championship in 2013 , leaving the latter as the only title to challenge for until July 2016 , when the brand extension returned . With the new brand extension , the winner of the 2017 event earned a match for their brand 's top championship , Raw 's Universal Championship or SmackDown 's WWE Championship , but beginning in 2018 , the winner has a choice . Conversely , beginning with the 2018 event , women receive a title opportunity of their choice for a women 's championship : the Raw or SmackDown Women 's Championship . Due to free agents , Hall of Famers , and wrestlers from the NXT brand also participating , there has not been an even division of wrestlers ( in either the men 's or women 's Rumbles ) between Raw and SmackDown since the second brand extension went into effect . WWE 's top championship has been booked as on the line during the Royal Rumble match on two occasions . In 1992 , the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship was contested in the 1992 Royal Rumble match , eventually won by Ric Flair , while in 2016 , Roman Reigns was scheduled to defend his WWE World Heavyweight Championship as a participant of that year 's Royal Rumble match and was entrant number one . This marked the first time that a reigning champion had to defend his title in the match , which was ultimately won by Triple H , who eliminated Reigns before lastly eliminating Dean Ambrose to win . Reigns would go on to earn a match against Triple H at WrestleMania 32 and won back the title . From 2001 to 2007 , the Royal Rumble match winner had gone on to win a world championship title at WrestleMania . After winning the 2008 match , John Cena became the first winner to use his championship opportunity at an event ( No Way Out 2008 ) other than WrestleMania .", "6": "He also became the first since The Rock in 2000 to win the Royal Rumble match but fail to win the title in his championship opportunity . The Royal Rumble winner may also choose to put his championship opportunity on the line in a match . This was first done in 1996 , when Shawn Michaels risked his WrestleMania XII title shot in a match against Owen Hart at In Your House 6 . The second time was in 1999 , when Stone Cold Steve Austin offered to forfeit his title opportunity to the Big Boss Man , who won third place in the Rumble ( Austin was actually the runner - up in that rumble , but the winner , Vince McMahon himself , had voluntarily given up his title opportunity ) if McMahon could beat him in a cage match at St. Valentine 's Day Massacre : In Your House , which Austin would go on to win . The third time was in 2002 , when Kurt Angle convinced Triple H to put his WrestleMania X8 championship spot on the line at No Way Out , a match which Angle won . However , Triple H would later defeat Angle and regain his WrestleMania championship spot . The fourth time was in 2006 , when Randy Orton goaded Rey Mysterio into putting his main event spot at WrestleMania 22 on the line at No Way Out , a match which Orton won . Mysterio was eventually reinserted into the main event at WrestleMania , making it a triple threat match , and went on to win the World Heavyweight Championship . On the February 25 , 2013 , edition of Raw , John Cena successfully defended his WrestleMania 29 WWE Championship opportunity in a match against CM Punk . On February 22 , 2015 , at Fastlane , Roman Reigns defended his WrestleMania 31 WWE World Heavyweight Championship opportunity against Daniel Bryan . In 2000 , The Rock was declared the victor , as the storyline intended . However , it was later revealed that his feet had actually touched before those of the Big Show . A singles match was held at No Way Out , the event following the Royal Rumble , to determine who received the WrestleMania title shot against the reigning champion Triple H. Big Show won with the help of Shane McMahon .", "7": "Rock then defeated Big Show in a rematch in March on Raw with the help of Vince McMahon , which earned him a title shot and converted the match at WrestleMania into a triple threat that was later made a four - way match when Linda McMahon inserted the recently retired Mick Foley into the match . Other Royal Rumble matches WWE has booked several Royal Rumble matches outside of the annual Royal Rumble event : The very first Royal Rumble match took place at a house show in St. Louis , Missouri on October 4 , 1987 where the One Man Gang won a 12 - Man Royal Rumble , last eliminating the Junkyard Dog , to earn a WWF World Heavyweight Championship match against Hulk Hogan at the following month 's St. Louis house show . A 20 - man Royal Rumble match took place at a house show in Hartford , Connecticut on March 16 , 1988 where Ravishing Rick Rude was the winner . A 30 - man Royal Rumble on January 17 , 1994 at Madison Square Garden was won by Owen Hart , last eliminating Fatu . An 18 - man Royal Rumble match took place on May 9 , 1994 in Osaka , Japan and was won by The Undertaker who last eliminated Bam Bam Bigelow . There was a Tag Team Royal Rumble on the June 15 , 1998 episode of Raw Is War . Kane and Mankind won the match and earned an opportunity for the WWF Tag Team Championship against The New Age Outlaws . On January 11 , 1999 , a `` Corporate Royal Rumble '' involving members of The Corporation and D - Generation X was held on Raw to determine the 30th entry in the Royal Rumble that year . The match was won by Chyna , who last eliminated Mr. McMahon . A 15 - man Royal Rumble was held during the January 29 , 2004 , edition of SmackDown to crown a contender for Brock Lesnar 's WWE Championship at No Way Out . Eddie Guerrero won the match , last eliminating Kurt Angle . On January 14 , 2008 , Mr. McMahon organized a mini-Royal Rumble , involving midget wrestlers . Hornswoggle won the match .", "8": "On the January 31 , 2011 , episode of Raw , a Royal Rumble to crown the contender for The Miz 's WWE Championship at Elimination Chamber was held . Jerry Lawler won the match , last eliminating Sheamus . On April 27 , 2018 , the WWE is going to hold a pay - per - view in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia titled the Greatest Royal Rumble , which is going to feature a 50 - man Royal Rumble match . Dates , venues , and winners List of Royal Rumble dates , venues , and winners Event Date City Venue Winner Entry No . Ref . Main event 01 ! 1 Royal Rumble ( 1988 ) January 24 , 1988 Hamilton , Ontario Copps Coliseum Duggan , Jim Jim Duggan 13 ! 13 The Islanders ( Haku and Tama ) vs. The Young Stallions ( Paul Roma and Jim Powers ) in a two out of three falls match 02 ! 2 Royal Rumble ( 1989 ) January 15 , 1989 Houston , Texas The Summit Studd , Big John Big John Studd 27 ! 27 30 - man Royal Rumble match 03 ! 3 Royal Rumble ( 1990 ) January 21 , 1990 Orlando , Florida Orlando Arena Hogan , Hulk Hulk Hogan 25 ! 25 30 - man Royal Rumble match 04 ! 4 Royal Rumble ( 1991 ) January 19 , 1991 Miami , Florida Miami Arena 24 ! 24 30 - man Royal Rumble match 05 ! 5 Royal Rumble ( 1992 ) January 19 , 1992 Albany , New York Knickerbocker Arena Flair , Ric Ric Flair 03 ! 3 30 - man Royal Rumble match for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship 06 ! 6 Royal Rumble ( 1993 ) January 24 , 1993 Sacramento , California ARCO Arena Yokozuna 27 ! 27 30 - man Royal Rumble match 07 !", "9": "7 Royal Rumble ( 1994 ) January 23 , 1994 Providence , Rhode Island Providence Civic Center Bret Hart Lex Luger 27 ! 27 23 ! 23 30 - man Royal Rumble match 08 ! 8 Royal Rumble ( 1995 ) January 22 , 1995 Tampa , Florida USF Sun Dome Michaels , Shawn Shawn Michaels 01 ! 1 30 - man Royal Rumble match 09 ! 9 Royal Rumble ( 1996 ) January 21 , 1996 Fresno , California Selland Arena 18 ! 18 Bret Hart ( c ) vs. The Undertaker for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship 10 ! 10 Royal Rumble ( 1997 ) January 19 , 1997 San Antonio , Texas Alamodome Stone Cold Steve Austin 05 ! 5 Sycho Sid ( c ) vs. Shawn Michaels for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship 11 ! 11 Royal Rumble ( 1998 ) January 18 , 1998 San Jose , California San Jose Arena 24 ! 24 Shawn Michaels ( c ) vs. The Undertaker in a Casket match for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship 12 ! 12 Royal Rumble ( 1999 ) January 24 , 1999 Anaheim , California Arrowhead Pond Mr. McMahon 02 ! 2 30 - man Royal Rumble match 13 ! 13 Royal Rumble ( 2000 ) January 23 , 2000 New York City , New York Madison Square Garden Rock , The The Rock 24 ! 24 30 - man Royal Rumble match 14 ! 14 Royal Rumble ( 2001 ) January 21 , 2001 New Orleans , Louisiana New Orleans Arena Stone Cold Steve Austin 27 ! 27 30 - man Royal Rumble match 15 ! 15 Royal Rumble ( 2002 ) January 20 , 2002 Atlanta , Georgia Philips Arena Triple H 22 !", "10": "22 30 - man Royal Rumble match 16 ! 16 Royal Rumble ( 2003 ) January 19 , 2003 Boston , Massachusetts FleetCenter Lesnar , Brock Brock Lesnar 29 ! 29 30 - man Royal Rumble match 17 ! 17 Royal Rumble ( 2004 ) January 25 , 2004 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wachovia Center Chris Benoit 01 ! 1 30 - man Royal Rumble match 18 ! 18 Royal Rumble ( 2005 ) January 30 , 2005 Fresno , California Save Mart Center Batista 28 ! 28 30 - man Royal Rumble match 19 ! 19 Royal Rumble ( 2006 ) January 29 , 2006 Miami , Florida American Airlines Arena Mysterio , Rey Rey Mysterio 02 ! 2 Kurt Angle ( c ) vs. Mark Henry for the World Heavyweight Championship 20 ! 20 Royal Rumble ( 2007 ) January 28 , 2007 San Antonio , Texas AT&T Center Undertaker , The The Undertaker 30 ! 30 30 - man Royal Rumble match 21 ! 21 Royal Rumble ( 2008 ) January 27 , 2008 New York City , New York Madison Square Garden Cena , John John Cena 30 ! 30 30 - man Royal Rumble match 22 ! 22 Royal Rumble ( 2009 ) January 25 , 2009 Detroit , Michigan Joe Louis Arena Orton , Randy Randy Orton 08 ! 8 30 - man Royal Rumble match 23 ! 23 Royal Rumble ( 2010 ) January 31 , 2010 Atlanta , Georgia Philips Arena Edge 29 30 - man Royal Rumble match 24 ! 24 Royal Rumble ( 2011 ) January 30 , 2011 Boston , Massachusetts TD Garden Del Rio , Alberto Alberto Del Rio 38 40 - man Royal Rumble match 25 !", "11": "25 Royal Rumble ( 2012 ) January 29 , 2012 St. Louis , Missouri Scottrade Center Sheamus 22 30 - man Royal Rumble match 26 ! 26 Royal Rumble ( 2013 ) January 27 , 2013 Phoenix , Arizona US Airways Center Cena , John John Cena 19 CM Punk ( c ) vs. The Rock for the WWE Championship 27 ! 27 Royal Rumble ( 2014 ) January 26 , 2014 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Consol Energy Center Batista 28 30 - man Royal Rumble match 28 ! 28 Royal Rumble ( 2015 ) January 25 , 2015 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wells Fargo Center Reigns , Roman Roman Reigns 19 30 - man Royal Rumble match 29 ! 29 Royal Rumble ( 2016 ) January 24 , 2016 Orlando , Florida Amway Center Triple H 30 30 - man Royal Rumble match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship ; reigning champion Roman Reigns defended the title in the match 30 ! 30 Royal Rumble ( 2017 ) January 29 , 2017 San Antonio , Texas Alamodome Randy Orton 23 30 - man Royal Rumble match 31 ! 31 Royal Rumble ( 2018 ) January 28 , 2018 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wells Fargo Center Shinsuke Nakamura 14 30 - woman Royal Rumble match Asuka 25 32 Royal Rumble ( 2019 ) January 27 , 2019 Phoenix , Arizona Chase Field TBD Men TBD TBD TBD Women TBD Male Royal Rumble winner 's Championship opportunity Championship Wins Losses Total WWE Championship 9 8 17 World Heavyweight Championship 5 7 Total 13 10 23 -- WrestleMania victory -- WrestleMania loss Winner Event Year Championship match 01 !", "12": "1 Yokozuna WrestleMania IX 1993 Yokozuna defeated Bret Hart for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 02 ! 2 Lex Luger WrestleMania X 1994 Luger lost to Yokozuna by disqualification for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 02 ! 2 Bret Hart WrestleMania X 1994 Hart defeated Yokozuna for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 03 ! 3 Shawn Michaels WrestleMania XI 1995 Michaels lost to Diesel for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 04 ! 4 Shawn Michaels WrestleMania XII Michaels successfully defended his title shot against Owen Hart at In Your House 6 . Michaels went on to defeat Bret Hart for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 05 ! 5 Stone Cold Steve Austin WrestleMania 13 1997 Due to Austin re-entering the Rumble match because the officials did not see when he was thrown out of the ring , WWF President Gorilla Monsoon ruled that he would not be receiving the WrestleMania 13 title shot . A match in February was signed to determine who would receive it , but champion Shawn Michaels ' forfeiting the title changed those plans . The WrestleMania main event pitted The Undertaker against Sycho Sid . 06 ! 6 Stone Cold Steve Austin WrestleMania XIV 1998 Austin defeated Shawn Michaels for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 07 ! 7 Mr. McMahon WrestleMania XV 1999 The following night on Raw Is War , McMahon renounced his title opportunity to challenge then WWF Champion , The Rock , at WrestleMania . WWF Commissioner Shawn Michaels awarded the title opportunity to the runner - up , Stone Cold Steve Austin , who defeated McMahon in a steel cage match to retain his opportunity and would go on to WrestleMania to defeat The Rock for the WWF Championship . 08 ! 8 The Rock WrestleMania 2000 2000 Video footage later showed Rock 's feet hit the floor first before runner - up Big Show . After multiple attempts to name a rightful No.", "13": "1 contender failed , both The Rock and Big Show were added to the main event along with Mick Foley to challenge the champion Triple H. Triple H was able to successfully defend the WWF Championship in a four corner elimination match . 09 ! 9 Stone Cold Steve Austin WrestleMania X-Seven 2001 Austin defeated The Rock in a no disqualification match for the WWF Championship . 10 ! 10 Triple H WrestleMania X8 2002 Triple H lost his WrestleMania title shot to Kurt Angle at No Way Out . The following night on Raw , Triple H won his title shot back and would defeat Chris Jericho for the Undisputed WWF Championship . 11 ! 11 Brock Lesnar WrestleMania XIX 2003 As a member of the SmackDown brand , Lesnar earned a match for his brand 's WWE Championship . At WrestleMania XIX , Lesnar defeated Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship . 12 ! 12 Chris Benoit WrestleMania XX Benoit won the Rumble as a SmackDown ! wrestler , but switched to the Raw brand to challenge Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship . He defeated Triple H and Shawn Michaels in a triple threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship . 13 ! 13 Batista WrestleMania 21 2005 Batista defeated Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship . 14 ! 14 Rey Mysterio WrestleMania 22 2006 Mysterio lost his WrestleMania title shot to Randy Orton at No Way Out . SmackDown ! General Manager Theodore Long later added Mysterio to the World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania , making it a triple threat match . At WrestleMania 22 , Mysterio defeated the champion Kurt Angle and Orton in a triple threat match to win the World Heavyweight Championship . 15 ! 15 The Undertaker WrestleMania 23 2007 Undertaker defeated Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship . 16 ! 16 John Cena No Way Out ( 2008 ) WrestleMania XXIV 2008 Instead of waiting until WrestleMania , Cena used his WWE Championship shot at No Way Out against Randy Orton .", "14": "Orton remained champion due to being disqualified . A triple threat match for the WWE Championship was held at WrestleMania XXIV , also including Triple H. Orton successfully retained . 17 ! 17 Randy Orton WrestleMania XXV 2009 Orton lost to Triple H for the WWE Championship . 18 ! 18 Edge WrestleMania XXVI Edge lost to Chris Jericho for the World Heavyweight Championship . 19 ! 19 Alberto Del Rio WrestleMania XXVII 2011 Del Rio lost to Edge for the World Heavyweight Championship . 20 ! 20 Sheamus WrestleMania XXVIII 2012 Sheamus defeated Daniel Bryan for the World Heavyweight Championship . 21 ! 21 John Cena WrestleMania 29 2013 On the February 25 episode of Raw , Cena successfully defended his title shot against CM Punk . Cena went on to defeat The Rock for the WWE Championship . 22 ! 22 Batista WrestleMania XXX 2014 Daniel Bryan defeated Triple H in the opening match , with the winner being inserted into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship match . Bryan defeated the champion Randy Orton and Batista in a triple threat match . 23 ! 23 Roman Reigns WrestleMania 31 2015 Reigns successfully defended his title shot at Fastlane against Daniel Bryan . Reigns went on to challenge Brock Lesnar for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 31 . During the match at WrestleMania , Seth Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank contract , converting the singles match between Reigns and Lesnar into a triple threat match . Rollins pinned Reigns to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . 24 ! 24 Randy Orton WrestleMania 33 2017 As a member of the SmackDown brand , Orton earned himself a match for his brand 's WWE Championship . However , after his fellow Wyatt Family member Bray Wyatt won the championship at Elimination Chamber and retained it on the following SmackDown , Orton said he would not face Wyatt for the title at WrestleMania .", "15": "On the February 28 episode of SmackDown , Orton reverted his decision and turned on Wyatt ; the following week , he defeated AJ Styles , who had become the new number one contender for the title , to re-earn his title shot against Wyatt at WrestleMania . At the event , Orton defeated Wyatt to win the WWE Championship . 25 ! 25 Shinsuke Nakamura WrestleMania 34 2018 Nakamura chose to stay on SmackDown and challenge AJ Styles for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania , where he ultimately lost the match . Note : There was no WrestleMania title opportunity for the winners of the 1992 and 2016 Royal Rumble matches . In 1992 , Ric Flair won the Royal Rumble match , which was for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship . In 2016 , Triple H won the Royal Rumble match in which Roman Reigns defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . Both ultimately lost their championship defenses at WrestleMania ( to Randy Savage and Reigns , respectively ) . Female Royal Rumble winner 's Championship opportunity Championship Wins Losses Total WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 0 Total 0 Winner Event Year Championship match 1 ! 1 Asuka WrestleMania 34 2018 Asuka decided to challenge Charlotte Flair for the SmackDown Women 's Championship , but lost the match , which ended her two - year undefeated streak .", "16": "Royal Rumble records Males Most Rumble victories No Wrestler Royal Rumble wins Year Stone Cold Steve Austin 1997 , 1998 , 2001 Hulk Hogan 1990 , 1991 Shawn Michaels 1995 , 1996 Triple H 2002 , 2016 Batista 2005 , 2014 John Cena 2008 , 2013 Randy Orton 2009 , 2017 Most times being a Rumble runner - up No Wrestler Times Year Roman Reigns 2014 , 2017 , 2018 Big Show 2000 , 2004 Shawn Michaels 1994 , 2007 Triple H 2008 , 2009 John Cena 2005 , 2010 Winners by entry number No Wins Year 27 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 2001 30 2007 , 2008 , 2016 24 1991 , 1998 , 2000 19 2013 , 2015 28 2005 , 2014 22 2002 , 2012 29 2003 , 2010 1999 , 2006 1995 , 2004 23 1994 , 2017 14 2018 38 2011 8 2009 5 1997 18 1992 25 1990 13 1988 Longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble Top 20 individual longest times in a single Royal Rumble match . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble .", "17": "No Wrestler Time Year Rey Mysterio 1 : 02 : 12 2006 Chris Benoit 1 : 01 : 31 Bob Backlund 1 : 01 : 10 1993 Triple H 1 : 00 : 16 2006 5 Chris Jericho 1 : 00 : 13 2017 6 Ric Flair 1 : 00 : 02 1992 7 Roman Reigns 59 : 50 2016 8 Finn Bálor 57 : 30 2018 9 Mr. McMahon 56 : 38 1999 Stone Cold Steve Austin 56 : 38 1999 11 Kane 53 : 46 2001 12 Rick Martel 52 : 17 1991 13 The Rock 51 : 32 1998 14 Chris Jericho 50 : 50 2016 15 Triple H 49 : 58 2009 16 Dolph Ziggler 49 : 47 2013 17 Rey Mysterio 49 : 24 2009 18 CM Punk 49 : 11 2014 19 Seth Rollins 48 : 31 2014 20 Randy Orton 48 : 27 2009 Note : bold indicates the winner of that year 's match Longest cumulative time spent in Royal Rumbles Only wrestlers who have spent more than 3 cumulative hours are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble .", "18": "No Wrestler Time Chris Jericho 4 : 56 : 00 Triple H 4 : 00 : 02 Shawn Michaels 3 : 42 : 30 Isaac Yankem / Diesel / Kane 3 : 38 : 46 5 Rey Mysterio 3 : 29 : 25 6 Cody Rhodes / Stardust 3 : 08 : 30 7 Randy Orton 3 : 01 : 40 Shortest time spent in a single Royal Rumble Only wrestlers who spent 10 seconds or less in a single rumble are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler Time Year Santino Marella 0 : 00 : 01 2009 The Warlord 0 : 00 : 02 1989 Sheamus 0 : 00 : 02 * 2018 Mo 0 : 00 : 03 1995 Owen Hart 0 : 00 : 03 1995 6 Bushwhacker Luke 0 : 00 : 04 1991 Jerry Lawler 0 : 00 : 04 1997 Titus O'Neil 0 : 00 : 04 2015 9 The Godfather 0 : 00 : 05 2013 10 Gillberg 0 : 00 : 07 1999 The Miz 0 : 00 : 07 2007 Montel Vontavious Porter 0 : 00 : 07 13 Adam Rose 0 : 00 : 08 2015 14 Tazz 0 : 00 : 10 2001 ( * ) - WWE 's official source mistakenly reports the time as 20 seconds . Non-eliminated wrestlers Several times , wrestlers were drawn to compete in the match but did not actually compete .", "19": "Their participation is counted as zero seconds , with the exception of # 6 Hornswoggle : In 1991 , `` Macho King '' Randy Savage was drawn 18th , but no - showed due to leaving the building after costing Ultimate Warrior the WWF Championship against Sgt . Slaughter . In 1994 , Bastion Booger was drawn 25th , but no - showed due to suffering food poisoning before the match . In 1998 , Skull was drawn 22nd , but no - showed due to being attacked by Los Boricuas after being mistaken for Stone Cold Steve Austin . In 2004 , Spike Dudley was drawn 13th , but was attacked on the ramp by Kane . In 2005 , Scotty 2 Hotty was drawn 15th , but was attacked on the ramp by Muhammad Hassan . In 2008 , Hornswoggle was drawn 9th and eliminated The Miz , however he was n't brought into the ring until towards the end of the match by Mark Henry and was saved by Finlay , who was drawn 27th , and escorted to the back and never re-entered the match . Finlay would later be disqualified after coming out before his number came up and using his shillelagh to help Hornswoggle . In 2015 , Curtis Axel was drawn 6th , but was attacked on the ramp by Erick Rowan . Unlike other occasions , this was notable for actually being worked into a gimmick for Axel , where he began to imitate Hulk Hogan and wear shirts emblazoned with `` AxelMania '' and claim that he was never eliminated from the Royal Rumble , therefore he won it , deserving a spot in the main event of WrestleMania . Wrestlers who had their number stolen or were replaced Several times , wrestlers were drawn to compete and were instead either attacked backstage or pulled from the match at the last minute , and replaced by other wrestlers . In 1999 , Mosh was drawn 11th , but was attacked by Mabel , who took Mosh 's spot .", "20": "In 2001 , the team of Lo Down ( Chaz and D'Lo Brown ) defeated Kaientai ( Funaki and Taka Michinoku ) to earn one entrance spot in the Royal Rumble match , but that was later overturned by Vince McMahon who entered Drew Carey in their spot . In 2004 , Test was drawn 21st , but was attacked by Mick Foley , who took Test 's spot . In 2005 , Nunzio was drawn 20th , but was bullied by Kurt Angle before the match , and took Nunzio 's spot . In 2018 , Tye Dillinger was drawn 10th , but was attacked by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn , the latter of whom took Dillinger 's spot . Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble Top wrestlers with most eliminations in a single match . Only wrestlers with at least seven eliminations are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler No. of eliminations Year Roman Reigns 12 2014 Kane 11 2001 Hulk Hogan 10 1989 Stone Cold Steve Austin 10 1997 5 Shawn Michaels 8 1995 , 1996 Stone Cold Steve Austin 8 1999 7 Hulk Hogan 7 1991 Yokozuna 7 1993 Diesel 7 1994 Stone Cold Steve Austin 7 1998 , 2002 Rikishi 7 2000 The Undertaker 7 2002 The Great Khali 7 2007 CM Punk 7 2011 John Cena 7 2011 Braun Strowman 7 2017 Total eliminations in cumulative Royal Rumbles Top wrestlers with the most eliminations . Only wrestlers with at least 20 eliminations are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler No.", "21": "of eliminations Rumbles entered Isaac Yankem / `` Diesel '' / Kane 44 19 Shawn Michaels 40 12 The Undertaker 40 11 The Ringmaster / Stone Cold Steve Austin 36 6 5 Triple H 33 9 6 Big Show 31 12 7 Roman Reigns 30 5 8 Hulk Hogan 27 9 John Cena 25 9 10 Randy Orton 22 9 Most Rumble appearances Only wrestlers with at least 10 appearances are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler Rumbles entered First Rumble Most recent Rumble Isaac Yankem / `` Diesel '' / Kane 19 2016 Shawn Michaels 12 1989 Big Show 2000 2017 Goldust 1997 2018 5 The Miz 11 2007 2018 The Undertaker 1991 2017 The Sultan / Fatu / Rikishi 1993 7 Mabel / Viscera / Big Daddy V 10 1994 2008 Chris Jericho 2000 2017 Kofi Kingston 2009 2018 Dolph Ziggler 2009 2018 Female entrants in male Royal Rumbles No Wrestler Rumbles entered Chyna 2 ( 1999 , 2000 ) Beth Phoenix * 1 ( 2010 ) Kharma 1 ( 2012 ) Only wrestler to appear in both the male and female Royal Rumbles . Females Longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble As of the 2018 Royal Rumble , only one match has occurred ; the top ten times are shown .", "22": "No Wrestler Time Year Sasha Banks 54 : 46 2018 Becky Lynch 30 : 54 2018 Natalya 25 : 34 2018 Asuka 19 : 41 2018 5 Carmella 18 : 45 2018 6 Nia Jax 17 : 56 2018 7 Nikki Bella 16 : 30 2018 Sarah Logan 16 : 30 2018 9 Brie Bella 11 : 58 2018 10 Ruby Riott 11 : 32 2018 Note : bold indicates the winner of that year 's match Shortest time spent in a single Royal Rumble As of the 2018 Royal Rumble , only one match has occurred ; the top ten times are shown . No Wrestler Time Year Vickie Guerrero 00 : 57 2018 Tamina 01 : 34 2018 Jacqueline 01 : 52 2018 Beth Phoenix 02 : 22 2018 5 Lana 02 : 54 2018 6 Dana Brooke 02 : 59 2018 7 Torrie Wilson 03 : 04 2018 8 Mandy Rose 03 : 52 2018 9 Molly Holly 04 : 04 2018 10 Kairi Sane 04 : 49 2018 Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble As only one match has occurred , only wrestlers with at least three eliminations are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler No. of eliminations Year Michelle McCool 5 2018 Nia Jax Nikki Bella Sasha Banks Asuka Natalya Trish Stratus Note : bold indicates the winner of that year 's match Other Royal Rumble matches List of Royal Rumble dates , venues , and winners Event Date City Venue Winner Ref .", "23": "Note House show October 4 , 1987 St. Louis , MO St. Louis Arena One Man Gang 12 - man Royal Rumble House show March 16 , 1988 Hartford , CT Hartford Civic Center Rick Rude 20 - man Royal Rumble House show January 17 , 1994 New York City Madison Square Garden Owen Hart 30 - man Royal Rumble House show May 9 , 1994 Osaka , Japan Castle Hall The Undertaker 18 - man Royal Rumble 5 Raw June 15 , 1998 San Antonio , Texas Freeman Coliseum Kane and Mankind 10 - tag team Royal Rumble 6 Raw January 11 , 1999 Houston Compaq Center Chyna 10 - man Corporation vs. DX `` Corporate Rumble '' , for the # 30 spot in the 1999 Royal Rumble 7 SmackDown ! January 29 , 2004 Washington , D.C. MCI Center Eddie Guerrero 15 - man SmackDown ! Royal Rumble to determine the # 1 contender for the WWE Championship at No Way Out 8 Raw January 14 , 2008 Mobile , Alabama Mobile Civic Center Hornswoggle Mini Royal Rumble ; 6 - man , all participants were midget wrestlers , with the exception of The Great Khali . 9 Raw January 31 , 2011 Providence , Rhode Island Dunkin ' Donuts Center Jerry Lawler 7 - man Raw Rumble to determine the # 1 contender for the WWE Championship at Elimination Chamber 10 Greatest Royal Rumble April 27 , 2018 Jeddah , Saudi Arabia King Abdullah International Stadium TBD 50 - man Royal Rumble Video box set In March 2007 , WWE released a complete DVD box set titled Royal Rumble : The Complete Anthology , which showcases every Royal Rumble event in its entirety , up to the 2007 Royal Rumble . See also List of WWE Network events List of WWE pay - per - view events References General `` Longest Pro Wrestling Matches '' .", "24": "Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . `` Royal Rumble Statistics '' . MondayNightWarriors.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 05 . `` Royal Rumble results '' . ProWrestlingHistory.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Eric Cohen . `` Royal Rumble History '' . About.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Ian Hamilton ( 2006 ) . Wrestling 's Sinking Ship : What Happens to an Industry Without Competition . Lulu.com . ISBN 1 - 4116 - 1210 - 8 . Ric Flair ( 2004 ) . Ric Flair : To Be the Man . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5691 - 2 . Brian Shields ( 2006 ) . Main Event : WWE in the Raging 80s . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3257 - 9 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Specialty Matches : Royal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Jon ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Statistical survival -- breaking down the Royal Rumble '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ian Hamilton . Wrestling 's Sinking Ship : What Happens to an Industry Without Competition ( p. 160 ) Jump up ^ Ric Flair . Ric Flair : To Be the Man ( p. 161 ) Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble results '' . ProWrestlingHistory.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Shields . Main Event : WWE in the Raging 80s ( p. 166 ) Jump up ^ Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk ( 2007 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Old guard dominates Rumble '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 .", "25": "Jump up ^ Clayton , Cory . `` How do I get WWE HD on my HDTV '' . WWE . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Specialty Matches : Battle Royal '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk ( 2006 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Mysterio claims Rumble ; Cena reigns again '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ YouShoot Swoggle ( Hornswoggle ) . Kayfabe Commentaries . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame : Pat Patterson '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble : Facts & Figures '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1988 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Mike ( January 20 , 2007 ) . `` Foley 's Hat - trick '' . WWE . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2011 '' . WWE . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . For the first time ever , the Royal Rumble Match featured an unprecedented 40 Superstars ... ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 12 / 18 Powell 's WWE Raw Live TV Review : Brock Lesnar and Paul Heyman return , Cedric Alexander vs. Drew Gulak for a WWE Cruiserweight Title shot , the build to the Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle announces official rules for women 's Royal Rumble match '' . Cageside Seats . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 .", "26": "Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Men 's and Women 's Royal Rumble Match rules revealed '' . WWE.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1995 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1999 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1994 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2005 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1997 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . Stone Cold was actually eliminated during the match , but the referees failed to detect it , so he sneaked back in . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Eric ( 2007 - 04 - 25 ) . `` The Fate of the Royal Rumble Winner '' . About.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Benoit wins the ' Rumble ' '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Brett ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Tickets punched for WrestleMania '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Louie Dee ( 2007 - 01 - 28 ) . `` A Phenom - enal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1992 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Orton vs. John Cena ( WWE Championship match ) : A battle for redemption with ' Mania implications '' .", "27": "WWE. 2008 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble this April '' . WWE . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1988 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1988 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1989 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1989 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1990 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1990 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1991 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1991 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1992 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1992 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1993 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1993 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1994 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment .", "28": "Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1994 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1995 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1995 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1996 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1996 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1997 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1997 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1998 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1998 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Austin wins predictable Rumble '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1999 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble 1999 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gramlich , Chris ( 1998 - 01 - 25 ) . `` McMahon wins Rumble , Rock champ again '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2000 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment .", "29": "Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble 2000 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Rocky wins the Rumble , A bloody Triple H defeats Cactus Jack '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2001 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2001 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Surprises dominate Rumble 2001 '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2002 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2002 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Rumble 2002 stumbles , Triple H wins WrestleMania spot '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2003 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2003 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2004 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2004 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 .", "30": "Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Benoit wins the ' Rumble ' '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2005 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2005 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( 1998 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Batista claims the Rumble '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2006 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2006 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( 1998 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Mysterio claims Rumble ; Cena reigns again '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2007 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2007 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( 1998 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Old guard dominates Rumble '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2008 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2008 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( 1998 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Cena wins Rumble in surprise return '' .", "31": "SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2009 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2009 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2010 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble 2010 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gerweck , Steve ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Upcoming dates for WWE PPV events in 2011 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` WWE presents Royal Rumble , 01 - 29 - 2012 '' . WWE. 2011 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( 2012 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Sheamus won the 30 - Man Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Powers , Kevin ( 2012 - 01 - 29 ) . `` WWE Champion CM Punk def . Dolph Ziggler ( Special Guest Referee John Laurinaitis ) '' . WWE . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2013 results '' . WWE. 2013 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Giannini , Alex ; Linder , Zach ( 2013 - 01 - 27 ) . `` John Cena won the 30 - Man Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Clapp , John ( 2013 - 01 - 27 ) . `` The Rock def .", "32": "WWE Champion CM Punk '' . WWE . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ; Linder , Zach . `` Batista won the 30 - Man Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2014 results '' . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Royal Rumble ( 2015 ) # Results Jump up ^ Jones , Elton ( 16 January 2016 ) . `` When Is WWE Royal Rumble 2016 ? Date , Location & Start Time '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan . `` Triple H won the 2016 Royal Rumble Match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship '' . WWE . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble returns to Alamodome for the first time in 20 years '' . WWE . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia to host 30th anniversary of WWE Royal Rumble in 2018 '' . WWE . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Shinsuke Nakamura won the 2018 Men 's Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The historic first - ever Women 's Royal Rumble Match announced for Jan. 28 '' . WWE.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Asuka won the first - ever Women 's Royal Rumble Match ; Ronda Rousey debuted '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE fans , Royal Rumble 2019 is coming to Chase Field in Phoenix '' . AZ Central . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble Statistics and Facts '' . World Wrestling Entertainment .", "33": "Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble Statistics and Facts '' . Smark Out Moment . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ; Linder , Zach . `` Full list of Royal Rumble Match participants and eliminations '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2001 '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1989 '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1997 '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things '' . WWE . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2011 '' . www.mondaynightwarriors.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The 30 Best Rumbers ever # 1 Shawn Michaels '' . WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Jon ( January 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Royal Rumble stat pack '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The 30 best Rumblers ever -- Page 27 '' . WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/87.htm Jump up ^ Burkholder , Denny ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Lost Royal Rumble and how a signature WWE event survived despite early failure '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/88.htm Jump up ^ Cameron , Tony ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Forgotten Royal Rumbles '' . wwfoldschool.com .", "34": "Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cawthon , Graham ( 2013 ) . the History of Professional Wrestling Vol 2 : WWF 1990 -- 1999 . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ASIN B00RWUNSRS . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` WWE Smackdown 2004 '' . The History of WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` WWE Raw 2008 '' . The History of WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` WWE Raw 2011 '' . The History of WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble to be shown live on Sky Sports Box Office '' . Sky Sports . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2015 '' . Royal Rumble . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 18 . Further reading Harley Race and Gerry Tritz ( 2004 ) . King of the Ring : The Harley Race Story . Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 818 - 6 . Davies , Ross ( 2002 ) . Kevin Nash . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 3492 - 6 . Meltzer , Dave ( 2004 ) . Tributes II : Remembering More of the World 's Greatest Professional Wrestlers . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 817 - 8 . Brian Fritz and Christopher Murray ( 2006 ) . Between the Ropes : Wrestling 's Greatest Triumphs and Failures . ECW Press . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 726 - 2 . Steve Austin and Jim Ross ( 2003 ) . The Stone Cold Truth . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 7720 - 0 . Scott Keith ( 2004 ) . Wrestling 's One Ring Circus : The Death of the World Wrestling Federation .", "35": "Citadel Press . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2619 - X . 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End Award Triple Crown Grand Slam WWE tournaments Brand extension Brands Raw SmackDown NXT ECW Draft 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2016 2017 2018 Miscellaneous List of WWE attendance records The Streak Women in WWE WrestleMania Axxess WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events Royal Rumble 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Current Royal Rumble ( 1989 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015 ,", "37": "2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Greatest Royal Rumble ( 2018 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009 , 2016 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6055944049146105228	who sang the song if loving you is wrong i don't want to be right	[ "Luther Ingram", "The Emotions" ]	{ "0": "( If Loving You is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right - wikipedia ( If Loving You is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right Jump to : navigation , search For the TV series , see If Loving You Is Wrong . `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' Single by Luther Ingram from the album If Loving You Is Wrong I Do n't Want to Be Right B - side `` Puttin ' Game Down '' Released April 1972 Format 7 '' Genre Soul Length 3 : 32 Label KoKo Records Songwriter ( s ) Homer Banks , Carl Hampton , Raymond Jackson Producer ( s ) John Baylor Luther Ingram singles chronology `` You Were Made For Me '' ( 1972 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1972 ) `` I 'll Be Your Shelter ( In Time of Storm ) '' ( 1972 ) `` You Were Made For Me '' ( 1972 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1972 ) `` I 'll Be Your Shelter ( In Time of Storm ) '' ( 1972 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' Song by Millie Jackson from the album Caught Up Released Genre Soul Songwriter ( s ) Homer Banks , Carl Hampton , Raymond Jackson Producer ( s ) Brad Shapiro `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' Single by Barbara Mandrell from the album Moods B - side `` I Feel the Hurt Coming On '' Released February 17 , 1979 Genre Country Length 3 : 05 Label ABC Songwriter ( s ) Homer Banks , Carl Hampton ,", "1": "Raymond Jackson Producer ( s ) Tom Collins Barbara Mandrell singles chronology `` Sleeping Single in a Double Bed '' ( 1978 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1979 ) `` Fooled by a Feeling '' ( 1979 ) `` Sleeping Single in a Double Bed '' ( 1978 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1979 ) `` Fooled by a Feeling '' ( 1979 ) `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks , Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson . Originally written for The Emotions , it has been performed by many singers , most notably by Luther Ingram , whose original recorded version topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972 . In 1972 / 73 , The Faces recorded the song as an outtake for Ooh La La , their final studio album . In 1974 , Millie Jackson released her version of the song which received two Grammy Award nominations , . In 1978 , Barbara Mandrell 's version topped the U.S. country singles charts , reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 27 on Cashbox Pop Hits , and was nominated for Single of the Year at the 1979 CMA ( Country Music Association ) Awards . Rod Stewart re-recorded the song for Foot Loose & Fancy Free , his eighth album ; released as a single it peaked at # 23 in the UK singles chart in 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The song 2 Notable performers 2.1 Chart recordings 2.1. 1 Luther Ingram 2.1. 2 Jackie Burns 2.1. 3 Millie Jackson 2.1. 4 Barbara Mandrell 2.1.", "2": "5 Rhonda Clark 3 References 4 External links The song ( edit ) The song is about an adulterous love affair , told from the point of view of either the mistress or the cheating spouse , depending on the gender of the performer . Regardless , both parties involved express their desire to maintain the affair , while at the same time acknowledging that the relationship is wrong according to conventional moral standards . Millie Jackson , however , took a somewhat different approach . On both studio and live recordings , her version is typically divided into three parts : `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right , '' `` The Rap , '' and `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right ( Reprise ) , '' which together have a running time of over 11 minutes . The first and third parts include the song more or less as originally written , while the second part was written by Jackson herself . Titled `` The Rap , '' the middle segment is a monologue in which an unrepentant Jackson discusses her status as the `` other woman '' and why she loves it . Notable performers ( edit ) Although it was first recorded by The Emotions and Veda Brown , those recordings were never released . Other notable singers to cover it include country singer Jackie Burns ( whose version made the Hot Country Songs chart in 1972 ) , Isaac Hayes , Millie Jackson , Rod Stewart , Percy Sledge , Bobby `` Blue '' Bland , David Ruffin , LeAnn Rimes , Renée Geyer , Ramsey Lewis , reggae singer Alton Ellis , Tom Jones , Cassandra Wilson , Nathan Cavaleri , Rania Zeriri and Johanne Desforges ( French cover : Si je ne peux t'aimer a quoi bon exister ) .", "3": "Chart recordings ( edit ) Luther Ingram ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Jackie Burns ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot Country Singles 71 Millie Jackson ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 42 Barbara Mandrell ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot 100 31 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 Rhonda Clark ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak Position US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 26 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If Loving You Is Wrong ( I Do n't Want to Be Right ) '' , SecondhandSongs.com . Retrieved 13 March 2017 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 274 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1972 Jump up ^ `` Millie Jackson '' . MTV Artists . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Mondout . `` Super 70s.com - Grammy Awards for 1974 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : MILLIE JACKSON : Caught Up / Still Caught Up : Music '' . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catching Up with Soul Icon Millie Jackson '' . NPR.org. 19 May 2006 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn , Top Country Singles 1944 - 1993 , p. 488 Jump up ^ `` Luther Ingram Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Luther Ingram Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard .", "4": "Jump up ^ `` Millie Jackson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Millie Jackson Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Mandrell Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Mandrell Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Rhonda Clark Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Video : Luther Ingram on YouTube Video : Millie Jackson live performance on YouTube Lyrics : Millie Jackson version from MTV.com Preceded by `` Outa - Space '' by Billy Preston Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single ( Luther Ingram version ) July 8 -- 29 , 1972 Succeeded by `` Where Is the Love '' by Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway Preceded by `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' by Anne Murray Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Barbara Mandrell version ) April 14 , 1979 Succeeded by `` All I Ever Need Is You '' by Dottie West and Kenny Rogers Preceded by `` Sweet Memories '' by Willie Nelson RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Barbara Mandrell version ) April 28 , 1979 Succeeded by `` Where Do I Put Her Memory '' by Charley Pride Millie Jackson Albums Millie Jackson It Hurts So Good Caught Up Still Caught Up Feelin ' Bitchy Get It Out'cha System A Moment 's Pleasure Live & Uncensored E.S.P. ( Extra Sexual Persuasion ) An Imitation of Love Back to the S * * t ! Not for Church Folk ! Singles `` It Hurts So Good '' `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Hot ! Wild ! Unrestricted !", "5": "Crazy Love '' Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? ''", "6": "( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! ''", "7": "( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) Renée Geyer Discography Studio albums Renée Geyer ( 1973 ) It 's a Man 's Man 's World ( 1974 ) Ready to Deal ( 1975 ) Moving Along ( 1977 ) Winner ( 1978 ) Blues License ( 1979 ) So Lucky ( 1981 ) Sing to Me ( 1985 ) Difficult Woman ( 1994 ) Sweet Life ( 1999 ) Tenderland ( 2003 ) Tonight ( 2005 ) Dedicated ( 2007 ) Renéessance ( 2009 ) Swing ( 2013 ) Live albums Really Really Love You : Live at the Dallas Brooks Hall ( 1976 ) Renée Live ( 1983 ) Live at the Basement ( 1986 ) Live at the Athenaeum ( 2004 ) Soundtracks Seven Deadly Sins ( 1993 ) Compilation albums Renée Geyer at Her Very Best ( 1977 ) Faves ( 1983 ) The Best of Renee Geyer 1973 - 1998 ( 1998 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2010 ) Singles `` Oh !", "8": "Boy '' `` It 's a Man 's Man 's World '' `` Heading in the Right Direction `` If Loving You is Wrong '' `` Shakey Ground '' `` Stares and Whispers '' `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' `` The Thrill is Gone '' `` Say I Love You '' `` Do You Know What I Mean '' `` I Can Feel the Fire '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` All My Love '' `` Crazy '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' Other songs `` Rock Around the Clock '' `` You 're Not Alone ( Australian Olympians song ) '' ( as part of Australian Olympians ) `` Yil Lull '' ( as part of Singers For The Red Black & Gold ) Related articles Sun 1972 Oz for Africa Mary and Max Barbara Mandrell Studio albums Treat Him Right The Midnight Oil This Time I Almost Made It This Is Barbara Mandrell Midnight Angel Lovers , Friends and Strangers Love 's Ups and Downs Moods Just for the Record Love Is Fair . In Black and White He Set My Life to Music Spun Gold Clean Cut Get to the Heart Moments Sure Feels Good I 'll Be Your Jukebox Tonight Morning Sun No Nonsense Key 's in the Mailbox It Works for Me Christmas albums Christmas at Our House Live albums Barbara Mandrell Live Collaboration albums A Perfect Match ( with David Houston ) Meant for Each Other ( with Lee Greenwood ) Compilation albums The Best of Barbara Mandrell Greatest Hits Notable singles `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long ( To Stop Now ) '' `` Woman to Woman '' `` Sleeping Single in a Double Bed '' `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' `` Fooled by a Feeling '' `` Years '' `` Crackers '' `` The Best of Strangers '' `` Love Is Fair '' `` I Was Country When Country Was n't Cool '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` ' Till You 're Gone '' `` Operator ,", "9": "Long Distance Please '' `` In Times Like These '' `` One of a Kind Pair of Fools '' `` Happy Birthday Dear Heartache '' `` Only a Lonely Heart Knows '' `` There 's No Love in Tennessee '' `` Angel in Your Arms '' `` Fast Lanes and Country Roads '' `` When You Get to the Heart '' ( with The Oak Ridge Boys ) `` No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You '' `` Child Support '' `` I Wish That I Could Fall in Love Today '' `` My Train of Thought '' Collaboration singles `` To Me '' ( with Lee Greenwood ) `` It Should Have Been Love by Now '' ( with Lee Greenwood ) Related articles Discography Louise Mandrell Irlene Mandrell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(If_Loving_You_Is_Wrong)_I_Don%27t_Want_to_Be_Right&oldid=833757732 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1976 singles 1979 singles Millie Jackson songs Rod Stewart songs Renée Geyer songs Barbara Mandrell songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Homer Banks Songs written by Raymond Jackson ( songwriter ) Song recordings produced by Tom Collins ( record producer ) Soul ballads ABC Records singles 1972 songs Songs about infidelity Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 08 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2523901879214891936	when is the 5th round fa cup played	[ "February 2018", "16 February 2018", "29 January 2018", "16 February 2018", "29 January 2018" ]	{ "0": "2017 -- 18 FA Cup - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 FA Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 -- 18 FA Cup Football Association Challenge Cup Country England Wales Dates 5 August -- 14 October 2017 ( qualifying competition ) 4 November 2017 -- 19 May 2018 ( main competition ) Teams 737 ( overall ) 645 ( qualifying competition ) 124 ( main competition ) Defending champions Arsenal Matches played 146 Goals scored 426 ( 2.92 per match ) Attendance 1,630,208 ( 11,166 per match ) Top goal scorer ( s ) Will Grigg ( 7 goals ) ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 FA Cup ( also known as the FA Challenge Cup ) is the 137th edition of the oldest recognised football tournament in the world . It is sponsored by Emirates , and known as The Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship purposes . 737 clubs were accepted into the tournament . It began with the Extra Preliminary Round on 5 August 2017 , and will conclude with the final on 19 May 2018 . The winner will qualify for the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Europa League group stage . The third round match between Brighton & Hove Albion and Crystal Palace on 8 January 2018 was the first competitive game in England where video assistant referee ( VAR ) technology was available , although it was not used . Kelechi Iheanacho of Leicester City became the first player to score a goal awarded by a video assistant referee ( VAR ) in competitive English football as Leicester beat Fleetwood Town 2 -- 0 in the FA Cup third - round replay on 16 January 2018 . Referee Jon Moss initially disallowed the goal for offside but he consulted with video official Mike Jones , who told him Nathan Pond 's trailing foot was keeping Iheanacho onside . The goal was awarded 67 seconds after it hit the back of the net . Craig Pawson became the first referee in English football to watch a video recording at the sideline in the fourth round tie between Liverpool and West Bromwich Albion on 27 January 2018 .", "1": "After delaying the match for nearly three minutes he awarded a penalty to Liverpool . Premier League side Arsenal were the defending champions , but they were eliminated by Nottingham Forest in the third round on 7 January 2018 . It was the earliest exit by the title holders since 2011 -- 12 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Prize Money 3 Round and draw dates 4 Qualifying rounds 5 First Round Proper 6 Second Round Proper 7 Third Round Proper 8 Fourth Round Proper 9 Fifth Round Proper 10 Quarter - finals 11 Semi-finals 12 Final 13 Top goalscorers 14 Television rights 15 References 16 External links Teams ( edit ) Round Clubs remaining Clubs involved Winners from previous round New entries this round Leagues entering at this round First Round Proper 124 80 32 48 EFL League One EFL League Two Second Round Proper 84 40 40 none none Third Round Proper 64 64 20 44 Premier League EFL Championship Fourth Round Proper 32 32 32 none none Fifth Round Proper 16 16 16 none none Quarter - finals 8 8 8 none none Semi-finals none none Final none none Prize money ( edit ) Clubs will receive prize money dependent of the results in the competition . The teams reaching each of the following rounds will receive the prize fund per club . Round No. of Clubs receive fund Prize fund per club Extra Preliminary Round winners 185 £ 1,500 Preliminary Round winners 160 £ 1,925 First Round Qualifying winners 116 £ 3,000 Second Round Qualifying winners 80 £ 4,500 Third Round Qualifying winners 40 £ 7,500 Fourth Round Qualifying winners 32 £ 12,500 First Round Proper winners 40 £ 18,000 Second Round Proper winners 20 £ 27,000 Third Round Proper winners 32 £ 67,", "2": "500 Fourth Round Proper winners 16 £ 90,000 Fifth Round Proper winners 8 £ 180,000 Quarter - final winners £ 360,000 Semi-final losers £ 450,000 Semi-final winners £ 900,000 Final runners - up £ 900,000 Final winner £ 1,800,000 Total £ 15,133,500 Round and draw dates ( edit ) The schedule follows Phase Round Draw date First match date Qualifying rounds Extra Preliminary Round 7 July 2017 5 August 2017 Preliminary Round 19 August 2017 First Round Qualifying 21 August 2017 2 September 2017 Second Round Qualifying 4 September 2017 16 September 2017 Third Round Qualifying 18 September 2017 30 September 2017 Fourth Round Qualifying 2 October 2017 14 October 2017 Main tournament First Round Proper 16 October 2017 3 November 2017 Second Round Proper 6 November 2017 1 December 2017 Third Round Proper 4 December 2017 5 January 2018 Fourth Round Proper 8 January 2018 26 January 2018 Fifth Round Proper 29 January 2018 16 February 2018 Quarter - finals 17 February 2018 17 March 2018 Semi-finals 18 March 2018 21 April 2018 Final 19 May 2018 Qualifying rounds ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 FA Cup qualifying rounds All of the competing teams that are not members of either the Premier League or English Football League had to compete in the qualifying rounds to secure one of 32 available places in the First Round Proper . The qualifying competition began with the Extra Preliminary Round on 5 August 2017 . The final ( fourth ) qualifying round was played over the weekend of 14 October 2017 . First round Proper ( edit ) The First Round draw took place on 16 October and was broadcast live on BBC Two and BT Sport .", "3": "All 40 First Round Proper ties were played on the weekend of 4 November . 32 teams from the qualifying competition joined the 48 teams from League One and League Two to compete in this round . The round included two teams from Level 8 , Heybridge Swifts and Hyde United , who were the lowest - ranked teams still in the competition . Port Vale ( 4 ) v Oxford United ( 3 ) 3 November 2017 Port Vale ( 4 ) 2 -- 0 Oxford United ( 3 ) ( show ) Burslem , Stoke - on - Trent 19 : 45 GMT Gunning 16 ' Pope 53 ' Report Stadium : Vale Park Attendance : 3,443 Referee : Mark Heywood Notts County ( 4 ) v Bristol Rovers ( 3 ) 3 November 2017 Notts County ( 4 ) 4 -- 2 Bristol Rovers ( 3 ) ( show ) Nottingham 19 : 45 GMT Yates 30 ' , 31 ' Stead 58 ' Grant 90 + 6 ' Report Sercombe 8 ' Sinclair 12 ' Stadium : Meadow Lane Attendance : 4,228 Referee : Graham Salisbury Hyde United ( 8 ) v Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) 3 November 2017 Hyde United ( 8 ) 0 -- 4 Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) ( show ) Hyde 19 : 55 GMT Report Nesbitt 14 ' Aneke 45 + 3 ' Ebanks - Landell 67 ' Upson 73 ' Stadium : Ewen Fields Attendance : 3,123 Referee : David Webb Shaw Lane ( 7 ) v Mansfield Town ( 4 ) 4 November 2017 Shaw Lane ( 7 ) 1 -- 3 Mansfield Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Barnsley 12 : 30 GMT Bennett 41 ' Report Pearce 34 ' Rose 73 ' ,", "4": "78 ' Stadium : Sheerien Park Referee : Ben Toner Stevenage ( 4 ) v Nantwich Town ( 7 ) 4 November 2017 Stevenage ( 4 ) 5 -- 0 Nantwich Town ( 7 ) ( show ) Stevenage 15 : 00 GMT Godden 16 ' , 76 ' , 88 ' Smith 68 ' , 73 ' Report Stadium : Broadhall Way Attendance : 1,436 Referee : Michael Salisbury Bradford City ( 3 ) v Chesterfield ( 4 ) 4 November 2017 Bradford City ( 3 ) 2 -- 0 Chesterfield ( 4 ) ( show ) Bradford 15 : 00 GMT Gilliead 4 ' Jones 44 ' Report Stadium : Valley Parade Attendance : 4,747 Referee : Anthony Backhouse Morecambe ( 4 ) v Hartlepool United ( 5 ) 4 November 2017 Morecambe ( 4 ) 3 -- 0 Hartlepool United ( 5 ) ( show ) Morecambe 15 : 00 GMT Ellison 4 ' Fleming 67 ' Loach 85 ' ( o.g. ) Report Stadium : Globe Arena Attendance : 2,004 Referee : Tom Nield Yeovil Town ( 4 ) v Southend United ( 3 ) 4 November 2017 Yeovil Town ( 4 ) 1 -- 0 Southend United ( 3 ) ( show ) Yeovil 15 : 00 GMT Khan 29 ' ( pen . )", "5": "Report Stadium : Huish Park Attendance : 2,079 Referee : Craig Hicks Peterborough United ( 3 ) v Tranmere Rovers ( 5 ) 4 November 2017 Peterborough United ( 3 ) 1 -- 1 Tranmere Rovers ( 5 ) ( show ) Peterborough 15 : 00 GMT Marriott 52 ' Report Cook 72 ' Stadium : London Road Attendance : 3,750 Referee : Charles Breakspear Tranmere Rovers ( 5 ) v Peterborough United ( 3 ) 15 November 2017 Replay Tranmere Rovers ( 5 ) 0 -- 5 Peterborough United ( 3 ) ( show ) Birkenhead 19 : 45 GMT Report Lloyd 16 ' , 22 ' , 73 ' Baldwin 67 ' Maddison 75 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Prenton Park Attendance : 4,199 Referee : Michael Salisbury Forest Green Rovers ( 4 ) v Macclesfield Town ( 5 ) 4 November 2017 Forest Green Rovers ( 4 ) 1 -- 0 Macclesfield Town ( 5 ) ( show ) Nailsworth 15 : 00 GMT Doidge 42 ' Report Stadium : The New Lawn Attendance : 1,387 Referee : Trevor Kettle A.F.C. Fylde ( 5 ) v Kidderminster Harriers ( 6 ) 4 November 2017 A.F.C.", "6": "Fylde ( 5 ) 4 -- 2 Kidderminster Harriers ( 6 ) ( show ) Wesham 15 : 00 GMT Rowe 14 ' , 48 ' Smith 54 ' Finley 64 ' Report Taylor 74 ' Brown 90 + 2 ' Stadium : Mill Farm Attendance : 1,482 Referee : Daniel Middleton Luton Town ( 4 ) v Portsmouth ( 3 ) 4 November 2017 Luton Town ( 4 ) 1 -- 0 Portsmouth ( 3 ) ( show ) Luton 15 : 00 GMT Collins 45 + 1 ' Report Stadium : Kenilworth Road Attendance : 5,333 Referee : Seb Stockbridge Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) v Aldershot Town ( 5 ) 4 November 2017 Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) 5 -- 0 Aldershot Town ( 5 ) ( show ) Shrewsbury 15 : 00 GMT Rodman 20 ' Whalley 24 ' ( pen . ) Payne 62 ' Gnahoua 66 ' Morris 68 ' Report Stadium : New Meadow Attendance : 3,859 Referee : Ross Joyce Hereford ( 7 ) v A.F.C. Telford United ( 6 ) 4 November 2017 Hereford ( 7 ) 1 -- 0 A.F.C.", "7": "Telford United ( 6 ) ( show ) Hereford 15 : 00 GMT Mills 68 ' Report Stadium : Edgar Street Attendance : 4,712 Referee : Thomas Bramall Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) v Barnet ( 4 ) 4 November 2017 Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) 3 -- 1 Barnet ( 4 ) ( show ) Blackburn 15 : 00 GMT Nuttall 63 ' Graham 70 ' Antonsson 81 ' Report Akinola 31 ' Stadium : Ewood Park Attendance : 3,710 Referee : Carl Boyeson Ebbsfleet United ( 5 ) v Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) 4 November 2017 Ebbsfleet United ( 5 ) 2 -- 6 Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) ( show ) Northfleet GMT Kedwell 35 ' ( pen . ) Coulson 37 ' Report Rowe 45 + 1 ' , 85 ' Marquis 45 + 3 ' Coppinger 52 ' , 83 ' ( pen . )", "8": "Houghton 78 ' Stadium : Stonebridge Road Attendance : 2,069 Referee : Lee Collins Boreham Wood ( 5 ) v Blackpool ( 3 ) 4 November 2017 Boreham Wood ( 5 ) 2 -- 1 Blackpool ( 3 ) ( show ) Borehamwood 15 : 00 GMT Turgott 68 ' Holman 88 ' Report Philliskirk 62 ' Stadium : Meadow Park Referee : Chris Sarginson Colchester United ( 4 ) v Oxford City ( 6 ) 4 November 2017 Colchester United ( 4 ) 0 -- 1 Oxford City ( 6 ) ( show ) Colchester 15 : 00 GMT Report Paterson 46 ' Stadium : Colchester Community Stadium Attendance : 1,775 Referee : Alan Young Plymouth Argyle ( 3 ) v Grimsby Town ( 4 ) 4 November 2017 Plymouth Argyle ( 3 ) 1 -- 0 Grimsby Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Plymouth 15 : 00 GMT Carey 9 ' Report Stadium : Home Park Attendance : 5,137 Referee : John Busby AFC Wimbledon ( 3 ) v Lincoln City ( 4 ) 4 November 2017 AFC Wimbledon ( 3 ) 1 -- 0 Lincoln City ( 4 ) ( show ) Norbiton , London 15 : 00 GMT Taylor 7 ' Report Stadium : Kingsmeadow Attendance : 3,394 Referee : Andy Woolmer Rochdale ( 3 ) v Bromley ( 5 ) 4 November 2017 Rochdale ( 3 ) 4 -- 0 Bromley ( 5 ) ( show ) Rochdale 15 : 00 GMT Inman 10 ' , 53 ' Henderson 31 ' ( pen . )", "9": "Report Stadium : Spotland Stadium Attendance : 2,241 Referee : Andrew Miller Carlisle United ( 4 ) v Oldham Athletic ( 3 ) 4 November 2017 Carlisle United ( 4 ) 3 -- 2 Oldham Athletic ( 3 ) ( show ) Carlisle 15 : 00 GMT Bennett 22 ' , 60 ' Hope 36 ' Report Clarke 64 ' Holloway 72 ' Stadium : Brunton Park Attendance : 3,965 Referee : Andy Haines Cheltenham Town ( 4 ) v Maidstone United ( 5 ) 4 November 2017 Cheltenham Town ( 4 ) 2 -- 4 Maidstone United ( 5 ) ( show ) Cheltenham 15 : 00 GMT Dawson 52 ' Finney 62 ' ( o.g. ) Report Sam - Yorke 20 ' , 53 ' Pigott 21 ' Hines 43 ' Stadium : Whaddon Road Attendance : 2,799 Referee : Kevin Johnson Crewe Alexandra ( 4 ) v Rotherham United ( 3 ) 4 November 2017 Crewe Alexandra ( 4 ) 2 -- 1 Rotherham United ( 3 ) ( show ) Crewe 15 : 00 GMT Walker 47 ' Ainley 89 ' Report Vaulks 21 ' Stadium : Gresty Road Attendance : 2,597 Referee : Scott Oldham Gillingham ( 3 ) v Leyton Orient ( 5 ) 4 November 2017 Gillingham ( 3 ) 2 -- 1 Leyton Orient ( 5 ) ( show ) Gillingham 15 : 00 GMT Parker 20 ' Eaves 75 ' Report Dayton 79 ' Stadium : Priestfield Stadium Attendance : 3,", "10": "659 Referee : John Brooks Gainsborough Trinity ( 6 ) v Slough Town ( 7 ) 4 November 2017 Gainsborough Trinity ( 6 ) 0 -- 6 Slough Town ( 7 ) ( show ) Gainsborough 15 : 00 GMT Report Lench 35 ' , 46 ' , 84 ' Flood 52 ' Williams 71 ' Fraser 75 ' Stadium : The Northolme Attendance : 1,630 Referee : Peter Wright Northampton Town ( 3 ) v Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) 4 November 2017 Northampton Town ( 3 ) 0 -- 0 Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) ( show ) Northampton 15 : 00 GMT Report Stadium : Sixfields Stadium Attendance : 2,820 Referee : Robert Jones Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) v Northampton Town ( 3 ) 14 November 2017 Replay Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) 1 -- 0 Northampton Town ( 3 ) ( show ) Scunthorpe 19 : 45 GMT Adelakun 32 ' Report Stadium : Glanford Park Attendance : 1,880 Referee : Andy Haines Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) v Crawley Town ( 4 ) 4 November 2017 Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 2 -- 1 Crawley Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Wigan 15 : 00 GMT Toney 29 ' Evans 71 ' Report Roberts 20 ' Stadium : DW Stadium Attendance : 3,", "11": "288 Referee : Martin Coy Gateshead ( 5 ) v Chelmsford City ( 6 ) 4 November 2017 Gateshead ( 5 ) 2 -- 0 Chelmsford City ( 6 ) ( show ) Gateshead 15 : 00 GMT Burrow 30 ' Johnson 34 ' Report Stadium : Gateshead International Stadium Attendance : 732 Referee : Peter Gibbons Newport County ( 4 ) v Walsall ( 3 ) 4 November 2017 Newport County ( 4 ) 2 -- 1 Walsall ( 3 ) ( show ) Newport 17 : 15 GMT Nouble 18 ' McCoulsky 46 ' Report Bakayoko 77 ' Stadium : Rodney Parade Attendance : 2,701 Referee : Gavin Ward Cambridge United ( 4 ) v Sutton United ( 5 ) 5 November 2017 Cambridge United ( 4 ) 1 -- 0 Sutton United ( 5 ) ( show ) Cambridge 14 : 00 GMT Ibehre 45 ' Report Stadium : Abbey Stadium Attendance : 3,070 Referee : Darren Handley Guiseley ( 5 ) v Accrington Stanley ( 4 ) 5 November 2017 Guiseley ( 5 ) 0 -- 0 Accrington Stanley ( 4 ) ( show ) Guiseley 14 : 00 GMT Report Stadium : Nethermoor Park Attendance : 1,611 Referee : Antony Coggins Accrington Stanley ( 4 ) v Guiseley ( 5 ) 14 November 2017 Replay Accrington Stanley ( 4 ) 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 4 p ) Guiseley ( 5 ) ( show ) Accrington 19 : 45 GMT McConville 47 ' Report Rooney 79 ' ( pen . )", "12": "Stadium : Crown Ground Attendance : 1,166 Referee : Charles Breakspear Penalties Kee Brown McConville Jackson Wilks Rooney McFadzean Haworth Brown Fondop Leatherhead ( 7 ) v Billericay Town ( 7 ) 5 November 2017 Leatherhead ( 7 ) 1 -- 1 Billericay Town ( 7 ) ( show ) Leatherhead 14 : 00 GMT Midson 21 ' Report Bricknell 67 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Fetcham Grove Attendance : 1,797 Referee : Alan Dale Billericay Town ( 7 ) v Leatherhead ( 7 ) 16 November 2017 Replay Billericay Town ( 7 ) 1 -- 3 Leatherhead ( 7 ) ( show ) Billericay 19 : 45 GMT Cunnington 61 ' Report Midson 68 ' , 82 ' ( pen . ) Moore 90 + 1 ' Stadium : New Lodge Attendance : 3,400 Referee : Dean Whitestone Coventry City ( 4 ) v Maidenhead United ( 5 ) 5 November 2017 Coventry City ( 4 ) 2 -- 0 Maidenhead United ( 5 ) ( show ) Rowleys Green , Coventry 14 : 00 GMT Ponticelli 33 ' , 44 ' Report Stadium : Ricoh Arena Attendance : 3,370 Referee : Scott Duncan Dartford ( 6 ) v Swindon Town ( 4 ) 5 November 2017 Dartford ( 6 ) 1 -- 5 Swindon Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Dartford 14 : 00 GMT Sho - Silva 83 ' Report Elšnik 12 ' , 26 ' Smith 23 ' Linganzi 47 ' Mullin 50 ' Stadium : Princes Park Attendance : 2,", "13": "705 Referee : Darren Drysdale Woking ( 5 ) v Bury ( 3 ) 5 November 2017 Woking ( 5 ) 1 -- 1 Bury ( 3 ) ( show ) Woking 14 : 00 GMT Philpot 25 ' Report Smith 1 ' Stadium : Kingfield Stadium Attendance : 1,858 Referee : Darren England Bury ( 3 ) v Woking ( 5 ) 14 November 2017 Replay Bury ( 3 ) 0 -- 3 Woking ( 5 ) ( show ) Bury 19 : 45 GMT Report Charles - Cook 30 ' Effiong 71 ' Philpot 86 ' Stadium : Gigg Lane Attendance : 1,513 Referee : Ross Joyce Solihull Moors ( 5 ) v Wycombe Wanderers ( 4 ) 5 November 2017 Solihull Moors ( 5 ) 0 -- 2 Wycombe Wanderers ( 4 ) ( show ) Solihull 14 : 00 GMT Report Freeman 16 ' Mackail - Smith 28 ' Stadium : Damson Park Attendance : 1,544 Referee : Brett Huxtable Charlton Athletic ( 3 ) v Truro City ( 6 ) 5 November 2017 Charlton Athletic ( 3 ) 3 -- 1 Truro City ( 6 ) ( show ) Charlton , London 14 : 00 GMT Reeves 10 ' , 70 ' Marshall 53 ' Report Harvey 59 ' Stadium : The Valley Attendance : 4,494 Referee : Dean Whitestone Exeter City ( 4 ) v Heybridge Swifts ( 8 ) 5 November 2017 Exeter City ( 4 ) 3 -- 1 Heybridge Swifts ( 8 ) ( show ) Exeter 14 : 00 GMT Stockley 59 ' , 63 ' McAlinden 86 ' Report Bantick 70 ' Stadium : St James Park Attendance : 3,", "14": "004 Referee : Neil Hair Chorley ( 6 ) v Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) 6 November 2017 Chorley ( 6 ) 1 -- 2 Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) ( show ) Chorley 19 : 45 GMT Carver 58 ' Report D. Cole 77 ' Sowerby 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Victory Park Attendance : 3,526 Referee : Peter Bankes Second round Proper ( edit ) The Second Round draw took place on 6 November and was broadcast live on BBC Two and BT Sport . All 20 Second Round Proper ties were played on the weekend of 2 December . This round included three teams from Level 7 -- Hereford , Slough Town , and Leatherhead -- who were the lowest - ranked teams still in the competition . A.F.C. Fylde ( 5 ) v Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 1 December 2017 A.F.C. Fylde ( 5 ) 1 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) ( show ) Wesham 19 : 55 GMT Rowe 70 ' ( pen . ) Report Grigg 44 ' Stadium : Mill Farm Attendance : 3,351 Referee : Darren Drysdale Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) v A.F.C. Fylde ( 5 ) 12 December 2017 Replay Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 3 -- 2 A.F.C. Fylde ( 5 ) ( show ) Wigan 19 : 45 GMT Toney 31 ' Grigg 80 ' , 84 ' Report Grand 40 ' Rowe 65 ' Stadium : DW Stadium Attendance : 3,124 Referee : Ross Joyce Notts County ( 4 ) v Oxford City ( 6 ) 2 December 2017 Notts County ( 4 ) 3 -- 2 Oxford City ( 6 ) ( show ) Nottingham 12 : 30 GMT Duffy 31 ' Stead 56 ' ( pen . )", "15": "Grant 90 + 5 ' Report Sinclair 53 ' Paterson 73 ' Stadium : Meadow Lane Attendance : 5,092 Referee : John Brooks Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) v Maidstone United ( 5 ) 2 December 2017 Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) 4 -- 1 Maidstone United ( 5 ) ( show ) Denbigh , Milton Keynes 15 : 00 GMT Nesbitt 54 ' Agard 64 ' , 70 ' Pawlett 89 ' Report Okuonghae 25 ' Stadium : Stadium mk Attendance : 4,804 Referee : Martin Coy Port Vale ( 4 ) v Yeovil Town ( 4 ) 2 December 2017 Port Vale ( 4 ) 1 -- 1 Yeovil Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Burslem , Stoke - on - Trent 15 : 00 GMT Pope 63 ' Report Green 89 ' Stadium : Vale Park Attendance : 3,316 Referee : Scott Oldham Yeovil Town ( 4 ) v Port Vale ( 4 ) 12 December 2017 Replay Yeovil Town ( 4 ) 3 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Port Vale ( 4 ) ( show ) Yeovil 19 : 45 GMT Khan 45 + 2 ' , 95 ' Zoko 109 ' Report Harness 83 ' Kay 108 ' Stadium : Huish Park Attendance : 1,588 Referee : Gavin Ward Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) v Morecambe ( 4 ) 2 December 2017 Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) 2 -- 0 Morecambe ( 4 ) ( show ) Shrewsbury 15 : 00 GMT Rodman 32 ' Whalley 37 ' ( pen . )", "16": "Report Stadium : New Meadow Attendance : 3,184 Referee : Craig Hicks Stevenage ( 4 ) v Swindon Town ( 4 ) 2 December 2017 Stevenage ( 4 ) 5 -- 2 Swindon Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Stevenage 15 : 00 GMT Samuel 18 ' Godden 23 ' Pett 45 + 3 ' Newton 72 ' , 77 ' Report Linganzi 33 ' Taylor 42 ' Stadium : Broadhall Way Attendance : 1,883 Referee : Nick Kinseley Bradford City ( 3 ) v Plymouth Argyle ( 3 ) 2 December 2017 Bradford City ( 3 ) 3 -- 1 Plymouth Argyle ( 3 ) ( show ) Bradford 15 : 00 GMT Vincelot 38 ' Knight - Percival 50 ' Wyke 64 ' Report Carey 63 ' Stadium : Valley Parade Attendance : 4,957 Referee : Tony Harrington Gillingham ( 3 ) v Carlisle United ( 4 ) 2 December 2017 Gillingham ( 3 ) 1 -- 1 Carlisle United ( 4 ) ( show ) Gillingham 15 : 00 GMT O'Neill 5 ' Report Grainger 18 ' ( pen . )", "17": "Stadium : Priestfield Stadium Attendance : 3,178 Referee : Andy Woolmer Carlisle United ( 4 ) v Gillingham ( 3 ) 19 December 2017 Replay Carlisle United ( 4 ) 3 -- 1 Gillingham ( 3 ) ( show ) Carlisle 19 : 45 GMT Hope 7 ' , 37 ' Miller 90 + 3 ' Report Wagstaff 47 ' Stadium : Brunton Park Attendance : 2,357 Referee : Mark Heywood Forest Green Rovers ( 4 ) v Exeter City ( 4 ) 2 December 2017 Forest Green Rovers ( 4 ) 3 -- 3 Exeter City ( 4 ) ( show ) Nailsworth 15 : 00 GMT Doidge 26 ' , 90 + 2 ' Laird 88 ' Report Moore - Taylor 58 ' Stockley 64 ' , 90 + 4 ' Stadium : The New Lawn Attendance : 2,250 Referee : Gavin Ward Exeter City ( 4 ) v Forest Green Rovers ( 4 ) 12 December 2017 Replay Exeter City ( 4 ) 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Forest Green Rovers ( 4 ) ( show ) Exeter 19 : 45 GMT Sweeney 73 ' ( pen . ) Stockley 115 ' Report Doidge 30 ' ( pen . )", "18": "Stadium : St James Park Attendance : 2,923 Referee : Charles Breakspear Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) v Hereford ( 7 ) 2 December 2017 Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) 1 -- 1 Hereford ( 7 ) ( show ) Fleetwood 15 : 00 GMT Cole 29 ' Report Dinsley 23 ' Stadium : Highbury Stadium Attendance : 2,567 Referee : Seb Stockbridge Hereford ( 7 ) v Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) 14 December 2017 Replay Hereford ( 7 ) 0 -- 2 Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) ( show ) Hereford 19 : 45 GMT Report Bolger 10 ' , 58 ' Stadium : Edgar Street Attendance : 4,235 Referee : David Coote Woking ( 5 ) v Peterborough United ( 3 ) 3 December 2017 Woking ( 5 ) 1 -- 1 Peterborough United ( 3 ) ( show ) Woking 14 : 00 GMT Ward 84 ' Report Tafazolli 24 ' Stadium : Kingfield Stadium Attendance : 3,072 Referee : Chris Sarginson Peterborough United ( 3 ) v Woking ( 5 ) 12 December 2017 Replay Peterborough United ( 3 ) 5 -- 2 Woking ( 5 ) ( show ) Peterborough 19 : 45 GMT Doughty 29 ' Marriott 45 ' , 69 ' Maddison 78 ' ( pen . )", "19": "Edwards 90 + 4 ' Report Effiong 19 ' Young 68 ' Stadium : London Road Attendance : 3,022 Referee : Antony Coggins Newport County ( 4 ) v Cambridge United ( 4 ) 3 December 2017 Newport County ( 4 ) 2 -- 0 Cambridge United ( 4 ) ( show ) Newport 14 : 00 GMT Labadie 2 ' , 82 ' Report Stadium : Rodney Parade Attendance : 2,748 Referee : Kevin Johnson Wycombe Wanderers ( 4 ) v Leatherhead ( 7 ) 3 December 2017 Wycombe Wanderers ( 4 ) 3 -- 1 Leatherhead ( 7 ) ( show ) High Wycombe 14 : 00 GMT Saunders 29 ' Mackail - Smith 76 ' Akinfenwa 90 + 1 ' Report Midson 8 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Adams Park Attendance : 3,835 Referee : Tim Robinson Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) v Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) 3 December 2017 Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) 3 -- 0 Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) ( show ) Doncaster 14 : 00 GMT Rowe 16 ' , 67 ' Mandeville 90 + 2 ' Report Stadium : Keepmoat Stadium Attendance : 5,251 Referee : Mark Heywood AFC Wimbledon ( 3 ) v Charlton Athletic ( 3 ) 3 December 2017 AFC Wimbledon ( 3 ) 3 -- 1 Charlton Athletic ( 3 ) ( show ) Norbiton , London 14 : 00 GMT McDonald 10 ' Taylor 70 ' , 81 ' ( pen . )", "20": "Report Ahearne - Grant 22 ' Stadium : Kingsmeadow Attendance : 3,270 Referee : James Linington Mansfield Town ( 4 ) v Guiseley ( 5 ) 3 December 2017 Mansfield Town ( 4 ) 3 -- 0 Guiseley ( 5 ) ( show ) Mansfield 14 : 00 GMT Spencer 31 ' , 52 ' , 65 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadium : Field Mill Attendance : 4,081 Referee : Carl Boyeson Gateshead ( 5 ) v Luton Town ( 4 ) 3 December 2017 Gateshead ( 5 ) 0 -- 5 Luton Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Gateshead 14 : 00 GMT Report Lee 40 ' Potts 62 ' Lee 67 ' Hylton 90 + 1 ' Berry 90 + 4 ' Stadium : Gateshead International Stadium Attendance : 1,339 Referee : Ben Toner Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) v Crewe Alexandra ( 4 ) 3 December 2017 Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) 3 -- 3 Crewe Alexandra ( 4 ) ( show ) Blackburn 14 : 00 GMT Samuel 11 ' , 20 ' Graham 15 ' Report Porter 35 ' ( pen . )", "21": ", 66 ' Nolan 63 ' Stadium : Ewood Park Attendance : 4,472 Referee : David Webb Crewe Alexandra ( 4 ) v Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) 13 December 2017 Replay Crewe Alexandra ( 4 ) 0 -- 1 Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) ( show ) Crewe 19 : 45 GMT ' Report Graham 24 ' Stadium : Gresty Road Attendance : 2,241 Referee : Anthony Backhouse Coventry City ( 4 ) v Boreham Wood ( 5 ) 3 December 2017 Coventry City ( 4 ) 3 -- 0 Boreham Wood ( 5 ) ( show ) Rowleys Green , Coventry 14 : 00 GMT Nazon 27 ' McNulty 40 ' Shipley 48 ' Report Stadium : Ricoh Arena Attendance : 2,985 Referee : Darren Handley Slough Town ( 7 ) v Rochdale ( 3 ) 4 December 2017 Slough Town ( 7 ) 0 -- 4 Rochdale ( 3 ) ( show ) Slough 19 : 45 GMT Report Andrew 13 ' Camps 68 ' Henderson 89 ' Done 90 + 2 ' Stadium : Arbour Park Attendance : 1,950 Referee : Robert Jones Third round Proper ( edit ) The Third Round draw took place on 4 December 2017 and was broadcast live on BBC Two and BT Sport before the final second round tie between Slough Town and Rochdale . All 32 Third Round Proper ties took place on the weekend of 5 -- 8 January 2018 . A total of 64 clubs played in the third round ; 20 winners of the second round , and 44 teams from Premier League and EFL Championship entering in this round . For the first time in 67 years no non-league team ( i.e. from Level 5 or below ) made the Third Round Proper , with all 32 such teams that advanced through qualifying being knocked out in the first two rounds , the last 10 in the Second Round Proper .", "22": "Liverpool ( 1 ) v Everton ( 1 ) 5 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) Liverpool ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Everton ( 1 ) ( show ) Liverpool 19 : 55 GMT Milner 35 ' ( pen . ) Van Dijk 84 ' Report Sigurðsson 67 ' Stadium : Anfield Attendance : 52,513 Referee : Bobby Madley Manchester United ( 1 ) v Derby County ( 2 ) 5 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) Manchester United ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Derby County ( 2 ) ( show ) Manchester 20 : 00 GMT Lingard 84 ' Lukaku 90 ' Report Stadium : Old Trafford Attendance : 73,899 Referee : Kevin Friend Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) v Leicester City ( 1 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) 0 -- 0 Leicester City ( 1 ) ( show ) Fleetwood 12 : 45 GMT Report Stadium : Highbury Stadium Attendance : 5,001 Referee : Simon Hooper Leicester City ( 1 ) v Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) 16 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) Replay Leicester City ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) ( show ) Leicester 19 : 45 GMT Iheanacho 43 ' , 77 ' Report Stadium : King Power Stadium Attendance : 17,237 Referee : Jonathan Moss Middlesbrough ( 2 ) v Sunderland ( 2 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Middlesbrough ( 2 ) 2 -- 0 Sunderland ( 2 ) ( show ) Middlesbrough 13 : 00 GMT Gestede 10 ' Braithwaite 42 ' Report Stadium : Riverside Stadium Attendance : 26,", "23": "399 Referee : Chris Kavanagh Ipswich Town ( 2 ) v Sheffield United ( 2 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Ipswich Town ( 2 ) 0 -- 1 Sheffield United ( 2 ) ( show ) Ipswich 15 : 00 GMT Report Thomas 25 ' Stadium : Portman Road Attendance : 12,057 Referee : Mike Jones Watford ( 1 ) v Bristol City ( 2 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Watford ( 1 ) 3 -- 0 Bristol City ( 2 ) ( show ) Watford 15 : 00 GMT Carrillo 37 ' Deeney 57 ' Capoue 85 ' Report Stadium : Vicarage Road Attendance : 13,269 Referee : Craig Pawson Birmingham City ( 2 ) v Burton Albion ( 2 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Birmingham City ( 2 ) 1 -- 0 Burton Albion ( 2 ) ( show ) Birmingham 15 : 00 GMT Gallagher 56 ' Report Stadium : St Andrews Attendance : 7,623 Referee : Jeremy Simpson Aston Villa ( 2 ) v Peterborough United ( 3 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Aston Villa ( 2 ) 1 -- 3 Peterborough United ( 3 ) ( show ) Birmingham 15 : 00 GMT Davis 8 ' Report Marriott 75 ' , 90 + 3 ' Tafazolli 83 ' Stadium : Villa Park Attendance : 21,677 Referee : Robert Jones Bournemouth ( 1 ) v Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Bournemouth ( 1 ) 2 -- 2 Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) ( show ) Bournemouth 15 : 00 GMT Mousset 55 ' S.", "24": "Cook 90 + 2 ' Report Grigg 4 ' Hyndman 29 ' ( o.g. ) Stadium : Vitality Stadium Attendance : 9,894 Referee : Andrew Madley Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) v Bournemouth ( 1 ) 17 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) Replay Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 3 -- 0 Bournemouth ( 1 ) ( show ) Wigan 19 : 45 GMT Morsy 9 ' Burn 73 ' Elder 76 ' Report Stadium : DW Stadium Attendance : 4,709 Referee : Stuart Attwell Coventry City ( 4 ) v Stoke City ( 1 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Coventry City ( 4 ) 2 -- 1 Stoke City ( 1 ) ( show ) Rowleys Green , Coventry 15 : 00 GMT Willis 24 ' Grimmer 68 ' Report Adam 54 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Ricoh Arena Attendance : 14,199 Referee : Martin Atkinson Bolton Wanderers ( 2 ) v Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Bolton Wanderers ( 2 ) 1 -- 2 Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) ( show ) Horwich 15 : 00 GMT Derik 64 ' Report Van La Parra 51 ' Williams 52 ' Stadium : Macron Stadium Attendance : 11,574 Referee : Roger East Yeovil Town ( 4 ) v Bradford City ( 3 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Yeovil Town ( 4 ) 2 -- 0 Bradford City ( 3 ) ( show ) Yeovil 15 : 00 GMT Barnes 61 ' Green 76 ' Report Stadium : Huish Park Attendance : 3,", "25": "040 Referee : John Brooks Brentford ( 2 ) v Notts County ( 4 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Brentford ( 2 ) 0 -- 1 Notts County ( 4 ) ( show ) Brentford , London 15 : 00 GMT Report Stead 65 ' Stadium : Griffin Park Attendance : 6,935 Referee : Tim Robinson Queens Park Rangers ( 2 ) v Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2 ) 0 -- 1 Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) ( show ) Shepherd 's Bush , London 15 : 00 GMT Report Cissé 60 ' Stadium : Loftus Road Attendance : 6,314 Referee : James Linington Exeter City ( 4 ) v West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Exeter City ( 4 ) 0 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) ( show ) Exeter 15 : 00 GMT Report Rondón 2 ' Rodriguez 25 ' Stadium : St James Park Attendance : 5,638 Referee : Lee Mason Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) v Rochdale ( 3 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) 0 -- 1 Rochdale ( 3 ) ( show ) Doncaster 15 : 00 GMT Report Andrew 18 ' Stadium : Keepmoat Stadium Attendance : 4,513 Referee : Andy Woolmer Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) v Hull City ( 2 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) 0 -- 1 Hull City ( 2 ) ( show ) Blackburn 15 : 00 GMT Report Aina 58 ' Stadium : Ewood Park Attendance : 6,", "26": "777 Referee : Oliver Langford Cardiff City ( 2 ) v Mansfield Town ( 4 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Cardiff City ( 2 ) 0 -- 0 Mansfield Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Cardiff 15 : 00 GMT Report Stadium : Cardiff City Stadium Attendance : 6,378 Referee : Lee Probert Mansfield Town ( 4 ) v Cardiff City ( 2 ) 16 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) Replay Mansfield Town ( 4 ) 1 -- 4 Cardiff City ( 2 ) ( show ) Mansfield 19 : 45 GMT Rose 35 ' Report Ecuele Manga 34 ' Hoilett 66 ' , 89 ' Pilkington 71 ' Stadium : Field Mill Attendance : 5,746 Referee : Geoff Eltringham Manchester City ( 1 ) v Burnley ( 1 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Manchester City ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Burnley ( 1 ) ( show ) Manchester 15 : 00 GMT Agüero 56 ' , 58 ' Sané 71 ' B. Silva 82 ' Report Barnes 25 ' Stadium : City of Manchester Stadium Attendance : 53,285 Referee : Graham Scott Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) v Swansea City ( 1 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) 0 -- 0 Swansea City ( 1 ) ( show ) Wolverhampton 15 : 00 GMT Report Stadium : Molineux Attendance : 22,976 Referee : Anthony Taylor Swansea City ( 1 ) v Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) 17 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) Replay Swansea City ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) ( show ) Swansea 19 : 45 GMT J.", "27": "Ayew 11 ' Bony 69 ' Report Jota 66 ' Stadium : Liberty Stadium Attendance : 8,294 Referee : Chris Kavanagh Stevenage ( 4 ) v Reading ( 2 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Stevenage ( 4 ) 0 -- 0 Reading ( 2 ) ( show ) Stevenage 15 : 00 GMT Report Stadium : Broadhall Way Attendance : 3,877 Referee : Ben Toner Reading ( 2 ) v Stevenage ( 4 ) 16 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) Replay Reading ( 2 ) 3 -- 0 Stevenage ( 4 ) ( show ) Reading 20 : 00 GMT Böðvarsson 32 ' , 44 ' , 64 ' Report Stadium : Madejski Stadium Attendance : 4,986 Referee : Tim Robinson Newcastle United ( 1 ) v Luton Town ( 4 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Newcastle United ( 1 ) 3 -- 1 Luton Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Newcastle - upon - Tyne 15 : 00 GMT Pérez 30 ' , 36 ' Shelvey 39 ' Report Hylton 49 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 47,069 Referee : Neil Swarbrick Millwall ( 2 ) v Barnsley ( 2 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Millwall ( 2 ) 4 -- 1 Barnsley ( 2 ) ( show ) Bermondsey , London 15 : 00 GMT O'Brien 35 ' , 56 ' Thompson 47 ' Onyedinma 61 ' Report Potts 11 ' Stadium : The Den Attendance : 5,", "28": "319 Referee : Darren Bond Fulham ( 2 ) v Southampton ( 1 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Fulham ( 2 ) 0 -- 1 Southampton ( 1 ) ( show ) Fulham , London 15 : 00 GMT Report Ward - Prowse 29 ' Stadium : Craven Cottage Attendance : 17,327 Referee : Michael Oliver Wycombe Wanderers ( 4 ) v Preston North End ( 2 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Wycombe Wanderers ( 4 ) 1 -- 5 Preston North End ( 2 ) ( show ) High Wycombe 15 : 00 GMT O'Nien 45 + 1 ' Report Harrop 2 ' , 85 ' Browne 38 ' , 78 ' ( pen . )", "29": "Horgan 50 ' Stadium : Adams Park Attendance : 4,928 Referee : Peter Bankes Carlisle United ( 4 ) v Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Carlisle United ( 4 ) 0 -- 0 Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) ( show ) Carlisle 15 : 00 GMT Report Stadium : Brunton Park Attendance : 7,793 Referee : David Webb Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) v Carlisle United ( 4 ) 16 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) Replay Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) 2 -- 0 Carlisle United ( 4 ) ( show ) Sheffield 19 : 45 GMT Matias 28 ' Nuhiu 66 ' Report Stadium : Hillsborough Stadium Attendance : 12,003 Referee : Michael Salisbury Norwich City ( 2 ) v Chelsea ( 1 ) 6 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) Norwich City ( 2 ) 0 -- 0 Chelsea ( 1 ) ( show ) Norwich 17 : 30 GMT Report Stadium : Carrow Road Attendance : 23,598 Referee : Stuart Attwell Chelsea ( 1 ) v Norwich City ( 2 ) 17 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) Replay Chelsea ( 1 ) 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. )", "30": "( 5 -- 3 p ) Norwich City ( 2 ) ( show ) Fulham , London 19 : 45 GMT Batshuayi 55 ' Report Lewis 90 + 4 ' Stadium : Stamford Bridge Attendance : 39,684 Referee : Graham Scott Penalties Willian David Luiz Azpilicueta Kanté Hazard Oliveira Maddison Vrančić Murphy Newport County ( 4 ) v Leeds United ( 2 ) 7 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) Newport County ( 4 ) 2 -- 1 Leeds United ( 2 ) ( show ) Newport 12 : 00 GMT Shaughnessy 76 ' ( o.g. ) McCoulsky 88 ' Report Berardi 9 ' Stadium : Rodney Parade Attendance : 6,887 Referee : Mike Dean Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) v West Ham United ( 1 ) 7 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) 0 -- 0 West Ham United ( 1 ) ( show ) Shrewsbury 14 : 00 GMT Report Stadium : New Meadow Attendance : 9,535 Referee : Paul Tierney West Ham United ( 1 ) v Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) 16 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) Replay West Ham United ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. )", "31": "Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) ( show ) Stratford , London 19 : 45 GMT Burke 112 ' Report Stadium : London Stadium Attendance : 39,867 Referee : Jeremy Simpson Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) v AFC Wimbledon ( 3 ) 7 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) 3 -- 0 AFC Wimbledon ( 3 ) ( show ) Wembley , London 15 : 00 GMT Kane 63 ' , 65 ' Vertonghen 71 ' Report Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 47,527 Referee : David Coote Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) v Arsenal ( 1 ) 7 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) 4 -- 2 Arsenal ( 1 ) ( show ) West Bridgford 16 : 00 GMT Lichaj 20 ' , 44 ' Brereton 64 ' ( pen . ) Dowell 85 ' ( pen . ) Report Mertesacker 23 ' Welbeck 79 ' Stadium : The City Ground Attendance : 27,182 Referee : Jonathan Moss Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) v Crystal Palace ( 1 ) 8 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Crystal Palace ( 1 ) ( show ) Falmer , Brighton and Hove 19 : 45 GMT Stephens 21 ' Murray 87 ' Report Sako 69 ' Stadium : Falmer Stadium Attendance : 14,507 Referee : Andre Marriner Fourth round Proper ( edit ) The draw for the Fourth Round Proper took place on 8 January 2018 at 19 : 10 GMT and was broadcast live on BBC Two and BT Sport . This round included four teams from Level 4 -- Yeovil Town , Notts County , Coventry City , and Newport County -- who were the lowest - ranked teams still in the competition .", "32": "Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) v Reading ( 2 ) 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) 3 -- 1 Reading ( 2 ) ( show ) Sheffield 19 : 45 GMT Nuhiu 29 ' , 53 ' Boyd 61 ' Report Dawson 87 ' ( o.g. )", "33": "Stadium : Hillsborough Stadium Attendance : 14,848 Referee : John Brooks Yeovil Town ( 4 ) v Manchester United ( 1 ) 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) Yeovil Town ( 4 ) 0 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 ) ( show ) Yeovil 19 : 55 GMT Report Rashford 41 ' Herrera 61 ' Lingard 89 ' Lukaku 90 + 3 ' Stadium : Huish Park Attendance : 9,195 Referee : Paul Tierney Peterborough United ( 3 ) v Leicester City ( 1 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Peterborough United ( 3 ) 1 -- 5 Leicester City ( 1 ) ( show ) Peterborough 12 : 30 GMT Hughes 58 ' Report Diabaté 9 ' , 87 ' Iheanacho 12 ' , 29 ' Ndidi 90 + 2 ' Stadium : London Road Attendance : 13,193 Referee : Michael Oliver Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) v Birmingham City ( 2 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) 1 -- 1 Birmingham City ( 2 ) ( show ) Huddersfield 15 : 00 GMT Mounié 21 ' Report Jutkiewicz 54 ' Stadium : Kirklees Stadium Attendance : 12,683 Referee : Neil Swarbrick Birmingham City ( 2 ) v Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) 6 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) Replay Birmingham City ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 ( a.e.t. ) Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) ( show ) Birmingham 19 : 45 GMT Adams 52 ' Report Roberts 60 ' ( o.g. )", "34": "Mounié 94 ' Van La Parra 97 ' Ince 106 ' Stadium : St Andrew 's Attendance : 13,175 Referee : Paul Tierney Notts County ( 4 ) v Swansea City ( 1 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Notts County ( 4 ) 1 -- 1 Swansea City ( 1 ) ( show ) Nottingham 15 : 00 GMT Stead 62 ' Report Narsingh 45 ' Stadium : Meadow Lane Attendance : 9,802 Referee : Mike Jones Swansea City ( 1 ) v Notts County ( 4 ) 6 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) Replay Swansea City ( 1 ) 8 -- 1 Notts County ( 4 ) ( show ) Swansea 20 : 05 GMT Abraham 18 ' , 45 + 3 ' Dyer 20 ' , 30 ' Naughton 53 ' Routledge 57 ' Carroll 65 ' James 82 ' Report Husin 35 ' Stadium : Liberty Stadium Attendance : 7,822 Referee : Martin Atkinson Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) v Coventry City ( 4 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) 0 -- 1 Coventry City ( 4 ) ( show ) Denbigh , Milton Keynes 15 : 00 GMT Report Biamou 64 ' Stadium : Stadium mk Attendance : 14,925 Referee : Peter Bankes Millwall ( 2 ) v Rochdale ( 3 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Millwall ( 2 ) 2 -- 2 Rochdale ( 3 ) ( show ) Bermondsey , London 15 : 00 GMT Wallace 17 ' ( pen . )", "35": "Thompson 90 ' Report Henderson 32 ' Done 53 ' Stadium : The Den Attendance : 8,346 Referee : Andrew Madley Rochdale ( 3 ) v Millwall ( 2 ) 6 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) Replay Rochdale ( 3 ) 1 -- 0 Millwall ( 2 ) ( show ) Rochdale 19 : 45 GMT Henderson 53 ' Report Stadium : Spotland Stadium Attendance : 2,790 Referee : Tim Robinson Southampton ( 1 ) v Watford ( 1 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Southampton ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Watford ( 1 ) ( show ) Southampton 15 : 00 GMT Stephens 4 ' Report Stadium : St Mary 's Stadium Attendance : 25,195 Referee : Bobby Madley Middlesbrough ( 2 ) v Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Middlesbrough ( 2 ) 0 -- 1 Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) ( show ) Middlesbrough 15 : 00 GMT Report Murray 90 ' Stadium : Riverside Stadium Attendance : 20,475 Referee : Anthony Taylor Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) v West Ham United ( 1 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 2 -- 0 West Ham United ( 1 ) ( show ) Wigan 15 : 00 GMT Grigg 7 ' , 62 ' ( pen . )", "36": "Report Stadium : DW Stadium Attendance : 14,194 Referee : Chris Kavanagh Hull City ( 2 ) v Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Hull City ( 2 ) 2 -- 1 Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) ( show ) Kingston upon Hull 15 : 00 GMT Bowen 18 ' Dicko 40 ' Report Vellios 88 ' Stadium : KCOM Stadium Attendance : 13,450 Referee : Stuart Attwell Sheffield United ( 2 ) v Preston North End ( 2 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Sheffield United ( 2 ) 1 -- 0 Preston North End ( 2 ) ( show ) Sheffield 15 : 00 GMT Sharp 80 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadium : Bramall Lane Attendance : 15,680 Referee : Graham Scott Newport County ( 4 ) v Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Newport County ( 4 ) 1 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) ( show ) Newport 17 : 30 GMT Amond 38 ' Report Kane 82 ' Stadium : Rodney Parade Attendance : 9,836 Referee : Roger East Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) v Newport County ( 4 ) 7 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) Replay Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Newport County ( 4 ) ( show ) Wembley , London 20 : 00 GMT Butler 26 ' ( o.g. )", "37": "Lamela 34 ' Report Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 38,947 Referee : Stuart Attwell Liverpool ( 1 ) v West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) 27 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) Liverpool ( 1 ) 2 -- 3 West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) ( show ) Liverpool 19 : 45 GMT Firmino 5 ' Salah 78 ' Report Rodriguez 7 ' , 11 ' Matip 45 + 2 ' ( o.g. ) Stadium : Anfield Attendance : 53,342 Referee : Craig Pawson Chelsea ( 1 ) v Newcastle United ( 1 ) 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) Chelsea ( 1 ) 3 -- 0 Newcastle United ( 1 ) ( show ) Fulham , London 13 : 30 GMT Batshuayi 31 ' , 44 ' Alonso 72 ' Report Stadium : Stamford Bridge Attendance : 41,049 Referee : Kevin Friend Cardiff City ( 2 ) v Manchester City ( 1 ) 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) Cardiff City ( 2 ) 0 -- 2 Manchester City ( 1 ) ( show ) Cardiff 16 : 00 GMT Report De Bruyne 8 ' Sterling 37 ' Stadium : Cardiff City Stadium Attendance : 32,339 Referee : Lee Mason Fifth round Proper ( edit ) The draw for the Fifth Round Proper took place on 29 January 2018 at 19 : 20 GMT and was broadcast live on BBC One . This round included one team from Level 4 still in the competition , Coventry City , who were the lowest - ranked team in this round . Leicester City ( 1 ) v Sheffield United ( 2 ) 16 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Leicester City ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Sheffield United ( 2 ) ( show ) Leicester 19 : 45 GMT Vardy 66 ' Report Stadium : King Power Stadium Attendance : 28,", "38": "366 Referee : Lee Mason Chelsea ( 1 ) v Hull City ( 2 ) 16 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Chelsea ( 1 ) 4 -- 0 Hull City ( 2 ) ( show ) Fulham , London 20 : 00 GMT Willian 2 ' , 32 ' Pedro 27 ' Giroud 42 ' Report Stadium : Stamford Bridge Attendance : 39,591 Referee : Andre Marriner Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) v Swansea City ( 1 ) 17 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 17 ) Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) 0 -- 0 Swansea City ( 1 ) ( show ) Sheffield 12 : 30 GMT Report Stadium : Hillsborough Stadium Attendance : 19,427 Referee : Paul Tierney Swansea City ( 1 ) v Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) 27 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) Replay Swansea City ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) ( show ) Swansea 19 : 45 GMT J. Ayew 55 ' Dyer 80 ' Report Stadium : Liberty Stadium Attendance : 8,198 Referee : Stuart Attwell West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) v Southampton ( 1 ) 17 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 17 ) West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) 1 -- 2 Southampton ( 1 ) ( show ) West Bromwich 15 : 00 GMT Rondón 58 ' Report Hoedt 11 ' Tadić 56 ' Stadium : The Hawthorns Attendance : 17,600 Referee : Chris Kavanagh Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) v Coventry City ( 4 ) 17 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 17 ) Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) 3 -- 1 Coventry City ( 4 ) ( show ) Falmer ,", "39": "Brighton and Hove 15 : 00 GMT Locadia 15 ' Goldson 34 ' Ulloa 61 ' Report Clarke - Harris 77 ' Stadium : Falmer Stadium Attendance : 26,966 Referee : Craig Pawson Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) v Manchester United ( 1 ) 17 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 17 ) Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) 0 -- 2 Manchester United ( 1 ) ( show ) Huddersfield 17 : 30 GMT Report Lukaku 3 ' , 55 ' Stadium : Kirklees Stadium Attendance : 17,861 Referee : Kevin Friend Rochdale ( 3 ) v Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) 18 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) Rochdale ( 3 ) 2 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) ( show ) Rochdale 16 : 00 GMT Henderson 45 ' Davies 90 + 3 ' Report Lucas 59 ' Kane 88 ' ( pen . )", "40": "Stadium : Spotland Stadium Attendance : 8,480 Referee : Bobby Madley Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) v Rochdale ( 3 ) 28 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) Replay Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) 6 -- 1 Rochdale ( 3 ) ( show ) Wembley , London 19 : 45 GMT Son 23 ' , 65 ' Llorente 47 ' , 53 ' , 59 ' Walker - Peters 90 + 3 ' Report Humphrys 31 ' Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 24,627 Referee : Paul Tierney Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) v Manchester City ( 1 ) 19 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 1 -- 0 Manchester City ( 1 ) ( show ) Wigan 19 : 55 GMT Grigg 79 ' Report Stadium : DW Stadium Attendance : 19,242 Referee : Anthony Taylor Quarter - finals ( edit ) The draw for the quarter - finals took place on 17 February 2018 at 20 : 00 GMT and was broadcast live on BT Sport , the BBC Sport website and app , and BBC Radio 5 Live . This round included one team from Level 3 still in the competition , Wigan Athletic , who were the lowest - ranked team in this round . There are no replays in the FA Cup quarter - finals , following a rule change introduced for the previous tournament . If a match was level after 90 minutes , 30 minutes of extra time were played . If the score had still been level , the tie would have been decided by a penalty shoot - out .", "41": "Swansea City ( 1 ) v Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) 17 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) Swansea City ( 1 ) 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) ( show ) Swansea 12 : 15 GMT Report Eriksen 11 ' , 62 ' Lamela 45 + 1 ' Stadium : Liberty Stadium Attendance : 17,498 Referee : Kevin Friend Manchester United ( 1 ) v Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) 17 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) Manchester United ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) ( show ) Manchester 19 : 45 GMT Lukaku 37 ' Matić 83 ' Report Stadium : Old Trafford Attendance : 74,241 Referee : Andre Marriner Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) v Southampton ( 1 ) 18 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 0 -- 2 Southampton ( 1 ) ( show ) Wigan 13 : 30 GMT Report Højbjerg 62 ' Cédric 90 + 1 ' Stadium : DW Stadium Attendance : 17,110 Referee : Michael Oliver Leicester City ( 1 ) v Chelsea ( 1 ) 18 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) Leicester City ( 1 ) 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Chelsea ( 1 ) ( show ) Leicester 16 : 30 GMT Vardy 76 ' Report Morata 42 ' Pedro 105 ' Stadium : King Power Stadium Attendance : 31,792 Referee : Craig Pawson Semi-finals ( edit ) The draw for the semi-finals took place on 18 March 2018 , after the conclusion of the quarter - final match between Leicester City and Chelsea . The draw was conducted by Gianfranco Zola and Petr Čech . The semi-finals were played on Saturday 21 April and Sunday 22 April 2018 at Wembley Stadium .", "42": "21 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 ) 17 : 15 BST Manchester United ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) A. Sánchez 24 ' Herrera 62 ' Report Alli 11 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 84,667 Referee : Anthony Taylor 22 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 ) 15 : 00 BST Chelsea ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Southampton ( 1 ) Giroud 46 ' Morata 82 ' Report Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 73,416 Referee : Martin Atkinson Final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FA Cup Final 19 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 19 ) 17 : 15 BST Chelsea Manchester United Wembley Stadium , London Referee : Michael Oliver ( Durham ) Top goalscorers ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Will Grigg Wigan Athletic 7 Ian Henderson Rochdale 6 Romelu Lukaku Manchester United 5 Jack Marriott Peterborough United Jayden Stockley Exeter City Television rights ( edit ) The following matches were / will be broadcast live on UK television : Round BT Sport BBC S4C First Round Proper Shaw Lane v Mansfield Town Chorley v Fleetwood Town Tranmere Rovers v Peterborough United ( Replay ) Billericay Town v Leatherhead ( Replay ) Hyde United v Milton Keynes Dons Newport County v Walsall Second Round Proper Notts County v Oxford City Slough Town v Rochdale Hereford v Fleetwood Town ( Replay ) A.F.C.", "43": "Fylde v Wigan Athletic Third Round Proper Norwich City v Chelsea Nottingham Forest v Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion v Crystal Palace Leicester City v Fleetwood Town ( Replay ) Liverpool v Everton Fleetwood Town v Leicester City Newport County v Leeds United ( BBC Wales ) Shrewsbury Town v West Ham United Chelsea v Norwich City ( Replay ) Fourth Round Proper Peterborough United v Leicester City Newport County v Tottenham Hotspur Liverpool v West Bromwich Albion Chelsea v Newcastle United Tottenham Hotspur v Newport County ( Replay ) Yeovil Town v Manchester United Cardiff City v Manchester City Swansea City v Notts County ( Replay ) Fifth Round Proper Chelsea v Hull City Sheffield Wednesday v Swansea City Huddersfield Town v Manchester United Tottenham Hotspur v Rochdale ( Replay ) Rochdale v Tottenham Hotspur Wigan Athletic v Manchester City Swansea City v Sheffield Wednesday ( Replay ) Quarter - finals Swansea City v Tottenham Hotspur Manchester United v Brighton & Hove Albion Wigan Athletic v Southampton Leicester City v Chelsea Semi-finals Chelsea v Southampton Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur Final Chelsea v Manchester United References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Emirates FA Cup Round Dates , 2017 - 18 '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brighton 2 Crystal Palace 1 : VAR available , but not used , as Glenn Murray seals FA Cup third round tie '' . The Telegraph . 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal out of FA Cup after stunning Lichaj double for Nottingham Forest '' . Guardian . 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emirates FA Cup prize fund '' . thefa.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First Round Proper Draw '' . thefa.com . The Football Association . 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Draw completed for first round of The Emirates FA Cup '' . thefa.com . The Football Association . 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .", "44": "Jump up ^ `` Emirates FA Cup Second Round Proper Draw takes place on Monday Evening '' . thefa.com . The Football Association . 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty ties pulled out in Emirates FA Cup Second Round Draw '' . thefa.com . The Football Association . 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emirates FA Cup Third Round Proper Draw takes place on Monday Evening '' . thefa.com . The Football Association . 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool and Everton handed derby tie in FA Cup third round draw '' . Guardian . 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup : Maximum number of EFL clubs in Third Round '' . efl.com . English Football League . 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup fourth round : Manchester United go to League Two Yeovil Town '' . BBC Sport. 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emirates FA Cup Fourth Round Draw '' . thefa.com . The Football Association . 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup fifth round '' . BBC Sport. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Quarter Final '' . The FA. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` When is the FA Cup semi-final draw ? What TV channel is it on ? Who can Manchester United get ? '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup semi-finals : Manchester United v Tottenham live on BBC '' . BBC Sport. 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Top Scorers '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) The official FA Cup website", "45": "FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35", "46": "1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003", "47": "-- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938", "48": "-- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07", "49": "2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961", "50": "1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 History Trophy List of finals Third - 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1496876286718225625	who built the tower of london in 1066	[ "William the Conqueror", "William the Conqueror" ]	{ "0": "Tower of London - wikipedia Tower of London Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tower of London ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 29 '' N 00 ° 04 ′ 34 '' W / 51.50806 ° N 0.07611 ° W / 51.50806 ; - 0.07611 Tower of London The Tower of London , seen from the River Thames , with a view of the water-gate called `` Traitors ' Gate '' Location London Borough of Tower Hamlets London , EC3 Area Castle : 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Tower Liberties : 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) Height 27 metres ( 89 ft ) Built White Tower : 1078 Inner Ward : 1190s Re-built : 1285 Wharf expansion : 1377 -- 1399 Visitors 2,843,031 ( in 2017 ) Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria ii , iv Designated 1988 ( 12th session ) Reference no . 488 Country United Kingdom Region Europe and North America Listed Building -- Grade I Listed Building -- Grade II Location of the castle in central London The Tower of London , officially Her Majesty 's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London , is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London . It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill . It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England . The White Tower , which gives the entire castle its name , was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression , inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ) , although that was not its primary purpose . A grand palace early in its history , it served as a royal residence .", "1": "As a whole , the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat . There were several phases of expansion , mainly under Kings Richard I , Henry III , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site . The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history . It was besieged several times , and controlling it has been important to controlling the country . The Tower has served variously as an armoury , a treasury , a menagerie , the home of the Royal Mint , a public record office , and the home of the Crown Jewels of England . From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II , a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch . In the absence of the monarch , the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle . This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period . In the late 15th century , the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower . Under the Tudors , the Tower became used less as a royal residence , and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle , its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery . The peak period of the castle 's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries , when many figures who had fallen into disgrace , such as Elizabeth I before she became queen , Sir Walter Raleigh , and Elizabeth Throckmorton , were held within its walls . This use has led to the phrase `` sent to the Tower '' . Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death , popularised by 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century writers , only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century . Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle , with 112 occurring there over a 400 - year period . In the latter half of the 19th century , institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations , leaving many buildings empty .", "2": "Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance , clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures . In the First and Second World Wars , the Tower was again used as a prison and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage . After the Second World War , damage caused during the Blitz was repaired , and the castle reopened to the public . Today , the Tower of London is one of the country 's most popular tourist attractions . Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower , it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 1.1 Layout 1.2 White Tower 1.3 Innermost ward 1.4 Inner Ward 1.5 Outer Ward 2 Foundation and early history 3 Expansion 4 Later Medieval Period 5 Changing use 6 Restoration and tourism 7 Crown Jewels 8 Royal Menagerie 9 Ghosts 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Architecture ( edit ) Audio description of the Tower of London by Mike Gatting Layout ( edit ) Plan of the Tower of London The Tower was orientated with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London , which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate . It would have visually dominated the surrounding area and stood out to traffic on the River Thames . The castle is made up of three `` wards '' , or enclosures . The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle . Encircling it to the north , east , and west is the inner ward , built during the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . Finally , there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under Edward I . Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London , the general layout has remained the same since Edward I completed his rebuild in 1285 .", "3": "The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres ( 4.9 hectares ) with a further 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) around the Tower of London constituting the Tower Liberties -- land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons . The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when Henry III ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear . Despite popular fiction , the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber , although the basement of the White Tower housed a rack in later periods . Tower Wharf was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of Richard II ( 1377 -- 1399 ) . White Tower ( edit ) Main article : White Tower ( Tower of London ) The White Tower is a keep ( also known as a donjon ) , which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle , and contained lodgings suitable for the lord -- in this case , the king or his representative . According to military historian Allen Brown , `` The great tower ( White Tower ) was also , by virtue of its strength , majesty and lordly accommodation , the donjon par excellence '' . As one of the largest keeps in the Christian world , the White Tower has been described as `` the most complete eleventh - century palace in Europe '' . The original entrance to the White Tower was at first - floor level The White Tower , not including its projecting corner towers , measures 36 by 32 metres ( 118 by 105 ft ) at the base , and is 27 m ( 90 ft ) high at the southern battlements . The structure was originally three storeys high , comprising a basement floor , an entrance level , and an upper floor . The entrance , as is usual in Norman keeps , was above ground , in this case on the south face , and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack . It was probably during Henry II 's reign ( 1154 -- 1189 ) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance , but it has not survived .", "4": "Each floor was divided into three chambers , the largest in the west , a smaller room in the north - east , and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south - east . At the western corners of the building are square towers , while to the north - east a round tower houses a spiral staircase . At the south - east corner there is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel . As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold , latrines were built into the walls , and four fireplaces provided warmth . The main building material is Kentish rag - stone , although some local mudstone was also used . Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower 's facing , although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries . As most of the Tower 's windows were enlarged in the 18th century , only two original -- albeit restored -- examples remain , in the south wall at the gallery level . The tower was terraced into the side of a mound , so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level . As was typical of most keeps , the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage . One of the rooms contained a well . Although the layout has remained the same since the tower 's construction , the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts . The basement is lit through small slits . St John 's Chapel , inside the White Tower The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower , Lieutenant of the Tower of London and other important officials . The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century , and not reopened until 1973 . Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east , also connected to the entrance floor . The crypt of St John 's Chapel occupied the south - east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber .", "5": "There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt ; according to Geoffrey Parnell , Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries , `` the windowless form and restricted access , suggest that it was designed as a strong - room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents '' . The upper floor contained a grand hall in the west and residential chamber in the east -- both originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the wall -- and St John 's Chapel in the south - east . The top floor was added in the 15th century , along with the present roof . St John 's Chapel was not part of the White Tower 's original design , as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls . Due to changes in function and design since the tower 's construction , except for the chapel little is left of the original interior . The chapel 's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period . In the 13th century , during Henry III 's reign , the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold - painted cross , and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity . Innermost ward ( edit ) The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower , stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames . As was the case at other castles , such as the 11th - century Hen Domen , the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower 's foundation . Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain , although it had happened by the 1170s . The lodgings were renovated and elaborated during the 1220s and 1230s , becoming comparable with other palatial residences such as Windsor Castle . Construction of Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers -- located at the corners of the innermost ward 's wall along the river -- began around 1220 . They probably served as private residences for the queen and king respectively . The earliest evidence for how the royal chambers were decorated comes from Henry III 's reign : the queen 's chamber was whitewashed , and painted with flowers and imitation stonework . A great hall existed in the south of the ward , between the two towers .", "6": "It was similar to , although slightly smaller than , that also built by Henry III at Winchester Castle . Near Wakefield Tower was a postern gate which allowed private access to the king 's apartments . The innermost ward was originally surrounded by a protective ditch , which had been filled in by the 1220s . Around this time , a kitchen was built in the ward . Between 1666 and 1676 , the innermost ward was transformed and the palace buildings removed . The area around the White Tower was cleared so that anyone approaching would have to cross open ground . The Jewel House was demolished , and the Crown Jewels moved to Martin Tower . Interior of the innermost ward . Right of centre is the 11th - century White Tower ; the structure at the end of the walkway to the left is Wakefield Tower . Beyond that can be seen Traitors ' Gate . Inner ward ( edit ) See also : Church of St Peter ad Vincula The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart 's reign , when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward , effectively doubling the castle 's size . Henry III created the ward 's east and north walls , and the ward 's dimensions remain to this day . Most of Henry 's work survives , and only two of the nine towers he constructed have been completely rebuilt . Between the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers , the innermost ward 's wall also serves as a curtain wall for the inner ward . The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a gatehouse , most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower . The inner ward 's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I . The 13th - century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large - scale use of brick as a building material in Britain , since the 5th - century departure of the Romans . The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall . Clockwise from the south - west corner they are : Bell , Beauchamp , Devereux , Flint , Bowyer , Brick , Martin , Constable , Broad Arrow , Salt , Lanthorn , Wakefield , and the Bloody Tower .", "7": "While these towers provided positions from which flanking fire could be deployed against a potential enemy , they also contained accommodation . As its name suggests , Bell Tower housed a belfry , its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack . The royal bow - maker , responsible for making longbows , crossbows , catapults , and other siege and hand weapons , had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower . A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night . The south face of the Waterloo Block As a result of Henry 's expansion , St Peter ad Vincula , a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower , was incorporated into the castle . Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows , and stalls for himself and his queen . It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £ 300 and again by Henry VIII in 1519 ; the current building dates from this period , although the chapel was refurbished in the 19th century . Immediately west of Wakefield Tower , the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward 's curtain wall , and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames . It was a simple structure , protected by a portcullis and gate . The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century , as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the Princes in the Tower . Between 1339 and 1341 , a gatehouse was built into the curtain wall between Bell and Salt Towers . During the Tudor period , a range of buildings for the storage of munitions was built along the inside of the north inner ward . The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . In 1663 just over £ 4,000 was spent building a new storehouse ( now known as the New Armouries ) in the inner ward . Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688 , on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses ; it was destroyed by fire in 1841 .", "8": "The Waterloo Block , a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details , was built on the site and remains to this day , housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor . Outer ward ( edit ) A third ward was created during Edward I 's extension to the Tower , as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle . At the same time a bastion known as Legge 's Mount was built at the castle 's north - west corner . Brass Mount , the bastion in the north - east corner , was a later addition . The three rectangular towers along the east wall 15 metres ( 49 ft ) apart were dismantled in 1843 . Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period , there is no evidence to support this ; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge 's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I. Blocked battlements ( also known as crenellations ) in the south side of Legge 's Mount are the only surviving medieval battlements at the Tower of London ( the rest are Victorian replacements ) . A new 50 - metre ( 160 ft ) moat was dug beyond the castle 's new limits ; it was originally 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ) deeper in the middle than it is today . With the addition of a new curtain wall , the old main entrance to the Tower of London was obscured and made redundant ; a new entrance was created in the south - west corner of the external wall circuit . The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a barbican , which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the 1330s . The Lion Tower itself no longer survives . Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames . In this wall , he built St Thomas 's Tower between 1275 and 1279 ; later known as Traitors ' Gate , it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle 's water-gate . The building is unique in England , and the closest parallel is the now demolished water-gate at the Louvre in Paris .", "9": "The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River ; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered . There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor . Edward also moved the Royal Mint into the Tower ; its exact location early on is unknown , although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower . By 1560 , the Mint was located in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower . Between 1348 and 1355 , a second water-gate , Cradle Tower , was added east of St Thomas 's Tower for the king 's private use . The Tower of London 's outer curtain wall , with the curtain wall of the inner ward just visible behind . In the centre is Legge 's Mount . Foundation and early History ( edit ) Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 , the invading Duke of Normandy , William the Conqueror , spent the rest of the year securing his holdings , by fortifying key positions . He founded several castles along the way , but took a circuitous route toward London ; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England 's largest city . As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops , he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England . A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city 's supply lines and in December 1066 , isolated and intimidated , its leaders yielded London without a fight . Between 1066 and 1087 , William established 36 castles , although references in the Domesday Book indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates . The new ruling elite undertook what has been described as `` the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle - building in the whole history of feudal Europe '' . They were multi-purpose buildings , serving as fortifications ( used as a base of operations in enemy territory ) , centres of administration , and residences . William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance , to celebrate his victory and found a castle ; in the words of William 's biographer , William of Poitiers , `` certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace .", "10": "For he ( William ) realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners '' . At the time , London was the largest town in England ; the foundation of Westminster Abbey and the old Palace of Westminster under Edward the Confessor had marked it as a centre of governance , and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement . The other two castles in London -- Baynard 's Castle and Montfichet 's Castle -- were established at the same time . The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south - east corner of the Roman town walls , using them as prefabricated defences , with the River Thames providing additional protection from the south . This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber palisade , and probably had accommodation suitable for William . The White Tower dates from the late 11th century . Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber , but by the end of the 11th century a few , including the Tower of London , had been renovated or replaced with stone . Work on the White Tower -- which gives the whole castle its name -- is usually considered to have begun in 1078 , however the exact date is uncertain . William made Gundulf , Bishop of Rochester , responsible for its construction , although it may not have been completed until after William 's death in 1087 . The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England , and was the strongest point of the early castle . It also contained grand accommodation for the king . At the latest , it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop Ranulf Flambard was imprisoned there . Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes . Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower , he was also the first person to escape from it , using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine . He was held in luxury and permitted servants , but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors . After plying them with drink , when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber , and out of the Tower . The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft .", "11": "The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London ; it was probably built from stone as a replacement for the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle , between the Roman wall and the Thames . The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class , but in the way the city was structured . Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans , who also brought over hundreds of Jews , for financial reasons . The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown , as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles . The Jews used the Tower as a retreat , when threatened by anti-Jewish violence . The death in 1135 of Henry I left England with a disputed succession ; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda , just a few days after Henry 's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay claim to the throne . The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London . The castle , which had not been used as a royal residence for some time , was usually left in the charge of a Constable , a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville . As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position , possession was highly valued . Mandeville exploited this , selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln . Once her support waned , the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen . Through his role as Constable of the Tower , Mandeville became `` the richest and most powerful man in England '' . When he tried the same ploy again , this time holding secret talks with Matilda , Stephen had him arrested , forced him to cede control of his castles , and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters . Until then the position had been hereditary , originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville ( a friend of William the Conqueror 's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with ) , but the position 's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch .", "12": "The position was usually given to someone of great importance , who might not always be at the castle due to other duties . Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison , from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty : the Lieutenant of the Tower . Constables also had civic duties relating to the city . Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes , enforcing the law and maintaining order . The creation in 1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable 's civic powers , and at times led to friction between the two . Expansion ( edit ) The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . The castle was extended under William Longchamp , King Richard 's Lord Chancellor and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade . The Pipe Rolls record £ 2,881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190 , from an estimated £ 7,000 spent by Richard on castle building in England . According to the contemporary chronicler Roger of Howden , Longchamp dug a moat around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames . Longchamp was also Constable of the Tower , and undertook its expansion while preparing for war with King Richard 's younger brother , Prince John , who in Richard 's absence arrived in England to try to seize power . As Longchamp 's main fortress , he made the Tower as strong as possible . The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191 , when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history . Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days , deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege . The Tower of London from The Shard . The River Thames is to the south . The outer curtain walls were erected in the 13th century . John succeeded Richard as king in 1199 , but his rule proved unpopular with many of his barons , who in response moved against him . In 1214 , while the king was at Windsor Castle , Robert Fitzwalter led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower .", "13": "Although under - garrisoned , the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed the Magna Carta . The king reneged on his promises of reform , leading to the outbreak of the First Barons ' War . Even after the Magna Carta was signed , Fitzwalter maintained his control of London . During the war , the Tower 's garrison joined forces with the barons . John was deposed in 1216 and the barons offered the English throne to Prince Louis , the eldest son of the French king . However , after John 's death in October 1216 , many began to support the claim of his eldest son , Henry III . War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry , with Fitzwalter supporting Louis . Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower , both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III 's supporters would prevail . In the 13th century , Kings Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) and Edward I ( 1272 -- 1307 ) extended the castle , essentially creating it as it stands today . Henry was disconnected from his barons , and a mutual lack of understanding led to unrest and resentment towards his rule . As a result , he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification ; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live . From 1216 to 1227 nearly £ 10,000 was spent on the Tower of London ; in this period , only the work at Windsor Castle cost more ( £ 15,000 ) . Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward . The tradition of whitewashing the White Tower ( from which it derives its name ) began in 1240 . Beginning around 1238 , the castle was expanded to the east , north , and north - west . The work lasted through the reign of Henry III and into that of Edward I , interrupted occasionally by civil unrest . New creations included a new defensive perimeter , studded with towers , while on the west , north , and east sides , where the wall was not defended by the river , a defensive ditch was dug .", "14": "The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement , marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle 's defences . The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression , despised by Londoners , and Henry 's building programme was unpopular . So when the gatehouse collapsed in 1240 , the locals celebrated the setback . The expansion caused disruption locally and £ 166 was paid to St Katherine 's Hospital and the prior of Holy Trinity in compensation . Henry III often held court at the Tower of London , and held parliament there on at least two occasions ( 1236 and 1261 ) when he felt that the barons were becoming dangerously unruly . In 1258 , the discontented barons , led by Simon de Montfort , forced the King to agree to reforms including the holding of regular parliaments . Relinquishing the Tower of London was among the conditions . Henry III resented losing power and sought permission from the pope to break his oath . With the backing of mercenaries , Henry installed himself in the Tower in 1261 . While negotiations continued with the barons , the King ensconced himself in the castle , although no army moved to take it . A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again . Henry won a significant victory at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 , allowing him to regain control of the country and the Tower of London . Cardinal Ottobuon came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious ; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower . Gilbert de Clare , 6th Earl of Hertford , marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle , declaring that custody of the Tower was `` not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner , much less of an ecclesiastic '' . Despite a large army and siege engines , Gilbert de Clare was unable to take the castle . The Earl retreated , allowing the King control of the capital , and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry 's reign .", "15": "Although he was rarely in London , Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower , costing £ 21,000 between 1275 and 1285 , over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III 's reign . Edward I was a seasoned castle builder , and used his experience of siege warfare during the crusades to bring innovations to castle building . His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences . At the Tower of London , Edward filled in the moat dug by Henry III and built a new curtain wall along its line , creating a new enclosure . A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall . The western part of Henry III 's curtain wall was rebuilt , with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle 's old gatehouse . A new entrance was created , with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a barbican . In an effort to make the castle self - sufficient , Edward I also added two watermills . Six hundred Jews were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1278 , charged with coin clipping . Persecution of the country 's Jewish population under Edward began in 1276 and culminated in 1290 when he issued the Edict of Expulsion , forcing the Jews out of the country . Later medieval period ( edit ) A model of the Tower of London as it appeared after the final period of expansion under Edward I During Edward II 's reign ( 1307 -- 1327 ) there was relatively little activity at the Tower of London . However , it was during this period that the Privy Wardrobe was founded . The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state 's arms . In 1321 , Margaret de Clare , Baroness Badlesmere became the first woman imprisoned in the Tower of London after she refused Queen Isabella admittance to Leeds Castle and ordered her archers to fire upon Isabella , killing six of the royal escort . Generally reserved for high - ranking inmates , the Tower was the most important royal prison in the country . However it was not necessarily very secure , and throughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape .", "16": "In 1323 Roger Mortimer , Baron Mortimer , was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub-Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer 's men inside . They hacked a hole in his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat . He fled to France where he encountered Edward 's Queen . They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the King . One of Mortimer 's first acts on entering England in 1326 was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there . For four years he ruled while Edward III was too young to do so himself ; in 1330 , Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him in the Tower . Under Edward III 's rule ( 1312 -- 1377 ) England experienced renewed success in warfare after his father 's reign had put the realm on the backfoot against the Scots and French . Amongst Edward 's successes were the battles of Crécy and Poitiers where King John II of France was taken prisoner , and the capture of the King David II of Scotland at Neville 's Cross . During this period , the Tower of London held many noble prisoners of war . Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair , and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place . The nobility held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons , for instance Windsor . Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated . One of the powerful French magnates held in the Tower during the Hundred Years ' War was Charles , Duke of Orléans , the nephew of the King of France . This late 15th - century image is the earliest surviving non-schematic picture of the Tower of London . It shows the White Tower and the water-gate , with Old London Bridge in the background . When Richard II was crowned in 1377 , he led a procession from the Tower to Westminster Abbey . This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and lasted until 1660 . During the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 the Tower of London was besieged with the King inside .", "17": "When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler , the rebel leader , a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the Jewel House . The Archbishop of Canterbury , Simon Sudbury , took refuge in St John 's Chapel , hoping the mob would respect the sanctuary . However , he was taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill . Six years later there was again civil unrest , and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual . When Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile in 1399 , Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower . He abdicated and was replaced on the throne by Bolingbroke , who became King Henry IV . In the 15th century , there was little building work at the Tower of London , yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge . When supporters of the late Richard II attempted a coup , Henry IV found safety in the Tower of London . During this period , the castle also held many distinguished prisoners . The heir to the Scottish throne , later King James I of Scotland , was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower . The reign of Henry V ( 1413 -- 1422 ) renewed England 's fortune in the Hundred Years ' War against France . As a result of Henry 's victories , such as the Battle of Agincourt , many high - status prisoners were held in the Tower of London until they were ransomed . Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the Wars of the Roses between the claimants to the throne , the houses of Lancaster and York . The castle was once again besieged in 1460 , this time by a Yorkist force . The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when Henry VI was captured at the Battle of Northampton . With the help of Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick ( nicknamed `` the Kingmaker '' ) Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in 1470 . However , Edward IV soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was probably murdered . During the wars , the Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire , and provided with loopholes for cannons and handguns : an enclosure was created for this purpose to the south of Tower Hill , although it no longer survives .", "18": "The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower , 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais , 1878 Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483 , the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place . The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London . Edward V 's uncle Richard , Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule . Traditional accounts have held that the 12 - year - old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard . The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June . The princes were last seen in public in June 1483 ; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483 . Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th - century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished ; however , the reputed level at which the bones were found ( 10 ft or 3 m ) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found 12 ft ( 4 m ) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north . Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor , who ascended to the throne as Henry VII . Changing use ( edit ) The beginning of the Tudor period marked the start of the decline of the Tower of London 's use as a royal residence . As 16th - century chronicler Raphael Holinshed said the Tower became used more as `` an armouries and house of munition , and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in '' . The Yeoman Warders have been the Royal Bodyguard since at least 1509 . During the reign of Henry VIII , the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences . In 1532 , Thomas Cromwell spent £ 3,593 on repairs and imported nearly 3,000 tons of Caen stone for the work .", "19": "Even so , this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery . Although the defences were repaired , the palace buildings were left in a state of neglect after Henry 's death . Their condition was so poor that they were virtually uninhabitable . From 1547 onwards , the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful , for instance each of Edward VI , Mary I , and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations . In the 16th century , the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim , forbidding prison . This had not always been the case . As a royal castle , it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons , however these were usually high - status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people . Contrary to the popular image of the Tower , prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower . As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower -- as would have been the case for any castle -- there was no purpose - built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed , a `` Prison for Soldiers '' , was built to the north - west of the White Tower . The Tower 's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century romanticists . Although much of the Tower 's reputation is exaggerated , the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle 's zenith as a prison , with many religious and political undesirables locked away . The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture , so it was not often used ; between 1540 and 1640 , the peak of imprisonment at the Tower , there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture . The three most common forms used were the infamous rack , the Scavenger 's daughter , and manacles . The rack was introduced to England in 1447 by the Duke of Exeter , the Constable of the Tower ; consequentially it was also known as the Duke of Exeter 's daughter .", "20": "One of those tortured at the Tower was Guy Fawkes , who was brought there on 6 November 1605 ; after torture he signed a full confession to the Gunpowder Plot . Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn . Although the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard , by the 16th and 17th centuries their main duty had become to look after the prisoners . The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the Fleet , where disease was rife . High - status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside ; one such example was that while Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family , including his son who was born there in 1605 . Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower of London itself , and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years . Before the 20th century , there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green ; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey , this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous . After Lady Jane Grey 's execution on 12 February 1554 , Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth , later Queen Elizabeth I , in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir Thomas Wyatt had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth 's name . The cobbled surface of Tower Hill to the north of the Tower of London . Over a period of 400 years , 112 people were executed on the hill . The Office of Ordnance and Armoury Office were founded in the 15th century , taking over the Privy Wardrobe 's duties of looking after the monarch 's arsenal and valuables . As there was no standing army before 1661 , the importance of the royal armoury at the Tower of London was that it provided a professional basis for procuring supplies and equipment in times of war . The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least 1454 , and by the 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward . The Board of Ordnance ( successor to these Offices ) had its headquarters in the White Tower and used surrounding buildings for storage .", "21": "In 1855 the Board was abolished ; its successor ( the Military Store Department of the War Office ) was also based there until 1869 , after which its headquarters staff were relocated to the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich ( where the recently closed Woolwich Dockyard was converted into a vast ordnance store ) . Political tensions between Charles I and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents , including money and munitions . London 's Trained Bands , a militia force , were moved into the castle in 1640 . Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built , readying the Tower for war . The preparations were never put to the test . In 1642 , Charles I attempted to arrest five members of parliament . When this failed he fled the city , and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron , the Lieutenant of the Tower . The Trained Bands had switched sides , and now supported Parliament ; together with the London citizenry , they blockaded the Tower . With permission from the King , Byron relinquished control of the Tower . Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing , Sir John Conyers . By the time the English Civil War broke out in November 1642 , the Tower of London was already in Parliament 's control . The last monarch to uphold the tradition of taking a procession from the Tower to Westminster to be crowned was Charles II in 1661 . At the time , the castle 's accommodation was in such poor condition that he did not stay there the night before his coronation . Under the Stuart kings the Tower 's buildings were remodelled , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . Just over £ 4,000 was spent in 1663 on building a new storehouse , now known as the New Armouries in the inner ward . In the 17th century there were plans to enhance the Tower 's defences in the style of the trace italienne , however they were never acted on . Although the facilities for the garrison were improved with the addition of the first purpose - built quarters for soldiers ( the `` Irish Barracks '' ) in 1670 , the general accommodations were still in poor condition .", "22": "An engraving of the Tower of London in 1737 by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck When the Hanoverian dynasty ascended the throne , their situation was uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind , the Tower of London was repaired . Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed . The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45 , and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle `` would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege '' . For the most part , the 18th - century work on the defences was spasmodic and piecemeal , although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774 . The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it . It was still an integral part of the castle 's defences , so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower , the Duke of Wellington , ordered a large - scale clearance of several feet of silt . However this did not prevent an outbreak of disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply , resulting in several deaths . To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems , it was ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth . The work began in 1843 and was mostly complete two years later . The construction of the Waterloo Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845 , when the Duke of Wellington laid the foundation stone . The building could accommodate 1,000 men ; at the same time , separate quarters for the officers were built to the north - east of the White Tower . The building is now the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . The popularity of the Chartist movement between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest . It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle . Most of the surviving installations for the use of artillery and firearms date from this period . During the First World War , eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage . During the Second World War , the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war .", "23": "One such person was Rudolf Hess , Adolf Hitler 's deputy , albeit just for four days in 1941 . He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle . The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941 . The executions for espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated miniature rifle range which stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969 . The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification . In the event of a German invasion , the Tower , together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses , was to have formed one of three `` keeps '' or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last - ditch defences of the capital . Restoration and tourism ( edit ) A recreation of Edward I 's bedchamber in the river - side St Thomas 's Tower above Traitors ' Gate . The Tower of London has become established as one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country . It has been a tourist attraction since at least the Elizabethan period , when it was one of the sights of London that foreign visitors wrote about . Its most popular attractions were the Royal Menagerie and displays of armour . The Crown Jewels also garner much interest , and have been on public display since 1669 . The Tower steadily gained popularity with tourists through the 19th century , despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington to visitors . Numbers became so high that by 1851 a purpose - built ticket office was erected . By the end of the century , over 500,000 were visiting the castle every year . Over the 18th and 19th centuries , the palatial buildings were slowly adapted for other uses and demolished . Only the Wakefield and St Thomas 's Towers survived . The 18th century marked an increasing interest in England 's medieval past . One of the effects was the emergence of Gothic Revival architecture . In the Tower 's architecture , this was manifest when the New Horse Armoury was built in 1825 against the south face of the White Tower . It featured elements of Gothic Revival architecture such as battlements . Other buildings were remodelled to match the style and the Waterloo Barracks were described as `` castellated Gothic of the 15th century '' .", "24": "Between 1845 and 1885 institutions such as the Mint which had inhabited the castle for centuries moved to other sites ; many of the post-medieval structures left vacant were demolished . In 1855 , the War Office took over responsibility for manufacture and storage of weapons from the Ordnance Office , which was gradually phased out of the castle . At the same time , there was greater interest in the history of the Tower of London . Public interest was partly fuelled by contemporary writers , of whom the work of William Harrison Ainsworth was particularly influential . In The Tower of London : A Historical Romance he created a vivid image of underground torture chambers and devices for extracting confessions that stuck in the public imagination . Harrison also played another role in the Tower 's history , as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th - and 17th - century prisoners . Working on the suggestion , Anthony Salvin refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of Prince Albert . Salvin was succeeded in the work by John Taylor . When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it ; as a result , several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post-medieval internal decoration removed . The main entrance to the Tower of London . Today the castle is a popular tourist attraction . Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of London in the First World War ( it landed harmlessly in the moat ) , the Second World War left a greater mark . On 23 September 1940 , during the Blitz , high - explosive bombs damaged the castle , destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower . After the war , the damage was repaired and the Tower of London was reopened to the public . In 1974 , there was a bomb explosion in the Mortar Room in the White Tower , leaving one person dead and 35 injured . No one claimed responsibility for the blast , but the police investigated suspicions that the IRA was behind it . In the 21st century , tourism is the Tower 's primary role , the remaining routine military activities , under the Royal Logistic Corps , having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle .", "25": "However , the Tower is still home to the ceremonial regimental headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers , and the museum dedicated to it and its predecessor , the Royal Fusiliers . Also , a detachment of the unit providing the Queen 's Guard at Buckingham Palace still mounts a guard at the Tower , and with the Yeomen Warders , takes part in the Ceremony of the Keys each day . On several occasions through the year gun salutes are fired from the Tower by the Honourable Artillery Company , these consist of 62 rounds for royal occasions , and 41 on other occasions . Two of the ravens Since 1990 , the Tower of London has been cared for by an independent charity , Historic Royal Palaces , which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown . In 1988 , the Tower of London was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites , in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site . However , recent developments , such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby , have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations ' Heritage in Danger List . The remains of the medieval palace have been open to the public since 2006 . Visitors can explore the chambers restored to their former glory , once used by past kings and queens . Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower , the responsibility of day - to - day administration is delegated to the Resident Governor . At least six ravens are kept at the Tower at all times , in accordance with the belief that if they are absent , the kingdom will fall . They are under the care of the Yeomen Warders . The earliest known reference to a Tower raven is a picture from 1883 . As well as having ceremonial duties , the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower . Over 2.8 million people visited the Tower of London in 2017 . Crown Jewels ( edit ) See also : Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and Jewel House The Imperial State Crown ( side view ) The tradition of housing the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London probably dates from the reign of Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) .", "26": "The Jewel House was built specifically to house the royal regalia , including jewels , plate , and symbols of royalty such as the crown , sceptre , and sword . When money needed to be raised , the treasure could be pawned by the monarch . The treasure allowed the monarch independence from the aristocracy , and consequently was closely guarded . A new position for `` keeper of the jewels , armouries and other things '' was created , which was well rewarded ; in the reign of Edward III ( 1327 -- 1377 ) the holder was paid 12d a day . The position grew to include other duties including purchasing royal jewels , gold , and silver , and appointing royal goldsmiths and jewellers . In 1649 , during the English Civil War , the contents of the Jewel House were disposed of along with other royal properties , as decreed by Cromwell . Metal items were sent to the Mint to be melted down and re-used , and the crowns were `` totallie broken and defaced '' . When the monarchy was restored in 1660 , the only surviving items of the coronation regalia were a 12th - century spoon and three ceremonial swords . ( Some pieces that had been sold were later returned to the Crown . ) Detailed records of old regalia survived , and replacements were made for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 based on drawings from the time of Charles I . For the coronation of Charles II , gems were rented because the treasury could not afford to replace them . In 1669 , the Jewel House was demolished and the Crown Jewels moved into Martin Tower ( until 1841 ) . They were displayed here for viewing by the paying public . This was exploited two years later when Colonel Thomas Blood attempted to steal them . Blood and his accomplices bound and gagged the Jewel House keeper . Although they laid their hands on the Imperial State Crown , Sceptre and Orb , they were foiled when the keeper 's son turned up unexpectedly and raised the alarm . Since 1994 , the Crown Jewels have been on display in the Jewel House in the Waterloo Block . Some of the pieces are used regularly by the Queen . The display includes 23,578 gemstones , the 800 - year - old Coronation Spoon , St.", "27": "Edward 's Crown ( worn during all crownings at Westminster Abbey ) and the Imperial State Crown . Royal Menagerie ( edit ) Wire animal sculptures at the tower , Kendra Haste There is evidence that King John ( 1166 -- 1216 ) first started keeping wild animals at the Tower . Records of 1210 -- 1212 show payments to lion keepers . The Royal Menagerie is frequently referenced during the reign of Henry III . Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II presented Henry with three leopards , circa 1235 , which were kept in the Tower . In 1251 , the sheriffs were ordered to pay fourpence a day towards the upkeep of the King 's polar bear , a gift from Haakon IV of Norway in the same year ; the bear attracted a great deal of attention from Londoners when it went fishing in the Thames while tied to the land by a chain . In 1254 or 1255 , Henry III received an African elephant from Louis IX of France depicted by Matthew Paris in his Chronica Majora . A wooden structure was built to house the elephant , 12.2 m ( 40 ft ) long by 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) wide . The animal died in 1258 , possibly because it was given red wine , but also perhaps because of the cold climate of England . In 1288 , Edward I added a lion and a lynx and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals . Edward III added other types of animals , two lions , a leopard and two wildcats . Under subsequent kings , the number of animals grew to include additional cats of various types , jackals , hyenas , and an old brown bear , Max , gifted to Henry VIII by Emperor Maximilian . In 1436 , during the time of Henry V , all the lions died and the employment of Keeper William Kerby was terminated . Historical records indicate that a semi-circular structure or barbican was built by Edward I in 1277 ; this area was later named the Lion Tower , to the immediate west of the Middle Tower . Records from 1335 indicate the purchase of a lock and key for the lions and leopards , also suggesting they were located near the western entrance of the Tower . By the 1500s that area was called the Menagerie .", "28": "Between 1604 and 1606 the Menagerie was extensive refurbished and an exercise yard was created in the moat area beside the Lion Tower . An overhead platform was added for viewing of the lions by the royals , during lion baiting , for example in the time of James I. Reports from 1657 include mention of six lions , increasing to 11 by 1708 , in addition to other types of cats , eagles , owls and a jackal . By the 18th century , the menagerie was open to the public ; admission cost three half - pence or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the lions . By the end of the century , that had increased to 9 pence . A particularly famous inhabitant was Old Martin , a large grizzly bear given to George III by the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1811 . An 1800 inventory also listed a tiger , leopards , a hyena , a large baboon , various types of monkeys , wolves and `` other animals '' . By 1822 , however , the collection included only a grizzly bear , an elephant and some birds . Additional animals were then introduced . In 1828 there were over 280 representing at least 60 species as the new keeper Alfred Copps was actively acquiring animals . After the death of George IV in 1830 , a decision was made to close down the Menagerie . In 1831 , most of the stock was moved to the London Zoo which had opened in 1828 . The last of the animals left in 1835 , relocated to Regent 's Park . This decision was made after an incident , although sources vary as to the specifics : either a lion was accused of biting a soldier , or a sailor , Ensign Seymour , had been bitten by a monkey . The Menagerie buildings were removed in 1852 but the Keeper of the Royal Menagerie was entitled to use the Lion Tower as a house for life . Consequently , even though the animals had long since left the building , the tower was not demolished until the death of Copps , the last keeper , in 1853 .", "29": "In 1999 , physical evidence of lion cages was found , one being 3x3 meters ( 6.5 x10 feet ) in size , very small for a lion that can grow to be 2.5 meters ( approximately 8 feet ) long . In 2008 , the skulls of two male Barbary lions ( now extinct in the wild ) from northwest Africa were found in the moat area of the Tower . Radiocarbon tests dated them from 1280 -- 1385 and 1420 -- 1480 . During 2011 an exhibition was hosted at the Tower with fine wire sculptures by Kendra Haste . Ghosts ( edit ) Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for treason against Henry VIII ; her ghost supposedly haunts the Church of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower , where she is buried , and has been said to walk around the White Tower carrying her head under her arm . This haunting is commemorated in the 1934 comic song `` With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm '' . Other reported ghosts include Henry VI , Lady Jane Grey , Margaret Pole , and the Princes in the Tower . In January 1816 , a sentry on guard outside the Jewel House claimed to have witnessed an apparition of a bear advancing towards him , and reportedly died of fright a few days later . In October 1817 , a tubular , glowing apparition was claimed to have been seen in the Jewel House by the Keeper of the Crown Jewels , Edmund Lenthal Swifte . He said that the apparition hovered over the shoulder of his wife , leading her to exclaim : `` Oh , Christ ! It has seized me ! '' Other nameless and formless terrors have been reported , more recently , by night staff at the Tower . See also ( edit ) London portal Criminal justice portal Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London List of castles in England List of Keepers of the Records in the Tower of London List of prisoners of the Tower of London Tower of London in popular culture Zammitello Palace , built in imitation of the Tower of London References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Wakefield Tower was originally called Blundeville Tower .", "30": "Jump up ^ Flambard , Bishop of Durham , was imprisoned by Henry I `` for the many injustices which Henry himself and the king 's other sons had suffered '' . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` ALVA Association of Leading Visitor Attractions '' . www.alva.org.uk . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Historic Royal Palaces . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Tower of London Frequently Asked Questions , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 27 December 2013 , retrieved 2 December 2015 Jump up ^ Vince 1990 in Creighton 2002 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown 1976 , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , pp. 19 -- 23 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p.", "31": "31 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 65 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Bloody Tower , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 28 April 2010 , retrieved 22 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 70 Jump up ^ `` List Entry : Waterloo Block '' . Historic England . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Royal ... Patchworks ? '' . Historic Royal Palaces . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , pp. 35 -- 37 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p.", "32": "43 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Liddiard 2005 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Bennett 2001 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Bennett 2001 , pp. 45 -- 47 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 5 -- 9 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 12 -- 13 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , p. 147 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , pp. 6 -- 9 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Gillingham 2002 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 13 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p.", "33": "27 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1988 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 35 -- 44 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 34 , 36 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Lapper & Parnell 2000 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Costain 1958 , pp. 193 -- 195 Jump up ^ Calendar of Patent Rolls . 1321 -- 1327 . p. 29 Jump up ^ Strickland 1840 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 34 , 42 -- 43 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , pp. 46 -- 47 ^ Jump up to : Horrox 2004 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Roman eagle found by archaeologists in City of London '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman Warders , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 29 July 2010 , retrieved 21 July 2010 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p.", "34": "52 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 10 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 91 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Black 1927 , p. 345 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 117 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Plowden 2004 Jump up ^ Collinson 2004 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Semark , H.W. ( 1997 ) . The Royal Naval Armament Depots of Priddy 's Hard , Elson , Frater and Bedenham , 1768 -- 1977 . Winchester : Hampshire County Council . p. 124 . Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 74 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Executions at The Tower of London ( PDF ) , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 August 2010 , retrieved 31 July 2010 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Sellers 1997 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Osbourne , Mike ( 2012 ) , Defending London : A Military History from Conquest to Cold War , The History Press Ltd , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6465 - 7 ( p.", "35": "167 ) Jump up ^ Medieval Palace , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 30 May 2010 , retrieved 19 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 111 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , pp. 118 -- 121 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 124 Jump up ^ On This Day 1974 : Bomb blast at the Tower of London , BBC News Online , 17 July 1974 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Regimental History '' , British Army website , Royal Regiment of Fusiliers , 2010 , Archived from the original on 5 September 2010 , retrieved 16 June 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Royal Regiment of Fusiliers ( London ) Museum , Army Museums Ogilby Trust , archived from the original on 26 July 2011 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Ceremony of the Keys , Historic Royal Palaces , 2004 -- 2010 , archived from the original on 4 June 2010 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Queen 's Guard , British Army , 2010 , Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 , retrieved 16 June 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Yeomen Warders , Royal Household of the United Kingdom , 2008 -- 2009 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ Gun salutes , Royal Household of the United Kingdom , 2008 -- 2009 , archived from the original on 17 March 2015 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ Cause and principles , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 22 December 2009 , retrieved 30 April 2010 Jump up ^ UNESCO Constitution , UNESCO , retrieved 17 August 2009 Jump up ^ Tower of London , UNESCO , retrieved 28 July 2009 Jump up ^ UNESCO warning on Tower of London ,", "36": "BBC News Online , 21 October 2006 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ Medieval Palace : Press Release , Historic Royal Palaces , Archived from the original on 21 December 2007 , retrieved 19 July 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ The Constable of the Tower , Historic Royal Palaces , Archived from the original on 30 November 2009 , retrieved 27 September 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Maj Gen Keith Cima : Resident Governor HM Tower of London , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 6 December 2008 , retrieved 27 September 2010 Jump up ^ Jerome 2006 , pp. 148 -- 149 Jump up ^ Sax 2007 , pp. 272 -- 274 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` British Crown Jewels -- Royal Exhibitions '' . royalexhibitions.co.uk . Jump up ^ Gibson , William ( 23 June 2011 ) . A Brief History of Britain 1660 - 1851 . Little , Brown Book Group -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rennison , Nick ( 31 August 2010 ) . The Book Of Lists London . Canongate Books -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Colonel Blood 's raid , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 6 July 2010 , retrieved 22 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Collection at The Tower of London : Jewel House '' . www.royalcollection.org.uk . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Rob ( 4 January 2010 ) . The Rough Guide to London . Penguin -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The Crown Jewels '' . Historic Royal Palaces . Jump up ^ Kristen Deiter ( 23 February 2011 ) . The Tower of London in English Renaissance Drama : Icon of Opposition . Books.google.ca . p. 34 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Connor ( 25 March 2008 ) .", "37": "`` Royal Menagerie lions uncovered '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Menagerie '' . Royal Armouries . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London `` Zoo '' `` . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Historic Royal Palaces . `` Discover The Incredible Tales Of The Tower Of London 's Royal Beasts '' . hrp.org.uk . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Matthew ( 15 October 2016 ) . Henry III : The Son of Magna Carta . Amberley Publishing Limited -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Mount , Toni ( 15 May 2016 ) . A Year in the Life of Medieval England . Amberley Publishing Limited -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nigel ( 2 October 2012 ) . Tower : An Epic History of the Tower of London . St. Martin 's Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ William Harrison Ainsworth . The Tower of London : An Historical Romance . Books.google.ca . p. 249 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . 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Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2 December 1993 ) . Book of the Tower of London . B.T. Batsford -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Tower 's old grizzly back on show '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London `` Zoo '' `` . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Royal Beasts at Tower of London , View London , retrieved 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ Farson 1978 , pp. 14 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Hole 1951 , pp. 61 -- 62 , 155 Jump up ^ Roud 2009 , pp. 60 -- 61 Bibliography Allen Brown , Reginald ( 1976 ) ( 1954 ) , Allen Brown 's English Castles , The Boydell Press , ISBN 1 - 84383 - 069 - 8 Allen Brown , Reginald ; Curnow , P ( 1984 ) , Tower of London , Greater London : Department of the Environment Official Handbook , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , ISBN 0 - 11 - 671148 - 5 Bennett , Matthew ( 2001 ) , Campaigns of the Norman Conquest , Essential Histories , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 228 - 8 Black , Ernest ( 1927 ) , `` Torture under English Law '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register , University of Pennsylvania , 75 ( 4 ) : 344 -- 348 , doi : 10.2307 / 3307506 ,", "39": "JSTOR 3307506 Blunt , Wilfred ( 1976 ) , The Ark in the Park : The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century , Hamish Hamilton , ISBN 0 - 241 - 89331 - 3 Cathcart King , David James ( 1988 ) , The Castle in England and Wales : an Interpretative History , Croom Helm , ISBN 0 - 918400 - 08 - 2 Collinson , Patrick ( 2004 ) , `` Elizabeth I ( 1533 -- 1603 ) , Queen of England and Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Costain , Thomas ( 1958 ) , The Three Edwards , Garden City Creighton , Oliver ( 2002 ) , Castles and Landscapes , Continuum , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5896 - 3 Farson , Daniel ( 1978 ) , Ghosts in Fact and Fiction , Hamlyn Young Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 34053 - 9 Friar , Stephen ( 2003 ) , The Sutton Companion to Castles , Sutton Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 3994 - 2 Gillingham , John ( 2002 ) ( 1999 ) , Richard I , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 09404 - 3 Hole , Christina ( 1951 ) , Haunted England : A Survey of English Ghost - Lore ( 3 ed . ) Batsford Horrox , Rosemary ( 2004 ) , `` Edward V ( 1470 -- 1483 ) , king of England and lord of Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Impey , Edward ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) , The Tower of London : The Official Illustrated History , Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces , ISBN 1 - 85894 - 106 - 7 Jerome , Fiona ( 2006 ) , Tales from the Tower : Secrets and Stories from a Gory and Glorious Past , Think Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84525 - 026 - 3 Lapper , Ivan ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) ,", "40": "The Tower of London : A 2000 - year History , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 170 - 1 Liddiard , Robert ( 2005 ) , Castles in Context : Power , Symbolism and Landscape , 1066 to 1500 , Windgather Press Ltd , ISBN 0 - 9545575 - 2 - 2 Parnell , Geoffrey ( 1993 ) , The Tower of London , Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6864 - 9 Plowden , Alison ( 2004 ) , `` Grey ( married name Dudley ) , Lady Jane ( 1537 -- 1554 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Roud , Steve ( 2009 ) ( 2008 ) , London Lore : The Legends and Traditions of the World 's Most Vibrant City , Arrow Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 951986 - 7 Sax , Boria ( 2007 ) , `` How Ravens Came to the Tower of London '' ( PDF ) , Society and Animals , 15 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 283 , doi : 10.1163 / 156853007X217203 , Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Sellers , Leonard ( 1997 ) , Shot in the Tower : The Story of the Spies executed in the Tower of London during the First World War , Leo Cooper , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 026 - 3 Strickland , Agnes ( 1840 ) , Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest . Volume II , II , Henry Colburn Vince , Alan ( 1990 ) , Saxon London : An Archaeological Investigation , Seaby , ISBN 1 - 85264 - 019 - 7 Wilson , Derek ( 1998 ) ( 1978 ) , The Tower of London : A Thousand Years ( 2nd ed . ) , Allison & Busby , ISBN 0 - 7490 - 0332 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Bennett , Edward Turner ( 1829 ) .", "41": "The Tower Menagerie : Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained in that Establishment ; with Anecdotes of their Characters and History . Robert Jennings . Harman , A. ( 1864 ) . Sketches of the Tower of London as a Fortress , a Prison , and a Palace . J. Wheeler . Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2009 ) . The Tower of London : Past & Present . History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5036 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Tower of London ( category ) Wikivoyage has a listing for Tower of London . Official website Further reading recommended by Historic Royal Palaces Bibliography of sources relating to the Tower of London `` Tower of London , The '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 .", "42": "History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Category Royal palaces and residences in the United Kingdom Occupied Bagshot Park Balmoral Castle , Birkhall & Craigowan Lodge Buckingham Palace Gatcombe Park Highgrove House Hillsborough Castle Holyrood Palace St James 's Palace & Clarence House Kensington Palace & Wren House Llwynywermod Sandringham House , Anmer Hall & Wood Farm Tamarisk ( Isles of Scilly ) Thatched House Lodge Windsor Castle & Royal Lodge ,", "43": "Windsor Preserved / used for diplomatic visits and public visits St James 's Palace Hampton Court Palace Tower of London Windsor Castle Historical ( ǂ = demolished ) ( ¤ = now ruins ) ( § = partly demolished ) Abergeldie Castle , Crathie and Braemar Albany ( London ) Allerton Castle Audley End House Palace of Beaulieu , Borehamǂ Barnwell Manor Beaumont Palace , Oxfordǂ Fort Belvedere , Old Windsor Bentley Priory Berkhamsted Castle ¤ Birch Hall , Windlesham Brantridge Park , Balcombe Bridewell Palace ǂ Brill Palace ¤ Bushy House Cadzow Castle ¤ Caernarfon Castle Cambridge Cottage , Kew Cambridge House Carisbrooke Castle Carlton House ǂ Castle Hill Lodge , Ealingǂ Castlewood House , Egham Wick Chelsea Manor ǂ Chevening Chideock Manor Chiswick House Christ Church , Oxford Claremont , Esher Clarendon Palace ¤ Cliveden , Taplow Coombe Abbey , Combe Fields , Rugby Coppins , Iver Crocker End House , Nettlebed Crosby Hall , London Cumberland Cottage Cumberland House ǂ Cumberland Lodge , Windsor Delnadamph Lodge ǂ Dolphin Square Doune Castle Dover House Dunfermline Palace ¤ Eastwell Park , Kent Edinburgh Castle Eltham Palace Falkland Palace , Fife Frogmore House , Windsor Gloucester House , Weymouth Gloucester House , London ǂ Gloucester Lodge Gunnersbury Park Hanworth Manor ǂ Hatfield House Havering Palace ǂ Ingestre House , Great Haywood Kent House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew Palace § Kingsbourne House King 's House , Winchester ǂ Kings Langley Palace ǂ Lancaster House Leeds Castle , Kent Leicester House , Leicester Square Linlithgow Palace ¤ Marlborough House Montagu House , Blackheath ǂ Castle of Mey ,", "44": "Caithness Nether Lypiatt Manor Nonsuch Palace ǂ Norfolk House ǂ Oak Grove House Oatlands Palace ǂ and Park § , Walton / Weybridge Osborne Cottage Osborne House Palace of Placentia , Greenwichǂ Queen Charlotte 's Cottage , Kew Queen 's House , Greenwich Ranger 's House , Blackheath Ribsden Holt , Windlesham Richmond Palace & White Lodge Romenda Lodge Royal Pavilion , Aldershotǂ Royal Pavilion , Brighton Savile House Savoy Palace ǂ Schomberg House , 77 Pall Mall Somerset House Stirling Castle Sunninghill Park ǂ Sussex House , Hammersmith The More , Rickmansworth Theobalds Palace , Cheshunt Walmer Castle Palace of Westminster Palace of Whitehall ǂ and the Banqueting House Windlesham Moor Witley Court , Great Witley Woodstock Palace ǂ York Cottage , Sandringham York House , St James 's Palace 20th century residences abroad Sagana Lodge , Kenya Villa Guardamangia , Malta Les Jolies Eaux , Mustique , St Vincent Historic residences in the Republic of Ireland Dublin Castle Royal City of Dublin Hospital World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom England Bath Blenheim Palace Canterbury Cathedral , St. Augustine 's Abbey and St. Martin 's Church Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Derwent Valley Mills Durham Castle and Cathedral Frontiers of the Roman Empire Hadrian 's Wall Ironbridge Gorge Jurassic Coast Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Lake District Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City Maritime Greenwich Saltaire Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey Tower of London Westminster Palace , Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret 's Church Scotland Edinburgh Old Town and New Town Forth Bridge Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall Heart of Neolithic Orkney New Lanark St.", "45": "Kilda Wales Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Northern Ireland Giant 's Causeway British Overseas Territories Gorham 's Cave Complex Gough Island Inaccessible Island Henderson Island Town of St. George and Related Fortifications Prisons in London Active Belmarsh Brixton Feltham Holloway Isis Pentonville Thameside Wandsworth Wormwood Scrubs Defunct Borough Compter Bridewell Palace Clerkenwell Bridewell Clerkenwell The Clink Coldbath Fields Fleet Fulham Refuge Gatehouse Giltspur Street Compter Horsemonger Lane King 's Bench Latchmere House Marshalsea Millbank New Newgate Palace of Placentia Poultry Compter St Giles 's Roundhouse Tothill Fields Bridewell Tower of London Wood Street Compter Category Gates and bars of the City of London Former gates of London Wall and City bars Listed clockwise from the West Temple Bar Ludgate † Holborn Bar Newgate † Aldersgate † Cripplegate † Moorgate Bishopsgate † Bars Aldgate † ( Tower ) Posterngate Water - gates : Billingsgate and Dowgate Bridge - gates : Great Stone Gateway and New Stone Gate † The six Roman gates London landmarks Buildings and structures Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges Lambeth Bridge London Bridge Millennium Footbridge Southwark Bridge Tower Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Entertainment venues Cinemas Empire , Leicester Square BFI IMAX Odeon ,", "46": "Leicester Square Football stadia Wembley Stadium ( national stadium ) Craven Cottage ( Fulham ) The Den ( Millwall ) Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Loftus Road ( Queens Park Rangers ) London Stadium ( West Ham United ) Selhurst Park ( Crystal Palace ) Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea 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"Buckingham Palace Skyscrapers Broadgate Tower 1 Canada Square 8 Canada Square 25 Canada Square 1 Churchill Place 20 Fenchurch Street Heron Tower Leadenhall Building The Shard St George Wharf Tower 30 St Mary Axe Tower 42 Structures Albert Memorial ArcelorMittal Orbit Big Ben Cleopatra 's Needle Crystal Palace transmitting station London Eye London Wall Marble Arch The Monument Nelson 's Column Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ( `` Eros '' ) Thames Barrier Wellington Arch Transport City Airport Heathrow Airport Charing Cross station Clapham Junction station Euston station King 's Cross station Liverpool Street station London Bridge station Paddington station St Pancras station Stratford station Victoria station Waterloo station Victoria Coach Station Emirates Air Line cable car Other Barbican Estate Battersea Power Station British Library BT Tower Kew Gardens Lambeth Palace Lloyd 's building London Zoo Oxo Tower St Bartholomew 's Hospital Smithfield Market Somerset House Parks Royal Parks 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Museum Geffrye Museum Horniman Museum National Army Museum National Gallery National Portrait Gallery Natural History Museum Royal Air Force Museum Sir John Soane 's Museum Wallace Collection Imperial War Museums Churchill War Rooms HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum London Royal Museums Greenwich Cutty Sark National Maritime Museum Queen 's House Royal Observatory Science Museum Group Science Museum Tate Tate Britain Tate Modern Victoria and Albert Museum V&A Museum of Childhood Designated collections Courtauld Gallery Dulwich Picture Gallery Firepower -- The Royal Artillery Museum Hunterian Museum Jewish Museum Library and Museum of Freemasonry London Transport Museum Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology Royal Academy of Arts Museum of London Museum of London Docklands Royal Collection Trust Queen 's Gallery Royal Mews Historic Royal Palaces Banqueting House ,", "50": "Whitehall Hampton Court Palace Kensington Palace Kew Palace Tower of London 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8655962063448315913	when did seat belts become law in ontario	[ "January 1, 1976", "January 1, 1976", "January 1, 1976", "January 1, 1976", "January 1, 1976" ]	{ "0": "Seat belt legislation in Canada - wikipedia Seat belt legislation in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Seat belt legislation in Canada is left to the provinces . All provinces in Canada have primary enforcement seat belt laws , which allow a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if s / he observes a violation . Ontario was the first province to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts , a law that came into effect on January 1 , 1976 . The laws by province ( edit ) This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in Canada . This list includes only seatbelt laws , which often do not themselves apply to children ; however , all provinces and territories have separate child restraint laws . A subsequent offense may be much higher . Province / Territory Date of inception Who is covered Base fine before fees Demerit points assigned Usage Alberta 000000001987 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1987 Anyone in driver 's seat or passenger seat $115 0 92.0 % British Columbia 000000001977 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1977 Age 16 + in all seats $167 0 96.9 % Manitoba 000000001984 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1984 Age 16 + in all seats $299.65 93.8 % New Brunswick 000000001983 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1983 Age 16 + in all seats $172.50 94.8 % Newfoundland and Labrador 000000001982 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1982 Age 16 + in all seats $115 93.1 % Northwest Territories 000000001988 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1988 Age 16 + in all seats $115 84.9 % Nova Scotia 000000001985 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1985 Age 16 + in all seats $157.50 90.", "1": "1 % Ontario 000000001976 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1976 Age 16 + in all seats $240 96.0 % Prince Edward Island 000000001987 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in all seats $110 89.7 % Quebec 000000001976 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1976 Age 16 + in all seats $115 -- 154 96.0 % Saskatchewan 000000001977 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1977 Age 16 + in all seats $165 96.8 % Yukon 000000001991 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1991 Age 15 + in all seats $75 78.1 % See also ( edit ) Seat belt legislation Seat belt legislation in the United States Seat belt use rates by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Seatbelts Saving Lives In Ontario For 35 Years '' . News.ontario.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators Standing Committee on Road Safety Research and Policies : Annual Monitoring Report 2010 Jump up ^ `` Transport Canada : Statistics and Data '' . Tc.gc.ca. 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Results of Transport Canada 's Rural and Urban Surveys of Seat Belt Use in Canada 2009 - 2010 '' . Tc.gc.ca. 2011 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 .", "2": "Jump up ^ Vehicle Equipment Regulation , Alberta Regulation 122 / 2009 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seat_belt_legislation_in_Canada&oldid=787553935 '' Categories : Car safety Vehicle law Seat belts Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 01 : 31 . 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4367393231818290640	what is the role of anaerobic respiration in living things	[ "ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate", "respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen" ]	{ "0": "Anaerobic respiration - wikipedia Anaerobic respiration Jump to : navigation , search Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen ( O ) . Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor , the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain called physolmere ; it is respiration without oxygen . In aerobic organisms undergoing respiration , electrons are shuttled to an electron transport chain , and the final electron acceptor is oxygen . Molecular oxygen is a highly oxidizing agent and , therefore , is an excellent electron acceptor . In anaerobes , other less - oxidizing substances such as sulfate ( SO ) , nitrate ( NO ) , sulphur ( S ) , or fumarate are used . These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O , meaning that less energy is released per oxidized molecule . Therefore , generally speaking , anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anaerobic respiration as compared with fermentation 2 Ecological importance 3 Economic relevance 4 Examples of respiration 5 See also 6 References Anaerobic respiration as compared with fermentation ( edit ) There are two important microbial methane formation pathways , through carbonate reduction ( respiration ) , and acetate fermentation . Cellular respiration ( both aerobic and anaerobic ) utilizes highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH2 ( for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle ) to establish an electrochemical gradient ( often a proton gradient ) across a membrane , resulting in an electrical potential or ion concentration difference across the membrane . The reduced chemical compounds are oxidized by a series of respiratory integral membrane proteins with sequentially increasing reduction potentials with the final electron acceptor being oxygen ( in aerobic respiration ) or another chemical substance ( in anaerobic respiration ) . A proton motive force drives protons down the gradient ( across the membrane ) through the proton channel of ATP synthase . The resulting current drives ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate . Fermentation , in contrast , does not utilize an electrochemical gradient . Fermentation instead only uses substrate - level phosphorylation to produce ATP .", "1": "The electron acceptor NAD+ is regenerated from NADH formed in oxidative steps of the fermentation pathway by the reduction of oxidized compounds . These oxidized compounds are often formed during the fermentation pathway itself , but may also be external . For example , in homofermentative lactic acid bacteria , NADH formed during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate is oxidized back to NAD+ by the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid at a later stage in the pathway . In yeast , acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol to regenerate NAD+ . The two processes thus generate ATP in very different ways , and the terms should not be treated as synonyms . Ecological importance ( edit ) Anaerobic respiration is a critical component of the global nitrogen , iron , sulfur , and carbon cycles through the reduction of the oxyanions of nitrogen , sulfur , and carbon to more - reduced compounds . The biogeochemical cycling of these compounds , which depends upon anaerobic respiration , significantly impacts the carbon cycle and global warming . Anaerobic respiration occurs in many environments , including freshwater and marine sediments , soil , subsurface aquifers , deep subsurface environments , and biofilms . Even environments , such as soil , that contain oxygen also have micro-environments that lack oxygen due to the slow diffusion characteristics of oxygen gas . An example of the ecological importance of anaerobic respiration is the use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor , or dissimilatory denitrification , which is the main route by which fixed nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere as molecular nitrogen gas . Another example is methanogenesis , a form of carbonate respiration , that is used to produce methane gas by anaerobic digestion . Biogenic methane is used as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels . On the negative side , uncontrolled methanogenesis in landfill sites releases large volumes of methane into the atmosphere , where it acts as a powerful greenhouse gas . Sulfate respiration produces hydrogen sulfide , which is responsible for the characteristic ' rotten egg ' smell of coast wetlands and has the capacity to precipitate heavy metal ions from solution , leading to the deposition of sulfidic metal ores . Economic relevance ( edit ) Dissimilatory denitrification is widely used in the removal of nitrate and nitrite from municipal wastewater .", "2": "An excess of nitrate can lead to eutrophication of waterways into which treated water is released . Elevated nitrite levels in drinking water can lead to problems due to its toxicity . Denitrification converts both compounds into harmless nitrogen gas . Specific types of anaerobic respiration are also critical in bioremediation , which uses microorganisms to convert toxic chemicals into less - harmful molecules to clean up contaminated beaches , aquifers , lakes , and oceans . For example , toxic arsenate or selenate can be reduced to less toxic compounds by various anaerobic bacteria via anaerobic respiration . The reduction of chlorinated chemical pollutants , such as vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride , also occurs through anaerobic respiration . Anaerobic respiration is useful in generating electricity in microbial fuel cell s , which employ bacteria that respire solid electron acceptors ( such as oxidized iron ) to transfer electrons from reduced compounds to an electrode . This process can simultaneously degrade organic carbon waste and generate electricity . Examples of respiration ( edit ) Type Lifestyle Electron acceptor Products E ( V ) Example organisms aerobic respiration obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes O H O + 0.82 eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes iron reduction facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes Fe ( III ) Fe ( II ) + 0.75 Organisms within the order Desulfuromonadales ( such as Geobacter , Geothermobacter , Geopsychrobacter , Pelobacter ) and Shewanella species manganese facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes Mn ( IV ) Mn ( II ) Desulfuromonadales and Shewanella species cobalt reduction facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes Co ( III ) Co ( II ) Geobacter sulfurreducens uranium reduction facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes U ( VI ) U ( IV ) Geobacter metallireducens , Shewanella oneidensis nitrate reduction ( denitrification ) facultative anaerobes nitrate NO nitrite NO + 0.", "3": "40 Paracoccus denitrificans , Escherichia coli fumarate respiration facultative anaerobes fumarate succinate + 0.03 Escherichia coli sulfate respiration obligate anaerobes sulfate SO sulfide HS - 0.22 Many Deltaproteobacteria species in the orders Desulfobacterales , Desulfovibrionales , and Syntrophobacterales methanogenesis ( carbonate reduction ) methanogens carbon dioxide CO methane CH - 0.25 Methanosarcina barkeri sulfur respiration ( sulfur reduction ) facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes sulfur S sulfide HS - 0.27 Desulfuromonadales acetogenesis ( carbonate reduction ) obligate anaerobes carbon dioxide CO acetate - 0.30 Acetobacterium woodii dehalorespiration facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes halogenated organic compounds R-X Halide ions and dehalogenated compound X + R-H + 0.25 -- + 0.60 Dehalococcoides and Dehalobacter species See also ( edit ) Hydrogenosomes and mitosomes Standard electrode potential ( data page ) Table of standard reduction potentials for half - reactions important in biochemistry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Slonczewski , Joan L. ; Foster , John W. ( 2011 ) . Microbiology : An Evolving Science ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 166 . ISBN 9780393934472 . Jump up ^ Sapart ; et al. ( 2017 ) . `` The origin of methane in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf unraveled with triple isotope analysis '' . Biogeosciences . doi : 10.5194 / bg - 14 - 2283 - 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Simon , Jörg ; Klotz , Martin G.", "4": "( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics . The evolutionary aspects of bioenergetic systems . 1827 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 135 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbabio. 2012.07. 005 . Jump up ^ Bogner , Jean ; Pipatti , Riitta ; Hashimoto , Seiji ; Diaz , Cristobal ; Mareckova , Katarina ; Diaz , Luis ; Kjeldsen , Peter ; Monni , Suvi ; Faaij , Andre ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Mitigation of global greenhouse gas emissions from waste : conclusions and strategies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fourth Assessment Report . Working Group III ( Mitigation ) '' . Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association , ISWA. 26 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 32 . doi : 10.1177 / 0734242x07088433 . ISSN 0734 - 242X . PMID 18338699 . Jump up ^ Pester , Michael ; Knorr , Klaus - Holger ; Friedrich , Michael W. ; Wagner , Michael ; Loy , Alexander ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Sulfate - reducing microorganisms in wetlands - fameless actors in carbon cycling and climate change '' . Frontiers in Microbiology. 3 : 72 . doi : 10.3389 / fmicb. 2012.00072 . ISSN 1664 - 302X . PMC 3289269 . PMID 22403575 . Jump up ^ Nancharaiah , Y.V. ; Venkata Mohan , S. ; Lens , P.N.L. ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Recent advances in nutrient removal and recovery in biological and bioelectrochemical systems '' . Bioresource Technology . 215 : 173 -- 185 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biortech.", "5": "2016.03. 129 . ISSN 1873 - 2976 . PMID 27053446 . Jump up ^ Xu , Bojun ; Ge , Zheng ; He , Zhen ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Sediment microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment : challenges and opportunities '' . Environ . Sci. : Water Res . Technol. 1 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 284 . doi : 10.1039 / c5ew00020c . ISSN 2053 - 1419 . ^ Jump up to : Richter , Katrin ; Schicklberger , Marcus ; Gescher , Johannes ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Dissimilatory reduction of extracellular electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration '' . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78 ( 4 ) : 913 -- 921 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 06803 - 11 . ISSN 1098 - 5336 . PMC 3273014 . PMID 22179232 . Jump up ^ Holliger , C. ; Wohlfarth , G. ; Diekert , G. ( 1998 ) . `` Reductive dechlorination in the energy metabolism of anaerobic bacteria '' . FEMS Microbiology Reviews . 22 ( 5 ) : 383 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6976.1998. tb00377. x . Metabolism , catabolism ,", "6": "anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative", "7": "Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) .", "8": "Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaerobic_respiration&oldid=818610054 '' Categories : Anaerobic digestion Biodegradation Cellular respiration Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 15 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5423010984809516518	where does the band imagine dragons come from	[ "Las Vegas, Nevada", "Las Vegas, Nevada", "Las Vegas, Nevada", "Las Vegas, Nevada", "Las Vegas, Nevada" ]	{ "0": "Imagine Dragons - Wikipedia Imagine Dragons This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the band . For their self - titled EP , see Imagine Dragons ( EP ) . Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons in 2017 Background information Origin Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Genres Pop rock indie rock electropop alternative rock Years active 2008 -- present Labels KIDinaKORNER Interscope Associated acts The Moth & The Flame X Ambassadors Egyptian Website imaginedragonsmusic.com Members Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Past members Andrew Tolman Brittany Tolman Theresa Flaminio Dave Lemke Andrew Beck Aurora Florence Imagine Dragons is an American rock band from Las Vegas , Nevada , consisting of lead vocalist Dan Reynolds , lead guitarist Wayne Sermon , bassist and keyboardist Ben McKee , and drummer Daniel Platzman . The band first gained exposure with the release of single `` It 's Time '' , followed by their award - winning debut studio album Night Visions ( 2012 ) , which resulted in the chart topping singles `` Radioactive '' and `` Demons '' . Billboard placed them at the top of their `` Year In Rock '' rankings for 2013 and 2017 and named them their `` Breakthrough Band of 2013 '' . and `` Biggest Band of 2017 . '' Rolling Stone named their single `` Radioactive '' , which holds the record for most weeks on the Hot 100 , from Night Visions the `` biggest rock hit of the year '' , and MTV called them `` the year 's biggest breakout band '' . The band 's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors ( 2015 ) reached number one in the US , Canada and the UK . After a brief hiatus , the band released their third studio album , Evolve ( 2017 ) which resulted in the chart - topping singles , `` Believer '' and `` Thunder '' . While all three albums were commercially successful , critical reception was mixed . Imagine Dragons has won three American Music Awards , five Billboard Music Awards , one Grammy Award , and one World Music Award .", "1": "In May 2014 , the band was nominated for fourteen Billboard Music Awards , including Top Artist of the Year and a Milestone Award , which recognizes innovation and creativity of artists across different genres . Imagine Dragons have sold 12 million albums and 35 million singles worldwide . In April 2018 , the band was nominated eleven more times for Billboard Music Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years : 2008 -- 2011 1.2 International success and Night Visions : 2012 -- 2014 1.3 Smoke + Mirrors and hiatus : 2014 -- 2016 1.4 Evolve : 2016 -- present 2 Musical style and influences 3 Television appearances 4 Charitable contributions 5 Band members 5.1 Timeline 6 Discography 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Sales accolades 7.2 Streaming accolades 7.3 Radio accolades 8 Tours 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Early years : 2008 -- 2011 ( edit ) In 2008 , lead singer Dan Reynolds met drummer Andrew Tolman at Brigham Young University where they were both students . Reynolds and Tolman added Andrew Beck , Dave Lemke , and Aurora Florence to play guitar , bass , and piano respectively for their band . Their name is an anagram for a phrase only known to members of the group , that Reynolds stated each member approved of . The five - piece released an extended play titled Speak to Me that same year . Beck and Florence would also depart from the band 's lineup that year . In 2009 , Tolman recruited longtime high school friend Wayne Sermon , who had graduated from Berklee College of Music to play guitar . Tolman later recruited his wife , Brittany Tolman , to sing backup and play keys , and the band began to play shows together again . Lemke left the band later on , leading Sermon to recruit another Berklee music student , Ben McKee , to join the band as their bassist and complete the lineup .", "2": "The band garnered a large following in their hometown of Provo , Utah , before the members moved to Las Vegas , the hometown of Dan Reynolds , where the band recorded and released their first three EPs . The band released EPs titled Imagine Dragons and Hell and Silence in 2010 , both recorded at Battle Born Studios , in Las Vegas . They returned to the studio in 2011 . The third EP , It 's Time , was made before they signed a record deal . They got their first big break when Train 's frontman Pat Monahan fell sick just prior to the Bite of Las Vegas Festival 2009 . Imagine Dragons were called to fill in and performed to a crowd of more than 26,000 people . Local accolades including `` Best CD of 2011 '' ( Vegas SEVEN ) , `` Best Local Indie Band 2010 '' ( Las Vegas Weekly ) , `` Las Vegas ' Newest Must See Live Act '' ( Las Vegas CityLife ) , Vegas Music Summit Headliner 2010 , and more sent the band on a positive trajectory . In November 2011 they signed with Interscope Records and began working with English Grammy winning producer Alex da Kid . Eventually the Tolmans would leave the group and Daniel Platzman would be recruited in August 2011 by invitation from Ben McKee , prior to the signing of the band 's label deal in November 2011 , alongside keyboardist Theresa Flaminio . International success and Night Visions : 2012 -- 2014 ( edit ) Theresa Flaminio departed from Imagine Dragons in early 2012 , leaving them as a four - piece . The band worked closely with Alex da Kid , with whom they recorded their first major label release at Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood , California . An EP entitled Continued Silence was released on Valentine 's Day ( February 14 , 2012 ) digitally and peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200 . The band also released an EP titled Hear Me in 2012 . Shortly after , `` It 's Time '' was released as a single and peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The music video debuted on April 17 , 2012 on all MTV affiliates and was subsequently nominated for an MTV Video Music Award in the `` Best Rock Video '' category .", "3": "`` It 's Time '' was certified a double platinum single by the RIAA . The band finished recording their debut album Night Visions in the summer of 2012 at Studio X inside Palms Casino Resort and released the album in the United States on the day after Labor Day ( September 4 , 2012 ) . It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart with first week sales in excess of 83,000 copies , the highest charting for a debut rock album since 2006 . The album also reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative and Rock Album charts as well as the top ten on the Australian , Austrian , Canadian , Dutch , German , Irish , Norwegian , Portuguese , Scottish , Spanish , and United Kingdom Albums charts . It won a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album and was nominated for the Juno Award for International Album of the Year . Night Visions is certified platinum by the RIAA as well as in Australia , Austria , Brazil , Canada , Mexico , New Zealand , Poland , Portugal , Sweden , Switzerland , and the UK . The album produced three tracks that reached the Billboard Top 40 , four tracks in the ARIA Top 40 , and five tracks charting in the UK Top 40 . The band embarked on the Night Visions Tour in 2013 . The album 's second single `` Radioactive '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs , Billboard Rock Songs , and Swedish singles chart and has sold more than seven million singles in the United States , smashing a record by spending 87 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Radioactive '' stayed at No. 1 on the Hot Rock Songs chart for a record - breaking 23 weeks and ultimately became the genre 's biggest hit of 2013 . It peaked at No. 3 , becoming their first top ten single in the United States and broke the record for the longest run into the top five . It is the best - selling rock song on the Nielsen SoundScan running list of best - selling rock songs in digital history . By the end of 2013 , `` Radioactive '' had already sold over 3 million copies . Rolling Stone called it `` the biggest rock hit of the year '' . It was also the most streamed song of 2013 on Spotify in the United States .", "4": "It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , winning the latter of the two . In 2015 , it was certified diamond by the RIAA for sales in excess of 10 million copies in the United States . Third single `` Demons '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Pop Songs and No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and has sold more than 5 million copies in the United States to date . Billboard listed them as one of `` 2012 's Brightest New Stars '' and later `` The Breakout Band of 2013 '' . Imagine Dragons won the 2014 Billboard Music Awards for Top Duo / Group , Top Hot 100 Artist , and Top Rock Artist . Amazon.com called the band their `` Favorite Rock artist of 2012 '' . In 2013 , Imagine Dragons returned to Europe and North America with the Night Visions Tour . The band announced 13 additional US summer tour dates which also sold out . The band then announced a North America Amphitheatre tour . The band also confirmed that they were unable to fulfill the request of acting as support for Muse . Pollstar listed the band in their Top 20 Concert Tours list by average box office gross despite their average ticket price being the third lowest on the list . The band released a live album , Live at Independent Records , in April 2013 . Smoke + Mirrors and hiatus : 2014 -- 2016 ( edit ) At Lollapalooza in Sao Paulo , Brazil , the last date on the Into the Night Tour , the band announced a rest , and complemented saying , `` This is our last show for a while , and had no better place to end this tour '' . The conclusion of the Into the Night Tour signaled the end of the Night Visions album cycle . Lead singer Dan Reynolds joked about the end of the Night Visions cycle , saying that `` We 're always writing on the road , ( so ) that second album will come , unless we die at the age of 27 next year . Hopefully we do n't die and there will be a second album . I do n't know when it will be , but it may come '' .", "5": "The idea behind the second studio album , dubbed as their `` New Year 's resolution '' , was to create music and finish it when the band feels that their work is done . Reynolds told MTV in 2014 that the band wanted to `` put out an album that we 're really happy with '' . He further said that `` we tend to be perfectionists , too hard on ourselves at times , and we do n't want to rush anything because we know how we are with things . We do n't want to put a record out until we really feel good about it , you know , and who knows how long that will take '' . Since the beginning of the Night Visions Tour , the band had been writing new material for an upcoming album , and , even as early as the start of the tour , had been recording demos for the album , before entering the studio . By the time that they entered the studio to work on the album , they had amassed 50 demos to work from . The demos had been described by Reynolds as `` definitely different '' , but added that `` it 's still Imagine Dragons , but we 've got a lot of growth and maturing to do as a band . I think the new material is going to hopefully be a step in the right direction . We 're just trying to create and do what comes out and what feels right '' . Drummer Daniel Platzman added that the band are critical of themselves , with `` no room for external pressure '' . Inspired greatly by the band 's travels on both their previous tours and the Night Visions Tour , the album explored world culture as a musical item and overall motif in the album . Dan Reynolds told New Orleans - based newspaper The Times - Picayune that there was `` a lot of inspiration to be drawn from ( the world tour ) . You kind of realize that you 're a lot smaller than you think '' . In addition , Reynolds stated to music magazine Rolling Stone that the next album will be `` different '' from Night Visions , and that the band intends the album to be `` stripped back quite a bit '' . He added that `` we embraced a lot of hip - hop influences with Night Visions , but I think the next record will be more rock - driven . It 's too early to say , but there is some weird stuff going on in these songs '' .", "6": "Prior to the album 's release , Imagine Dragons released a number of singles for other projects including a song for the film Transformers : Age of Extinction , called `` Battle Cry '' ( June 2014 ) and song `` Warriors '' for the 2014 League of Legends World Championship ( September 2014 ) . On October 24 , they revealed the lead single to the upcoming album , `` I Bet My Life '' via several visual snippets on Facebook and Instagram . It was released on October 27 . It was sent to US Alternative radio for adds on November 3 . Imagine Dragons performed in Seoul World Cup Stadium , South Korea , at the 2014 League of Legends World Championship and the halftime show at the 102nd Grey Cup in Vancouver , British Columbia . On December 12 , 2014 , Imagine Dragons posted on social media a request that fans in the US look around their city for some surprises and post their findings . They also hinted about two locations in Las Vegas . Shortly , billboards featuring artwork , the band 's name , a hashtag ( `` # smoke + mirrors '' ) , and an additional titles , presumed to be the track names were discovered . The following titles were revealed `` Summer '' , `` Shots '' , `` Polaroid '' , `` I 'm So Sorry '' , and `` Gold '' . Next , the band direct messaged various fans puzzle pieces of the artwork for the album ( each file numbered , at least 13 in total ) . When combined , the puzzle pieces appear to reveal the cover art and album title . The title , cover art , and release date were revealed on social media two days later . Working with Metric , which did a three - song acoustic set , Imagine Dragons played at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles on February 5 , 2015 . The half - hour set included the breakthrough songs `` It 's Time '' and `` Radioactive '' from Night Visions . The performance was the live debut for `` Summer '' and `` I 'm So Sorry '' , along with `` Gold '' and `` I Bet My Life '' from the album Smoke + Mirrors , which was released on February 17 , 2015 . The band 's 2015 North American summer tour began in Portland , Oregon on June 3 . During the band 's tour , Imagine Dragons released two non-album singles .", "7": "`` Roots '' was released on August 26 , 2015 and `` I Was Me '' on October 12 , 2015 via iTunes . The band also released a cover of `` I Love You All the Time '' by Eagles of Death Metal on December 18 , 2015 , in support of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks . The Smoke + Mirrors Tour ended on February 5 , 2016 in Amsterdam , The Netherlands . In an interview , Dan Reynolds told Billboard that the band would be taking a hiatus for the remainder of 2016 , stating that `` This is the year we 're going to actually take time off . We have n't stopped in , like , six years , so we 've forced ourselves to at least take a year off . '' The band released a one night only concert film , Imagine Dragons In Concert : Smoke + Mirrors , in select theaters on March 2 , 2016 . The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray under the title Imagine Dragons : Smoke + Mirrors Live . They also released the song `` Not Today '' from the soundtrack for Me Before You on April 28 . The band also appears on the soundtrack for the film Suicide Squad . The song , titled `` Sucker For Pain '' , features Lil Wayne , Wiz Khalifa , Logic , Ty Dolla Sign , and X Ambassadors . The band recorded the song `` Levitate '' for the science fiction film Passengers . The track was released on November 28 , 2016 . Evolve : 2016 -- present ( edit ) On September 27 , 2016 , Imagine Dragons began teasing their third studio album with a tweet simply saying `` studio '' . The band continued posting cryptic messages on their Twitter account for the next four months . On January 28 , 2017 , the band started posting a series of videos teasing the album 's first single . The time - lapse videos featured lead singer Dan Reynolds drawing surreal images on a drawing pad . Morse code was hidden in the videos and translated to `` objects of same color '' . On February 1 , 2017 , Imagine Dragons released `` Believer '' as the lead single for their next album . `` Believer '' was used as part of the Super Bowl ad for the Nintendo Switch .", "8": "Imagine Dragons were part of the Wayhome summer 2017 lineup in Oro - Medonte , Ontario . The band also performed in NOS Alive , Portugal on July 8 . On April 27 , 2017 , Imagine Dragons released `` Thunder '' as the second single from their third album . On May 8 , 2017 , Imagine Dragons announced their third studio album Evolve , as well as a new track `` Whatever It Takes '' , which was released on the same day . A tour in support for the album was also announced within the same day . Evolve was released on June 23 , 2017 , worldwide . The album reached the top five in most countries but was met with mixed critical reception . `` Whatever It Takes '' was released as an official single off the album a few months later on October 6 , 2017 . On February 14 , 2018 , Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled `` Next to Me '' on Twitter . The song was released as part of a re-issue of Evolve on February 21 , 2018 . Musical style and influences ( edit ) `` Radioactive '' `` Radioactive '' is one of the more electronically influenced tracks on Night Visions . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Imagine Dragons ' musical style has mainly been described as alternative rock , pop rock , indie rock , electronic rock , dance - pop electropop , pop , and arena rock. . Their music also has some influences of folk , R&B , hip hop and EDM . Dan Reynolds cites Arcade Fire , Nirvana , Muse , The Beatles , Paul Simon , Coldplay , Harry Nilsson , and U2 as some of his and the band 's artistic influences . In terms of success , Reynolds credits bands like Foster the People and Mumford & Sons for bringing alternative pop music to a new level of commercial success in recent years . Television appearances ( edit ) Imagine Dragons has performed `` It 's Time '' live on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 2012 ) and Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( 2012 ) and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ( 2012 ) , and Conan ( 2013 ) . They performed `` Radioactive '' live on Jimmy Kimmel Live !", "9": "( 2012 ) , The Late Show with David Letterman ( 2013 ) , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 2013 ) , Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ( 2013 ) , and the MTV Europe Music Awards ( 2013 ) . They also performed on Good Morning America ( 2013 , 2015 ) . The band performed an exclusive show for the sixth - season finale of the TV series Live from the Artists Den ( 2013 ) . The band also performed at the 2013 American Music Awards , MTV Europe Music Awards ( 2013 ) , Grammy Awards ( 2014 ) , on Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) , at the Billboard Music Awards ( 2014 ) , and the MuchMusic Video Awards ( 2014 ) . They also headlined the MLB 's Target All - Star Concert ( 2014 ) and the inaugural Made In America Music Festival Los Angeles . Imagine Dragons performed a version of `` Revolution '' at The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles ( 2014 ) . On October 24 , 2013 , Imagine Dragons guest - starred on an episode of truTV 's Impractical Jokers , where losers Joe and Sal had to perform an opening act as `` Señora Lanza '' at a packed concert in Nikon at Jones Beach Theater . Band members join Murr and Q on the hijinks . The band has performed I Bet My Life at the 2014 American Music Awards , and The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2015 ) . They have also performed `` Shots '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( 2015 ) , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( 2015 ) , and The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2015 ) . Imagine Dragons appeared on the first episode of the 2015 series The Muppets , to perform part of the song `` Roots '' . They returned twice to The Ellen DeGeneres Show in 2017 : the first time they performed `` Believer '' , and the second time they performed `` Thunder '' . They also performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . The band collaborated with Khalid at the 2017 American Music Awards .", "10": "They also performed `` Believer '' and `` Thunder '' at the New Years Eve party 2018 in New Orleans , which was broadcast live on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . Charitable contributions ( edit ) Imagine Dragons performing at the 2017 Utah LoveLoud Fest dedicated to LGBTQ+ youth . In 2013 , along with the family of Tyler Robinson , Imagine Dragons started a charity called the Tyler Robinson Foundation , helping young people battling cancer . Beginning in 2014 , the first annual Tyler Robinson Foundation Gala was held in Las Vegas . Imagine Dragons performed for `` Playing It Forward '' ( S1 E2 ) to raise $100 k for school music programs . In 2013 , the band partnered with mtvU to help choose four Fulbright - mtvU Fellowship recipients . In 2013 , Imagine Dragons partnered with Do the Write Thing : National Campaign to Stop Violence for a fundraising event . Imagine Dragons performed as part of Amnesty International 's `` Bringing Human Rights Home '' concert in Brooklyn on February 5 , 2014 . In 2015 , Imagine Dragons released the track `` I Was Me '' for the One4 project with all proceeds going to the UN Refugee Agency to support fleeing refugees , particularly in the Middle East . Imagine Dragons also released cover track `` I Love You All The Time '' to benefit the victims of the terrorist attacks in Paris . In 2017 the band helped organize the LoveLoud Fest to benefit LGBTQ organizations .", "11": "Band members ( edit ) Current members Dan Reynolds -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , piano , keyboards , drums , percussion ( 2008 -- present ) Wayne Sermon -- lead guitar , backing vocals , mandolin ( 2009 -- present ) Ben McKee -- bass , piano , keyboards , synthesizers , backing vocals , guitar ( 2009 -- present ) Daniel Platzman -- drums , percussion , backing vocals , rhythm guitar , viola , keyboards ( 2011 -- present ) Former members Andrew Tolman -- drums , percussion , backing vocals , rhythm guitar ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Brittany Tolman -- piano , keyboards , backing vocals , rhythm guitar ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Theresa Flaminio -- piano , keyboards , backing vocals ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Dave Lemke -- bass , backing vocals ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Aurora Florence -- piano , keyboards , backing vocals , violin ( 2008 ) Andrew Beck -- guitar , backing vocals ( 2008 ) Touring musicians Ryan Walker -- piano , keyboards , rhythm guitar , mandolin , backing vocals , tambourine ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Will Wells -- piano , keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Elliot Schwartzman -- piano , keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2017 - present ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Imagine Dragons discography and List of songs recorded by Imagine Dragons Night Visions ( 2012 ) Smoke + Mirrors ( 2015 ) Evolve ( 2017 ) Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons have received one Grammy Award , three American Music Awards , and five Billboard Music Awards . Sales accolades ( edit ) Imagine Dragons earned the distinction of the Billboard No. 1 Top Rock Artist of 2013 and 2017 as well as the No. 2 Top Rock Artist of 2014 . Night Visions has charted on the Billboard 200 for more than 2 years consecutively and was the No. 4 Album of 2013 ( US ) and No. 3 Album of 2013 ( CAN ) .", "12": "Single `` Radioactive '' was the Billboard No. 1 Hot Rock Song of 2013 , No. 1 Alternative Song of 2013 , and is the longest - charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 ( 87 weeks ) . Single `` Believer '' was the Billboard No. 1 Hot Rock Song of 2017 , No. 1 Alternative Song of 2017 , and holds the second longest chart topping run on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart ( 29 weeks ) . Imagine Dragons is the only artist with two songs in the Top Ten Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History `` Radioactive '' ( No. 1 ) and `` Demons '' ( No. 8 ) . Imagine Dragons is the first act to have three songs chart for at least a year each on the Billboard Hot 100 : `` Radioactive '' ( 87 weeks ) , `` Demons '' ( 61 weeks ) , `` Believer '' ( 52 weeks ) Imagine Dragons is the artist with the most number - one singles on the Billboard Rock Songs chart Imagine Dragons is the artist with the most weeks at number - one on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart ( 75 weeks and counting ) Streaming accolades ( edit ) Imagine Dragons were the No. 4 most streamed artist ( US ) on Spotify in 2013 but had the No. 1 most streamed album and track in 2013 . Imagine Dragons were the No. 4 most Shazammed artist ( US ) on Shazam in 2013 but the No. 1 most Shazammed rock artist of the year . Imagine Dragons were the No. 6 most streamed artist ( U.K. ) in 2013 with only one American artist streaming more . Imagine Dragons were the No. 13 most streamed artist of all time on Spotify as of November 2014 . Imagine Dragons were the No. 2 most streamed group globally on Spotify in 2014 . Imagine Dragons were the No. 2 most streamed group globally on Spotify in 2017 . Imagine Dragons had the No. 1 and No. 6 most streamed tracks on Amazon Music Unlimited in 2017 .", "13": "Radio accolades ( edit ) Imagine Dragons were the SiriusXM Breakthrough Artist of the Year ( 2013 ) Tours ( edit ) Night Visions Tour ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Smoke + Mirrors Tour ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Evolve World Tour ( 2017 -- 2018 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About : Imagine Dragons '' . imaginedragonsmusic.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Year In Rock 2013 : Imagine Dragons Top Billboard 's Year - End Rock Rankings '' . Billboard. 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Year In Rock Charts : Imagine Dragons , Portugal . The Man & Metallica Reign '' . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons : Who Wants to Talk About the Biggest Band of 2017 ? '' . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 8 May 2013 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Go ' Radioactive ' on the Charts '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons : The Billboard Cover Story '' . Billboard . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Slept Through Their Grammy Nominations '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Slay at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Harriet Gibsone . `` Imagine Dragons score debut UK No 1 , while Ellie Goulding breaks streaming record '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Music Profile '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 25 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Slay at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/8343598/billboard-music-awards-2018-nominations-list Jump up ^ `` Born in Utah , Imagine Dragons is coming home '' .", "14": "Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Reveal How The Band Got Their Name to Walmart Soundcheck '' . YouTube . 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sculley , Alan ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Imagine Dragons slowly take flight '' . The Columbian . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burger , David ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Born in Utah , Imagine Dragons is coming home '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bracelin , Jason ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sudden success keeping Imagine Dragons busy '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Imagine Dragons -- EP by Imagine Dragons '' . Itunes.apple.com . March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Hell and Silence by Imagine Dragons '' . Itunes.apple.com . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Imagine Dragons gets a Bite of the spotlight '' by Off the Record `` . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cody Clark ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson rocks UVUphoria , Summerfest crowd '' . Heraldextra.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fans welcome back Imagine Dragons Universe2.byu.edu '' . Universe.byu.edu . August 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Local band , ' Imagine Dragons ' signs with Interscope Records '' . ksl.com . January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` '' Imagine Dragons gets a Bite of the spotlight '' by Off the Record `` . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Seven 07 - 28 - 2011 '' . Digitaleditiononline.com . July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Vegas ' Best Arts & Entertainment winners '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas CityLife '' . Las Vegas CityLife . July 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons scores major - label deal : : CityBlog : : Las Vegas CityLife Blogs '' . Web.archive.com. 25 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The story behind the scorching hot Imagine Dragons '' . Courier-tribune.com . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Enjoy Longest Run in Alternative Top 10 '' . AllAccess.com . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MTV PUSH Artist of the Week : Imagine Dragons '' . Buzzworthy.mtv.com. April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Chart Watch : Katy Perry Ties Rihanna 's Record Chart Watch - Yahoo Music '' . Music.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Blaze Into No. 2 Spot on Billboard Chart -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Z - ROCK 103 - Lexington 's Pure Rock - Imagine Dragons , Arcade Fire Receive Juno Award Nominations ( From ABC News ) '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason . `` Record Of The Year '' . Billboard 125.50 ( Jan. 2014 ) : 20 . Print . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Week Ending Jan. 2 , 2014 . Can You Believe `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Loses Spot as Best - Selling Rock Song ? ; Chart Watch - Yahoo Music `` . Music.yahoo.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fricke , David ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Imagine Dragons ' Fast , Steep Flight to the Top '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Korina Lopez , USA TODAY ( 2013 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Spotify reveals 2013 's most - streamed artists '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons ' ' Radioactive ' is now RIAA Certified Diamond '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Highlights : Imagine Dragons , Eminem , Rihanna , Ricky Martin Score New No. 1s '' . Billboard. 2012 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 's Brightest New Stars ( So Far ) : Page 2 '' . Billboard . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Best of 2012 '' . Promo.interscope.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Tickets Imagine Dragons Tour Dates & Concerts '' .", "17": "Livenation.co.uk . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Imagine DragonsU. S. TourTimelineAbout . `` Imagine Dragons -- U.S. Tour '' . Facebook . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , David ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Announce Summer Shows '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Natalie ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` Imagine Dragons ' unable ' to support Muse on their tour '' . BBC Online . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Concert Tours from Pollstar - KansasCity.com '' . Kansascity.com. 1 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Willman ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Record Store Day 's Most Covetable Finds : Mumford , Dylan , Black Keys , GZA , Imagine Dragons & More '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dias , Tiago ( 5 April 2014 ) . `` No Lollapalooza , Imagine Dragons arrasta multidão e anuncia `` descanso '' `` . UOL Entretenimento . Universo Online . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James . `` Imagine Dragons To Begin Work On New Album Next Year ... ' Unless We Die ' '' . MTV.com . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3 : 19 PM - 27 Dec 2013 '' . Twitter . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James . `` Imagine Dragons Aim For ' Perfection ' On New Album ... And That Might Take A While '' . MTV.com . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Imagine Dragons Stacking Demos for Album No. 2 : ' We 'll Continue to Evolve ' '' .", "18": "Billboard . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David . `` Imagine Dragons ' Not Counting on Winning ' Any Grammys Sunday Night '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Imagine Dragons Talk New Music at SXSW '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Cave , Anthony . `` Imagine Dragons talk success , new album and upcoming Grammy performance '' . The Times - Picayune . Advance Publications . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons teams with ' League of Legends ' for $2.3 m tournament - Yahoo News Singapore '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Prepare yourself for the 2014 Worlds Final LoL Esports '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mihira Lakshman ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Imagine Dragons announced as Grey Cup headliners '' . CBC News . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gary Graff ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Shares Exclusive Clip From Concert Film : Watch It Here '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Squad Movie Soundtrack Revealed '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Imagine Dragons ' New Track ' Levitate ' from ' Passengers ' Soundtrack '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Imagine DragonsVerified account ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Imagine Dragons on Twitter '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Switch 's Super Bowl Ad Uses Imagine Dragons ' New Song , ' Believer ' '' . Diffuser.fm .", "19": "Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` WayHome Music & Arts '' . WayHome . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Firstpost Photo 1 '' . Firstpost. 2017 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Debut New Song ' Thunder ' '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ƎE our new album EVOLVE is NOW AVAILABLE FOR PRE-ORDER , and our new song `` Whatever it Takes '' is OUT NOW `` . Twitter . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 1 Playlist '' . BBC . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Imagine Dragons ( @ Imaginedragons ) ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` 2 / 21 the evolution begins '' . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons '' . Viacom . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Brandi ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About Grammy - Winning Rock Band Imagine Dragons '' . Eonline . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Monger , James . `` Imagine Dragons Bio '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons 's Concert History '' . Concert archives . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons head back to town '' . The Nation . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMAs Favorite Duo / Group -- Pop / Rock : The Chainsmokers or Imagine Dragons ? '' . The Tylt . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hannah ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons : Evolve review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koster , Rick ( November 5 , 2017 ) .", "20": "`` Pop - rockers Imagine Dragons thrill their target demographic at Sun '' . The Day . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brotherton , Bill ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Indie rockers Imagine Dragons make Tacoma a stop Friday on Smoke and Mirrors tour '' . The Olympian . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indie rock group Imagine Dragons announce Tulsa stop '' . Tulsaworld . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons treated like home team at EnergySolutions show '' . Deseretnews.com. 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Alex ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Album Review : Imagine Dragons -- Night Visions '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons ' arena rock is here to stay '' . The Key . 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Evolve ' review : Imagine Dragons blur boundaries of rock and pop , again '' . Newsday . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Go ' Radioactive ' on the Charts '' . Rollingstone . Jump up ^ Bianca Gracie ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke , Imagine Dragons & Afrojack Added To MTV Europe Music Awards Lineup Music News , Reviews , and Gossip on '' . Idolator.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News ' `` Good Morning America '' Announces Sizzling Hot 2013 Summer Concert Line Up `` . ABC News . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` IMAGINE DRAGONS TO PERFORM ON `` GOOD MORNING AMERICA , '' `` ELLEN '' `` . Headline Planet . February 12 , 2015 .", "21": "Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LIVE FROM THE ( ( ( ARTISTS DEN ) ) ) Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . - A Lucky Life Jump up ^ `` Yahoo to Stream Billboard Music Awards Red Carpet Show '' . Billboard. 2014 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons set to perform 2014 MMVAs '' . Mmva.muchmusic.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times ( 31 August 2014 ) . `` Made in America live in L.A. : Kanye West , Imagine Dragons , more '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Katy Perry , Pharrell & Imagine Dragons Rock Beatles Tribute : Here 's Who Sang What '' . Fuse.tv . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Impractical Jokers - Awful Band Tanks At Packed Concert on YouTube ( uploaded October 25 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Rock AMAs With New Single ' I Bet My Life ' '' . Billboard . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Muppets ' : Watch Imagine Dragons Perform `` Roots '' On ' Up Late With Miss Piggy ' `` . idolator. 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes . `` Rob Riggle takes over Lagasse 's Stadium ; Imagine Dragons go acoustic ; Steve Wynn snaps up Kenny Rogers ' old estate '' . LasVegasSun.com . Jump up ^ `` Watch Playing It Forward Online Free - Crackle '' . Crackle . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of State Announces Fulbright - mtvU Fellowship Winners '' . State.gov . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 .", "22": "Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Meet & Greet Benefit -- Do The Write Thing : Help Stop the Violence ( National Campaign to Stop Violence ) '' . Dtwt.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna , Imagine Dragons Pay Tribute To Pussy Riot At Amnesty International Concert '' . MTV . 2014 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Priestley , Theo . `` SAP , Apple and Imagine Dragons Collaborate To Support Refugee Humanitarian Project '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Play It Forward - Eagles of Death Metal '' . Playitforwardeodm.com . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Walden , Eric ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` LoveLoud Fest was an important chance to ' change the dialogue ' between LGBT and Mormon communities , Imagine Dragons frontman says '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Ryan Walker '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will Wells ( @ WilliamFWells ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will Wells ( @ WilliamFWells ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` And The GRAMMY Went To ... Imagine Dragons '' . The GRAMMYs . Jump up ^ `` American Music Awards 2013 : Full Winners List '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American Music Awards 2014 : Full Winners List - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Winners List - Billboard Music Awards 2014 ( BBMA Finalist ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Year End : Top Rock Artists Chart - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top Rock Artists - Year - End 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Top Rock Artists - Year - End 2014 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Imagine Dragons ' ' Radioactive ' Breaks Record For Longest Hot 100 Run '' . Billboard .", "23": "Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Felicia ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Plays Radioactive Live From The Artists Den Music News VH1 Music '' . Vh1.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs - Year - End 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs - Year - End 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man 's ' Feel It Still ' Hits No. 1 on Hot Rock Songs Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . Yahoo Music . 31 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Imagine Dragons Become First Act With Three Songs to Chart for at Least a Year Each '' . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2018/04/09/imagine-dragons-are-slaying-on-the-rock-chart-like-no-rock-band-ever-has/#63807baf1762 Jump up ^ `` Shazam Predicts the Acts to Watch for 2014 -- Including Martin ... - Shazam '' . News.shazam.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Brits doubled their music streaming in 2013 '' . London : Telegraph . January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Hits One Billion Plays on Spotify - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Victor Luckerson ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Spotify Most Streamed Artists and Songs Include Happy , Ed Sheeran '' . TIME.com . Jump up ^ `` HITS Daily Double : Rumor Mill - ED SHEERAN LEADS SPOTIFY GLOBALLY '' . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Music : Alexa 's Top Lyric Request in 2017 Was For a ' Roley , Roley , Roley ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 Listener Poll SiriusXM Blog '' . Blog.siriusxm.com.", "24": "2013 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Golfen , Joe ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Imagine Dragons end ' Night Visions ' tour in Phoenix '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ryan Reed ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Announce 2014 Arena Tour Dates Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Announces ' Into The Night ' 2014 Tour '' . Billboard . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Da'Shan ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Are Ready to ' Evolve ' With Upcoming Album & Tour , Share New Song ' Whatever It Takes ' '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Imagine Dragons Wikimedia Commons has media related to Imagine Dragons .", "25": "Official website Tyler Robinson Foundation ( hide ) Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Studio albums Night Visions Smoke + Mirrors Evolve Live albums Live at Independent Records Night Visions Live EPs Imagine Dragons Hell and Silence It 's Time Continued Silence EP Hear Me It 's Time Remixes The Archive iTunes Session Singles `` It 's Time '' `` Radioactive '' `` Hear Me '' `` Demons '' `` On Top of the World '' `` Monster '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Warriors '' `` I Bet My Life '' `` Gold '' `` Shots '' `` Roots '' `` I Was Me '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Believer '' `` Thunder '' `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Next to Me '' Promotional singles `` Amsterdam '' `` Round and Round '' `` I 'm So Sorry '' `` Walking the Wire '' Songs `` Tiptoe '' `` Bleeding Out '' `` Who We Are '' Tours Night Visions Tour Smoke + Mirrors Tour Evolve World Tour Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "26": "php?title=Imagine_Dragons&oldid=838549640 '' Categories : Imagine Dragons 2008 establishments in Nevada Alternative rock groups from Nevada Grammy Award winners Interscope Records artists Musical groups established in 2008 Musical groups from the Las Vegas Valley Musical quartets Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use American English from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6067202541314094683	what is the function of the cartilaginous rings in the trachea	[ "reinforce the front and sides of the trachea to protect and maintain the airway", "reinforce the front and sides of the trachea to protect and maintain the airway" ]	{ "0": "Trachea - wikipedia Trachea Jump to : navigation , search For the genus of moth , see Trachea ( moth ) . For the cup - shaped Byzantine coins , see Trachy ( currency ) . Trachea Conducting passages . Details Artery tracheal branches of inferior thyroid artery Vein brachiocephalic vein , azygos vein accessory hemiazygos vein Identifiers Latin Trachea MeSH A04. 889 FMA 7394 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The trachea , colloquially called the windpipe , is a cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs , allowing the passage of air , and so is present in almost all air - breathing animals with lungs . The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi . At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx . This is the only complete tracheal ring , the others being incomplete rings of reinforcing cartilage . The trachealis muscle joins the ends of the rings and these are joined vertically by bands of fibrous connective tissue -- the annular ligaments of trachea . The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing . The trachea develops in the second month of development . It is lined with an epithelium that has goblet cells which produce protective mucins . An inflammatory condition , also involving the larynx and bronchi , called croup can result in a barking cough . A tracheotomy is often performed for ventilation in surgical operations where needed . Intubation is also carried out for the same reason by the inserting of a tube into the trachea . From 2008 , operations have experimentally transplanted a windpipe grown by stem cells , and synthetic windpipes ; their success is , however , doubtful .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Histology 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Inflammation 2.2 Intubation 2.3 Congenital disorders 2.4 Other 3 Other animals 3.1 Vertebrates 3.2 Invertebrates 4 Prosthesis 5 Society and culture 6 Additional images 7 External links 8 References Structure ( edit ) The trachea of an adult has an inner diameter of about 1.5 to 2 centimetres ( 0.6 to 0.8 in ) and a length of about 10 to 11 centimetres ( 4 in . ) . It begins at the bottom of the larynx , and ends at the carina , the point where the trachea branches into left and right main bronchi . The trachea begins level with the sixth cervical vertebra and the carina is found at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra ( T5 ) , opposite the sternal angle and can be positioned up to two vertebrae lower or higher , depending on breathing . The trachea is surrounded by rings of hyaline cartilage ; these rings are incomplete and C - shaped . The cricoid cartilage is attached to the first tracheal ring at top of the trachea and acts as the bottom of the larynx . There are fifteen to twenty rings in total , separated by narrow intervals . These reinforce the front and sides of the trachea to protect and maintain the airway . In front of the rings lies connective tissue and skin . Several other structures pass or sit over it ; the jugular arch , which joins the two anterior jugular vein s , sits in front of the upper part of the trachea . The sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscle s stretch along its length , and the thyroid gland sits below this ; with the isthmus of the gland overlying the second to fourth rings .", "2": "The first tracheal ring is broader than the rest , and often divided at one end ; it is connected by the cricotracheal ligament with the lower border of the cricoid cartilage , and is sometimes blended with the next cartilage down . The last cartilage is thick and broad in the middle , due to its lower border being prolonged into a triangular hook - shaped ( uncinate ) process , which curves downward and backward between the two bronchi . It ends on each side in an imperfect ring , which encloses the commencement of the bronchus . The cartilage above the last is somewhat broader than the others at its center . Two or more of the cartilages often unite , partially or completely , and they are sometimes bifurcated at their extremities . The rings are generally highly elastic but they may calcify with age . The trachealis muscle connects the ends of the incomplete rings and contracts during coughing , reducing the size of the lumen of the trachea to increase the rate of air flow . The esophagus lies posteriorly to the trachea , adjoining along the tracheoesophageal stripe . Circular horizontal bands of fibrous tissue called the annular ligaments of trachea join the tracheal rings together . The cartilaginous rings are incomplete to allow the trachea to collapse slightly so that food can pass down the esophagus . A flap - like epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing to prevent swallowed matter from entering the trachea . The sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles lie on top of the upper part of the trachea The thyroid gland also lies on top of the trachea , and lies below the cricoid cartilage . The isthmus of the thyroid , which connects both wings , lies directly in front , whereas the wings lie on the front and stretch to the side . Development ( edit ) In the fourth week of development of the human embryo as the respiratory bud grows , the trachea separates from the foregut through the formation of tracheoesophageal ridges which fuse to form the tracheoesophageal septum and this separates the future trachea from the oesophagus and divides the foregut tube into the laryngotracheal tube .", "3": "Before the end of the fifth week , the trachea begins to develop from the laryngotracheal tube which develops from the laryngotracheal groove . The first part of the cephalic region of the tube forms the larynx , and the next part forms the trachea . The trachea is no more than 4mm diameter during the first year of life , expanding to its adult diameter by late childhood . The trachea is more mobile and of more variable length , deeper , and smaller in children . Histology ( edit ) 10 X Photograph of a histological sample of a human trachea coloured with H&E stain Cross-section The trachea is lined with a layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium . The epithelium contains goblet cells , which are glandular , modified simple columnar epithelial cells that produce mucins , the main component of mucus . Mucus helps to moisten and protect the airways . Mucus lines the ciliated cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles that the cilia then waft upward toward the larynx and then the pharynx where it can be either swallowed into the stomach or expelled as phlegm . This self - clearing mechanism is termed mucociliary clearance . Clinical significance ( edit ) Inflammation ( edit ) Inflammation of the trachea is known as tracheitis . When the trachea is inflamed as well as the larynx and bronchi , this is known as croup , which often causes a distinct , barking cough . Intubation ( edit ) Main articles : Tracheal intubation and Airway management Tracheal intubation refers to the insertion of a catheter down the trachea . This procedure is commonly performed during surgery , in order to ensure a person receives enough oxygen when sedated . The catheter is connected to a machine that monitors the airflow , oxygenation and several other metrics . This is often one of the responsibilities of an anesthetist during surgery . The epiglottic vallecula is an important anatomical landmark for carrying out this procedure .", "4": "In an emergency , or when tracheal intubation is deemed impossible , a tracheotomy is often performed to insert a tube for ventilation , usually when needed for particular types of surgery to be carried out so that the airway can be kept open . The provision of the opening via a tracheotomy is called a tracheostomy . Another less invasive method is used when a procedure can be carried out more quickly , or in an emergency situation , and this is a cricothyrotomy . Congenital disorders ( edit ) Tracheal agenesis , is a rare birth defect in which the trachea fails to develop . The defect is usually fatal though sometimes surgical intervention has been successful . A tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital defect in which the trachea and esophagus are abnormally connected . Sometimes as an anatomical variation one or more of the tracheal rings are completely formed . These O rings are smaller than the normal C - shaped and can cause narrowing of the trachea resulting in breathing difficulties . An operation called a slide tracheoplasty can be performed which opens up the rings and rejoins them as wider rings shortening the length of the trachea . Slide tracheoplasty is said to be the best option in treating tracheal stenosis . Mounier - Kuhn syndrome is a very rare congenital disorder of an abnormally enlarged trachea . Other ( edit ) A tracheo - oesophageal puncture is a surgically created hole between the trachea and the esophagus in a person who has had a total laryngectomy , ( removal of larynx ) . The purpose of the puncture is to restore a person 's ability to speak after the vocal cords have been removed . Tracheomalacia ( weakening of the tracheal cartilage ) Tracheal collapse ( in dogs ) Tracheobronchial injury ( perforation of the trachea or bronchi ) A chondrolaryngoplasty commonly called a tracheal shave is the shaving of the cricoid cartilage in order to reduce it to lessen the prominence of the Adam 's apple . It is often carried out in transgender surgery .", "5": "Other animals ( edit ) Allowing for variations in the length of the neck , the trachea in other mammals is , in general , similar to that in humans . Generally , it is also similar to the reptilian trachea . Vertebrates ( edit ) In birds , the trachea runs from the pharynx to the syrinx , from which the primary bronchi diverge . Swans have an unusually elongated trachea , part of which is coiled beneath the sternum ; this may act as a resonator to amplify sound . In some birds , the tracheal rings are complete , and may even be ossified . In amphibians , the trachea is normally extremely short , and leads directly into the lungs , without clear primary bronchi . A longer trachea is , however , found in some long - necked salamanders , and in caecilians . While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea , these do not form the rings found in amniotes . The only vertebrates to have lungs , but no trachea , are the lungfish and the Polypterus , in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx . Invertebrates ( edit ) Tracheal system of dissected cockroach . The largest tracheae run across the width of the body of the cockroach and are horizontal in this image . Scale bar , 2 mm . The tracheal system branches into progressively smaller tubes , here supplying the crop of the cockroach . Scale bar , 2 mm . In invertebrates the open respiratory system is made up of spiracles , tracheae , and tracheoles that terrestrial arthropods have to transport metabolic gases to and from tissues . The distribution of spiracles can vary greatly among the many orders of insects , but in general each segment of the body can have only one pair of spiracles , each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it . The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular exoskeleton that branch ( anastomose ) throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometres up to 0.8 mm .", "6": "The smallest tubes , tracheoles , penetrate cells and serve as sites of diffusion for water , oxygen , and carbon dioxide . Gas may be conducted through the respiratory system by means of active ventilation or passive diffusion . Unlike vertebrates , insects do not generally carry oxygen in their haemolymph . This is one of the factors that may limit their size . A tracheal tube may contain ridge - like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices . In the head , thorax , or abdomen , tracheae may also be connected to air sacs . Many insects , such as grasshoppers and bees , which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen , are able to control the flow of air through their body . In some aquatic insects , the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly , in the form of a gill , or function essentially as normal , via a plastron . Note that despite being internal , the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting ( ecdysis ) . Prosthesis ( edit ) Several bioengineering approaches have been tested to repair and replace the trachea , indicating replacement is impossible and regeneration is unrealistic . Society and culture ( edit ) In 2008 , a Colombian woman , Claudia Castillo ( 30 ) , received a trachea transplant using her own stem cells . Between 2011 and 2014 Paolo Macchiarini of the Karolinska University Hospital performed eight operations in which he generated an artificial trachea from a person 's stem cells ; four of them at Karolinska , three in Russia , and one in Illinois . In January 2016 the Swedish television station Sveriges Television broadcast a three part documentary about Macchiarini that suggested that Macchiarini did not obtain informed consent from these people , six of whom died . Macchiraini had been a `` media darling '' and had been seen as a pioneer in the field . In February 2016 Karolinska announced it would not renew his contract when it expired in November 2016 and that it would open an investigation of Macchiarini 's work and publications . Additional images ( edit ) Trachea . The tracheobronchial lymph glands .", "7": "Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea . Microscopic cross section of human trachea . Larynx helps in the passage of air . External links ( edit ) Histology at vetmed.wsu.edu Atlas image : rsa3p2 at the University of Michigan Health System -- `` Larynx and trachea , lateral view '' `` Cat Respiratory System '' at kent.edu References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Karolinska Institute has ' lost confidence ' in Paolo Macchiarini , says it wo n't renew his contract '' . KI. 2016 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gray 's Anatomy 2008 , p. 1000 . Jump up ^ Ross , Michael . Histology a text and atlas ( 5th ed . ) . Wojciech Pawlina . p. 617 . Jump up ^ Mescher AL , `` Chapter 17 . The Respiratory System '' ( Chapter ) . Mescher AL : Junqueira 's Basic Histology : Text & Atlas , 12e : http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6182422 . Jump up ^ Antunes , MB ; Cohen , NA ( February 2007 ) . `` Mucociliary clearance -- a critical upper airway host defense mechanism and methods of assessment '' . Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 7 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 10 . doi : 10.1097 / aci. 0b013e3280114eef . PMID 17218804 . Jump up ^ Molnar , Heather . `` Types of Tracheostomy Tubes '' . Jump up ^ Chiu , T. ; Cuevas , D. ; Cuevas , L. ; Monteiro , C. ( 1990 ) . `` Tracheal agenesis '' . Southern Medical Journal . 83 ( 8 ) : 925 -- 930 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 199008000 - 00018 . PMID 2200137 . Jump up ^ `` Slide tracheoplasty '' .", "8": "Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Xue , B ; Liang , B ; Wang , S ; Zhu , L ; Lu , Z ; Xu , Z ( January 2015 ) . `` One - stage surgical correction of congenital tracheal stenosis complicated with congenital heart disease in infants and young children '' . Journal of Cardiac Surgery . 30 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 103 . doi : 10.1111 / jocs. 12418 . PMID 25109422 . ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 336 -- 337 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Wasserthal , Lutz T. ( 1998 ) . Chapter 25 : The Open Hemolymph System of Holometabola and Its Relation to the Tracheal Space . In `` Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates '' . Wiley - Liss , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 15955 - 7 . Jump up ^ Westneat , Mark W. ; Betz , Oliver ; Blob , Richard W. ; Fezzaa , Kamel ; Cooper , James W. ; Lee , Wah - Keat ( January 2003 ) . `` Tracheal Respiration in Insects Visualized with Synchrotron X-ray Imaging '' . Science . 299 ( 5606 ) : 558 -- 560 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1078008 . PMID 12543973 . Jump up ^ Delaere , P ; Van Raemdonck , D ( March 2016 ) . `` Tracheal replacement '' . Journal of thoracic disease . 8 ( Suppl 2 ) : S186 -- 96 . PMC 4775267 . PMID 26981270 . Jump up ^ `` The top health stories of 2008 - CNN.com '' . CNN . 2008 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 27 .", "9": "Books editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal", "10": "cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Anatomy of the lower respiratory tract Respiratory tree Trachea Tracheal rings Annular ligaments Carina Bronchi Main left right Secondary eparterial Tertiary Lungs General Landmarks Base", "11": "Apex Root Hilum Fissures Horizontal Oblique Superior lobe Lingula of left lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe BP segment Bronchiole : Conducting zone ( Terminal bronchiole ) Respiratory zone ( Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus Blood - air barrier ) Cells Alveolar cells Type I Type II Club cell Goblet cell GND : 4134946 - 5 NDL : 00565765 Ligaments Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trachea&oldid=817825860 '' Categories : Arthropod anatomy Invertebrate respiratory system Trachea Human head and neck Thorax ( human anatomy ) Respiratory system Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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937241609725184455	when is the season finale of designated survivor	[ "May 16, 2018", "May 16, 2018", "May 16, 2018", "May 16, 2018", "May 16, 2018" ]	{ "0": "Designated Survivor ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia Designated Survivor ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Designated Survivor ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Kiefer Sutherland Natascha McElhone Paulo Costanzo Adan Canto Italia Ricci LaMonica Garrett Zoe McLellan Ben Lawson Kal Penn Maggie Q Country of origin United States No. of episodes 19 Release Original network ABC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Designated Survivor episodes The second season of the American political drama series Designated Survivor was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It premiered on September 27 , 2017 , and will consist of 22 episodes . The series is produced by ABC Studios and The Mark Gordon Company , and is filmed in Toronto and Cambridge , Ontario , Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) One year into office , President Thomas Kirkman juggles searching for the mastermind behind the attack on the Capitol Building , dealing with the day - to - day situations that take place at home and abroad , and helping a nation rebuild .", "1": "Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kiefer Sutherland as President Thomas `` Tom '' Kirkman Natascha McElhone as First Lady Alexandra `` Alex '' Kirkman Paulo Costanzo as White House Political Director Lyor Boone Adan Canto as National Security Advisor Aaron Shore Italia Ricci as White House Chief of Staff Emily Rhodes LaMonica Garrett as United States Secret Service Advance Team Leader , Mike Ritter Zoe McLellan as White House Counsel Kendra Daynes Ben Lawson as Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) Special Agent , Damian Rennett Kal Penn as White House Press Secretary Seth Wright Maggie Q as Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Special Agent , Hannah Wells Recurring ( edit ) Terry Serpico as Patrick Lloyd Jake Epstein as Chuck Russink Mckenna Grace as Penny Kirkman Reed Diamond as FBI Director John Forstell Geoff Pierson as Secretary of State Cornelius Moss Mykelti Williamson as Vice Chairman Admiral Chernow Kim Raver as Andrea Frost Nora Zehetner as Valeria Poriskova Guest ( edit ) Bonnie Bedelia as Eva Booker Breckin Meyer as Trey Kirkman Michael J. Fox as Ethan West Aunjanue Ellis as Mayor , later Vice President Ellenor Darby Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` One Year In '' Chris Grismer Keith Eisner September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 5.50 Kirkman struggles to prevent a possible international crisis when Ukrainian separatists hijack a Russian airplane with American citizens among the passengers ; Wells works with MI6 agent Damian Rennett ( Ben Lawson ) to find the Capitol bombing 's chief architect ; Emily juggles hiring political consultant Lyor Boone ( Paulo Costanzo ) and determining where Seth 's loyalties lie ; the senior staff attempts to keep a visiting writer occupied before his audience with the President . 23 `` Sting of the Tail '' Frederick E.O.", "2": "Toye Keith Eisner October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 4.80 Kirkman works with Wells and Rennett when Patrick Lloyd ( Terry Serpico ) reemerges and threatens to unleash sarin gas on the D.C. metropolitan area if his demands are not met ; Seth struggles to finish Kirkman 's speech for the Correspondents ' Dinner ; the senior staff welcomes White House Counsel Kendra Daynes ( Zoe McLellan ) into the fold . 24 `` Outbreak '' Chris Grismer Ashley Gable October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 4.61 Kirkman works with the Centers for Disease Control to contain a viral outbreak ; Wells and Rennett dig deeper into Patrick Lloyd 's motives ; Kendra attempts to settle a debate about a Confederate statue ; the senior staff prepares for the presentation of an Amazonian frog named after the President . 25 `` Equilibrium '' Joe Lazarov Paul Redford & Keith Eisner October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 4.34 Kirkman and the senior staff attempt to resolve a border dispute between the United States and Mexico ; Wells interrogates Alex about her mother 's possible involvement in a decades - old crime ; an investigator from the Office of Management and Budget tries to determine who is responsible for breaking a priceless vase . 26 5 `` Suckers '' Fred Gerber Bill Chais October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 3.94 Kirkman and the senior staff work together to regain the public 's trust after a private conversation is taken out of context on national television ; Wells and Rennett reunite when a visiting British MP is gunned down ; Alex becomes emotionally involved in the ongoing investigation against her mother . 27 6 `` Two Ships '' Leslie Libman Jessica Grasl November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 3.92 Kirkman sets out to prevent a potential national security threat after a stranded U.S.", "3": "Navy ship with a state - of - the - art surveillance system drifts into enemy waters ; Wells and Rennett continue investigating Charlotte Thorne 's death ; Kendra tries to convince Alex 's mother to make a difficult decision ; Emily reunites with her absentee father . 28 7 `` Family Ties '' Milan Cheylov Pierluigi Cothran November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 4.05 The First Family struggles to prevent a scandal when Leo is sued by a man protesting a Turkish activist ; Alex finds herself caught in the middle of a murder investigation ; Secretary Moss stonewalls Wells and Rennett as they investigate his relationship with Charlotte Thorne . 29 8 `` Home '' Ian Toynton Pat Cunnane November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 4.03 Kirkman attempts to determine who he can trust as he embarks on a secret trip to Afghanistan and Seth makes a decision that could jeopardize both his political career and his future in the White House . 30 9 `` Three - Letter Day '' Jeannot Szwarc Bill Chais & Ashley Arena December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 3.91 Kirkman 's senior staff personally respond to letters requesting that the White House respectively investigate a war hero 's legacy , a death row inmate 's pardon , and a bee colony 's collapse ; Wells and Rennett continue to search for evidence that could exonerate Alex ; Chuck makes a shattering discovery . 31 10 `` Line of Fire '' Chris Grismer Keith Eisner December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 4.39 Kirkman and the senior staff attempt to save a group of religious extremists who refuse to leave their cabin from a raging forest fire ; Wells reels from a stunning betrayal ; Alex 's prepares to testify before Director Forstell ; an unexpected accident promises to change everyone 's lives forever .", "4": "32 11 `` Grief '' Timothy Busfield Keith Eisner February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 3.72 Ten weeks after Alex 's death , Kirkman has to resolve a diplomatic mission turned into a hostage crisis in Cuba , while still coming to terms with his loss and confronting the imprisoned driver who killed his wife . Director Timothy Busfield also appears as Kirkman 's therapist . Meanwhile , the man that Hannah shot returns . 33 12 `` The Final Frontier '' Sharat Raju Jeff Melvoin March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 3.60 Brought in for questioning , Damian claims to have key information that may help Kirkman save a space station crew from dehydration , including that both the U.S. and Russian space programs were cyberattacked . Meanwhile , the resolution compromises Kirkman 's relationship with the former president , now secretary of state , while Kirkman tries to keep his children steady in the wake of Alex 's death . 34 13 `` Original Sin '' Bosede Williams Ashley Gable March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 3.69 The White House staff has its hands full with fallout from the video leak of Kirkman 's contentious visit with Alex 's killer , finding who was responsible for the leak , and a false perception of Kirkman as a tyrant because of it ; and , with an unexpected sit - in from a visiting tribe of Native Americans whose lands were compromised by decades - old developments by Kirkman 's former architectural firm -- - at a time Kirkman himself was unaware of the tribe or its heritage . 35 14 `` In the Dark '' Carol Banker Bill Chais March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 3.98 A power blackout in Washington scrambles both the White House staff and Hannah into tracking the source of an apparent hack into the grid . Damian breaks his tracking device to kill a Russian before the Russian can kill Hannah . Kirkman and Washington , D.C.", "5": "'s mayor Ellenor Darby tackle local unrest during the power failure , and their success after an early misunderstanding makes Kirkman 's mind up about his choice for vice president . Kirkman 's brother delivers an unexpected but welcome surprise involving a bond payment deadline extension to Japan . 36 15 `` Summit '' Chris Grismer Jessica Grasl March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 3.80 With Ellenor confirmed as the new vice president , tensions including a nuclear missile test compel Kirkman to speed up a peace summit between East and West Hun Chiu at Camp David , but incessant leaks threaten to torpedo the talks -- - especially when the son of East Hun Chiu 's ruthless strongman defects to the U.S. While Seth and Emily concurrently continue re-assessing their relationship as both are compelled to sign White House disclosure documents covering it , Kirkman is quietly outraged when he discovers the source of the leaks . 37 16 `` Fallout '' Joe Lazarov Tom Garrigus April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 3.84 Kirkman and the FBI scramble to find where a `` dirty '' nuclear waste bomb is planted in the United States and the person responsible for it . The bomb is found at a Metro Line train station but kills six FBI personnel including Director Forstell before they can clear the station . Evidence initially points to East Hun Chiu , but when it proves to be Kunami 's doing Kirkman launches airstrikes at strategic targets in that country . 38 17 `` Overkill '' Jeff T. Thomas Jeff Melvoin & Tracey Rice April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 3.29 Kirkman presses forward with more attacks on Kunami 's military infrastructure to bring that country 's strongman emir to heel in the wake of the dirty bombing , but while Kirkman wrestles with his conscience over the mini-war Hannah -- - on the ground in Kunami -- - discovers Kunami 's ambassador has a side agenda dangerous to both the emir and the U.S.", "6": "39 18 `` Kirkman Agonistes '' Leslie Libman Pierluigi D. Cothran & Patrick Cunnane April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 3.51 The private tape recordings of Kirkman 's therapy sessions have been leaked to the press . The White House staff scrambles to expose the leaker . Vice President Darby convenes a secret Cabinet meeting to discuss whether to remove Kirkman under the 25th Amendment , and ruthless attorney Ethan West ( Michael J. Fox ) is brought in to investigate Kirkman 's past . A weary president ponders briefly whether he really feels fit to remain in office . Seth dresses down the White House press corps by reminding them any man -- - never mind a president -- - would be traumatised by his wife 's unexpected death . 40 19 `` Capacity '' David Warry - Smith Keith Eisner April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 3.36 41 20 `` Bad Reception '' Chris Grismer Tom Garrigus & Jessica Grasl May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) TBD 42 21 `` Target '' TBA TBA May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) TBD 43 22 `` Run '' TBA TBA May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Designated Survivor was renewed for a second season on May 11 , 2017 . Former The Good Wife executive producer Keith Eisner will take over as showrunner for the second season . Eisner will be the fourth showrunner for the show , replacing Jeff Melvoin , who was hired as showrunner in December 2016 , taking over for Jon Harmon Feldman . The show 's original showrunner Amy B. Harris stepped down due to creative differences after the series ' official pickup in February 2016 .", "7": "On June 22 , 2017 , cast member Virginia Madsen announced that she would not be returning for the second season as Kimble Hookstraten as she commented `` I guess they had other stories to tell . It 's a big show so I wish them well . '' After the first season finale , Sutherland announced that the show would add three new characters for the second season . Two of the character descriptions was `` a `` fiery '' female White House Counsel and a `` ruggedly handsome '' MI6 operative who crosses paths with Hannah . '' TVLine announced on June 29 , 2017 , that Paulo Costanzo had been cast as a series regular role as Lyor Boone , the new White House Political Director . Deadline reported on July 17 , 2017 , that Ben Lawson had been cast as the series regular character Damian Rennett , an MI6 operative . In the same month , it was announced that Zoe McLellan was cast in a series regular role as attorney and White House counsel , Kendra Daynes . In November 2017 , Kim Raver was cast in the recurring role of engineer and space entrepreneur , Andrea Frost . In January 2018 , Michael J. Fox was cast in the recurring role of Washington attorney and special prosecutor , Ethan West . In March 2018 , Nora Zehetner was cast in the recurring role of Russian cultural attaché , Valeria Poriskova . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` One Year In '' September 27 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.50 1.4 5.84 2.5 11.34 `` Sting of the Tail '' October 4 , 2017 0.9 / 4 4.80 5.20 2.1 10.00 `` Outbreak '' October 11 , 2017 0.9 / 4 4.61 1.1 5.07 2.0 9.", "8": "68 `` Equilibrium '' October 18 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.34 1.1 5.00 1.9 9.34 5 `` Suckers '' October 25 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.94 1.0 4.60 1.7 8.54 6 `` Two Ships '' November 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.92 0.9 4.31 1.6 8.23 7 `` Family Ties '' November 15 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.05 0.9 4.47 1.7 8.52 8 `` Home '' November 29 , 2017 0.7 / 3 4.03 1.0 4.83 1.7 8.86 9 `` Three - Letter Day '' December 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.87 0.9 4.60 1.6 8.47 10 `` Line of Fire '' December 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.38 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Grief '' February 28 , 2018 0.6 / 2 3.72 1.0 4.71 1.6 8.43 12 `` The Final Frontier '' March 7 , 2018 0.6 / 2 3.60 0.9 4.41 1.5 8.02 13 `` Original Sin '' March 14 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.69 0.8 4.20 1.5 7.", "9": "89 14 `` In the Dark '' March 21 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.98 0.8 4.10 1.5 8.08 15 `` Summit '' March 28 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.80 0.7 3.99 1.4 7.79 16 `` Fallout '' April 4 , 2018 0.6 / 3 3.84 0.8 3.88 1.4 7.72 17 `` Overkill '' April 11 , 2018 0.6 / 3 3.29 0.7 4.11 1.3 7.39 18 `` Kirkman Agoni '' April 18 , 2018 0.6 / 3 3.51 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Capacity '' April 25 , 2018 0.5 / 2 3.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor Renewed at ABC '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor films season finale scene in Cambridge '' . Kitchener. 2018 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 201 ) `` One Year In '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael .", "10": "`` Designated Survivor Stages 24 Reunion : Kim Raver Set for Big Season 2 Arc '' . TVline . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Nora Zehetner Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Breckin Meyer Set To Recur In Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Michael J. Fox Joining ' Designated Survivor ' For Arc '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 .", "11": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) .", "12": "`` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor S2 E15 Summit '' . abc.go.com . Event occurs at 1 : 27 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' & ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 220 ) `` Bad Reception '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - designated survivor on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Keith Eisner Set As Showrunner , Pending Season 2 Renewal '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Licoln , Ross ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' Taps New Showrunner As Jon Harmon Feldman Exits '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland ABC Drama ' Designated Survivor ' Gets Formal Series Pickup , First Trailer ; Eyes Jon Feldman As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Virginia Madsen Will Not Return for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Five - 0 , Killjoys , Arrow , Designated Survivor , Zoo , Stranger Things , Riverdale and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor Enlists Royal Pains ' Paulo Costanzo as New Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Ben Lawson Cast As Series Regular In Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Zoe McLellan Joins Season 2 Of ABC 's Kiefer Sutherland Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor Stages 24 Reunion : Kim Raver Set for Big Season 2 Arc '' . TVline .", "14": "Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Michael J. Fox Joining ' Designated Survivor ' For Arc '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Nora Zehetner Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) .", "15": "`` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "16": "Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Designated_Survivor_(season_2)&oldid=838458585 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Designated Survivor ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4423551111496986075	when was the last time the eu was audited	[ "1994", "1994" ]	{ "0": "European Court of Auditors - wikipedia European Court of Auditors Jump to : navigation , search Court of Auditors Official emblem Institutional overview Formed 1977 Jurisdiction European Union Headquarters Luxembourg , Luxembourg 49 ° 37 ′ 22 '' N 6 ° 8 ′ 49 '' E / 49.62278 ° N 6.14694 ° E / 49.62278 ; 6.14694 Institutional executive Klaus - Heiner Lehne Website eca.europa.eu The Court of Auditors ( European Court of Auditors , ECA ) ( French : Cour des comptes européenne ) is the fifth institution of the European Union ( EU ) . It was established in 1975 in Luxembourg . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Functions 3 Organisation 3.1 President 3.2 Secretary - general 3.2.", "1": "1 List of Secretaries - General of the European Court of Auditors 4 Criticism 4.1 Declaration of Assurance 4.2 Size 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Council of Europe This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Europe Executive ( show ) Secretary General Thorbjørn Jagland Committee of Ministers President : Anders Samuelsen Legislature ( show ) Parliamentary Assembly President : Stella Kyriakides European Congress President : Jean - Claude Frécon Judiciary ( show ) European Court of Human Rights President : Guido Raimondi Commissioner for Human Rights Nils Muižnieks European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice European Commission against Racism and Intolerance Law ( show ) Convention on Human Rights Convention on Cybercrime Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings Oviedo Convention Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse Istanbul convention Members ( show ) Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Main article : History of the European Union The Court of Auditors was created by the 1975 Budgetary Treaty and was formally established on 18 October 1977 , holding its first session a week later . At that time the Court was not a formal institution ; it was an external body designed to audit the finances of the European Communities . It replaced two separate audit bodies , one which dealt with the finances of the European Economic Community and Euratom , and one which dealt with the European Coal and Steel Community . The Court did not have a defined legal status until the Treaty of Maastricht when it was made the fifth institution , the first new institution since the founding of the Community .", "2": "By becoming an institution it gained some new powers , such as the ability to bring actions before the European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) . At first its audit power related only to the European Community pillar of the European Union ( EU ) , but under the Treaty of Amsterdam it gained the full power to audit the finances of the whole of the EU . Functions ( edit ) Despite its name , the Court has no judicial functions . It is rather a professional external investigatory audit agency . The primary role of the court is to externally check if the budget of the European Union has been implemented correctly , in that EU funds have been spent legally and with sound management . In doing so , the court checks the paperwork of all persons handling any income or expenditure of the Union and carries out spot checks . The court is bound to report any problems in the Court 's reports for the attention of other states and institutions , these reports include its general annual report as well as specific and special reports on certain bodies and issues . The Court 's decision is the basis for the European Commission decisions ; for example , when the Court found problems in the management of EU funds in the regions of England , the Commission suspended funds to those regions and prepared to fine those who did not come back up to acceptable standards . In this role , the Court has to remain independent yet remain in touch with the other institutions ; for example , a key role is the presentation of the Court 's annual report to the European Parliament . It is based on this report that the Parliament makes its decision on whether or not to sign off the European Commission 's handling of the budget for that year . The Parliament notably refused to do this in 1984 and 1999 , the latter case forced the resignation of the Santer Commission . The Court , if satisfied , also sends assurances to the Council and Parliament that the taxpayers ' money is being properly used , and the Court must be consulted before the adoption of any legislation with financial implications , but its opinion is never binding . Organisation ( edit ) The ECA 's premises in Luxembourg The Court is composed of one member from each EU state , each of whom is -- after a hearing in the Budgetary Control Committee and a non-binding majority - vote in the committee as well as in the plenary of the European Parliament -- appointed unanimously by the Council of the European Union for a renewable term of six years .", "3": "They are not all replaced every six years , however , as their terms do not coincide ( four of the original members began with reduced terms of four years for this reason ) . Members are chosen from people who have served in national audit bodies , who are qualified for the office and whose independence is beyond doubt . While serving in the Court , members can not engage in any other professional activities . As the body is independent , its members are free to decide their own organisation and rules of procedure , although these must be ratified by the Council of the European Union . Since the Treaty of Nice , the Court can set up `` chambers '' ( with only a few Members each ) to adopt certain types of reports or opinions . The Court is supported by a staff of approximately 800 auditors , translators and administrators recruited as part of the European Civil Service . Auditors are divided into auditor groups which inspect and prepare draft reports for the Court to take decisions upon . Inspections take place not only of EU institutions but of any state which receives EU funds , given that 90 % of income and expenditure is managed by national authorities rather than the EU . Upon finding a fault , the Court -- possessing no legal powers of its own -- informs the European Anti-fraud Office ( OLAF ) , which is the EU 's anti-fraud agency . The Court is also assisted by the Secretary - General of the European Court of Auditors , elected by the Court , who -- along with general management and assistance to the President -- draws up draft minutes and keeps archives of decisions , as well as ensuring the publication of reports in the Official Journal of the European Union . President ( edit ) The members then elect one of their number as the President of the Court for a renewable three - year term . The election takes place by a secret ballot of those members who applied for the presidency . The duties of the President ( which may be delegated ) are to convene and chair the meetings of the Court , ensuring that decisions are implemented and the departments ( and other activities ) are soundly managed . The president also represents the court and appoints a representative for it in contentious proceedings . The current President is Klaus - Heiner Lehne , elected on 13 September 2016 . He succeeded Vítor Manuel da Silva Caldeira ( of Portugal ) , elected in 2007 .", "4": "Previous presidents have been Sir Norman Price ( 1977 , United Kingdom ) , Michael Murphy ( 1977 , Ireland ) , Pierre Lelong ( 1981 , France ) , Marcel Mart ( 1984 , Luxembourg ) , Aldo Angioi ( 1990 , Italy ) , André Middelhoek ( 1992 , Netherlands ) , Bernhard Friedmann ( 1996 , Germany ) , Jan O. Karlsson ( 1999 , Sweden ) , Juan Manuel Fabra Vallés † ( 2002 , Spain ) and Hubert Weber ( 2006 , Austria ) . Secretary - General ( edit ) The Secretary - General is the European Court of Auditors most senior member of staff . Appointed for a renewable term of 6 years , he is responsible for the management of the Court 's staff and for the administration of the Court . In addition , the Secretary - General is responsible for the budget , translation , training and information technology . List of Secretaries - General of the European Court of Auditors ( edit ) Patrick Everard - 16.10. 1989 to 9.2. 1994 Edouard Ruppert - 25.2. 1994 to 30.6. 2001 Michel Hervé - 1.7. 2001 to 31.10. 2008 - France John Speed ( ad interim ) - 9.10. 2008 to 15.3. 2009 - UK Eduardo Ruiz Garcia - 16.3. 2009 to present ; nominated until 15.3. 2015 - Spain Criticism ( edit ) Declaration of assurance ( edit ) Since 1994 the Court has been required to provide a `` Declaration of Assurance '' , essentially a certificate that an entire annual budget can be accounted for . This has proved to be a problem , as even relatively minor omissions require the Court to refuse a declaration of assurance for the entire budget , even if almost all of the budget is considered reliable . This has led to media reports of the EU accounts being `` riddled with fraud '' , where issues are based on errors in paperwork even though the underlying spending was legal . The auditing system itself has drawn criticism from this perception .", "5": "The Commission in particular has stated that the bar is too high , and that only 0.09 % of the budget is subject to fraud . The Commission has elsewhere stated that it is important to distinguish between fraud and other irregularities . The controversial dismissal in 2003 of Marta Andreasen for her criticism of procedures in 2002 has , for some , called into doubt the integrity of the institutions . It is frequently claimed that annual accounts have not been certified by the external auditor since 1994 . In its annual report on the implementation of the 2009 EU Budget , the Court of Auditors found that the two biggest areas of the EU budget , agriculture and regional spending , have not been signed off on and remain `` materially affected by error '' . Terry Wynn , an MEP who served on the Parliament 's Committee on Budgetary Control and reached the position of chairman , has also backed these calls , stating that it is impossible for the Commission to achieve these standards . In a report entitled EU Budget -- Public Perception & Fact -- how much does it cost , where does the money go and why is it criticised so much ? , Wynn cites consensus that practice in the EU differs from that in the USA . In the USA , the focus is on the financial information , not on the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions , ' So , other than in Europe , the political reaction in the US to the failure to obtain a clean audit opinion is only `` a big yawn '' ' . By comparison , the Comptroller and Auditor General for the United Kingdom stated that there were 500 separate accounts for the UK , and `` in the last year , I qualified 13 of the 500 . If I had to operate the EU system , then , because I qualify 13 accounts , I might have to qualify the whole British central government expenditure '' . Despite the problems , the Barroso Commission stated that it aimed to bring the budget within the Court 's limits by the end of its mandate in 2009 . The ECA made clear in its year report for 2010 that `` Responsibility for the legality and regularity of spending on Cohesion Policies starts in the Member States , but the Commission bears the ultimate responsibility for the correct implementation of the budget '' .", "6": "In previous reports , the ECA has noted that `` Regardless of the method of implementation applied , the Commission bears the ultimate responsibility for the legality and regularity of the transactions underlying the accounts of the European Communities ( Article 274 of the Treaty ) '' . Size ( edit ) The size of the court has also come under criticism . Owing to the one - member - per - state system , its members grew from nine to twenty - seven as of 2007 . Attempting to get consensus in the body has thus become more difficult ; this led to the number of its special reports per year shrinking from fifteen to six between 2003 and 2005 , despite its staff growing by 200 over the same period . Some proposals have been for its size to be reduced to five members or just one , possibly with an advisory board with members from each member state . However , neither the European Constitution nor the Treaty of Lisbon proposed any changes to its composition , despite calls by former court members and MEPs to embrace change . See also ( edit ) National Audit Office ( United Kingdom ) Cour des Comptes ( France ) Federal Court of Auditors of Germany Chamber of Accounts ( Greece ) Swedish National Audit Office Government Accountability Office ( US ) Australian National Audit Office National Audit Office ( China ) Bundesrechnungshof Supreme Chamber of Control of the Republic of Poland Netherlands Court of Audit Court of Audit of Belgium Rigsrevisionen References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` European Court of Auditors '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bösch , Herbert ( 18 October 2007 ) . `` Speech by Herbert Bösch , Chairman of the European Parliament 's Committee on Budgetary Control '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Institutions of the EU : The European Court of Auditors '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Power of audit of the European Court of Auditors '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EU may force region to repay cash '' .", "7": "BBC News . 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Budgetary control : 1996 discharge raises issue of confidence in the Commission '' . Europa ( web portal ) . 1999 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Consultative powers of the European Court of Auditors '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of the European Court of Auditors '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Organisation and operation of the European Court of Auditors '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary : The European Court of Auditors '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organisation of the European Court of Auditors '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Presidents of the European Court of Auditors '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mulvey , Stephen ( 24 October 2006 ) . `` Why the EU 's audit is bad news '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Protection of the European Union 's financial interests -- Fight against fraud -- Annual Report 2009 ( vid . p. 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . Europa . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` OpenEurope '' . OpenEurope . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EU Budget -- Public Perception & Fact ( vid. II. 1.2 ; Conclusion ) '' . Terry Wynn . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Karlsson , Jan ; Tobisson , Lars . `` ' Much talk , little action ' at European Court of Auditors '' . European Voice . Retrieved 15 October 2007 .", "8": "External links ( edit ) Official website Archives of the European Court of Auditors at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence European Court of Auditors page on CVCE.eu European Union articles History Timeline Pre-1945 1945 -- 57 1958 -- 72 1973 -- 93 1993 -- 2004 Since 2004 Predecessors Timeline Founders European Coal and Steel Community ( 1951 -- 2002 ) European Economic Community ( 1958 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Euratom ( 1958 -- present ) European Communities ( 1967 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Justice and Home Affairs ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Geography Extreme points Geographic centre Largest municipalities Urban areas Larger urban zones Member states Regions ( first - level NUTS ) Special territories Politics Institutions European Council European Commission European Parliament Council of the European Union Court of Justice of the European Union European Central Bank European Court of Auditors Agencies Banking Border and coast security ( Frontex ) Disease prevention and control Environment Foreign affairs ( External Action Service ) Judicial cooperation ( Eurojust ) Law enforcement cooperation ( Europol ) Maritime safety Reconstruction Law Acquis Charter of Fundamental Rights Competition law Copyright law Directive Citizens ' Rights Directive Enhanced cooperation Environmental policy Four freedoms labour mobility Government procurement Journal Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification Legislative procedure Citizens ' Initiative Regulation Rural Development Policy Schengen Area Treaties opt - outs LGBT rights", "9": "Politics Elections parliamentary constituencies Enlargement 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Future Euromyths Political parties ( National parties by affiliation ) Euroscepticism Foreign relations Integration Parliamentary groups Pro-Europeanism Withdrawal ( Brexit ) 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Economy Budget Central bank Agricultural policy Fisheries policy Currencies Energy policy Euro Eurozone Free trade agreements Investment bank Investment fund Regional development Single market Societas Europaea Solidarity Fund Transport Galileo navigation system minimum wage average wage unemployment rate health expense per person Healthcare Health Insurance Card Driving licence European Common Aviation Area Culture Citizenship passports identity cards Cultural policies Demographics Douzelage Driving licence Education House of European History Institute of Innovation and Technology Laissez - passer Languages Media freedom Public holidays Religion Sport Telephone numbers Statistics Symbols Lists Concepts , acronyms , & jargon Agencies Books Companies Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants Largest cities by population within city limits Directives Tallest buildings Terrorist incidents Vehicle registration plates Theory Eurosphere Intergovernmentalism Multi-speed Neofunctionalism Optimum currency area Supranational union Outline Book Portal European Union portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "10": "php?title=European_Court_of_Auditors&oldid=821610696 '' Categories : European Court of Auditors European Union law Political corruption Government audit Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Võro 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5602712022648831329	where did the tradition of gift giving come from	[ "in ancient Rome with gift-giving during the Saturnalia holiday" ]	{ "0": "Christmas gift - wikipedia Christmas gift Jump to : navigation , search Christmas gifts underneath a Christmas tree . `` Christmas present '' redirects here . For other uses , see Christmas Present and Christmas Gift . A Christmas gift or Christmas present is a gift given in celebration of Christmas . Christmas gifts are often exchanged on December 25 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Economic impact 3 Further reading 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Christmas advertising mentioning gifts from c. 1900 Red Cross workers packing Christmas presents for the Fighting Forces during World War II , October 1942 The tradition of gift - giving is an old one , but it became associated with Christmas more recently . It is a relic of a pagan custom , namely , the winter solstice which in Europe occurs in December . This was celebrated in ancient Rome with gift - giving during the Saturnalia holiday , which took place that month . As Christianity became increasingly widespread in the Roman lands , the custom of gift - giving continued . Around the year 336 AD the date of December 25 appears to have become established as the day of Jesus 's birth , and the tradition of gift - giving was reinterpreted and tied to the story of three Magi giving gifts to baby Jesus ; together with another story , that of Santa Claus based on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas , a fourth - century Greek bishop and gift - giver , it slowly became a part of Christmas celebrations . Some early Christian rulers , however , interpreted this story as indications that it should be their subjects who should give gifts to their superiors , and insisted on tributes and tithes during that period . This changed around the turn of the millennium following the popularity of the Good King Wenceslas story based on the life of another historical person claimed to be a gift - giver , Saint Wenceslaus . Christmas gift - giving to superiors became less common , and around the time of the Protestant Reformation , customs of gift - giving to children became increasingly widespread in Europe . The custom spread to the United States around the 19th century .", "1": "This also coincided with the desire of some elites to reduce the rowdiness of adult Christmas celebrations , which in some places were tied to begging , as `` bands of young men , often rowdy , would `` wassail '' from home to home and demand handouts from the gentry `` . Another related aspect was the growing desire by parents to keep children at home , away from the `` corrupting '' influence of the urban streets . Another relatively recent change concerned the time of Christmas gift - giving . For many centuries , gift - giving took place on December 6 around Saint Nicholas Day or in early January after New Year 's Eve . The popularity of this custom grew after the positive reception of the 1823 poem The Night Before Christmas and the 1843 novella A Christmas Carol . By the end of the 19th century , Christmas Eve replaced early December or January dates as the most common date for gift - giving in the Western culture . It is custom for one to open a single gift on the evening of Christmas Eve . Economic impact ( edit ) Christmas decorations , often featuring Christmas gifts , abound in many shopping malls Main article : Economics of Christmas The tradition was also embraced by retailers , for whom the weeks and , eventually , the entire month before Christmas became a very profitable period . Around the turn of the 20th century retailers started directing marketing efforts at children in the hopes that they would entice the parents to buy more goods . In the early 2000s it was estimated that shoppers in the U.S. alone spend over $4 billion each day during the Christmas shopping season , with an average individual spending over $1,000 on gifts . There are concerns that gift - giving during Christmas is too commercial . Seventy percent of respondents to an online survey of 13,576 people in 14 European countries in 2016 said that too much attention is put on spending during the Christmas period , 42 % said they felt forced to spend more at Christmas , and 10 % borrowed money to be able to afford the gifts . Economist Joel Waldfogel noted that because of the mismatch between what the giftee values the gift and the value paid for by the giver , the gifts lose between 10 % to one - third of their value ; he calls it the `` deadweight loss of Christmas '' .", "2": "This leads to gifts often being returned , sold , or re-gifted . In the 2016 European online survey , 15 % of respondents were unhappy about their gifts and 10 % could not remember what they had received . Twenty - five percent of respondents said they had re-gifted their presents to someone else , 14 % sold the items , 10 % tried to return them to the store , and 5 % returned the gift to the giver . Seniors were more likely to send their unwanted presents to charity , while those aged 25 to 34 `` simply threw them away '' . Gifts that are least likely to be appreciated rely on personal tastes , and include items like perfumes and cosmetics , ornaments , and clothing . Further reading ( edit ) William Waits ( October 1994 ) . The Modern Christmas in America : A Cultural History of Gift Giving . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9284 - 1 . Joel Waldfogel , The Deadweight Loss of Christmas See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas gifts . Christmas Wrapping References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Berking , Helmuth ( March 30 , 1999 ) . Sociology of Giving . SAGE Publications . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85702 - 613 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Ace ( April 20 , 2010 ) . Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas . Zondervan . pp. 96 -- 100 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ringel , Paul . `` Why Do Children Get Presents on Christmas Anyway ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas : How did gift - giving and caroling get started ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . December 21 , 2013 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ING.com ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` The truth about unwanted Christmas gifts '' . ING.com .", "3": "Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The economic case against Christmas presents '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_gift&oldid=819346591 '' Categories : Giving Christmas traditions Christmas economics Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 21 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1368496226157825142	where does the cell spend most of its time in the cell cycle	[ "Interphase", "Interphase", "Interphase", "Interphase", "Interphase" ]	{ "0": "Interphase - wikipedia Interphase Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Interface ( chemistry ) . This article is about the phase in the cell cycle . For the video game , see Interphase ( video game ) . An illustration of interphase . The chromatin has not yet condensed , and the cell is undergoing its normal functions . An image of the nucleus of a cell ( HT1080 ) currently in interphase ( likely G1 ) . Note : Cytoplasm of this cell or the neighboring cell is not visible ( top - left ) , which is currently in the telophase of mitosis . Image taken using an optical microscope and DAPI staining of DNA . Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life . During this phase , the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis . Interphase is the ' daily living ' or metabolic phase of the cell , in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them , grows , reads its DNA , and conducts other `` normal '' cell functions . The majority of eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in interphase . This phase was formerly called the resting phase . However , interphase does not describe a cell that is merely resting ; rather , the cell is living , and preparing for later cell division , so the name was changed . A common misconception is that interphase is the first stage of mitosis . However , since mitosis is the division of the nucleus , prophase is actually the first stage . In interphase , the cell gets itself ready for mitosis or meiosis . Somatic cells , or normal diploid cells of the body , go through mitosis in order to reproduce themselves through cell division , whereas diploid germ cells ( i.e. , primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes ) go through meiosis in order to create haploid gametes ( i.e. , sperm and ova ) for the purpose of sexual reproduction . Chromosomes are copied .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Stages of interphase 2 Interphase within sequences of cellular processes 2.1 Interphase and the cell cycle 2.2 Interphase and other cellular processes 3 See also 4 References Stages of interphase ( edit ) There are three stages of cellular interphase , with each phase ending when a cellular checkpoint checks the accuracy of the stage 's completion before proceeding to the next . The stages of interphase are : G ( Gap 1 ) , in which the cell grows and functions normally . During this time , a high amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell grows ( to about double its original size ) -- more organelles are produced and the volume of the cytoplasm increases . If the cell is not to divide again , it will enter G . Synthesis ( S ) , in which the cell duplicates its DNA ( via semiconservative replication ) . G ( Gap 2 ) , in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for division . The mitochondria divide and the cell continues to grow until mitosis begins . In plants , chloroplasts also divide during G2 . In addition , some cells that do not divide often or ever , enter a stage called G ( Gap zero ) , which is either a stage separate from interphase or an extended G . The duration of time spent in interphase and in each stage of interphase is variable and depends on both the type of cell and the species of organism it belongs to . Most cells of adult mammals spend about 20 hours in interphase ; this accounts for about 90 % of the total time involved in cell division . Interphase includes G1 , S , and G2 phases . Mitosis and cytokinesis , however , are separate from interphase . Interphase within sequences of cellular processes ( edit ) Interphase and the cell cycle ( edit ) When G is completed , the cell enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division , composed of mitosis and cytokinesis , respectively . After the successful completion of mitosis and cytokinesis , both resulting daughter cells re-enter G of interphase . In the cell cycle , interphase is preceded by telophase and cytokinesis of the M phase .", "2": "In alternative fashion , interphase is sometimes interrupted by G phase , which , in some circumstances , may then end and be followed by the remaining stages of interphase . After the successful completion of the G checkpoint , the final checkpoint in interphase , the cell proceeds to prophase , or in plants to preprophase , which is the first stage of mitosis . G phase is viewed as either an extended G phase where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide and or as a distinct quiescent stage which occurs outside of the cell cycle . Interphase and other cellular processes ( edit ) In gamete production interphase is succeeded by meiosis . In programmed cell death , interphase is followed or preempted by apoptosis . See also ( edit ) Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine ( 2000 ) , Essentials of human anatomy and physiology , San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings , ISBN 0805349405 Jump up ^ The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial The Biology Project -- Cell Biology . University of Arizona . Jump up ^ Cummings , M.R. ( 2014 ) . Human Heredity : Principles and Issues ( 10th ed. , pp. 28 - 29 ) . Belmont , CA : Brooks / Cole . Jump up ^ Mader , S.S. 2007 . Biology 9th Ed . McGraw Hill Higher Education , Boston , MA , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 325839 - 3 Jump up ^ Re : Are the cells in the G0 ( g zero ) phase of mitosis really suspended ? Erin Cram , Grad student , Molecular and Cellular Biology , University of California , Berkeley . 1999 . MadScience Network . Question ID 942142089. Cb .", "3": "( hide ) Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1 , A2 ) B ( B1 , B2 , B3 ) D ( D1 , D2 , D3 ) E ( E1 , E2 ) CDK 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16 , p15 , p18 , p19 ) cip / kip ( p21 , p27 , p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interphase&oldid=836776689 '' Categories : Mitosis Cell biology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 19 : 46 .", "4": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7162777574025204875	how many us states currently use capital punishment	[ "31 states", "31", "31", "31", "31" ]	{ "0": "Capital punishment in the United states - wikipedia Capital punishment in the United states Jump to : navigation , search A map showing the use of the death penalty in the United States by individual states . Note that the death penalty is used throughout the United States for certain federal crimes . States with a valid death penalty statute States without the death penalty Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States , currently used by 31 states and the federal government . Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies . The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty , one of 57 countries worldwide applying it , and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution , which has since been adopted by five other countries . There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977 . In 1972 , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia , reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment . Subsequently , a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes , and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia . Since then , more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death ; of these , more than 1,400 have been executed , 159 were exonerated before their execution , and more than 2,900 are still on death row . The death penalty is applied only for murder involving an `` aggravating factor '' such as multiple victims , rape , or robbery .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Furman history 1.2 Early abolition movement 1.3 Constitutional law developments 1.4 Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) 1.5 Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) 1.6 Supreme Court narrows capital offenses 1.7 Repeal movements and legal challenges 1.8 Lethal injection era 2 Capital crimes 2.1 Aggravated murder 2.2 Crimes against the state 3 Legal process 3.1 Decision to seek the death penalty 3.2 Sentencing 3.3 Direct review 3.4 State collateral review 3.5 Federal habeas corpus 3.6 Section 1983 3.7 Execution warrant 4 Distribution of sentences 4.1 Among states 4.2 Among races 4.3 Among sexes 5 Methods 5.1 Offender - selected methods 5.2 Backup methods 5.3 Federal executions 6 Execution attendance 7 Public opinion 8 Debate 9 Clemency and commutations 10 Execution hiatus 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Books 13.2 Journal articles 14 External links History ( edit ) Pre-Furman History ( edit ) Executions in the United States from 1608 to 2009 The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall , who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for allegedly spying for the Spanish government . The Bill of Rights adopted in 1789 included the Eighth Amendment which prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The Fifth Amendment was drafted with language implying a possible use of the death penalty , requiring a grand jury indictment for `` capital crime '' and a due process of law for deprivation of `` life '' by the government . The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868 also requires a due process of law for deprivation of life by any state .", "2": "The Espy file , compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla , lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991 . From 1930 to 2002 , there were 4,661 executions in the U.S. , about two - thirds of them in the first 20 years . Additionally , the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1955 ( the most recent ) . Early Abolition movement ( edit ) Three states abolished the death penalty for murder during the 19th century : Michigan in 1846 ( has never executed a prisoner since achieving statehood ) , Wisconsin in 1853 and Maine in 1887 . Rhode Island is also a state with a long abolitionist background , having repealed the death penalty in 1852 , though it was theoretically available for murder committed by a prisoner between 1872 and 1984 . Other states which abolished the death penalty for murder before Gregg v. Georgia include : Minnesota in 1911 , Vermont in 1964 , Iowa and West Virginia in 1965 and North Dakota in 1973 . Hawaii abolished the death penalty in 1948 and Alaska in 1957 , both before their statehood . Puerto Rico repealed it in 1929 and the District of Columbia in 1981 . Arizona and Oregon abolished the death penalty by popular vote in 1916 and 1964 respectively , but both reinstated it , again by popular vote , some years later : Arizona in 1918 and Oregon in 1978 . Puerto Rico and Michigan are the only two U.S. jurisdictions to have explicitly prohibited capital punishment in their constitutions : in 1952 and 1964 , respectively . Constitutional law developments ( edit ) Nevertheless , capital punishment continued to be used by a majority of states and the federal government for various crimes , especially murder and rape , from the creation of the United States up to the beginning of the 1960s . Until then , `` save for a few mavericks , no one gave any credence to the possibility of ending the death penalty by judicial interpretation of constitutional law , '' according to abolitionist Hugo Bedau .", "3": "The possibility of challenging the constitutionality of the death penalty became progressively more realistic after the Supreme Court of the United States decided Trop v. Dulles in 1958 , when the court said explicitly for the first time that the Eighth Amendment 's cruel and unusual clause must draw its meaning from the `` evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society '' rather than from its original meaning . Also in the 1932 case Powell v. Alabama , the court made the first step of what would be later be called `` death is different '' jurisprudence , when it held that any indigent defendant was entitled to a court - appointed attorney in capital cases -- a right that was only later extended to non-capital defendants in 1963 , with Gideon v. Wainwright . Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Further information : Furman v. Georgia Executions in the United States since 1960 In Furman v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court considered a group of consolidated cases . The lead case involved an individual convicted under Georgia 's death penalty statute , which featured a `` unitary trial '' procedure in which the jury was asked to return a verdict of guilt or innocence and , simultaneously , determine whether the defendant would be punished by death or life imprisonment . The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2 , 1967 . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution . The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional . The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision , however , and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result . The narrowest opinions , those of Byron White and Potter Stewart , expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law . Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty . Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment .", "4": "The Furman decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment , and was described by scholars as a `` legal bombshell '' . The next day , columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was `` unlikely '' that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States . Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) ( edit ) Further information : Gregg v. Georgia U.S. Supreme Court seat in Washington , D.C. Instead of abandoning capital punishment , 37 states enacted new death penalty statutes that attempted to address the concerns of White and Stewart in Furman . Some states responded by enacting mandatory death penalty statutes which prescribed a sentence of death for anyone convicted of certain forms of murder . White had hinted that such a scheme would meet his constitutional concerns in his Furman opinion . Other states adopted `` bifurcated '' trial and sentencing procedures , with various procedural limitations on the jury 's ability to pronounce a death sentence designed to limit juror discretion . On July 2 , 1976 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld 7 -- 2 a Georgia procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt - innocence and sentencing phases . At the first proceeding , the jury decides the defendant 's guilt ; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first - degree murder , the death penalty will not be imposed . At the second hearing , the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist , whether any mitigating factors exist , and , in many jurisdictions , weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty -- either death or life in prison , either with or without parole . The same day in Woodson v. North Carolina and Roberts v. Louisiana , the court struck down 5 -- 4 statutes providing a mandatory death sentence . Executions resumed on January 17 , 1977 , when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah . Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s , only ten people besides Gilmore ( who had waived all of his appeal rights ) were actually executed prior to 1984 .", "5": "Supreme court narrows capital offenses ( edit ) In 1977 , the Supreme Court 's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman . Previously , the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States , and at the time of the decision , Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense . In the 1980 case Godfrey v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor . The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty . First , the case of Atkins v. Virginia , decided on June 20 , 2002 , held that the execution of intellectually disabled inmates is unconstitutional . Second , in 2005 , the court 's decision in Roper v. Simmons struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime . In the 2008 case Kennedy v. Louisiana , the court also held 5 -- 4 that the death penalty is unconstitutional when applied to non-homicidal crimes against the person , including child rape . Only two death row inmates ( both in Louisiana ) were affected by the decision . Nevertheless , the ruling came less than five months before the 2008 presidential election and was criticized by both major party candidates Barack Obama and John McCain . Repeal movements and legal challenges ( edit ) In 2004 , New York and Kansas capital sentencing schemes were struck down by their respective state highest courts . Kansas successfully appealed the Kansas Supreme Court decision to the United States Supreme Court , who reinstated the statute in Kansas v. Marsh ( 2006 ) , holding it did not violate the U.S. Constitution . The decision of New York Court of Appeals was based on the state constitution , making unavailable any appeal . The state lower house has since blocked all attempts to reinstate the death penalty by adopting a valid sentencing scheme . In 2016 , Delaware 's death penalty statute was also struck down by its state supreme court .", "6": "In 2007 , New Jersey became the first state to repeal the death penalty by legislative vote since Gregg v. Georgia , followed by New Mexico in 2009 , Illinois in 2011 , Connecticut in 2012 , and Maryland in 2013 . The repeals were not retroactive , but in New Jersey , Illinois and Maryland , governors commuted all death sentences after enacting the new law . In Connecticut , the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the repeal must be retroactive . New Mexico is the only state with remaining death row inmates and no present death penalty statute . Nebraska 's legislature also passed a repeal in 2015 , but a referendum campaign gathered enough signatures to suspend it . Capital punishment was reinstated by popular vote on November 8 , 2016 . The same day , California 's electorate defeated a proposal to repeal the death penalty , and adopted another initiative to speed up its appeal process . Since Furman , 11 states have organized popular votes dealing with the death penalty through the initiative and referendum process . All resulted in a vote for reinstating it , rejecting its abolition , expanding its application field , specifying in the state constitution that it is not unconstitutional , or expediting the appeal process in capital cases . Lethal injection era ( edit ) The lethal injection room in Florida State Prison . From 1976 to January 1 , 2017 , there were 1,442 executions , of which 1,267 were by lethal injection , 158 by electrocution , 11 by gas inhalation , 3 by hanging , and 3 by firing squad . Executions rose at a near - continuous pace until 1999 , when it peaked at 98 . After 1999 , the number of executions lowered nearly every year , and the 20 executions in 2016 were the fewest since 1991 . The death penalty was a notable issue during the 1988 presidential election . It came up in the October 13 , 1988 debate between the two presidential nominees George H.W. Bush and Michael Dukakis when Bernard Shaw , the moderator of the debate , asked Dukakis , `` Governor , if Kitty Dukakis ( his wife ) were raped and murdered , would you favor an irrevocable death penalty for the killer ? ''", "7": "Dukakis replied , `` No , I do n't , and I think you know that I 've opposed the death penalty during all of my life . I do n't see any evidence that it 's a deterrent , and I think there are better and more effective ways to deal with violent crime . '' Bush was elected and many , including Dukakis himself , cite the statement as the beginning of the end of his campaign . In 1996 , Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act to streamline the appeal process in capital cases . The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton , who had endorsed capital punishment during his 1992 presidential campaign . A study found that at least 34 of the 749 executions carried out in the U.S. between 1977 and 2001 , or 4.5 % , involved `` unanticipated problems or delays that caused , at least arguably , unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner '' . The rate of these `` botched executions '' remained steady over the period . A study published in The Lancet in 2005 found that in 43 % of cases of lethal injection , the blood level of hypnotics in the prisoner was insufficient to ensure unconsciousness . Nonetheless , the Supreme Court ruled in 2008 ( Baze v. Rees ) and again in 2015 ( Glossip v. Gross ) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment . Capital crimes ( edit ) Aggravated murder ( edit ) Aggravating factors for seeking capital punishment of murder vary greatly among death penalty states . California has twenty - two ; New Hampshire has seven . Some aggravating circumstances are nearly universal , such as robbery - murder , murder involving rape of the victim , and murder of an on - duty police officer . Several states have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors , but the victim 's age under which the murder is punishable by death varies . In 2011 , Texas raised this age from six to ten . In some states , the high number of aggravating factors has been criticized on account of giving prosecutors too much discretion in choosing cases where they believe capital punishment is warranted .", "8": "In California especially , an official commission proposed in 2008 to reduce these factors to five ( multiple murders , torture murder , murder of a police officer , murder committed in jail , and murder related to another felony ) . Columnist Charles Lane went further , and proposed that murder related to a felony other than rape should no longer be a capital crime when there is only one victim killed . Crimes against the state ( edit ) The opinion of the court in Kennedy v. Louisiana says that the ruling does not apply to `` treason , espionage , terrorism , and drug kingpin activity , which are offenses against the State '' . Since no one is on death row for such offenses , the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them . Treason , espionage and large - scale drug trafficking are all capital crimes under federal law . Treason is also punishable by death in six states ( Arkansas , California , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi and Missouri ) . Vermont still has a pre-Furman statute providing the death penalty for treason despite removing capital punishment for murder in 1965 . Large - scale drug trafficking is punishable by death in two states ( Florida and Missouri ) . Aircraft hijacking is a capital crime in Georgia and Mississippi . Legal process ( edit ) The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States typically involves five critical steps : ( 1 ) prosecutorial decision to seek the death penalty ( 2 ) sentencing , ( 3 ) direct review , ( 4 ) state collateral review , and ( 5 ) federal habeas corpus . Clemency , through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence , is an executive rather than judicial process . Decision to seek the death penalty ( edit ) While judges in criminal cases can usually impose a harsher prison sentence than the one demanded by prosecution , the death penalty can be handed down only if the accuser has specifically decided to seek it . In the decades since Furman , new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness . A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review , surveyed the decision - making process among prosecutors in various states .", "9": "The authors found that prosecutors ' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local `` idiosyncrasies , '' suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court 's directive . This means that `` the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate '' may still `` infect capital cases . '' Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria . California law , for example , has 22 `` special circumstances , '' making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases . A proposed remedy against prosecutorial arbitrariness is to transfer the prosecution of capital cases to the state attorney general . Sentencing ( edit ) Of the 31 states with the death penalty , 29 provide the sentence to be decided by a jury , and 28 require a unanimous sentence . However , the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury : In four states ( Arizona , California , Kentucky and Nevada ) , a retrial of the penalty phase will be conducted before a different jury ( the common - law rule for mistrial ) . In two states ( Indiana and Missouri ) , the judge will decide the sentence . In the 22 other states , a hung jury results in a life sentence , even if only one juror opposed death . Federal law also provides that outcome . The first outcome is referred as the `` true unanimity '' rule , while the third has been criticized as the `` single - juror veto '' rule . In Alabama , the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur . A retrial happens if the jury deadlock . Nebraska is the only state in which the sentence is decided by a three - judge panel . If one of the judges on the panel opposes death , the defendant is sentenced to life imprisonment . Montana is the only state where the trial judge decides the sentence alone . In all states in which the jury is involved , only death - qualified veniremen can be selected in such a jury , to exclude both people who will always vote for the death sentence and those who are categorically opposed to it . Direct review ( edit ) If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level , the case then goes into a direct review . The direct review process is a typical legal appeal .", "10": "An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not . Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes . If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing , the appellate court will affirm the judgment , or let the sentence stand . If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur , then it will reverse the judgment , or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing . Lastly , if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty , a rarity , then it will order the defendant acquitted , or not guilty , of the crime for which he / she was given the death penalty , and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible . About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact . State collateral review ( edit ) At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review , supplemental methods to attack the judgment , though less familiar than a typical appeal , do remain . These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review , that is , an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final . Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state - level trial , as is usually the case , the first step in collateral review is state collateral review , which is often called state habeas corpus . ( If the case is a federal death penalty case , it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus . ) Although all states have some type of collateral review , the process varies widely from state to state . Generally , the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review . Most often these are claims , such as ineffective assistance of counsel , which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record , something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal . State collateral review , though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus , is rarely successful in and of itself . Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review . In Virginia , state habeas corpus for condemned men are heard by the state supreme court under exclusive original jurisdiction since 1995 , immediately after direct review by the same court .", "11": "This avoids any proceeding before the lower courts , and is in part why Virginia has the shortest time on average between death sentence and execution ( less than eight years ) and has executed 113 offenders since 1976 with only five remaining on death row as of June 2017 . To reduce litigation delays , other states require convicts to file their state collateral appeal before the completion of their direct appeal , or provide adjudication of direct and collateral attacks together in a `` unitary review '' . Federal habeas corpus ( edit ) After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review , the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus , which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts . Federal habeas corpus is a type of collateral review , and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court ( other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review ) . The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) , which restricted significantly its previous scope . The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts , through the process of direct review and state collateral review , have done a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner 's federal constitutional rights . Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime , though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process , evidence of innocence must be truly compelling . According to Eric Freedman , 21 percent of death penalty cases are reversed through federal habeas corpus . James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 . '' Similarly , a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher , finding that between `` 1976 and 1991 , approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted . ''", "12": "The different numbers are largely definitional , rather than substantive : Freedam 's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed , while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review . A similar process is available for prisoners sentenced to death by the judgment of a federal court . The AEDPA also provides an expeditious habeas procedure in capital cases for states meeting several requirements set forth in it concerning counsel appointment for death row inmates . Under this program , federal habeas corpus for condemned prisoners would be decided in about three years from affirmance of the sentence on state collateral review . In 2006 , Congress conferred the determination of whether a state fulfilled the requirements to the U.S. attorney general , with a possible appeal of the state to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . As of March 2016 , the Department of Justice has still not granted any certifications . Section 1983 ( edit ) If the federal court refuses to issue a writ of habeas corpus , the death sentence becomes final for all purposes . In recent times , however , prisoners have postponed execution through another way of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 -- codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 -- which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights . While the aforementioned appeals are normally limited to one and automatically stay the execution of the death sentence , Section 1983 lawsuits are unlimited , but the petitioner will be granted a stay of execution only if the court believes he has a likelihood of success on the merits . Traditionally , Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus , not Section 1983 , is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death . In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case , however , the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state 's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment . The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death , but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out .", "13": "Therefore , the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit . Yet , as Clarence Hill 's own case shows , lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay . Further , the Court 's decision in Baze v. Rees , upholding a lethal injection method used by many states , has narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983 . Execution warrant ( edit ) While the execution warrant is issued by the governor in several states , in the vast majority it is a judicial order , issued by a judge or by the state supreme court at the request of the prosecution . The warrant usually sets an execution day . Some states instead provide a longer period , such as a week or 10 days to carry out the execution . This is designated to avoid issuing a new warrant in case of a last - minute stay of execution that would be vacated only few days or few hours later . Distribution of sentences ( edit ) Total number of prisoners on Death Row in the United States from 1953 to 2008 Within the context of the overall murder rate , the death penalty can not be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States ; in recent years the average has been about one death sentence for every 200 murder convictions . Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences . This is because Alabama was one of the few states that allowed judges to override a jury recommendation in favor of life imprisonment , a possibility it removed in March 2017 . Among states ( edit ) The distribution of death sentences among states is loosely proportional to their populations and murder rates . California , which is the most populous state , has also the largest death row with over 700 inmates . Wyoming , which is the least populous state , has only one condemned man . But executions are more frequent ( and happen more quickly after sentencing ) in conservative states . Texas , which is the second most populous state of the Union , carried out over 500 executions during the post-Furman era , more than a third of the national total . California has carried out only 13 executions during the same period .", "14": "Among races ( edit ) Main article : Race and capital punishment in the United States African Americans made up 41 % of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 % of the general population . They have made up 34 % of those actually executed since 1976 . However , this is an under - representation relative to the proportion of convicted murderers ; 52.5 % of all homicide offenders between 1980 and 2008 were African Americans . According to a 2003 Amnesty International report , blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers , yet 80 % of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims . Approximately 13.5 % of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent , while they make up 17.4 % of the general population . Among sexes ( edit ) As of October 1 , 2014 , men accounted for 98 % of people on death row and 99 % of executions since 1976 . Methods ( edit ) Usage of lethal injection in the US . State uses only this method . State uses this method primarily but also has other methods . State once used this method , but does not today . State once adopted this method , but dropped before its use . State has never adopted this method . Number of executions each year by the method used in the United States and the earlier colonies from 1608 to 2004 . The adoption of electrocution caused a marked drop off in the number of hangings , which was used even less with the use of gas inhalation . After Gregg v. Georgia , most states changed to lethal injection , leading to its rise . All 31 states with the death penalty provide lethal injection as the primary method of execution . Some states allow other methods than lethal injection , but only as secondary methods to be used merely at the request of the prisoner or if lethal injection is unavailable . Several states continue to use the historical three - drug protocol : an anesthetic , pancuronium bromide a paralytic , and potassium chloride to stop the heart . Eight states have used a single - drug protocol , inflicting only an overdose of a single anesthetic to the prisoner . While some state statutes specify the drugs required , a majority do not , giving more flexibility to corrections officials .", "15": "Pressures from anti-death penalty activists and shareholders have made it difficult for correctional services to get the chemicals . Hospira , the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental , stopped making the drug in 2011 . In 2016 , it was reported that more than 20 U.S. and European drug manufacturers including Pfizer ( the owner of Hospira ) had taken steps to prevent their drugs from being used for lethal injections . Since then , some states have used other anesthetics , such as pentobarbital , etomidate , or fast - acting benzodiazepines like midazolam . Many states have since bought lethal injection drugs from foreign furnishers , and most states have made it a criminal offense to reveal the identities of furnishers or execution team members . In November 2015 , California adopted regulations allowing the state to use its own public compounding pharmacies to make the chemicals . In 2009 , Ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of hydromorphone ( a 333-fold overdose for an opioid - naïve patient of this narcotic analgesic closely related to and five times stronger than morphine ; this is the equivalent of an entire 50 - ml bottle of Dilaudid HP , the most powerful commercially available form , although the advantage of hydromorphone is its very high solubility allowing for solutions of almost arbitrary concentration ; 500 mg of hydromorphone HCl as pure powder can be dissolved in isotonic saline in volumes as small as under 2 cc ) and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of carrying out executions when a suitable vein can not be found for intravenous injection . Lethal injection was held to be a constitutional method of execution by the U.S. Supreme Court in two cases : Baze v. Rees ( 2008 ) and Glossip v. Gross ( 2015 ) . Offender - selected methods ( edit ) In the following states , death row inmates with an execution warrant may choose to be executed by : Electrocution in Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Kentucky , South Carolina , Tennessee and Virginia . Gas inhalation in Arizona and California . Firing squad in Utah . Hanging in Washington .", "16": "In five states ( Arizona , Arkansas , Kentucky , Tennessee and Utah ) , the alternative method is offered only to inmates sentenced to death for crimes committed prior to a specified date ( usually when the state switched from the earlier method to lethal injection ) . When an offender chooses to be executed by a means different from the state default method , which is always lethal injection , he loses the right to challenge its constitutionality in court ( Stewart v. LaGrand , 1999 ) . The last executions by methods other than injection are as follows ( all chosen by the inmate ) : Method Date State Inmate Electrocution 000000002013 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2013 Virginia Robert Gleason Firing squad 000000002010 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2010 Utah Ronnie Lee Gardner Lethal gas 000000001999 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1999 Arizona Walter LaGrand Hanging 000000001996 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1996 Delaware William Bailey Backup methods ( edit ) Depending on the state , the following alternative methods are statutorily provided in the event that lethal injection is either found unconstitutional by a court or unavailable for practical reasons : Electrocution in Florida , Oklahoma , South Carolina and Tennessee . Gas inhalation in California , Missouri , Oklahoma and Wyoming . Firing squad in Oklahoma and Utah . Hanging in New Hampshire . Oklahoma is the only state allowing more than two methods of execution in its statutes , providing lethal injection , nitrogen hypoxia , electrocution and firing squad to be used in that order in the event that all earlier methods are unavailable . The nitrogen option was added by the Oklahoma Legislature in 2015 and has never been used in a judicial execution , though it is routinely used to give a painless death in animal euthanasia . Three states ( Oklahoma , Tennessee and Utah ) have added back - up methods recently in 2014 or 2015 ( or have expanded their application fields ) in reaction to the shortage of lethal injection drugs .", "17": "Some states such as Florida have a larger provision dealing with execution methods unavailability , requiring their state departments of corrections to use `` any constitutional method '' if both lethal injection and electrocution are found unconstitutional . This was designed to make unnecessary any further legislative intervention in that event , but the provision apply only to legal ( not practical ) infeasibility . In May 2016 , an Oklahoma grand jury recommended the state to use nitrogen hypoxia as its primary method of execution rather than as a mere backup , after experts testified that the method would be painless , easy and `` inexpensive '' . Federal executions ( edit ) The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place . If the state has no death penalty , the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution . The federal government has a facility ( at U.S. Penitentiary Terre Haute ) and regulations only for executions by lethal injection , but the United States Code allows U.S. Marshals to use state facilities and employees for federal executions . Execution attendance ( edit ) The over 200 witnesses to the execution of Timothy McVeigh were mostly survivors and victims ' relatives of the Oklahoma City bombing . The last public execution in the U.S. was that of Rainey Bethea in Owensboro , Kentucky , on August 14 , 1936 . It was the last execution in the nation at which the general public was permitted to attend without any legally imposed restrictions . `` Public execution '' is a legal phrase , defined by the laws of various states , and carried out pursuant to a court order . Similar to `` public record '' or `` public meeting , '' it means that anyone who wants to attend the execution may do so . Around 1890 , a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions . Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a `` wall '' or `` enclosure '' or to `` exclude public view . '' Most states laws currently use such explicit wording to prohibit public executions , while others do so only implicitly by enumerating the only authorized witnesses . All states allow news reporters to be execution witnesses for information of the general public , except Wyoming which allow only witnesses authorized by the condemned .", "18": "Several states also allow victims ' families and relatives selected by the prisoner to watch executions . An hour or two before the execution , the condemned is offered religious services and to choose his last meal ( except in Texas which abolished it in 2011 ) . The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11 , 2001 , was witnessed by over 200 people , most by closed - circuit television . Public opinion ( edit ) Gallup , Inc. monitors support for the death penalty in the United States since 1937 by asking `` Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder ? '' In their last poll in October 2016 , 60 % of respondents said they were in favor and 37 % were opposed . A month earlier , a Pew Research poll found that 49 % of Americans supported the death penalty for convicted murderers and 42 % opposed , down from 80 % in 1974 . A 2010 poll found that 61 % of voters would choose a penalty other than the death sentence for murder . When persons surveyed are given a choice between the death penalty and life without parole for persons convicted of capital crimes , support for execution has traditionally been significantly lower than in polling that asks only if a person does or does not support the death penalty . In 2010 , for instance , a Gallup poll that offered a choice showed 49 % favoring the death penalty and 46 % favoring life imprisonment . On the other hand , in November 2009 , another Gallup poll found that 77 % of Americans say that September 11 attacks ' mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed should get the death penalty if convicted , including 12 who normally opposed the death penalty when asked the 1937 question . A similar result was found in 2001 when respondents were polled about the execution of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing that killed 168 victims . Debate ( edit ) Main article : Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment is a controversial issue , with many prominent organizations and individuals participating in the debate . Amnesty International and other groups oppose capital punishment on moral grounds . Some law enforcement organizations , and some victims ' rights groups support capital punishment . The United States is one of four industrialized democracies that still practice capital punishment with Japan , Singapore , and Taiwan .", "19": "Religious groups are widely split on the issue of capital punishment . The Fiqh Council of North America , a group of highly influential Muslim scholars in the United States , has issued a fatwa calling for a moratorium on capital punishment in the United States until various preconditions in the legal system are met . In October 2009 , the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962 , as part of the Model Penal Code , `` in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment . '' A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled . As of 2017 , 159 prisoners have been exonerated due to evidence of their innocence . Advocates of the death penalty say that it deters crime , is a good tool for prosecutors in plea bargaining , improves the community by eliminating recidivism by executed criminals , provides `` closure '' to surviving victims or loved ones , and is a just penalty . The murder rate is highest in the South ( 6.5 per 100,000 in 2016 ) , where 80 % of executions are carried out , and lowest in the Northeast ( 3.5 per 100,000 ) , with less than 1 % of executions . A report by the US National Research Council in 2012 stated that studies claiming a deterrent effect are `` fundamentally flawed '' and should not be used for policy decisions . According to a survey of the former and present presidents of the country 's top academic criminological societies , 88 % of these experts rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder . ( Radelet & Lacock , 2009 ) Data shows that the application of the death penalty is strongly influenced by racial bias . In addition , its use risks the execution of the innocent ; it is unnecessarily barbaric in nature ; it cheapens human life ; and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals who have murdered . Furthermore , some opponents argue that it is applied in an arbitrary manner by a criminal justice system that has been shown to be biased through the systemic influence of socio - economic , geographic , and gender factors .", "20": "Another argument in the capital punishment debate is the cost . Clemency and commutations ( edit ) The largest number of clemencies was granted in January 2003 in Illinois when outgoing Governor George Ryan , who had already imposed a moratorium on executions , pardoned four death - row inmates and commuted the sentences of the remaining 167 to life in prison without the possibility of parole . When Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation abolishing the death penalty in Illinois in March 2011 , he commuted the sentences of the fifteen inmates on death row to life imprisonment . Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico , when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty . In 1991 , outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners , among them all four women on the state 's death row . And during his two terms ( 1979 -- 1987 ) as Florida 's Governor , Bob Graham , although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others , agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of doubts about guilt or disproportionality . Execution hiatus ( edit ) All executions were suspended through the country between September 2007 and April 2008 . At that time , the U.S. Supreme Court was examining the constitutionality of lethal injection in Baze v. Rees . This was the longest period with no executions in the United States since 1982 . The Supreme Court ultimately upheld this method in a 7 -- 2 ruling .", "21": "In addition to the states that have no valid death penalty statute , the following states and jurisdictions are noted that have an official moratorium , or have had no executions for more than ten years , as of 2017 : State / Jurisdiction Status Hiatus status Federal de facto No executions since 2003 Arizona by Attorney General In 2014 , Attorney General indefinitely stayed executions California de facto No executions since 2006 Colorado by Governor In 2013 , Governor set a moratorium Kentucky by court order In 2009 , a federal judge suspended executions pending a new protocol Montana by court order In 2015 , a federal judge ruled the state 's lethal injection protocol is unlawful , stopping executions Nebraska de facto Last execution took place in 1997 Nevada de facto Last execution in 2006 North Carolina de facto Last execution in 2006 Oklahoma by implementers In 2014 , state Dept. of Corrections recommended an indefinite hold on executions after a botched execution Oregon by Governor In 2011 , Governor announced a moratorium and a review Pennsylvania by Governor In 2015 , Governor announced a moratorium pending review Washington by Governor In 2014 , Governor announced a moratorium and reprieve for new cases Kansas , New Hampshire , Wyoming , and the U.S. Military have also no executions for over ten years , but in these states it is because of the lack of death row inmates having exhausted the appeal process . Since 1976 , four states have executed only condemned prisoners who voluntarily waived further appeals : Pennsylvania has executed three inmates , Oregon two , Connecticut one , and New Mexico one . In North Carolina , executions are suspended following a decision by the state 's medical board that physicians can not participate in executions , which is a requirement under state law . In California , United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel suspended all executions in the state on December 15 , 2006 , ruling that the implementation used in California was unconstitutional but that it could be fixed . On November 25 , 2009 , the Kentucky Supreme Court suspended executions until the state adopts regulations for carrying out the penalty by lethal injection .", "22": "In November 2011 , Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon , canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state . On February 11 , 2014 , Washington Governor Jay Inslee announced a capital punishment moratorium . All death penalty cases that come to Inslee will result in him issuing a reprieve , not a pardon or commutation . On February 13 , 2015 , Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf announced a moratorium on the death penalty . Wolf will issue a reprieve for every execution until a commission on capital punishment , which was established in 2011 by the Pennsylvania State Senate , produces a recommendation . Effectively there was a moratorium in place , as the state had not executed anyone since Gary M. Heidnik in 1999 . See also ( edit ) United States portal Criminal justice portal Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment by the United States federal government List of United States Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 List of death row inmates in the United States List of last executions in the United States by crime References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STATES AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leigh B. Bienen ( 2010 ) . Murder and Its Consequences : Essays on Capital Punishment in America ( 2 ed . ) . Northwestern University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8101 - 2697 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal injection . '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . China ... Guatemala , Philippines , Thailand ... Vietnam ^ Jump up to : Barry Latzer ( 2010 ) , Death Penalty Cases : Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment , Elsevier , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Death Sentences in the United States From 1977 By State and By Year '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Execution Statistics Summary -- State and Year '' .", "23": "people.smu.edu/rhalperi/ . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions , '' Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 2 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Death Penalty Information Center ( 2010 ) . `` Part I : History of the Death Penalty , Death Penalty Information Center '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ david waksman . `` Is there a Death Penalty in America ? '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Death Penalty in America '' . Antideathpenalty.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAZE v. REES ( No. 07 - 5439 ) ( April 16 , 2008 ) Justice Scalia , with whom Justice Thomas joins , concurring in the judgment '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Espy file '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Department of Justice Archived 2009 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . of the United States of America Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Military Death Penalty '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John A. Bennett Jump up ^ `` Executions in the Military '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death penalty on the ballot '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 .", "24": "Jump up ^ The Courts , the Constitution , and Capital Punishment 118 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ The Free Lance - Star - Jun 30 , 1972 : New laws unlikely on death penalty , by Barry Schweid Jump up ^ Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Woodson v. North Carolina , 428 U.S. 280 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Roberts v. Louisiana , 428 U.S. 325 ( 1976 ) , 431 U.S. 633 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ `` Godfrey v. Georgia '' . supreme.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DARYL RENARD ATKINS , PETITIONER v. VIRGINIA '' . June 20 , 2002 . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roper v. Simmons , 543 U.S. 551 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Child rapists ca n't be executed , Supreme Court rules '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sara Kugler ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Obama Disagrees With High Court on Child Rape Case '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( April 13 , 2005 ) . `` In N.Y. , Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . NEW YORK , April 12 -- New York 's death penalty is no more . A legislative committee tossed out a bill Tuesday aimed at reinstating the state 's death penalty , which a court had suspended last year . It was an extraordinary bit of drama , not least because a top Democrat who once strongly supported capital punishment led the fight to end it . Jump up ^ `` Top court : Delaware 's death penalty law unconstitutional '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richburg , Keith B.", "25": "( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` N.J. Approves Abolition of Death Penalty ; Corzine to Sign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in English ) Maria Medina , `` Governor OK with Astorga capital case '' Jump up ^ `` New Mexico governor bans death penalty '' . Agence France - Presse . March 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson made his state the 15th in the nation to outlaw capital punishment when he signed a law abolishing the death penalty , his office said . ^ Jump up to : `` Quinn signs death penalty ban , commutes 15 death row sentences to life '' . Chicago Tribune . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RECENT LEGISLATION : Death Penalty Repeal Passes Second Connecticut House , Awaits Governor 's Signature Death Penalty Information Center '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut governor signs bill to repeal death penalty '' . FOX News Network , LLC. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Md . General Assembly repeals death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemency '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut 's highest court overturns its death penalty '' . cnn.com/ . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voters in California , Oklahoma , and Nebraska chose to preserve and strengthen the death penalty '' . news.vice.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Executions 2016 ( as of 12 / 8 / 16 ) '' . people.smu.edu .", "26": "Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's non-Dukakis answer '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borg and Radelet , pp. 144 -- 47 Jump up ^ Van Norman p. 287 Jump up ^ Paternoster , R. ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) . Capital Punishment . Oxford Handbooks Online . 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The New York Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 .", "27": "The court went beyond the question in the case to rule out the death penalty for any individual crime -- as opposed to `` offenses against the state , '' such as treason or espionage -- `` where the victim 's life was not taken . '' Jump up ^ `` § 3401 . Definition and punishment of treason '' . legislature.vermont.gov . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty for Offenses Other Than Murder '' . Death Penalty Information Center . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See generally Separation of powers . Jump up ^ `` Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice : An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ Adam M. Gershowitz . `` Statewide Capital Punishment : The Case for Eliminating Counties ' Role in the Death Penalty '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Provisions of state and federal statutes concerning sentence if capital sentencing jury can not agree '' ( PDF ) . A. Parrent , Conn . Public Def . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SB 280 : Sentencing for Capital Felonies '' . flsenate.gov . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See United States v. Perez , 1824 Jump up ^ K. Scheidegger , `` Hurst v. Florida Remedial Legislation and SBP 7068 '' , February 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` SB 16 To amend Sections 13A - 5 - 45 , 13A - 5 - 46 , and 13A - 5 - 47 , Code of Alabama 1975 , relating to capital cases and to the determination of the sentence by courts ; to prohibit a court from overriding a jury verdict . '' . legislature.state.al.us . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nebraska Revised Statutes - Chapter 29 - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - 29 - 2521 - Sentencing determination proceeding . '' . law.justia.com .", "28": "Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 46 - 18 - 301 . Hearing on imposition of death penalty . '' . leg.mt.gov . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , 18 U.S.C. § 3595 . ( `` In a case in which a sentence of death is imposed , the sentence shall be subject to review by the court of appeals upon appeal by the defendant . '' ) Jump up ^ See generally Appeal . ^ Jump up to : Poland v. Arizona , 476 U.S. 147 152 -- 54 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , Legalize Drugs '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( b ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( a ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Code of Virginia - § 8.01 - 654 . When and by whom writ granted ; what petition to contain . '' . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VIRGINIA 'S EXECUTION HISTORY '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . `` VIRGINIA 'S DEATH ROW INMATES '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` Conviction to Execution `` Takes Too Long '' `` . ktrh.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OJP Docket No. 1464 , Certification Process for State Capital Counsel Systems '' ( PDF ) . crimeandconsequences.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AN ACT Concerning a unitary procedure for review in class 1 felony cases in which a death sentence is sought as punishment . '' . tornado.state.co.us . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ House v. Bell , 126 S. Ct. 2064 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Studies '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1996 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walpin , Ned . `` The New Speed - up in Habeas Corpus Appeals '' . Frontline . PBS . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ see 28 U.S.C. § 2255 . Jump up ^ 28 USC § § 2261 -- 2266 Jump up ^ `` Court Gives Green Light to Death Penalty Fast - Tracking '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glossip v. Gross 576 U.S. ___ ( 2015 ) '' . justia.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477 ( 1994 ) '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Georgia Code - § 17 - 10 - 34 - Sentence to specify time period for and place of execution '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty '' . Equal Justice Initiative . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama ends death penalty by judicial override '' . Associated Press at WBRL . March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 .", "30": "Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh . `` Executed Prisoners in Texas '' . Last Words . Criminal Brief . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Last Words '' . Capital Punishment . Criminal Brief . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 3 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide Trends in the United States , 1980 - 2008 '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America : Death by discrimination -- the continuing role of race in capital cases '' . Amnesty.org. April 23 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanics and the Death Penalty '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fins , Deborah . `` Death Row U.S.A. Fall 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . Quarterly report by the Criminal Justice Project . NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund , Inc . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . clarkprosecutor.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` State by State Lethal Injection '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eckholm , Erik ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Pfizer Blocks the Use of Its Drugs in Executions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ben ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Will the EU kill America 's Death Penalty ? '' . Motherboard . Vice Media , Inc .", "31": "Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Algar , Clare ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Big Pharma May Help End The Death Penalty '' . The New Republic . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post : A death penalty landmark for Florida : Executing a white man for killing a black man Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Supreme Court Allows Use of Execution Drug '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Execution Team , Firing Squads , Restricted Media Included in House Bill '' . jacksonfreepress.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NOTICE OF CHANGE TO REGULATIONS '' ( PDF ) . cdcr.ca.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosby 's 2004 `` Hydromorphone '' Jump up ^ `` Ohio Prisons Director Announces Changes to Ohio 's Execution Process '' . Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona execution takes two hours '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` High court upholds lethal injection method '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court backs use of lethal injection drug '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Code of Laws : `` Section 24 - 3 - 530 . Death by electrocution or lethal injection . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 .", "32": "Jump up ^ The Dawn of a New Form of Capital Punishment , Time , April 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` How to kill : America 's death penalty dilemma '' . cnn.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 922.105 - Execution of death sentence '' . leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40 - 23 - 114 - Death by lethal injection Election of electrocution . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma grand jury issues critical report on execution drug mix - up '' . newsok.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` § 26.3 Date , time , place , and method of execution . '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 3597 - Use of State facilities '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connecticut § 54 -- 100 Kentucky 431.220 Missouri § 546.730 New Mexico § 31 - 14 - 12 ch. 279 Massachusetts § 60 North Carolina § 15 - 188 Oklahoma Title 22 § 1015 Montana § 46 - 19 - 103 Ohio § 2949.22 Tennessee § 40 - 23 - 116 US Code Title 18 § 3596 Federal regulations 28 CFR 26.4 Archived 2014 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Texas Execution Information - Texas Execution Primer '' . www.txexecutions.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` States go hunting for execution witnesses '' . jacksonsun.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Code § 7 - 13 - 908 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Death Penalty Support at 60 % '' . gallup.com .", "33": "Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliphant , Baxter ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Support for death penalty lowest in more than four decades '' . Dactank ; News in Numbers . Pew Research Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , 64 % Support Death Penalty in Cases of Murder '' . The Gallup Organization . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Americans at Odds With Recent Terror Trial Decisions '' . gallup.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foes of death penalty say McVeigh is an exception '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ReligiousTolerance '' . ReligiousTolerance . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Adam Lipak ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Group Gives Up Death Penalty Work '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions , '' Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ Pitkin , James ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Killing Time Dead Men Waiting on Oregon 's Death Row '' . Willamette Week . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ American Justice Volume 1 Jump up ^ Londono , O.", "34": "( 2013 ) , `` A Retributive Critique of Racial Bias and Arbitrariness in Capital Punishment . '' Journal of Social Philosophy , 44 : 95 -- 105 . doi : 10.1111 / josp. 12013 Jump up ^ `` Letter -- Cost of the Death Penalty '' . The New York Times . California . February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Death Row Inmates Granted Commutation by Governor George Ryan on January 12 , 2003 '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California moves -- slowly -- toward resuming executions '' . seattletimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . California has long been what one expert calls a `` symbolic death penalty state , '' one of 12 that has capital punishment on the books but has not executed anyone in more than a decade . Jump up ^ `` The History of Capital Punishment in California '' . California Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation . State of California . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Judge Rules Against Lethal Injection Protocol and Halts Execution '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bellware , Kim . `` Montana Judge Strikes Down State 's Lethal Injection Protocol '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge says executions unconstitutional Archived December 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Musgrave , Beth ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Decision halts lethal injections Latest Local , State News '' . Kentucky.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jung , Helen ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon , calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executions Are Suspended by Governor in Washington '' . The New York Times .", "35": "February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pennsylvania 's governor suspends the death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Marian J. Borg and Michael L. Radelet. ( 2004 ) . On botched executions . In : Peter Hodgkinson and William A. Schabas ( eds . ) Capital Punishment . pp. 143 -- 68 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511489273. 006 . Gail A. Van Norman . ( 2010 ) . Physician participation in executions . In : Gail A. Van Norman et al. ( eds . ) Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology . pp. 285 -- 91 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511841361. 051 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bakken , Gordon Morris , ed. ( 2010 ) . Invitation to an Execution : A History of the Death Penalty in the United States . University of New Mexico Press Banner , Stuart ( 2002 ) . The Death Penalty : An American History . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00751 - 4 . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . Boston , MA : Northeastern University Press ; Blecker , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Death of Punishment : Searching for Justice among the Worst of the Worst . St. Martin 's Press ; Delfino , Michelangelo and Mary E. Day . ( 2007 ) . Death Penalty USA 2005 -- 2006 MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 2 - 5 ; and Death Penalty USA 2003 -- 2004 ( 2008 ) . MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 3 - 2 .", "36": "Dow , David R. , Dow , Mark ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) . Machinery of Death : The Reality of America 's Death Penalty Regime . Routledge , New York . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93266 - 1 ( cloth ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93267 - X ( paperback ) ( Provides critical perspectives on the death penalty ) Garland , David ( 2010 ) . Peculiar Institution : America 's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition . Harvard University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2010 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 1 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1683 -- 1807 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2012 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 2 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1635 -- 1843 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Lane , Charles ( 2010 ) . Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . Megivern , James J. ( 1997 ) , The Death Penalty : An Historical and Theological Survey . Paulist Press , New York . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 0487 - 3 Osler , Mark William ( 2009 ) . Jesus on Death Row : The Trial of Jesus and American Capital Punishment . Abingdon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64756 - 9 Prejean , Helen ( 1993 ) . Dead Man Walking . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75131 - 9 ( paperback ) ( Describes the case of death row convict Elmo Patrick Sonnier , while also giving a general overview of issues connected to the death penalty ) Journal articles ( edit ) Vidma , Neil and Phoebe Ellsworth . `` Public Opinion and the Death Penalty '' ( Archive ) . Stanford Law Review . June 1974 . Volume 26 , pp. 1245 -- 1270 . Hoffmann , Joseph L. ( 2005 ) .", "37": "`` Protecting the Innocent : The Massachusetts Governor 's Council Report . '' 95 J. of Crim . L. & Criminology 561 . External links ( edit ) Prisoners Executed Under Civil Authority in the United States , by Year , Region , and Jurisdiction , 1977 -- 2016 Bureau of Justice Statistics United States of America : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . 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-7769128346512554192	who plays yoda in revenge of the sith	[ "Frank Oz", "Frank Oz", "Frank Oz" ]	{ "0": "Yoda - wikipedia Yoda Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Star Wars character . For other uses , see Yoda ( disambiguation ) . Yoda Star Wars character Yoda in The Empire Strikes Back First appearance The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Created by George Lucas Voiced by Frank Oz ( Episodes I -- III , V -- VIII , Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue , Star Wars Rebels ) John Lithgow ( The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi radio dramas ) Greg Berg ( one episode of Muppet Babies ) Peter McConnell ( Super Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back ) Corey Burton ( Read - along storybook CDs ) Tom Kane ( Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( movie ) , various TV shows and video games ) Performed by Frank Oz ( lead puppeteer , Episodes I , V -- VI , VIII ) Deep Roy ( costume , uncredited , Episode V ) Warwick Davis ( costume , uncredited , Episode I ) Additional performers : Kathryn Mullen , David Barclay , Mike Quinn , Wendy Froud , Don Austen , David Greenaway , Katherine Smee Information Full name Yoda Species Unknown Gender Male Occupation Jedi Master Affiliation Jedi Order Galactic Republic Title Grand Master of the Jedi Order ( Episodes I - VI ) Member of the High Jedi Council ( Episodes I - III ) General in the Grand Army of the Republic ( Episodes II - III ) Yoda ( / ˈjoʊdə / ) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas , first appearing in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back . In the original films , he trains Luke Skywalker to fight against the Galactic Empire . In the prequel films , he serves as the Grand Master of the Jedi Order and as a high - ranking general of Clone Troopers in the Clone Wars . Before his death in Return of the Jedi at the age of 900 , Yoda was the oldest living character in the Star Wars franchise in canon , until the introduction of Maz Kanata in Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 1.1 Character overview 2 Appearances 2.1 Feature films 2.1. 1 Original trilogy 2.1.", "1": "1.1 The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) 2.1. 1.2 Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) 2.1. 2 Prequel trilogy 2.1. 2.1 Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) 2.1. 2.2 Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) 2.1. 2.3 Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) 2.1. 3 Sequel trilogy 2.1. 3.1 Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) 2.1. 3.2 Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) 2.1. 4 Star Wars : Episode IX 2.2 Animated series 2.2. 1 Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) 2.2. 2 Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 ) 2.3 Legends 2.3. 1 Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 ) 2.3. 2 Comics 3 In popular culture 3.1 Merchandising 3.1. 1 Lego 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Concept and creation Frank Oz provided Yoda 's voice in each film and used his skills as a puppeteer in the original trilogy and Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . For some walking scenes in Episodes V and I , dwarf actors Deep Roy and Warwick Davis appeared in costume as Yoda ( though neither was credited ) . While Frank Oz served as the primary performer , he was assisted by a multitude of other puppeteers , including : Kathryn Mullen ( Ep . V ) , Wendy Froud ( Ep . V ) , David Barclay ( Ep . V - VI ) , Mike Quinn ( Ep . VI ) , David Greenaway ( Ep . I & VI ) , Don Austen ( Ep . I ) , and Kathy Smee ( Ep . I ) .", "2": "For the radio dramatizations of The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , Yoda was voiced by John Lithgow , while Tom Kane voiced him in the Clone Wars animated series , several video games , and the series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . George Lucas had originally conceived of Yoda 's full name as being `` Minch Yoda '' before shortening it . The make - up artist Stuart Freeborn based Yoda 's face partly on his own and partly on Albert Einstein 's . In The Phantom Menace , he was redesigned to look younger . He was computer - generated for two distant shots , but remained mostly a puppet . The puppet was re-designed by Nick Dudman from Stuart Freeborn 's original design . Rendered with computer animation in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Yoda appeared in ways not previously possible , including his participation in elaborate fight scenes . In Revenge of the Sith , his face appears in several big close - ups , demanding highly detailed CGI work . His performance was deliberately designed to be consistent with the limitations of the puppet version , with some `` mistakes '' made such as the occasional ear - jiggling . Rob Coleman was responsible for the character 's new incarnation to the series . Yoda was recreated in CGI for the 2011 Blu - ray release of The Phantom Menace . A clip of the new CG Yoda from The Phantom Menace was first seen in the featurette The Chosen One , included in the 2005 DVD release of Revenge of the Sith . The 2012 theatrical 3D release of The Phantom Menace also features the CG version of Yoda . Character overview Jedi Grand Master Yoda is amongst the oldest , stoic and most powerful known Jedi Masters in the Star Wars universe . Series creator George Lucas opted to have many details of the character 's life history remain unknown . Yoda 's race and home world have not been named in any official media , canonical or otherwise , and he is merely said to be of a `` species unknown '' by the Star Wars Databank . Yoda 's characteristic speech patterns have been analyzed and discussed by academic syntacticians , who found it somewhat inconsistent , but could extrapolate that it has object -- subject -- verb word order making it an anastrophe .", "3": "The films and expanded universe reveal that he had a hand in training almost every Jedi Master in the galaxy , including Count Dooku , who is identified in Attack of the Clones as Yoda 's old Padawan Learner ; Mace Windu ; Obi - Wan Kenobi ( partially , before Qui - Gon Jinn takes over as Obi - Wan 's master ) ; Ki - Adi - Mundi , Kit Fisto and eventually Luke Skywalker . During the animated series Star Wars : Clone Wars , set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , he mentions that he trained another one of the leaders on the Jedi Council , Master Oppo Rancisis . In the Star Wars prequel films , he instructs several younglings in the Jedi Temple before they are assigned to a master . This was displayed in a scene in Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones . In The Empire Strikes Back he mentioned that he had been training Jedi `` for 800 years '' , which means he must have been a Master Jedi for quite some time before that . Appearances Feature films Original trilogy The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Yoda makes his first film appearance in The Empire Strikes Back . Luke Skywalker ( Mark Hamill ) arrives on Dagobah to seek his guidance , having been instructed to do so by the Force ghost of Obi - Wan Kenobi ( Alec Guinness ) . Yoda does not initially identify himself to Luke and instead tests his patience by presenting himself as a comical and senile backwater individual , deliberately provoking both Luke and R2 - D2 ( Kenny Baker ) . Luke is shocked when he finally realizes that this small , elderly creature is the powerful Jedi Master he was seeking . Finding that Luke has the same anger and recklessness which caused his father 's downfall , Yoda is reluctant to teach him in the ways of the Force , and agrees only at Obi - Wan 's behest . Before finishing his training , however , Luke chooses to leave Dagobah in order to confront Darth Vader and save his friends at Bespin . Yoda and Obi - Wan warn him that he is not ready to face Vader and is being lured into a trap , but Luke leaves anyway , promising to return .", "4": "When Obi - Wan laments that Luke is their `` last hope , '' Yoda reminds him that `` there is another '' . Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Yoda makes a brief appearance in Return of the Jedi , set a year after The Empire Strikes Back . Yoda , now sick and frail , informs Luke that he has completed his training but will not be a Jedi until he confronts Darth Vader ; he also confirms that Vader is Luke 's father , something Vader had told Luke in the previous film . Yoda then peacefully dies at the age of 900 , his body disappearing as he becomes `` one with the Force '' . He leaves Luke with the knowledge that `` there is another Skywalker '' . Moments later , Obi - Wan 's ghost helps Luke come to the realization that the `` other '' of whom Yoda spoke is Princess Leia ( Carrie Fisher ) , who is his twin sister . In the film 's final scene , after the Empire has been defeated , Luke sees Yoda 's spirit looking upon him with pride , alongside Obi - Wan and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker ( Vader 's former Jedi self ) . Prequel trilogy Star Wars Episode I : the Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Yoda returns as a younger version of himself in the prequel trilogy beginning with The Phantom Menace . The film marked the final time Oz would portray the character as a puppet , until the release of The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) . However , in the 2011 Blu - ray release of The Phantom Menace , the Yoda puppet was replaced by a CGI character to match the later depiction of the character . In the film , which is set 35 years before The Empire Strikes Back , Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn ( Liam Neeson ) brings the young Anakin Skywalker ( Jake Lloyd ) to the Jedi Council . Qui - Gon is convinced that Anakin is the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force , and requests the boy be trained as a Jedi . Yoda senses great fear in Anakin , especially in regards to his attachment to his mother , and foresees `` grave danger '' in his training . The Council , led at the time by Yoda 's former padawan Mace Windu ( Samuel L. Jackson ) , rejects Qui - Gon 's request .", "5": "When Qui - Gon is mortally wounded in a duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul ( played by Ray Park and voiced by Peter Serafinowicz ) , his dying request to his Padawan Obi - Wan Kenobi ( Ewan McGregor ) is that Anakin be trained as a Jedi . Obi - Wan , determined to fulfill his promise to his master , tells Yoda that he will train the boy , even without the Council 's approval . Yoda makes Obi - Wan a Jedi Knight , and reluctantly gives his blessing to Anakin 's training . Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Yoda 's CGI appearance in Attack of the Clones Yoda makes his first CGI appearance in Attack of the Clones . Set a decade after The Phantom Menace , Yoda , now in direct control of the Order 's policy as Master of the High Council in addition to his traditional position as Grandmaster , is one of the many Jedi who are concerned about the emergence of the Separatists , a group of systems rebelling against the Galactic Republic . After the first attempted assassination of Senator Padmé Amidala ( Natalie Portman ) , Chancellor Palpatine ( Ian McDiarmid ) `` suggests '' that she be put under the protection of Obi - Wan , who is training Anakin ( now played by Hayden Christensen ) . At the climax of the film , Yoda arrives in time to save Obi - Wan and Anakin from the Separatists and defeats his former apprentice , Count Dooku ( Christopher Lee ) , in a lightsaber duel . Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) In Revenge of the Sith , Yoda leads the Jedi Council in pursuing the mysterious Sith Lord Darth Sidious . Palpatine has by now amassed near - dictatorial emergency powers , and begins interfering in Jedi affairs by appointing Anakin as his personal representative on the Council . The Council grants Anakin a Council seat , but denies him the rank of Master , feeling that doing so would amount to giving Palpatine a vote in the Council . Additionally , they order him to spy on Palpatine , whom Anakin considers a friend and mentor . Confused and angered by the perceived snub and the instructions to commit what he believes to be treason , Anakin continues to lose faith in the Jedi Order .", "6": "Anakin seeks Yoda 's counsel about his prophetic visions that someone close to him will die . Yoda , unaware of the person Anakin speaks of is Padmé , or that she is Anakin 's wife and pregnant with his child , tells him to `` train himself to let go of everything that he fears to lose '' . Unsatisfied , Anakin turns to Palpatine , who then reveals himself as Darth Sidious . Palpatine manipulates the young Jedi into becoming his Sith apprentice , Darth Vader , with the promise that the dark side holds the power to save Padmé from dying in childbirth . Palpatine later transforms the Republic into the tyrannical Galactic Empire , proclaiming himself emperor for life , and orders the clone troopers to kill their Jedi generals . At this time , Yoda is on Kashyyyk , overseeing the battle between the Separatist forces and a combined command of clone troopers and Wookiees . Through the Force , Yoda feels the deaths of each of the Jedi as they are assassinated by their own troops . After swiftly killing the clone troopers instructed to kill him , he escapes with Wookiee leaders Tarfful and Chewbacca ( Peter Mayhew ) , and returns to Coruscant , where he and Obi - Wan fight their way into the Jedi Temple to stop a trap for all surviving Jedi . Inside , they discover that all the Jedi inside , younglings included , have been slaughtered . They then discover a holographic recording , revealing Vader as the assassin . Yoda decides to face Palpatine , sending Obi - Wan to kill Vader . When Obi - Wan protests , Yoda tells him that the Anakin he knew no longer exists , having been `` consumed by Darth Vader '' . Subsequently , Yoda battles Palpatine in a lightsaber duel that wrecks the Senate Rotunda . In the end , neither is able to overcome the other and Yoda is forced to retreat . He goes into exile on Dagobah so that he may hide from the Empire and wait for another opportunity to destroy the Sith . At the end of the film , it was revealed that Yoda has been in contact with Qui - Gon 's spirit , learning the secret of immortality from him and passing it on to Obi - Wan .", "7": "Yoda is also instrumental in deciding the fate of the Skywalker children after Padmé dies in childbirth , recommending that Luke and Leia be hidden from Vader and Palpatine in remote locations . Other than the ancient Jedi Master , only the Organas , the Lars family , R2 - D2 and Obi - Wan know of their true identities . Sequel trilogy Star Wars : the Force Awakens ( 2015 ) In The Force Awakens , set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , Yoda 's voice is heard by the young scavenger Rey ( Daisy Ridley ) after she discovers Luke Skywalker 's lightsaber . Star Wars : the Last Jedi ( 2017 ) In Star Wars : The Last Jedi , Yoda appears to Luke as a force ghost as Luke debates whether to burn down the tree storing the only remaining copies of the Sacred Texts of the Jedi . As Luke makes his way to the tree , Yoda appears behind him and talks to Luke about the inner conflicts going on inside him and reminds him that a Jedi must always be sure of his path . When Luke decides against burning down the tree and destroying the texts , Yoda summons a lightning bolt down upon the tree , setting it ablaze while Luke steps back in horror at the sight of the texts seemingly being lost forever ( unaware that Rey had taken them earlier as she left the island . ) When confronting Yoda as to why he did it , Yoda tells Luke that the true Jedi knowledge is within Jedi themselves and it is their responsibility , not books , to pass that knowledge on and continue the way of the Jedi . As Luke takes in the message , he sits with Yoda and shares a quiet moment with his former master . Unlike in the later sequels , where fight scenes necessitated the character be rendered in with computer - generated imagery , Yoda is once more portrayed using puppetry . Star Wars : Episode IX Yoda will appear in Star Wars : Episode IX . Animated series Star Wars : the Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Yoda appears in Star Wars : The Clone Wars , voiced by Tom Kane . In the prequel film Star Wars : The Clone Wars , Yoda assigns Anakin Skywalker his own Padawan , Ahsoka Tano , as he believes that she will help Anakin grow as a Jedi and as a person .", "8": "Throughout most of the series , Yoda spends his time on Coruscant with the Jedi Council , but he occasionally leaves for certain tasks , such as negotiations with King Katuunko on Rugosa , and a confrontation with Asajj Ventress ' droid army . Yoda also watches over Anakin and Ahsoka throughout the series , pleased that they are both maturing due to each other 's influence . However , in the final arc of season five , Ahsoka is framed for a crime she did n't commit , and Yoda and the Jedi Council expel her , at the demand of Admiral Tarkin , and turn her over to the Republic military . Along with other members of the Council , Yoda observes Ahsoka 's trial , but Anakin bursts in with the true culprit , Barriss Offee , before the verdict can be read . Afterwards Yoda , Anakin and the Council personally invite Ahsoka to rejoin the Order , but to their shock , she refuses and leaves . According to Dave Filoni , Yoda blames himself for Ahsoka 's departure , as he had made her Anakin 's padawan in the first place . In the final arc of the final season , Yoda hears Qui - Gon Jinn speaking to him from beyond the grave . Yoda flees the Jedi Temple with R2 - D2 to travel to Dagobah , the planet he would make his home when he enters exile after events of Revenge of the Sith , to find answers . Shown cryptic visions of the fall of the Jedi , Yoda learns he has been `` chosen '' to learn how to manifest his consciousness after death as a Force ghost . Yoda is tested by a group of spirit priestesses in order to overcome trials and temptations on his pilgrimage ; one of these tests is to face an illusion of ancient Sith lord Darth Bane . Yoda 's final test is to resist an attempt by Darth Sidious and Dooku to lure him to the dark side with a false vision of deceased Jedi Master Sifo Dyas . Yoda engages in a metaphysical battle with Sidious , and appears to sacrifice his life in order to save Anakin 's - only to awaken and discover that the battle was merely a vision , and that he has passed the test . The priestesses inform Yoda that his training will resume in time .", "9": "Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 ) Yoda was heard in the Star Wars Rebels episode `` Path of the Jedi '' with Frank Oz reprising the role for the first time since Revenge of the Sith . He communicates with Padawan Ezra Bridger and his master Kanan Jarrus during their experience in an ancient temple on Lothal , and helps the pair do some soul - searching to analyze their true motivations . He appears physically for the first time , in the season 2 episode `` Shroud of Darkness '' , in which he tells Ezra he should find Malachor and reunites with Ahsoka after nearly 20 years . Legends With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014 . Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 ) Yoda appears in the 2003 Cartoon Network animated television series Star Wars : Clone Wars , voiced by Tom Kane . In the show , Yoda is made a General , like many of the Jedi Knights and Masters . Yoda escorts Padmé on their journey to an unspecified planet , but Yoda senses several Jedi in distress on Ilum . Using the Jedi mind trick to convince Captain Typho to take them to Ilum , Yoda saves two Jedi Knights and finds a message from Count Dooku giving orders to destroy the Jedi Temple on Ilum . In the animated series ' final episode , Yoda fights side by side with Mace Windu to defend Coruscant , which is under attack from the Separatists . The two Jedi Masters realize too late that the battle is a distraction ; Separatist leader General Grievous truly intends to kidnap Palpatine . The Jedi Master 's effort to stop Grievous fails , and Palpatine is taken hostage , thus setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith . Comics Yoda acts as a supporting character in Dark Horse Comics ' Clone Wars tie - in comic books . He is also an important character in several novels set in the Star Wars universe , particularly Yoda : Dark Rendezvous .", "10": "In popular culture In 2007 , Yoda was selected by Empire magazine as the `` 25th greatest movie character of all time '' . On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters , Fandomania.com ranked Yoda at number 60 . Yoda also appears in Disney 's Star Tours : The Adventures Continue attraction , where he is voiced by his original voice actor , Frank Oz . A life - size statue of Yoda greets visitors to Lucasfilm 's Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco 's Presidio , the headquarters of Industrial Light and Magic . American musician and parody artist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic used the character as inspiration for a parody of The Kinks ' `` Lola '' , in a song entitled `` Yoda . '' A Queen Mary University of London linguist claims Yoda 's language resembles Hawaiian the most . Merchandising This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) TomTom has included a `` Yoda '' voice as one of the Celebrity GPS voicings in their `` Star Wars '' voice series . Lego Lego 's Yoda minifigure was the first of their figures to be shorter than the other toys in the Lego Star Wars line ; it has shorter legs than the other action figures . Yoda appears in a television series based on the Lego Star Wars toys , created by the Lego company , among them Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles , Lego Star Wars : The Padawan Menace , Star Wars : The New Yoda Chronicles , and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales . See also Star Wars portal References Jump up ^ `` The Making of Yoda '' . Jump up ^ `` Cut Scenes : Dogabah '' . Jump up ^ `` Dogabah Second Unit Still '' . Jump up ^ `` Deep Roy as Yoda '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Yoda '' Cofactor Ora Jump up ^ `` Those Yoda Guys '' . Jump up ^ http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2011/01/yodas-full-name/ Jump up ^ `` Star Wars make - up artist Stuart Freeborn dies aged 98 '' . BBC News .", "11": "2012 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Freeborn , Yoda 's maker , dies '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British make - up artist Stuart Freeborn , who created Yoda , dies aged 98 '' . The Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hauptfuhrer , Fred ( 9 June 1980 ) . `` Yoda Mania : America Falls in Love with the 26 -- Inch , Green , Pointy - Eared Sage and his Master Puppeteer , Frank Oz '' . People . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( 2002 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Yoda as We 've Never Seen Him Before '' . Animation World Magazine . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Yoda Goes CGI in ' Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace ' on Blu - ray '' . Hi - Def Digest . 2011 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gould , Chris . `` Star Wars : Episode III - Revenge of the Sith '' . dvdactive . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pullum , Geoffrey K. ( 2005 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Language Log : Yoda 's syntax the Tribune analyzes ; supply more details I will ! '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Last Jedi spoiler talk : How an old - school Star Wars character made a surprising return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. : 2 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` Obi - Wan , Yoda Secretly in ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ McCluskey , Megan ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` An All - Time Favorite Star Wars Character Makes an Epic Cameo in The Last Jedi '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yoda waxwork , this is '' . BBC . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ van Riper , A. Bowdoin ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Five Classic Science Fiction Themes for the History Classrom '' . Teaching History with Science Fiction Films . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 22 . ISBN 9781442278493 . Jump up ^ Evans , Nick ( January 2018 ) . `` Why Star Wars : The Last Jedi Used A Puppet For Yoda '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' fans rejoice : Beloved character Yoda will return '' . New York Daily News . April 14 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Yoda Returns for Star Wars Rebels '' . tvguide.com. 15 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com.", "13": "April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Fictional Characters '' . Fandomania.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cole , Carolyn ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Frank Oz to ' Star Wars ' fans : Do the Yoda impression I wo n't '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/12/21/star-wars-yoda-hawaiian-according-linguistics-professor-7178086/ Jump up ^ `` Star Wars TM voices now available for TomTom devices '' . Starwars.tomtom.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Martell , Nevin ( 2009 ) . Standing Small : A Celebration of 30 Years of the Lego Minifigure . DK . p. 69 . Works cited The Jedi Apprentice series by Dave Wolverton and Jude Watson Episode I : The Phantom Menace , 1st edition paperback , 1999 . Terry Brooks , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 345 - 43411 - 0 Episode III : Revenge of the Sith - Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 The Annotated Screenplays , softcover , 1997 . George Lucas , Leigh Brackett , Lawrence Kasdan , Laurent Bouzereau , ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 The Courtship of Princess Leia , 1995 . Dave Wolverton , ISBN 0 - 553 - 56937 - 6 Mission from Mount Yoda , 1993 .", "14": "Paul Davids , Hollace Davids , ISBN 0 - 553 - 15890 - 2 A Guide to the Star Wars Universe , 2nd edition , 1994 . Bill Slavicsek , ISBN 0 - 345 - 38625 - 6 The Essential guide to Characters ( Star Wars ) , 1st edition , 1995 . Andy Mangels , ISBN 0 - 345 - 39535 - 2 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1998 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 3481 - 4 Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2005 . James Luceno , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Revised Core Rulebook , hardcover , 2002 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , J.D. Wiker , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2876 - X Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Power of the Jedi Sourcebook , hardcover , 2002 . Michael Mikaelian , Jeff Grubb , Owen K.C. Stephens , James Maliszewski , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2781 - X External links Look up Yoda in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Yoda in the StarWars.com Databank Yoda on Wookieepedia ,", "15": "a Star Wars wiki Yoda on IMDb Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W.", "16": "Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal The Clone Wars Media Film Episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' `` R2 Come Home / Lethal Trackdown '' `` The Gathering '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 , comic ) Dark Disciple ( 2016 , novel ) Original characters Cad Bane Saw Gerrera Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Star Wars Rebels Media Episodes A New Dawn ( 2014 , novel ) Servants of the Empire ( 2014 -- 2015 , novel series ) Thrawn ( 2017 , novel ) Characters Kanan Jarrus Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Saw Gerrera Grand Admiral Thrawn Wedge Antilles Bail Organa Princess Leia Lando Calrissian C - 3PO R2 - D2 Darth Maul Yoda Grand Moff Tarkin Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker -- Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Fairuza Balk vs.", "17": "Robin Tunney -- The Craft ( 1997 ) Will Smith vs. Cockroach -- Men in Black ( 1998 ) Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog -- There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne -- The Matrix ( 2000 ) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar -- Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang -- Rush Hour 2 ( 2002 ) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee -- Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama -- Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2004 ) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah -- Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt -- Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2006 ) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet -- 300 ( 2007 ) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet -- Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet -- Twilight ( 2009 ) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter -- Obsessed ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel -- The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig -- The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston -- The Avengers ( 2013 ) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs -- The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter -- The Maze Runner ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds vs.", "18": "Ed Skrein - Deadpool ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoda&oldid=836626863 '' Categories : Fantasy television characters Fictional characters introduced in 1980 Fictional diplomats Fictional empaths Fictional generals Fictional ghosts Fictional hermits Fictional telekinetics Fictional spiritual mediums Fictional sole survivors Jedi Male characters in film Male characters in television Puppets Star Wars CGI characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles to be expanded from December 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 22 : 27 . 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-5412367758097383866	what kind of national legislature did the constitution created	[ "bicameral Congress", "bicameral Congress" ]	{ "0": "United states Constitution - Wikipedia United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search United States Constitution Page one of the original copy of the Constitution Created September 17 , 1787 Ratified June 21 , 1788 Date effective March 4 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Location National Archives , Washington , D.C. Author ( s ) Philadelphia Convention Signatories 39 of the 55 delegates Purpose To replace the Articles of Confederation ( 1777 ) This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S.", "1": "Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States . The Constitution , originally comprising seven articles , delineates the national frame of government . Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers , whereby the federal government is divided into three branches : the legislative , consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive , consisting of the President ; and the judicial , consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts . Articles Four , Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism , describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government . Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it . It is regarded as the oldest written and codified constitution in force of the world . Since the Constitution came into force in 1789 , it has been amended 27 times to meet the changing needs of a nation now profoundly different from the eighteenth - century world in which its creators lived .", "2": "In general , the first ten amendments , known collectively as the Bill of Rights , offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government . The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections . Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures . Amendments to the United States Constitution , unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide , are appended to the document . All four pages of the original U.S. Constitution are written on parchment . According to the United States Senate : `` The Constitution 's first three words -- We the People -- affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens . For over two centuries the Constitution has remained in force because its framers wisely separated and balanced governmental powers to safeguard the interests of majority rule and minority rights , of liberty and equality , and of the federal and state governments . '' The first permanent constitution of its kind , adopted by the people 's representatives for an expansive nation , it is interpreted , supplemented , and implemented by a large body of constitutional law , and has influenced the constitutions of other nations .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 First government 1.2 Articles of Confederation 2 History 2.1 1787 Drafting 2.2 1788 Ratification 3 Influences 4 Original frame 4.1 Preamble 4.2 Article One 4.3 Article Two 4.4 Article Three 4.5 Article Four 4.6 Article Five 4.7 Article Six 4.8 Article Seven 4.9 Closing endorsement 5 Ratified amendments 5.1 Safeguards of liberty ( Amendments 1 , 2 , and 3 ) 5.2 Safeguards of justice ( Amendments 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 ) 5.3 Unenumerated rights and reserved powers ( Amendments 9 and 10 ) 5.4 Governmental authority ( Amendments 11 , 16 , 18 , and 21 ) 5.5 Safeguards of civil rights ( Amendments 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 23 , 24 , and 26 ) 5.6 Government processes and procedures ( Amendments 12 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 25 , and 27 ) 6 Unratified amendments 6.1 Still pending 6.2 No longer pending 7 Judicial review 7.1 Scope and theory 7.2 Establishment 7.2. 1 Self - restraint 7.2. 2 Separation of powers 7.3 Subsequent Courts 8 Civic religion 9 Worldwide influence 10 Criticisms 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 Works cited 14 Further reading 15 External links 15.1 U.S. government sources 15.2 Non-governmental sources Background See also : History of the United States Constitution First government From September 5 , 1774 to March 1 , 1781 , the Continental Congress functioned as the provisional government of the United States .", "4": "Delegates to the First ( 1774 ) and then the Second ( 1775 -- 1781 ) Continental Congress were chosen largely through the action of committees of correspondence in various colonies rather than through the colonial or later state legislatures . In no formal sense was it a gathering representative of existing colonial governments ; it represented the dissatisfied elements of the people , such persons as were sufficiently interested to act , despite the strenuous opposition of the loyalists and the obstruction or disfavor of colonial governors . The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a central governing body . Endowed by the people collectively , the Continental Congress alone possessed those attributes of external sovereignty which entitled it to be called a state in the international sense , while the separate states , exercising a limited or internal sovereignty , may rightly be considered a creation of the Continental Congress , which preceded them and brought them into being . Articles of Confederation Main article : Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States . It was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late - 1777 , and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781 . Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Although , in a way , the Congressional powers in Article 9 made the `` league of states as cohesive and strong as any similar sort of republican confederation in history '' , the chief problem was , in the words of George Washington , `` no money '' . The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless . ( A popular phrase of the times called a useless object or person ... not worth a Continental , referring to the Continental dollar . ) Congress could borrow money , but could n't pay it back . No state paid all their U.S. taxes ; some paid nothing . Some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens , but no more . No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments . By 1786 , the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due .", "5": "Internationally , the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ' ability to defend its sovereignty . Most of the troops in the 625 - man United States Army were deployed facing -- but not threatening -- British forts on American soil . They had not been paid ; some were deserting and others threatening mutiny . Spain closed New Orleans to American commerce ; U.S. officials protested , but to no effect . Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce ; the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom . If any military crisis required action , the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response . Domestically , the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the diverse sentiments and interests of the various states . Although the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) was signed between Great Britain and the U.S. , and named each of the American states , various individual states proceeded blithely to violate it . New York and South Carolina repeatedly prosecuted Loyalists for wartime activity and redistributed their lands . Individual state legislatures independently laid embargoes , negotiated directly with foreign authorities , raised armies , and made war , all violating the letter and the spirit of the Articles . In September 1786 , during an inter -- state convention to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected , James Madison angrily questioned whether the Articles of Confederation was a binding compact or even a viable government . Connecticut paid nothing and `` positively refused '' to pay U.S. assessments for two years . A rumor had it that a `` seditious party '' of New York legislators had opened a conversation with the Viceroy of Canada . To the south , the British were said to be openly funding Creek Indian raids on white settlers in Georgia and adjacent territory . Savannah ( then - capital of Georgia ) had been fortified , and the state of Georgia was under martial law . Additionally , during Shays ' Rebellion ( August 1786 -- June 1787 ) in Massachusetts , Congress could provide no money to support an endangered constituent state . General Benjamin Lincoln was obliged to raise funds from Boston merchants to pay for a volunteer army . Congress was paralyzed . It could do nothing significant without nine states , and some legislation required all thirteen .", "6": "When a state produced only one member in attendance , its vote was not counted . If a state 's delegation were evenly divided , its vote could not be counted towards the nine - count requirement . The Articles Congress had `` virtually ceased trying to govern '' . The vision of a `` respectable nation '' among nations seemed to be fading in the eyes of revolutionaries such as George Washington , Benjamin Franklin , and Rufus King . Their dream of a republic , a nation without hereditary rulers , with power derived from the people in frequent elections , was in doubt . On February 21 , 1787 , the Confederation Congress called a convention of state delegates at Philadelphia to propose a plan of government . Unlike earlier attempts , the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations , but for the `` sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation '' . The convention was not limited to commerce ; rather , it was intended to `` render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union . '' The proposal might take effect when approved by Congress and the states . History 1787 drafting Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Signing the Constitution , September 17 , 1787 On the appointed day , May 14 , 1787 , only the Virginia and Pennsylvania delegations were present , and so the convention 's opening meeting was postponed for lack of a quorum . A quorum of seven states met and deliberations began on May 25 . Eventually twelve states were represented ; 74 delegates were named , 55 attended and 39 signed . The delegates were generally convinced that an effective central government with a wide range of enforceable powers must replace the weaker Congress established by the Articles of Confederation . Their depth of knowledge and experience in self - government was remarkable . As Thomas Jefferson in Paris wrote to John Adams in London , `` It really is an assembly of demigods . '' Delegates used two streams of intellectual tradition , and any one delegate could be found using both or a mixture depending on the subject under discussion : foreign affairs , the economy , national government , or federal relationships among the states .", "7": "Two plans for structuring the federal government arose at the convention 's outset : The Virginia Plan ( also known as the Large State Plan or the Randolph Plan ) proposed that the legislative department of the national government be composed of a Bicameral Congress , with both chambers elected with apportionment according to population . Generally favoring the most highly populated states , it used the philosophy of John Locke to rely on consent of the governed , Montesquieu for divided government , and Edward Coke to emphasize civil liberties . The New Jersey Plan proposed that the legislative department be a unicameral body with one vote per state . Generally favoring the less - populous states , it used the philosophy of English Whigs such as Edmund Burke to rely on received procedure and William Blackstone to emphasize sovereignty of the legislature . This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities and , as they entered the United States of America freely and individually , remained so . On May 31 , the Convention devolved into a `` Committee of the Whole '' to consider the Virginia Plan . On June 13 , the Virginia resolutions in amended form were reported out of committee . The New Jersey plan was put forward in response to the Virginia Plan . A `` Committee of Eleven '' ( one delegate from each state represented ) met from July 2 to 16 to work out a compromise on the issue of representation in the federal legislature . All agreed to a republican form of government grounded in representing the people in the states . For the legislature , two issues were to be decided : how the votes were to be allocated among the states in the Congress , and how the representatives should be elected . In its report , now known as the Connecticut Compromise ( or `` Great Compromise '' ) , the committee proposed proportional representation for seats in the House of Representatives based on population ( with the people voting for representatives ) , and equal representation for each State in the Senate ( with each state 's legislators generally choosing their respective senators ) , and that all money bills would originate in the House . The Great Compromise ended the stalemate between `` patriots '' and `` nationalists '' , leading to numerous other compromises in a spirit of accommodation . There were sectional interests to be balanced by the Three - Fifths Compromise ; reconciliation on Presidential term , powers , and method of selection ; and jurisdiction of the federal judiciary .", "8": "On July 24 , a `` Committee of Detail '' -- John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) , Edmund Randolph ( Virginia ) , Nathaniel Gorham ( Massachusetts ) , Oliver Ellsworth ( Connecticut ) , and James Wilson ( Pennsylvania ) -- was elected to draft a detailed constitution reflective of the Resolutions passed by the convention up to that point . The Convention recessed from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of this `` Committee of Detail '' . Overall , the report of the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention , adding some elements . A twenty - three article ( plus preamble ) constitution was presented . From August 6 to September 10 , the report of the committee of detail was discussed , section by section and clause by clause . Details were attended to , and further compromises were effected . Toward the close of these discussions , on September 8 , a `` Committee of Style and Arrangement '' -- Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) -- was appointed to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty - three approved articles . The final draft , presented to the convention on September 12 , contained seven articles , a preamble and a closing endorsement , of which Morris was the primary author . The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to Congress . The final document , engrossed by Jacob Shallus , was taken up on Monday , September 17 , at the Convention 's final session . Several of the delegates were disappointed in the result , a makeshift series of unfortunate compromises . Some delegates left before the ceremony , and three others refused to sign . Of the thirty - nine signers , Benjamin Franklin summed up , addressing the Convention : `` There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them . '' He would accept the Constitution , `` because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best '' . The advocates of the Constitution were anxious to obtain unanimous support of all twelve states represented in the Convention . Their accepted formula for the closing endorsement was `` Done in Convention , by the unanimous consent of the States present . ''", "9": "At the end of the convention , the proposal was agreed to by eleven state delegations and the lone remaining delegate from New York , Alexander Hamilton . 1788 ratification Transmitted to the United States in Congress Assembled then sitting in New York City , the new Constitution was forwarded to the states by Congress recommending the ratification process outlined in the Constitution . Each state legislature was to call elections for a `` Federal Convention '' to ratify the new Constitution . They expanded the franchise beyond the Constitutional requirement to more nearly embrace `` the people '' . Eleven ratified in 1787 or 1788 , and all thirteen had done so by 1790 . The Congress of the Confederation certified eleven states to begin the new government , and called the states to hold elections to begin operation . It then dissolved itself on March 4 , 1789 , the day the first session of the Congress of the United States began . George Washington was inaugurated as President two months later . Territorial extent of the United States , 1790 It was within the power of the old Congress of the Confederation to expedite or block the ratification of the new Constitution . The document that the Philadelphia Convention presented was technically only a revision of the Articles of Confederation . But the last article of the new instrument provided that when ratified by conventions in nine states ( or two - thirds at the time ) , it should go into effect among the States so acting . Then followed an arduous process of ratification of the Constitution by specially constituted conventions . The need for only nine states ' approval was a controversial decision at the time , since the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of all the states . Three members of the Convention -- Madison , Gorham , and King -- were also Members of Congress . They proceeded at once to New York , where Congress was in session , to placate the expected opposition . Aware of their vanishing authority , Congress , on September 28 , after some debate , resolved unanimously to submit the Constitution to the States for action , `` in conformity to the resolves of the Convention '' , but with no recommendation either for or against its adoption . Two parties soon developed , one in opposition , the Anti-Federalists , and one in support , the Federalists , of the Constitution ; and the Constitution was debated , criticized , and expounded upon clause by clause .", "10": "Hamilton , Madison , and Jay , under the name of Publius , wrote a series of commentaries , now known as The Federalist Papers , in support of ratification in the state of New York , at that time a hotbed of anti-Federalism . These commentaries on the Constitution , written during the struggle for ratification , have been frequently cited by the Supreme Court as an authoritative contemporary interpretation of the meaning of its provisions . The dispute over additional powers for the central government was close , and in some states ratification was effected only after a bitter struggle in the state convention itself . The Continental Congress -- which still functioned at irregular intervals -- passed a resolution on September 13 , 1788 , to put the new Constitution into operation with eleven states . North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified by May 1790 . Influences Further information : History of the United States Constitution This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : not encyclopedic Please help improve this section if you can . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Enlightenment and Rule of law John Locke Two Treatises of Government life , liberty and property Several ideas in the Constitution were new . These were associated with the combination of consolidated government along with federal relationships with constituent states . The Due Process Clause of the Constitution was partly based on common law and on Magna Carta ( 1215 ) , which had become a foundation of English liberty against arbitrary power wielded by a ruler . Among the most prominent political theorists of the late eighteenth century were William Blackstone , John Locke , and Montesquieu . Both the influence of Edward Coke and William Blackstone were evident at the Convention . In his Institutes of the Lawes of England , Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta protections and rights to apply not just to nobles , but to all British subjects . In writing the Virginia Charter of 1606 , he enabled the King in Parliament to give those to be born in the colonies all rights and liberties as though they were born in England .", "11": "William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England were the most influential books on law in the new republic . British political philosopher John Locke following the Glorious Revolution ( 1688 ) was a major influence expanding on the contract theory of government advanced by Thomas Hobbes . Locke advanced the principle of consent of the governed in his Two Treatises of Government . Government 's duty under a social contract among the sovereign people was to serve the people by protecting their rights . These basic rights were life , liberty and property . Montesquieu 's influence on the framers is evident in Madison 's Federalist No. 47 and Hamilton 's Federalist No. 78 . Jefferson , Adams , and Mason were known to read Montesquieu . Supreme Court Justices , the ultimate interpreters of the Constitution , have cited to Montesquieu throughout the Court 's history . ( See , e.g. , Green v. Biddle , 21 U.S. 1 , 1 , 36 ( 1823 ) . United States v. Wood , 39 U.S. 430 , 438 ( 1840 ) . Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 , 116 ( 1926 ) . Nixon v. Administrator of General Services , 433 U.S. 425 , 442 ( 1977 ) . Bank Markazi v. Peterson , 136 U.S. 1310 , 1330 ( 2016 ). ) Montesquieu emphasized the need for balanced forces pushing against each other to prevent tyranny ( reflecting the influence of Polybius 's 2nd century BC treatise on the checks and balances of the Roman Republic ) . In his The Spirit of the Laws , Montesquieu argues that the separation of state powers should be by its service to the people 's liberty : legislative , executive and judicial . A substantial body of thought had been developed from the literature of republicanism in the United States , including work by John Adams and applied to the creation of state constitutions . The constitution was a federal one , and was influenced by the study of other federations , both ancient and extant .", "12": "The United States Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 , as supporters of the Constitution had promised critics during the debates of 1788 . The English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) was an inspiration for the American Bill of Rights . Both require jury trials , contain a right to keep and bear arms , prohibit excessive bail and forbid `` cruel and unusual punishments '' . Many liberties protected by state constitutions and the Virginia Declaration of Rights were incorporated into the Bill of Rights . Original frame Neither the Convention which drafted the Constitution , nor the Congress which sent it to the thirteen states for ratification in the autumn of 1787 , gave it a lead caption . To fill this void , the document was most often titled `` A frame of Government '' when it was printed for the convenience of ratifying conventions and the information of the public . This Frame of Government consisted of a preamble , seven articles and a signed closing endorsement . Preamble `` We the People '' in an original edition The preamble to the Constitution serves as an introductory statement of the document 's fundamental purposes and guiding principles . It neither assigns powers to the federal government , nor does it place specific limitations on government action . Rather , it sets out the origin , scope and purpose of the Constitution . Its origin and authority is in `` We , the people of the United States '' . This echoes the Declaration of Independence . `` One people '' dissolved their connection with another , and assumed among the powers of the earth , a sovereign nation - state . The scope of the Constitution is twofold . First , `` to form a more perfect Union '' than had previously existed in the `` perpetual Union '' of the Articles of Confederation . Second , to `` secure the blessings of liberty '' , which were to be enjoyed by not only the first generation , but for all who came after , `` our posterity '' . Article one Article One describes the Congress , the legislative branch of the federal government . Section 1 , reads , `` All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . '' The article establishes the manner of election and the qualifications of members of each body .", "13": "Representatives must be at least 25 years old , be a citizen of the United States for seven years , and live in the state they represent . Senators must be at least 30 years old , be a citizen for nine years , and live in the state they represent . Article I , Section 8 enumerates the powers delegated to the legislature . Financially , Congress has the power to tax , borrow , pay debt and provide for the common defense and the general welfare ; to regulate commerce , bankruptcies , and coin money . To regulate internal affairs , it has the power to regulate and govern military forces and militias , suppress insurrections and repel invasions . It is to provide for naturalization , standards of weights and measures , post offices and roads , and patents ; to directly govern the federal district and cessions of land by the states for forts and arsenals . Internationally , Congress has the power to define and punish piracies and offenses against the Law of Nations , to declare war and make rules of war . The final Necessary and Proper Clause , also known as the Elastic Clause , expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress without the Articles ' requirement for express delegation for each and every power . Article I , Section 9 lists eight specific limits on congressional power . The Supreme Court has sometimes broadly interpreted the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause in Article One to allow Congress to enact legislation that is neither expressly allowed by the enumerated powers nor expressly denied in the limitations on Congress . In McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , the Supreme Court read the Necessary and Proper Clause to permit the federal government to take action that would `` enable ( it ) to perform the high duties assigned to it ( by the Constitution ) in the manner most beneficial to the people '' , even if that action is not itself within the enumerated powers . Chief Justice Marshall clarified : `` Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the Constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution , are Constitutional . '' Article two Article Two describes the office of the President of the United States . The President is head of the executive branch of the federal government , as well as the nation 's head of state and head of government .", "14": "Article Two describes the office , qualifications and duties of the President of the United States and the Vice President . It is modified by the 12th Amendment which tacitly acknowledges political parties , and the 25th Amendment relating to office succession . The president is to receive only one compensation from the federal government . The inaugural oath is specified to preserve , protect and defend the Constitution . The president is the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces and state militias when they are mobilized . He or she makes treaties with the advice and consent of a two - thirds quorum of the Senate . To administer the federal government , the president commissions all the offices of the federal government as Congress directs ; he or she may require the opinions of its principal officers and make `` recess appointments '' for vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate . The president is to see that the laws are faithfully executed , though he or she may grant reprieves and pardons except regarding Congressional impeachment of himself or other federal officers . The president reports to Congress on the State of the Union , and by the Recommendation Clause , recommends `` necessary and expedient '' national measures . The president may convene and adjourn Congress under special circumstances . Section 4 provides for removal of the president and other federal officers . The president is removed on impeachment for , and conviction of , treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . Article three Article Three describes the court system ( the judicial branch ) , including the Supreme Court . There shall be one court called the Supreme Court . The article describes the kinds of cases the court takes as original jurisdiction . Congress can create lower courts and an appeals process . Congress enacts law defining crimes and providing for punishment . Article Three also protects the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases , and defines the crime of treason . Section 1 vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts , and with it , the authority to interpret and apply the law to a particular case . Also included is the power to punish , sentence , and direct future action to resolve conflicts . The Constitution outlines the U.S. judicial system . In the Judiciary Act of 1789 , Congress began to fill in details . Currently , Title 28 of the U.S. Code describes judicial powers and administration .", "15": "As of the First Congress , the Supreme Court justices rode circuit to sit as panels to hear appeals from the district courts . In 1891 , Congress enacted a new system . District courts would have original jurisdiction . Intermediate appellate courts ( circuit courts ) with exclusive jurisdiction heard regional appeals before consideration by the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court holds discretionary jurisdiction , meaning that it does not have to hear every case that is brought to it . To enforce judicial decisions , the Constitution grants federal courts both criminal contempt and civil contempt powers . The court 's summary punishment for contempt immediately overrides all other punishments applicable to the subject party . Other implied powers include injunctive relief and the habeas corpus remedy . The Court may imprison for contumacy , bad - faith litigation , and failure to obey a writ of mandamus . Judicial power includes that granted by Acts of Congress for rules of law and punishment . Judicial power also extends to areas not covered by statute . Generally , federal courts can not interrupt state court proceedings . Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only . Their judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical , or which are proscribed due to standing , mootness , or ripeness issues . Generally , a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have some interest genuinely at stake in the case . Also required is of broad enough concern in the Court 's jurisdiction that a lower court , either federal or state , does not geographically cover all the existing cases before law . Courts following these guidelines exercise judicial restraint . Those making an exception are said to be judicial activist . Clause 2 of Section 2 provides that the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving ambassadors , ministers and consuls , for all cases respecting foreign nation - states , and also in those controversies which are subject to federal judicial power because at least one state is a party . Cases arising under the laws of the United States and its treaties come under the jurisdiction of federal courts . Cases under international maritime law and conflicting land grants of different states come under federal courts . Cases between U.S. citizens in different states , and cases between U.S. citizens and foreign states and their citizens , come under federal jurisdiction . The trials will be in the state where the crime was committed .", "16": "No part of the Constitution expressly authorizes judicial review , but the Framers did contemplate the idea . The Constitution is the supreme law of the land . Precedent has since established that the courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch . Two conflicting federal laws are under `` pendent '' jurisdiction if one presents a strict constitutional issue . Federal court jurisdiction is rare when a state legislature enacts something as under federal jurisdiction . To establish a federal system of national law , considerable effort goes into developing a spirit of comity between federal government and states . By the doctrine of ' Res judicata ' , federal courts give `` full faith and credit '' to State Courts . The Supreme Court will decide Constitutional issues of state law only on a case by case basis , and only by strict Constitutional necessity , independent of state legislators motives , their policy outcomes or its national wisdom . Section 3 bars Congress from changing or modifying Federal law on treason by simple majority statute . Treason is also defined in this section . It 's not enough merely to think a treasonous thought , there must be an overt act of making war or materially helping those at war with the United States . Accusations must be corroborated by at least two witnesses . Congress is a political body and political disagreements routinely encountered should never be considered as treason . This allows for nonviolent resistance to the government because opposition is not a life or death proposition . However , Congress does provide for other less subversive crimes and punishments such as conspiracy . Article four Article Four outlines the relations among the states and between each state and the federal government . In addition , it provides for such matters as admitting new states and border changes between the states . For instance , it requires states to give `` full faith and credit '' to the public acts , records , and court proceedings of the other states . Congress is permitted to regulate the manner in which proof of such acts may be admitted . The `` privileges and immunities '' clause prohibits state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of resident citizens , e.g. , having tougher penalties for residents of Ohio convicted of crimes within Michigan . It also establishes extradition between the states , as well as laying down a legal basis for freedom of movement and travel amongst the states .", "17": "Today , this provision is sometimes taken for granted , but in the days of the Articles of Confederation , crossing state lines was often arduous and costly . The Territorial Clause gives Congress the power to make rules for disposing of federal property and governing non-state territories of the United States . Finally , the fourth section of Article Four requires the United States to guarantee to each state a republican form of government , and to protect them from invasion and violence . Article five Article Five outlines the process for amending the Constitution . Eight state constitutions in effect in 1787 included an amendment mechanism . Amendment making power rested with the legislature in three of the states and in the other five it was given to specially elected conventions . The Articles of Confederation provided that amendments were to be proposed by Congress and ratified by the unanimous vote of all thirteen state legislatures . This proved to be a major flaw in the Articles , as it created an insurmountable obstacle to constitutional reform . The amendment process crafted during the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention was , according to The Federalist No. 43 , designed to establish a balance between pliancy and rigidity : It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable ; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults . It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors , as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side , or on the other . There are two steps in the amendment process . Proposals to amend the Constitution must be properly adopted and ratified before they change the Constitution . First , there are two procedures for adopting the language of a proposed amendment , either by ( a ) Congress , by two - thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives , or ( b ) national convention ( which shall take place whenever two - thirds of the state legislatures collectively call for one ) . Second , there are two procedures for ratifying the proposed amendment , which requires three - fourths of the states ' ( presently 38 of 50 ) approval : ( a ) consent of the state legislatures , or ( b ) consent of state ratifying conventions . The ratification method is chosen by Congress for each amendment . State ratifying conventions were used only once , for the Twenty - first Amendment .", "18": "Presently , the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code § 106b . The Archivist submits the proposed amendment to the states for their consideration by sending a letter of notification to each Governor . Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state 's legislature . When a state ratifies a proposed amendment , it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state 's action . Ratification documents are examined by the Office of the Federal Register for facial legal sufficiency and an authenticating signature . Article Five ends by shielding certain clauses in the new frame of government from being amended . Article One , Section 9 , Clauses 1 prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 , plus the fourth clause from that same section , which reiterates the Constitutional rule that direct taxes must be apportioned according state populations . These clauses were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On January 1 , 1808 , the first day it was permitted to do so , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the country . On February 3 , 1913 , with ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment , Congress gained the authority to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . The third textually entrenched provision is Article One , Section 3 , Clauses 1 , which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate . The shield protecting this clause from the amendment process is less absolute -- `` no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' -- but permanent . Article six Article Six establishes the Constitution , and all federal laws and treaties of the United States made according to it , to be the supreme law of the land , and that `` the judges in every state shall be bound thereby , any thing in the laws or constitutions of any state notwithstanding . '' It validates national debt created under the Articles of Confederation and requires that all federal and state legislators , officers , and judges take oaths or affirmations to support the Constitution .", "19": "This means that the states ' constitutions and laws should not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution and that in case of a conflict , state judges are legally bound to honor the federal laws and constitution over those of any state . Article Six also states `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Article seven Article Seven describes the process for establishing the proposed new frame of government . Anticipating that the influence of many state politicians would be Antifederalist , delegates to the Philadelphia Convention provided for ratification of the Constitution by popularly elected ratifying conventions in each state . The convention method also made it possible that judges , ministers and others ineligible to serve in state legislatures , could be elected to a convention . Suspecting that Rhode Island , at least , might not ratify , delegates decided that the Constitution would go into effect as soon as nine states ( two - thirds rounded up ) ratified . Once ratified by this minimum number of states , it was anticipated that the proposed Constitution would become this Constitution between the nine or more that signed . It would not cover the four or fewer states that might not have signed . Closing endorsement Closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17 , 1787 when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention endorsed the constitution created during the convention . In addition to signatures , this closing endorsement , the Constitution 's eschatocol , included a brief declaration that the delegates ' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document . Included are , a statement pronouncing the document 's adoption by the states present , a formulaic dating of its adoption , and the signatures of those endorsing it . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures . He also made a few secretarial notes . The language of the concluding endorsement , conceived by Gouverneur Morris and presented to the convention by Benjamin Franklin , was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates . Advocates for the new frame of government , realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed to make it operational , were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state .", "20": "It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution . Therefore , in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous , the formula , Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present ... was devised . The document is dated : `` the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord '' 1787 , and `` of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth . '' This two-fold epoch dating serves to place the Constitution in the context of the religious traditions of Western civilization and , at the same time , links it to the regime principles proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence . This dual reference can also be found in the Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance . The closing endorsement serves an authentication function only . It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . It does however , provide essential documentation of the Constitution 's validity , a statement of `` This is what was agreed to . '' It records who signed the Constitution , and when and where . Ratified amendments United States Bill of Rights Currently housed in the National Archives . See also : List of amendments to the United States Constitution The Constitution has twenty - seven amendments . Structurally , the Constitution 's original text and all prior amendments remain untouched . The precedent for this practice was set in 1789 , when Congress considered and proposed the first several Constitutional amendments . Among these , Amendments 1 -- 10 are collectively known as the Bill of Rights , and Amendments 13 -- 15 are known as the Reconstruction Amendments . Excluding the Twenty - seventh Amendment , which was pending before the states for 7004740030000000000 ♠ 202 years , 225 days , the longest pending amendment that was successfully ratified was the Twenty - second Amendment , which took 7003143900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 343 days . The Twenty - sixth Amendment was ratified in the shortest time , 100 days . The average ratification time for the first twenty - six amendments was 1 year , 252 days , for all twenty - seven , 9 years , 48 days . A proposed amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution as soon as it is ratified by three - fourths of the States ( currently 38 of the 50 States ) .", "21": "There is no further step . The text requires no additional action by Congress or anyone else after ratification by the required number of states . Thus , when the Office of the Federal Register verifies that it has received the required number of authenticated ratification documents , it drafts a formal proclamation for the Archivist to certify that the amendment is valid and has become part of the nation 's frame of government . This certification is published in the Federal Register and United States Statutes at Large and serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed . Safeguards of liberty ( amendments 1 , 2 , and 3 ) The First Amendment ( 1791 ) prohibits Congress from obstructing the exercise of certain individual freedoms : freedom of religion , freedom of speech , freedom of the press , freedom of assembly , and right to petition . Its Free Exercise Clause guarantees a person 's right to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wants , and to freely exercise that belief , and its Establishment Clause prevents the federal government from creating an official national church or favoring one set of religious beliefs over another . The amendment guarantees an individual 's right to express and to be exposed to a wide range of opinions and views . It was intended to ensure a free exchange of ideas , even unpopular ones . It also guarantees an individual 's right to physically gather or associate with others in groups for economic , political or religious purposes . Additionally , it guarantees an individual 's right to petition the government for a redress of grievances . The Second Amendment ( 1791 ) protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Although the Supreme Court has ruled that this right applies to individuals , not merely to collective militias , it has also held that the government may regulate or place some limits on the manufacture , ownership and sale of firearms or other weapons . Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates , the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the widespread efforts of the British to confiscate the colonists ' firearms at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War . Patrick Henry had rhetorically asked , shall we be stronger , `` when we are totally disarmed , and when a British Guard shall be stationed in every house ? '' The Third Amendment ( 1791 ) prohibits the federal government from forcing individuals to provide lodging to soldiers in their homes during peacetime without their consent .", "22": "Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates , the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War , which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use . Safeguards of Justice ( amendments 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 ) The Fourth Amendment ( 1791 ) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials . A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual 's home or car . A seizure occurs when the government takes control of an individual or something in his or her possession . Items that are seized often are used as evidence when the individual is charged with a crime . It also imposes certain limitations on police investigating a crime and prevents the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial . The Fifth Amendment ( 1791 ) establishes the requirement that a trial for a major crime may commence only after an indictment has been handed down by a grand jury ; protects individuals from double jeopardy , being tried and put in danger of being punished more than once for the same criminal act ; prohibits punishment without due process of law , thus protecting individuals from being imprisoned without fair procedures ; and provides that an accused person may not be compelled to reveal to the police , prosecutor , judge , or jury any information that might incriminate or be used against him or her in a court of law . Additionally , the Fifth Amendment also prohibits government from taking private property for public use without `` just compensation '' , the basis of eminent domain in the United States . The Sixth Amendment ( 1791 ) provides several protections and rights to an individual accused of a crime . The accused has the right to a fair and speedy trial by a local and impartial jury . Likewise , a person has the right to a public trial . This right protects defendants from secret proceedings that might encourage abuse of the justice system , and serves to keep the public informed . This amendment also guarantees a right to legal counsel if accused of a crime , guarantees that the accused may require witnesses to attend the trial and testify in the presence of the accused , and guarantees the accused a right to know the charges against them .", "23": "In 1966 , the Supreme Court ruled that , with the Fifth Amendment , this amendment requires what has become known as the Miranda warning . The Seventh Amendment ( 1791 ) extends the right to a jury trial to federal civil cases , and inhibits courts from overturning a jury 's findings of fact . Although the Seventh Amendment itself says that it is limited to `` suits at common law '' , meaning cases that triggered the right to a jury under English law , the amendment has been found to apply in lawsuits that are similar to the old common law cases . For example , the right to a jury trial applies to cases brought under federal statutes that prohibit race or gender discrimination in housing or employment . Importantly , this amendment guarantees the right to a jury trial only in federal court , not in state court . The Eighth Amendment ( 1791 ) protects people from having bail or fines set at an amount so high that it would be impossible for all but the richest defendants to pay and also protects people from being subjected to cruel and unusual punishment . Although this phrase originally was intended to outlaw certain gruesome methods of punishment , it has been broadened over the years to protect against punishments that are grossly disproportionate to or too harsh for the particular crime . This provision has also been used to challenge prison conditions such as extremely unsanitary cells , overcrowding , insufficient medical care and deliberate failure by officials to protect inmates from one another . Unenumerated Rights and reserved powers ( amendments 9 and 10 ) The Ninth Amendment ( 1791 ) declares that individuals have other fundamental rights , in addition to those stated in the Constitution . During the Constitutional ratification debates Anti-Federalists argued that a Bill of Rights should be added . The Federalists opposed it on grounds that a list would necessarily be incomplete but would be taken as explicit and exhaustive , thus enlarging the power of the federal government by implication . The Anti-Federalists persisted , and several state ratification conventions refused to ratify the Constitution without a more specific list of protections , so the First Congress added what became the Ninth Amendment as a compromise . Because the rights protected by the Ninth Amendment are not specified , they are referred to as `` unenumerated '' .", "24": "The Supreme Court has found that unenumerated rights include such important rights as the right to travel , the right to vote , the right to privacy , and the right to make important decisions about one 's health care or body . The Tenth Amendment ( 1791 ) was included in the Bill of Rights to further define the balance of power between the federal government and the states . The amendment states that the federal government has only those powers specifically granted by the Constitution . These powers include the power to declare war , to collect taxes , to regulate interstate business activities and others that are listed in the articles or in subsequent constitutional amendments . Any power not listed is , says the Tenth Amendment , left to the states or the people . While there is no specific list of what these `` reserved powers '' may be , the Supreme Court has ruled that laws affecting family relations , commerce within a state 's own borders , and local law enforcement activities , are among those specifically reserved to the states or the people . Governmental authority ( amendments 11 , 16 , 18 , and 21 ) The Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) specifically prohibits federal courts from hearing cases in which a state is sued by an individual from another state or another country , thus extending to the states sovereign immunity protection from certain types of legal liability . Article Three , Section 2 , Clause 1 has been affected by this amendment , which also overturned the Supreme Court 's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia . The Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) removed existing Constitutional constraints that limited the power of Congress to lay and collect taxes on income . Specifically , the apportionment constraints delineated in Article 1 , Section 9 , Clause 4 have been removed by this amendment , which also overturned an 1895 Supreme Court decision , in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , that declared an unapportioned federal income tax on rents , dividends , and interest unconstitutional . This amendment has become the basis for all subsequent federal income tax legislation and has greatly expanded the scope of federal taxing and spending in the years since . The Eighteenth Amendment ( 1919 ) prohibited the making , transporting , and selling of alcoholic beverages nationwide . It also authorized Congress to enact legislation enforcing this prohibition .", "25": "Adopted at the urging of a national temperance movement , proponents believed that the use of alcohol was reckless and destructive and that prohibition would reduce crime and corruption , solve social problems , decrease the need for welfare and prisons , and improve the health of all Americans . During prohibition , it is estimated that alcohol consumption and alcohol related deaths declined dramatically . But prohibition had other , more negative consequences . The amendment drove the lucrative alcohol business underground , giving rise to a large and pervasive black market . In addition , prohibition encouraged disrespect for the law and strengthened organized crime . Prohibition came to an end in 1933 , when this amendment was repealed . The Twenty - first Amendment ( 1933 ) repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and returned the regulation of alcohol to the states . Each state sets its own rules for the sale and importation of alcohol , including the drinking age . Because a federal law provides federal funds to states that prohibit the sale of alcohol to minors under the age of twenty - one , all fifty states have set their drinking age there . Rules about how alcohol is sold vary greatly from state to state . Safeguards of Civil Rights ( amendments 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 23 , 24 , and 26 ) The Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime , and authorized Congress to enforce abolition . Though millions of slaves had been declared free by the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , their post Civil War status was unclear , as was the status of other millions . Congress intended the Thirteenth Amendment to be a proclamation of freedom for all slaves throughout the nation and to take the question of emancipation away from politics . This amendment rendered inoperative or moot several of the original parts of the constitution . The Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) granted United States citizenship to former slaves and to all persons `` subject to U.S. jurisdiction '' . It also contained three new limits on state power : a state shall not violate a citizen 's privileges or immunities ; shall not deprive any person of life , liberty , or property without due process of law ; and must guarantee all persons equal protection of the laws . These limitations dramatically expanded the protections of the Constitution .", "26": "This amendment , according to the Supreme Court 's Doctrine of Incorporation , makes most provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to state and local governments as well . The mode of apportionment of representatives delineated in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 has been superseded by that of this amendment , which also overturned the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford . The Fifteenth Amendment ( 1870 ) prohibits the use of race , color , or previous condition of servitude in determining which citizens may vote . The last of three post Civil War Reconstruction Amendments , it sought to abolish one of the key vestiges of slavery and to advance the civil rights and liberties of former slaves . The Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) prohibits the government from denying women the right to vote on the same terms as men . Prior to the amendment 's adoption , only a few states permitted women to vote and to hold office . The Twenty - third Amendment ( 1961 ) extends the right to vote in presidential elections to citizens residing in the District of Columbia by granting the District electors in the Electoral College , as if it were a state . When first established as the nation 's capital in 1800 , the District of Columbia 's five thousand residents had neither a local government , nor the right to vote in federal elections . By 1960 the population of the District had grown to over 760,000 people . However , while its residents had all the responsibilities of citizenship , such as paying federal taxes , and could be drafted to serve in the military , citizens in thirteen states with lower populations had more voting rights than District residents . The Twenty - fourth Amendment ( 1964 ) prohibits a poll tax for voting . Although passage of the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth Amendments helped remove many of the discriminatory laws left over from slavery , they did not eliminate all forms of discrimination . Along with literacy tests and durational residency requirements , poll taxes were used to keep low - income ( primarily African American ) citizens from participating in elections . The Supreme Court has since struck down these discriminatory measures , opening democratic participation to all , regardless of one 's ability to pay . The Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) prohibits the government from denying the right of United States citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age .", "27": "The drive to lower the voting age was driven in large part by the broader student activism movement protesting the Vietnam War . It gained strength following the Supreme Court 's decision in Oregon v. Mitchell , which held that Congress may set requirements for voting in federal elections , but not for state or local elections . The measure , which overturns the Mitchell decision , is another in a line of constitutional changes that expanded the right to vote to more citizens . Government processes and procedures ( amendments 12 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 25 , and 27 ) The Twelfth Amendment ( 1804 ) modifies the way the Electoral College chooses the President and Vice President . It stipulates that each elector must cast a distinct vote for President and Vice President , instead of two votes for President . It also suggests that the President and Vice President should not be from the same state . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 is superseded by this amendment , which also extends the eligibility requirements to become President to the Vice President . The Seventeenth Amendment ( 1913 ) modifies the way senators are elected . It stipulates that senators are to be elected by direct popular vote . The amendment supersedes Article 1 , Section 2 , Clauses 1 and 2 , under which the two senators from each state were elected by the state legislature . It also allows state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held . The Twentieth Amendment ( 1933 ) changes the date on which a new President , Vice President and Congress take office , thus shortening the time between Election Day and the beginning of Presidential , Vice Presidential and Congressional terms . Originally , the Constitution provided that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December unless otherwise provided by law . This meant that , when a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' Congress convening in the interim . By moving the beginning of the president 's new term from March 4 to January 20 ( and in the case of Congress , to January 3 ) , proponents hoped to put an end to lame duck sessions , while allowing for a speedier transition for the new administration and legislators .", "28": "The Twenty - second Amendment ( 1951 ) limits an elected president to two terms in office , a total of eight years . However , under some circumstances it is possible for an individual to serve more than eight years . Although nothing in the original frame of government limited how many presidential terms one could serve , the nation 's first president , George Washington , declined to run for a third term , suggesting that two terms of four years were enough for any president . This precedent remained an unwritten rule of the presidency until broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was elected to a third term as president 1940 and in 1944 to a fourth . The Twenty - fifth Amendment ( 1967 ) clarifies what happens upon the death , removal , or resignation of the President or Vice President and how the Presidency is temporarily filled if the President becomes disabled and can not fulfill the responsibilities of the office . It supersedes the ambiguous succession rule established in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 . A concrete plan of succession has been needed on multiple occasions since 1789 . However , for nearly 20 % of U.S. history , there has been no vice president in office who can assume the presidency . The Twenty - seventh Amendment ( 1992 ) prevents members of Congress from granting themselves pay raises during the current session . Rather , any raises that are adopted must take effect during the next session of Congress . Its proponents believed that Federal legislators would be more likely to be cautious about increasing congressional pay if they have no personal stake in the vote . Article One , section 6 , Clause 1 has been affected by this amendment , which remained pending for over two centuries as it contained no time limit for ratification . Unratified amendments Collectively , members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two - year term of Congress . Most however , never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed , and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to actually go through the constitutional ratification process . Six amendments approved by Congress and proposed to the states for consideration have not been ratified by the required number of states to become part of the Constitution . Four of these are technically still pending , as Congress did not set a time limit ( see also Coleman v. Miller ) for their ratification .", "29": "The other two are no longer pending , as both had a time limit attached and in both cases the time period set for their ratification expired . Still pending The Congressional Apportionment Amendment ( proposed 1789 ) would , if ratified , establish a formula for determining the appropriate size of the House of Representatives and the appropriate apportionment of representatives among the states following each constitutionally mandated decennial census . At the time it was sent to the states for ratification , an affirmative vote by ten states would have made this amendment operational . In 1791 and 1792 , when Vermont and Kentucky joined the Union , the number climbed to twelve . Thus , the amendment remained one state shy of the number needed for it to become part of the Constitution . No additional states have ratified this amendment since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional twenty - seven would be required . The Apportionment Act of 1792 apportioned the House of Representatives at 33,000 persons per representative in consequence of the 1790 census . Reapportionment has since been effected by statute . The Titles of Nobility Amendment ( proposed 1810 ) would , if ratified , strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign country . When submitted to the states , ratification by thirteen states was required for it to become part of the Constitution ; eleven had done so by early 1812 . However , with the addition of Louisiana into the Union that year ( April 30 , 1812 ) , the ratification threshold rose to fourteen . Thus , when New Hampshire ratified it in December 1812 , the amendment again came within two states of being ratified . No additional states have ratified this amendment since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional twenty - six would be required . The Corwin Amendment ( proposed 1861 ) would , if ratified , shield `` domestic institutions '' of the states ( which in 1861 included slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . This proposal was one of several measures considered by Congress in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to entice border slave states to stay . Five states ratified the amendment in the early 1860s , but none have since .", "30": "To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional 33 states would be required . The subject of this proposal was subsequently addressed by the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery . The Child Labor Amendment ( proposed 1924 ) would , if ratified , specifically authorize Congress to limit , regulate and prohibit labor of persons less than eighteen years of age . The amendment was proposed in response to Supreme Court rulings in Hammer v. Dagenhart ( 1918 ) and Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. ( 1922 ) that found federal laws regulating and taxing goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 and 16 unconstitutional . When submitted to the states , ratification by 36 states was required for it to become part of the Constitution , as there were forty - eight states . Twenty - eight had ratified the amendment by early 1937 , but none have done so since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional ten would be required . A federal statute approved June 25 , 1938 , regulated the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age in interstate commerce . The Supreme Court , by unanimous vote in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ( 1941 ) , found this law constitutional , effectively overturning Hammer v. Dagenhart . As a result of this development , the movement pushing for the amendment concluded . No longer pending The Equal Rights Amendment ( proposed 1972 ) would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights ( discrimination ) by the federal or state governments on account of sex . A seven - year ratification time limit was initially placed on the amendment , but as the deadline approached , Congress granted a three - year extension . Thirty - five states ratified the proposed amendment prior to the original deadline , three short of the number required for it to be implemented ( five of them later voted to rescind their ratification ) . No further states ratified the amendment , thus it failed to be adopted . The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment ( proposed 1978 ) would have granted the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress as if it were a state , repealed the 23rd Amendment , granted the District unconditional Electoral College voting rights , and allowed its participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended .", "31": "A seven - year ratification time limit was placed on the amendment . Sixteen states ratified the amendment ( twenty - two short of the number required for it to be implemented ) prior to the deadline , thus it failed to be adopted . Judicial review See also : Judicial review in the United States , Judicial review , and Appeal § Appellate review The way the Constitution is understood is influenced by court decisions , especially those of the Supreme Court . These decisions are referred to as precedents . Judicial review is the power of the Court to examine federal legislation , federal executive , and all state branches of government , to decide their constitutionality , and to strike them down if found unconstitutional . Judicial review includes the power of the Court to explain the meaning of the Constitution as it applies to particular cases . Over the years , Court decisions on issues ranging from governmental regulation of radio and television to the rights of the accused in criminal cases have changed the way many constitutional clauses are interpreted , without amendment to the actual text of the Constitution . Legislation passed to implement the Constitution , or to adapt those implementations to changing conditions , broadens and , in subtle ways , changes the meanings given to the words of the Constitution . Up to a point , the rules and regulations of the many federal executive agencies have a similar effect . If an action of Congress or the agencies is challenged , however , it is the court system that ultimately decides whether these actions are permissible under the Constitution . The Supreme Court has indicated that once the Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the Courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Scope and theory Courts established by the Constitution can regulate government under the Constitution , the supreme law of the land . First , they have jurisdiction over actions by an officer of government and state law . Second , federal courts may rule on whether coordinate branches of national government conform to the Constitution . Until the twentieth century , the Supreme Court of the United States may have been the only high tribunal in the world to use a court for constitutional interpretation of fundamental law , others generally depending on their national legislature .", "32": "Early Court roots in the founding John Jay , 1789 -- 1795 New York co-author The Federalist Papers John Marshall , 1801 -- 1835 Fauquier County delegate Virginia Ratification Convention The basic theory of American Judicial review is summarized by constitutional legal scholars and historians as follows : the written Constitution is fundamental law . It can change only by extraordinary legislative process of national proposal , then state ratification . The powers of all departments are limited to enumerated grants found in the Constitution . Courts are expected ( a ) to enforce provisions of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land , and ( b ) to refuse to enforce anything in conflict with it . In Convention . As to judicial review and the Congress , the first proposals by Madison ( Va ) and Wilson ( Pa ) called for a supreme court veto over national legislation . In this it resembled the system in New York , where the Constitution of 1777 called for a `` Council of Revision '' by the Governor and Justices of the state supreme court . The Council would review and in a way , veto any passed legislation violating the spirit of the Constitution before it went into effect . The nationalist 's proposal in Convention was defeated three times , and replaced by a presidential veto with Congressional over-ride . Judicial review relies on the jurisdictional authority in Article III , and the Supremacy Clause . The justification for judicial review is to be explicitly found in the open ratifications held in the states and reported in their newspapers . John Marshall in Virginia , James Wilson in Pennsylvania and Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut all argued for Supreme Court judicial review of acts of state legislature . In Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton advocated the doctrine of a written document held as a superior enactment of the people . `` A limited constitution can be preserved in practice no other way '' than through courts which can declare void any legislation contrary to the Constitution . The preservation of the people 's authority over legislatures rests `` particularly with judges '' . The Supreme Court was initially made up of jurists who had been intimately connected with the framing of the Constitution and the establishment of its government as law . John Jay ( New York ) , a co-author of The Federalist Papers , served as Chief Justice for the first six years .", "33": "The second Chief Justice for a term of four years , was Oliver Ellsworth ( Connecticut ) , a delegate in the Constitutional Convention , as was John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) , Washington 's recess appointment as Chief Justice who served in 1795 . John Marshall ( Virginia ) , the fourth Chief Justice , had served in the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788 . His service on the Court would extend 34 years over some of the most important rulings to help establish the nation the Constitution had begun . In the first years of the Supreme Court , members of the Constitutional Convention who would serve included James Wilson ( Pennsylvania ) for ten years , John Blair , Jr . ( Virginia ) for five , and John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) for one year as Justice , then Chief Justice in 1795 . Establishment When John Marshall followed Oliver Ellsworth as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801 , the federal judiciary had been established by the Judiciary Act , but there were few cases , and less prestige . `` The fate of judicial review was in the hands of the Supreme Court itself . '' Review of state legislation and appeals from state supreme courts was understood . But the Court 's life , jurisdiction over state legislation was limited . The Marshall Court 's landmark Barron v. Baltimore held that the Bill of Rights restricted only the federal government , and not the states . In the landmark Marbury v. Madison case , the Supreme Court asserted its authority of judicial review over Acts of Congress . Its findings were that Marbury and the others had a right to their commissions as judges in the District of Columbia . Marshall , writing the opinion for the majority , announced his discovered conflict between Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Article III . In this case , both the Constitution and the statutory law applied to the particulars at the same time . `` The very essence of judicial duty '' according to Marshall was to determine which of the two conflicting rules should govern . The Constitution enumerates powers of the judiciary to extend to cases arising `` under the Constitution '' . Further , justices take a Constitutional oath to uphold it as `` Supreme law of the land '' . Therefore , since the United States government as created by the Constitution is a limited government , the Federal courts were required to choose the Constitution over Congressional law if there were deemed to be a conflict .", "34": "`` This argument has been ratified by time and by practice ... '' The Supreme Court did not declare another Act of Congress unconstitutional until the disastrous Dred Scott decision in 1857 , held after the voided Missouri Compromise statute had already been repealed . In the eighty years following the Civil War to World War II , the Court voided Congressional statutes in 77 cases , on average almost one a year . Something of a crisis arose when , in 1935 and 1936 , the Supreme Court handed down twelve decisions voiding Acts of Congress relating to the New Deal . President Franklin D. Roosevelt then responded with his abortive `` court packing plan '' . Other proposals have suggested a Court super-majority to overturn Congressional legislation , or a Constitutional Amendment to require that the Justices retire at a specified age by law . To date , the Supreme Court 's power of judicial review has persisted . Self - restraint The power of judicial review could not have been preserved long in a democracy unless it had been `` wielded with a reasonable measure of judicial restraint , and with some attention , as Mr. Dooley said , to the election returns . '' Indeed , the Supreme Court has developed a system of doctrine and practice that self - limits its power of judicial review . The Court controls almost all of its business by choosing what cases to consider , writs of certiorari . In this way , it can avoid opinions on embarrassing or difficult cases . The Supreme Court limits itself by defining for itself what is a `` justiciable question . '' First , the Court is fairly consistent in refusing to make any `` advisory opinions '' in advance of actual cases . Second , `` friendly suits '' between those of the same legal interest are not considered . Third , the Court requires a `` personal interest '' , not one generally held , and a legally protected right must be immediately threatened by government action . Cases are not taken up if the litigant has no standing to sue . Simply having the money to sue and being injured by government action are not enough . These three procedural ways of dismissing cases have led critics to charge that the Supreme Court delays decisions by unduly insisting on technicalities in their `` standards of litigability '' . They say cases are left unconsidered which are in the public interest , with genuine controversy , and resulting from good faith action .", "35": "`` The Supreme Court is not only a court of law but a court of justice . '' Separation of powers The Supreme Court balances several pressures to maintain its roles in national government . It seeks to be a co-equal branch of government , but its decrees must be enforceable . The Court seeks to minimize situations where it asserts itself superior to either President or Congress , but federal officers must be held accountable . The Supreme Court assumes power to declare acts of Congress as unconstitutional but it self - limits its passing on constitutional questions . But the Court 's guidance on basic problems of life and governance in a democracy is most effective when American political life reinforce its rulings . Justice Brandeis summarized four general guidelines that the Supreme Court uses to avoid constitutional decisions relating to Congress : The Court will not anticipate a question of constitutional law nor decide open questions unless a case decision requires it . If it does , a rule of constitutional law is formulated only as the precise facts in the case require . The Court will choose statutes or general law for the basis of its decision if it can without constitutional grounds . If it does , the Court will choose a constitutional construction of an Act of Congress , even if its constitutionality is seriously in doubt . Likewise with the Executive Department , Edwin Corwin observed that the Court does sometimes rebuff presidential pretensions , but it more often tries to rationalize them . Against Congress , an Act is merely `` disallowed '' . In the executive case , exercising judicial review produces `` some change in the external world '' beyond the ordinary judicial sphere . The `` political question '' doctrine especially applies to questions which present a difficult enforcement issue . Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes addressed the Court 's limitation when political process allowed future policy change , but a judicial ruling would `` attribute finality '' . Political questions lack `` satisfactory criteria for a judicial determination '' . John Marshall recognized that the president holds `` important political powers '' which as Executive privilege allows great discretion . This doctrine was applied in Court rulings on President Grant 's duty to enforce the law during Reconstruction . It extends to the sphere of foreign affairs . Justice Robert Jackson explained , Foreign affairs are inherently political , `` wholly confided by our Constitution to the political departments of the government ... ( and ) not subject to judicial intrusion or inquiry . ''", "36": "Critics of the Court object in two principal ways to self - restraint in judicial review , deferring as it does as a matter of doctrine to Acts of Congress and Presidential actions . Its inaction is said to allow `` a flood of legislative appropriations '' which permanently create an imbalance between the states and federal government . Supreme Court deference to Congress and the executive compromises American protection of civil rights , political minority groups and aliens . Further information : Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Subsequent courts Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Courts under the leadership of subsequent Chief Justices have also used judicial review to interpret the Constitution among individuals , states and federal branches . Notable contributions were made by the Chase Court , the Taft Court , the Warren Court , and the Rehnquist Court . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court Salmon P. Chase was a Lincoln appointee , serving as Chief Justice from 1864 to 1873 . His career encompassed service as a U.S. Senator and Governor of Ohio . He coined the slogan , `` Free soil , free Labor , free men . '' One of Lincoln 's `` team of rivals '' , he was appointed Secretary of Treasury during the Civil War , issuing `` greenbacks '' . To appease radical Republicans , Lincoln appointed him to replace Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Dred Scott case fame . In one of his first official acts , Chase admitted John Rock , the first African - American to practice before the Supreme Court . The `` Chase Court '' is famous for Texas v. White , which asserted a permanent Union of indestructible states . Veazie Bank v. Fenno upheld the Civil War tax on state banknotes . Hepburn v. Griswold found parts of the Legal Tender Acts unconstitutional , though it was reversed under a late Supreme Court majority . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court Scope of judicial review expanded Salmon P. Chase Union , Reconstruction William Howard Taft commerce , incorporation Earl Warren due process , civil rights William Rehnquist federalism , privacy William Howard Taft was a Harding appointment to Chief Justice from 1921 to 1930 . A Progressive Republican from Ohio , he was a one - term President .", "37": "As Chief Justice , he advocated the Judiciary Act of 1925 that brought the Federal District Courts under the administrative jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . Taft successfully sought the expansion of Court jurisdiction over non - states such as District of Columbia and Territories of Arizona , New Mexico , Alaska and Hawaii . In 1925 , the Taft Court issued a ruling overturning a Marshall Court ruling on the Bill of Rights . In Gitlow v. New York , the Court established the doctrine of `` incorporation which applied the Bill of Rights to the states . Important cases included the Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen that upheld Congressional regulation of commerce . Olmstead v. United States allowed exclusion of evidence obtained without a warrant based on application of the 14th Amendment proscription against unreasonable searches . Wisconsin v. Illinois ruled the equitable power of the United States can impose positive action on a state to prevent its inaction from damaging another state . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court Earl Warren was an Eisenhower nominee , Chief Justice from 1953 to 1969 . Warren 's Republican career in the law reached from County Prosecutor , California state attorney general , and three consecutive terms as Governor . His programs stressed progressive efficiency , expanding state education , re-integrating returning veterans , infrastructure and highway construction . In 1954 , the Warren Court overturned a landmark Fuller Court ruling on the Fourteenth Amendment interpreting racial segregation as permissible in government and commerce providing `` separate but equal '' services . Warren built a coalition of Justices after 1962 that developed the idea of natural rights as guaranteed in the Constitution . Brown v. Board of Education banned segregation in public schools . Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims established Court ordered `` one - man - one - vote '' . Bill of Rights Amendments were incorporated into the states . Due process was expanded in Gideon v. Wainwright and Miranda v. Arizona . First Amendment rights were addressed in Griswold v. Connecticut concerning privacy , and Engel v. Vitale relative to free speech . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court William Rehnquist was a Reagan appointment to Chief Justice , serving from 1986 to 2005 .", "38": "While he would concur with overthrowing a state supreme court 's decision , as in Bush v. Gore , he built a coalition of Justices after 1994 that developed the idea of federalism as provided for in the Tenth Amendment . In the hands of the Supreme Court , the Constitution and its Amendments were to restrain Congress , as in City of Boerne v. Flores . Nevertheless , the Rehnquist Court was noted in the contemporary `` culture wars '' for overturning state laws relating to privacy prohibiting late - term abortions in Stenberg v. Carhart , prohibiting sodomy in Lawrence v. Texas , or ruling so as to protect free speech in Texas v. Johnson or affirmative action in Grutter v. Bollinger . Civic religion Main article : American civil religion There is a viewpoint that some Americans have come to see the documents of the Constitution , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights , as being a cornerstone of a type of civil religion . This is suggested by the prominent display of the Constitution , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights , in massive , bronze - framed , bulletproof , moisture - controlled glass containers vacuum - sealed in a rotunda by day and in multi-ton bomb - proof vaults by night at the National Archives Building . The idea of displaying the documents struck one academic critic looking from the point of view of the 1776 or 1789 America as `` idolatrous , and also curiously at odds with the values of the Revolution '' . By 1816 , Jefferson wrote that `` ( s ) ome men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence and deem them like the Ark of the Covenant , too sacred to be touched '' . But he saw imperfections and imagined that there could potentially be others , believing as he did that `` institutions must advance also '' . Some commentators depict the multi-ethnic , multi-sectarian United States as held together by a political orthodoxy , in contrast with a nation state of people having more `` natural '' ties . Worldwide influence José Rizal Sun Yat - sen Main article : United States Constitution and worldwide influence The United States Constitution has been a notable model for governance around the world .", "39": "Its international influence is found in similarities of phrasing and borrowed passages in other constitutions , as well as in the principles of the rule of law , separation of powers and recognition of individual rights . The American experience of fundamental law with amendments and judicial review has motivated constitutionalists at times when they were considering the possibilities for their nation 's future . It informed Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War , his contemporary and ally Benito Juárez of Mexico , and the second generation of 19th - century constitutional nationalists , José Rizal of the Philippines and Sun Yat - sen of China . Since the latter half of the 20th century , the influence of the United States Constitution may be waning as other countries have revised their constitutions with new influences . Criticisms Further information : History of the United States Constitution § Criticism of the Constitution The United States Constitution has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1787 . The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to determine who was eligible . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote . Until the Reconstruction Amendments were adopted between 1865 and 1870 , the five years immediately following the Civil War , the Constitution did not abolish slavery , nor give citizenship and voting rights to former slaves . These amendments did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex ; it took another amendment -- the Nineteenth , ratified in 1920 -- for the Constitution to prohibit any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex .", "40": "See also Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States by Joseph Story ( three volumes ) Congressional power of enforcement Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitutionalism in the United States History of democracy List of national constitutions ( world countries ) List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of sources of law in the United States National Constitution Center Pocket Constitution State constitution ( United States ) Second Constitutional Convention of the United States The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation Related documents Mayflower Compact ( 1620 ) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ( 1639 ) Massachusetts Body of Liberties ( 1641 ) Bill of Rights 1689 -- English Bill of Rights United States Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ( 1779 ) Notes Jump up ^ Historically , the first written constitution of an independent polity which was adopted by representatives elected by the people was the 1755 Corsican Constitution , despite being short - lived , drafted by Pasquale Paoli , whose work was an inspiration for many American patriots , including the Hearts of Oak , originally named `` The Corsicans '' , and the Sons of Liberty . Earlier written constitutions of independent states exist but were not adopted by bodies elected by the people , such as the Swedish Constitution of 1772 , adopted by the king , the Constitution of San Marino of 1600 which is the oldest surviving constitution in the world , or the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk , the first establishing separation of powers . Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 established six Supreme Court justices . The number was periodically increased , reaching ten in 1863 , allowing Lincoln additional appointments . After the Civil War , vacancies reduced the number to seven . Congress finally fixed the number at nine . Jump up ^ The four concepts which determine `` justiciability '' , the formula for a federal court taking and deciding a case , are the doctrines of ( a ) standing , ( b ) real and substantial interests , ( c ) adversity , and ( d ) avoidance of political questions . Jump up ^ Judicial Review is explained in Hamilton 's Federalist No. 78 . It also has roots in Natural Law expressions in the Declaration of Independence .", "41": "The Supreme Court first ruled an act of Congress unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison , the second was Dred Scott . Jump up ^ For instance , ' collateral estoppel ' directs that when a litigant wins in a state court , they can not sue in federal court to get a more favorable outcome . Jump up ^ Recently numerous habeas corpus reforms have tried to preserve a working `` relationship of comity '' and simultaneously streamline the process for state and lower courts to apply Supreme Court interpretations . Jump up ^ Contrary to this source when viewed , the Constitution provides that punishments , including forfeiture of income and property , must apply to the person convicted . `` No attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture '' on the convicted traitor 's children or heirs . This avoids the perpetuation of civil war into the generations by Parliamentary majorities as in the Wars of the Roses . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 261 ( 1901 ) , commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision , Loughborough v. Blake , 18 U.S. ( 5 Wheat . ) 317 ( 1820 ) ; Rasmussen v. United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 - 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush - That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Supreme Court found 658 cases of invalid state statutes from 1790 to 1941 before the advent of civil rights cases in the last half of the twentieth century Jump up ^ In this , John Marshall leaned on the argument of Hamilton in Federalist No. 78 .", "42": "Jump up ^ Although it may be that the true meaning of the Constitution to the people of the United States in 1788 can only be divined by a study of the state ratification conventions , the Supreme Court has used The Federalist Papers as a supplemental guide to the Constitution since their co-author , John Jay , was the first Chief Justice . Jump up ^ The entire quote reads , `` This argument has been ratified by time and by practice , and there is little point in quibbling with it . Of course , the President also takes an oath to support the Constitution . '' Jump up ^ The presidential reference is to Andrew Jackson 's disagreement with Marshall 's Court over Worcester v. Georgia , finding Georgia could not impose its laws in Cherokee Territory . Jackson replied , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' , and the Trail of Tears proceeded . Jackson would not politically interpose the U.S. Army between Georgia and the Cherokee people as Eisenhower would do between Arkansas and the integrating students . Jump up ^ `` Advisory opinions '' are not the same as `` declaratory judgments . '' ( a ) These address rights and legal relationships in cases of `` actual controversy '' , and ( b ) the holding has the force and effect of a final judgment . ( c ) There is no coercive order , as the parties are assumed to follow the judgment , but a `` declaratory judgment '' is the basis of any subsequent ruling in case law . Jump up ^ Louis Brandeis concurring opinion , Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority , 1936 . Jump up ^ The Chase Court , 1864 -- 1873 , in 1865 were the Hon . Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice , U.S. ; Hon . Nathan Clifford , Maine ; Stephen J. Field , Justice Supreme Court , U.S. ; Hon . Samuel F. Miller , U.S. Supreme Court ; Hon . Noah H. Swayne , Justice Supreme Court , U.S. ; Judge Morrison R. Waite Jump up ^ The Taft Court , 1921 -- 1930 , in 1925 were James Clark McReynolds , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , William Howard Taft ( Chief Justice ) , Willis Van Devanter , Louis Brandeis .", "43": "Edward Sanford , George Sutherland , Pierce Butler , Harlan Fiske Stone Jump up ^ The Warren Court , 1953 -- 1969 , in 1963 were Felix Frankfurter ; Hugo Black ; Earl Warren ( Chief Justice ) ; Stanley Reed ; WIlliam O. Douglas . Tom Clark ; Robert H. Jackson ; Harold Burton ; Sherman Minton Jump up ^ The Rehnquist Court , 1986 -- 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Secession was indeed unconstitutional ... military resistance to secession was not only constitutional but also morally justified . `` the primary purpose of the Constitution was ... to create ' a more perfect union ' ... the Constitution was an exercise in nation building . Jump up ^ Juarez regarded the United States as a model of republican democracy and consistently supported Abraham Lincoln . Jump up ^ The institutions of the two countries which have most influenced constitutional development are Spain and the United States `` . One of the reforms , `` sine quibus non '' , to use the words of Rizal and Mabini , always insisted upon by the Filipinos , was Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortez , the promulgation in the Islands of the Spanish Constitution , and the complete assimilation equal to that of any in the Spanish provinces on the continent . Jump up ^ In the modern history of China , there were many revolutionaries who tried to seek the truth from the West in order to overthrow the feudal system of the Qing dynasty . Dr. Sun Yat - sen , for example , was much influenced by American democracy , especially the U.S. Constitution . References Footnotes Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution , Politifact Virginia website , September 22nd , 2014 Jump up ^ United States Senate ( 1992 ) . `` Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 25 n. 2 . ISBN 9780160632686 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution Day '' . Senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 .", "44": "Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald . `` Bill of Rights '' . Annenberg Classroom - Glossary . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Gordon . `` Introduction to the Bill of Rights '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Founding Documents '' . October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Differences between Parchment , Vellum and Paper '' . August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pasquale Paoli - Corsican statesman '' . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Bob . `` Paoli : Hero of the Sons of Liberty '' . Journal of the American Revolution . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1936 ) . `` A constitutional History of the United States '' . New York , London : D. Appleton - Century Company . pp. 83 -- 90 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( December 28 , 1976 ) . Presidential Address ( Speech ) . American Historical Association . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian G. ( 2008 ) . American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88188 - 3 ; noting that `` Madison , along with other Americans clearly understood '' the Articles of Confederation `` to be the first federal Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 .", "45": "Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1972 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84723 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Maier 2010 , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 12 - 13 , 19 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 129 - 130 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 356 - 367 , 359 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 14 , 30 , 66 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of Congress , 21 Feb. 1787 '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press ; The Articles Congress thus echoed a previous resolution of a conference at Annapolis ; see `` Proceedings of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government : 1786 '' . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Founding Fathers - Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Variant Texts of the Virginia Plan , Presented by Edmund Randolph to the Federal Convention '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : on June 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary '' . Ashland , Ohio : TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates July 16 '' .", "46": "The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committees at the Constitutional Convention '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates August 6 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 12 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 705 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor Jr. , Morris J. `` Appendix A : The Annapolis Convention '' . Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution . Washington D.C : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 264 . LCCN 87001353 . CMH Pub 71 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of Congress of September 28 , 1787 , Submitting the Constitution to the Several States '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of the Congress , of September 13 , 1788 , Fixing Date for Election of a President , and the Organization of the Government Under the Constitution , in the City of New York '' -- via Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2011 ) . `` Separation of Powers as Ordinary Interpretation '' . Harvard Law Review . 124 ( 1 ) : 1939 -- 2039 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , William Seal ( 1928 ) . `` The Separation of Powers in the Eighteenth Century '' .", "47": "American Political Science Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Nielson , Aaron ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` D.C. Circuit Reviewed : The Baron Montesquieu '' . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` National Archives Article on the Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , James J. , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Foreword by Denys P. Myers . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . p. i ( of foreword ) . Jump up ^ See Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 , 22 ( 1905 ) ( `` Although th ( e ) preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution , it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the government of the United States , or on any of its departments . '' ) ; see also United States v. Boyer , 85 F. 425 , 430 -- 31 ( W.D. Mo . 1898 ) ( `` The preamble never can be resorted to , to enlarge the powers confided to the general government , or any of its departments . It can not confer any power per se . It can never amount , by implication , to an enlargement of any power expressly given . It can never be the legitimate source of any implied power , when otherwise withdrawn from the constitution . Its true office is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the constitution , and not substantively to create them . '' ( quoting 1 JOSEPH STORY , COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES § 462 ( 1833 ) ) ( internal quotation marks omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Adler & Gorman 1975 , p. 26 , 80 , 136 . ^ Jump up to : 17 . U.S. at 421 ^ Jump up to : O'Connor 2010 . Jump up ^ FindLaw for legal professionals Archived January 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine.", "48": ", with links to United States Government Printing office official Web site , Cornell Law School , Emory Law School , and U.S. Supreme Court decisions since 1893 , ( 1998 , 2000 Supplement ) . Viewed November 28 , 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Amendments '' . Constitution Day Observance Events . Clayton State University . Jump up ^ Lutz , Donald ( 1994 ) . `` Toward a Theory of Constitutional Amendment '' . The American Political Science Review . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitutional Amendment Process '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Gordon . `` The Six Stages of Ratification of the Constitution : Stage I -- Now For the Bad News '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spaulding , Matthew . `` Attestation Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment I '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher v. Haas , 11 - 10644 - DPW ( D. Mass . March 30 , 2012 ) .", "49": "Jump up ^ Pierce , John ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Permanent Resident Aliens Have Second Amendment Rights Too '' . Monachus Lex . Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes. 2009 - 12 - 06 . ISBN 9780735589452 . Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . ISBN 9781136269691 . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment II '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee & Walk , Thomas G. ( 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8th ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 396 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moncure 1990 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment III '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment IV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment V '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VI '' . Annenberg Classroom .", "50": "Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VIII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment IX '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment X '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annotation 1 : Eleventh Amendment , State Immunity '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XI '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVIII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Emancipation Proclamation '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 .", "51": "Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIX '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXIII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXIV '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXVI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CRS / LII Annotated Constitution Twentieth Amendment '' . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XX '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom .", "52": "Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXV '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXVII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Questions '' . C - SPAN . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 609 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , James J. , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Stephen M. ( 1998 ) . American Constitutionalism : From Theory to Politics . Princeton University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 9780691002408 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 137 - 138 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 140 - 141 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 141 - 142 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 145 .", "53": "Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 148 - 149 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 150 - 151 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Gordon S. , ( August 14 , 1997 ) . `` Dusting off the Declaration '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Billias 2009 , xi -- xv . Jump up ^ Farber 2003 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Farber 2003 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Stacy 2003 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Malcolm 1920 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Qing Yu 1988 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution '' . Journalist 's Resource . Harvard Kennedy School of Government Shorenstein Center on Media , Politics and Public Policy . April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law , David S. ; Versteeg , Mila ( 2012 ) . `` The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution '' . New York University Law Review . 87 ( 3 ) : 762 -- 858 . SSRN 1923556 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Infoplease . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 .", "54": "Jump up ^ `` Voting in Early America '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Spring 2007 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . `` The Reconstruction Amendments : Official Documents as Social History '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : The 19th Amendment '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Works cited Adler , Mortimer & Gorman , William ( 1975 ) . The American Testament : for the Institute for Philosophical Research and the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies . New York : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 34060 - 5 . Billias , George ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9107 - 3 . Bowen , Catherine ( 2010 ) ( First published 1966 ) . Miracle at Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention , May to September 1787 . New York : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 10261 - 2 . Farber , Daniel ( 2003 ) . Lincoln 's Constitution . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 23793 - 0 . Levinson , Sanford ( 1987 ) . `` Pledging Faith in the Civil Religion ; Or , Would You Sign the Constitution ? '' . William & Mary Law Review . 29 ( 113 ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86854 - 7 . Malcolm , George A. ( 1920 ) . `` Constitutional History of the Philippines '' . American Bar Association Journal .", "55": "6 . Moncure , Thomas M. , Jr. ( 1990 ) . `` Who is the Militia : The Virginia Ratification Convention and the Right to Bear Arms '' ( PDF ) . Lincoln Law Review . 19 : 1 -- 25 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . O'Connor , Tom ( 2010 ) . `` Constitutional Structure '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Pritchett , C. Herman ( 1959 ) . The American Constitution . New York : McGraw - Hill . Qing Yu , Li ( 1988 ) . `` Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the U.S. Constitution '' . In Starr , Joseph Barton . The United States Constitution : Its Birth , Growth , and Influence in Asia . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 201 - 3 . Stacy , Lee , ed. ( 2003 ) . Mexico and the United States . vol. 2 . London : Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7402 - 9 . Wood , Gordon ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 - 1787 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Further reading Bailyn , Bernard , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part One : September 1787 to February 1788 . The Library of America . Bailyn , Bernard , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part Two : January to August 1788 . The Library of America . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 64 - X . Bryce , James , viscount ( 1891 ) . The American Commonwealth . vol. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) .", "56": "London : Macmillan and Co. pp. ( 350 ) -- 397 , ( 636 ) -- 645 , 669 -- 682 , et passim . Casey , Gregory ( Spring 1974 ) . `` The Supreme Court and Myth : An Empirical Investigation '' . Law & Society Review . 8 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 420 . doi : 10.2307 / 3053081 . JSTOR 3053081 . Elliot , Jonathan . The Debates in the Several State Conventions of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 1 , Constitution , Declaration of Independence , Articles of Confederation , Journal of Federal Convention , Vol. 2 , State Conventions Massachusetts , Connecticut. , New Hampshire , New York , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Vol. 3 , Virginia , Vol. 4 , North . and South . Carolina , Resolutions , Tariffs , Banks , Debt , Vol. 5 Debates in Congress , Madison 's Notes , Misc . Letters . Ford , Paul Leicester , ed. ( 1888 ) . Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During its Discussion by the People , 1787 - 1788 . Brooklyn , NY ; Pamphlets written between 1787 - 88 by Elbridge Gerry , Noah Webster , John Jay , Melancthon Smith , Pelatiah Werster , Tench Coxe , James Wilson , John Dickinson , Alexander Contee Hanson , Edmund Randolph , Richard Henry Lee , George Mason , and David Ramsay . The essay attributed to Gerry was in fact written by Mercy Otis Warren . Fritz , Christian G. ( 2008 ) . American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . Cambridge University Press . Garvey , John H. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Modern Constitutional Theory : A Reader ( 5th ed . ) . Hall , Kermit ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . Kaminski , John P. ; Saladino , Gaspare J. ; Leffler , Richard ; Schoenleber , Charles H.", "57": "& Hogan , Margaret A. ( eds . ) . Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , 1976 - . Published volumes 1 - 10 , 13 - 23 , forthcoming volumes 11 - 12 , 24 - 29 . Most recent volume : The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , Vol. 23 , Ratification by the States : New York , No. 5 . Madison : The State Historical Society of Wisconsin , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87020 - 439 - 5 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh , PA : Evisum . p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Kurland , Philip B. & Lerner , Ralph ( eds . ) . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund . ISBN 0 - 86597 - 279 - 6 ; The work consists of `` extracts from the leading works of political theory , history , law , and constitutional argument on which the Framers and their contemporaries drew and which they themselves produced '' . Levy , Leonard W. ; Karst , Kenneth L. & West , John G. , eds. ( 1992 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . New York : Macmillan . Mason , Alpheus Thomas & Stephenson , Donald Grier , eds. ( 2004 ) . American Constitutional Law : Introductory Essays and Selected Cases ( 14th ed . ) . McDonald , Forrest ( 1985 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 4 . Robertson , David Brian ( 2013 ) . The Original Compromise : What the Constitutional Framers Were Really Thinking . New York : Oxford University Press . Tribe , Laurence H. ( 1999 ) . American Constitutional Law . Yale Law School . `` The Avalon Project : Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention '' .", "58": "The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . 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-5332490337340067440	where did the california gold rush take place	[ "Sierra Nevada", "Northern California", "Sierra Nevada and Northern California goldfields" ]	{ "0": "California gold Rush - wikipedia California gold Rush Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see California Gold Rush ( film ) . California Gold Rush Prospectors working California gold placer deposits in 1850 Date January 24 , 1848 ( 1848 - 01 - 24 ) -- 1855 Location Sierra Nevada and Northern California goldfields Coordinates 38 ° 48 ′ 09 '' N 120 ° 53 ′ 41 '' W / 38.80250 ° N 120.89472 ° W / 38.80250 ; - 120.89472 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 09 '' N 120 ° 53 ′ 41 '' W / 38.80250 ° N 120.89472 ° W / 38.80250 ; - 120.89472 Participants 300,000 prospectors Outcome California becomes a U.S. state and California Genocide Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial era 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction Era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1877 -- 1897 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar Era 1945 -- 1981 Vietnam Era 1955 -- 1975 Modern Era 1981 -- present Timeline The California Gold Rush ( 1848 -- 1855 ) began on January 24 , 1848 , when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in Coloma , California . The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad .", "1": "The sudden influx of immigration and gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy , and California became one of the few American states to go directly to statehood without first being a territory , in the Compromise of 1850 . The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and resulted in a precipitous population decline from disease , genocide and starvation . By the time it ended , California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory , to the home state of the first presidential nominee for the new Republican Party , in 1856 . The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial . Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold - seekers , called `` forty - niners '' ( referring to 1849 ) . The first to hear confirmed information of the gold rush were the people in Oregon , the Sandwich Islands ( Hawaii ) , and Latin America , and they were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848 . Of the 300,000 people who came to America during the Gold Rush , approximately half arrived by sea and half came overland on the California Trail and the Gila River trail ; forty - niners often faced substantial hardships on the trip . While most of the newly arrived were Americans , the gold rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America , Europe , Australia , and China . Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers . San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852 . Roads , churches , schools and other towns were built throughout California . In 1849 a state constitution was written . The new constitution was adopted by referendum vote , and the future state 's interim first governor and legislature were chosen . In September , 1850 , California became a state . At the beginning of the Gold Rush , there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of `` staking claims '' was developed . Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques , such as panning . Although the mining caused environmental harm , more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world . New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service .", "2": "By 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States . At its peak , technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required , increasing the proportion of gold companies to individual miners . Gold worth tens of billions of today 's dollars was recovered , which led to great wealth for a few . However , many returned home with little more than they had started with . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Discovery announced 1.2 Transportation to California 1.3 Supplies and goods needed 1.4 Northern California strikes 1.5 Indigenous driven out 1.6 Earlier discoveries of gold 2 Forty - niners 2.1 Homosexuality 3 Legal rights 4 Development of gold - recovery techniques 5 Profits 5.1 Path of the gold 6 Near - term effects 6.1 Development of government and commerce 6.2 Impact on Native Americans 6.3 World - wide economic stimulation 7 Longer - term effects 8 Cultural references 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History California goldfields ( red ) in the Sierra Nevada and northern California Advertisement about sailing to California , circa 1850 The Mexican -- American War ended on February 3 , 1848 , although California was firmly in American hands before that . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for , among other things , the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States . The California Gold Rush began at Sutter 's Mill , near Coloma . On January 24 , 1848 , James W. Marshall , a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter , found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River . Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter , and the two privately tested the metal . After the tests showed that it was gold , Sutter expressed dismay : he wanted to keep the news quiet because he feared what would happen to his plans for an agricultural empire if there were a mass search for gold . Discovery announced However , rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan .", "3": "The most famous quote of the California Gold Rush was by Brannan ; after he had hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies , Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco , holding aloft a vial of gold , shouting `` Gold ! Gold ! Gold from the American River ! '' On August 19 , 1848 , the New York Herald was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold . On December 5 , 1848 , President James Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to Congress . Soon , waves of immigrants from around the world , later called the `` forty - niners , '' invaded the Gold Country of California or `` Mother Lode '' . As Sutter had feared , he was ruined ; his workers left in search of gold , and squatters took over his land and stole his crops and cattle . San Francisco had been a tiny settlement before the rush began . When residents learned about the discovery , it at first became a ghost town of abandoned ships and businesses , but then boomed as merchants and new people arrived . The population of San Francisco exploded from perhaps about 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 full - time residents by 1850 . Miners lived in tents , wood shanties , or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships . Transportation to California In what has been referred to as the `` first world - class gold rush , '' there was no easy way to get to California ; forty - niners faced hardship and often death on the way . At first , most Argonauts , as they were also known , traveled by sea . From the East Coast , a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take five to eight months , and cover some 18,000 nautical miles ( 33,000 kilometres ) . An alternative was to sail to the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama , take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle , and then on the Pacific side , wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco . There was also a route across Mexico starting at Veracruz . Many gold - seekers took the overland route across the continental United States , particularly along the California Trail . Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards , from shipwreck to typhoid fever and cholera .", "4": "Supplies and goods needed To meet the demands of the arrivals , ships bearing goods from around the world came to San Francisco as well . Ships ' captains found that their crews deserted to go to the goldfields . The wharves and docks of San Francisco became a forest of masts , as hundreds of ships were abandoned . Enterprising San Franciscans turned the abandoned ships into warehouses , stores , taverns , hotels , and one into a jail . Many of these ships were later destroyed and used for landfill to create more buildable land in the boomtown . Northern California strikes Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor , 1850 -- 51 Within a few years , there was an important but lesser - known surge of prospectors into far Northern California , specifically into present - day Siskiyou , Shasta and Trinity Counties . Discovery of gold nuggets at the site of present - day Yreka in 1851 brought thousands of gold - seekers up the Siskiyou Trail and throughout California 's northern counties . Settlements of the Gold Rush era , such as Portuguese Flat on the Sacramento River , sprang into existence and then faded . The Gold Rush town of Weaverville on the Trinity River today retains the oldest continuously used Taoist temple in California , a legacy of Chinese miners who came . While there are not many Gold Rush era ghost towns still in existence , the remains of the once - bustling town of Shasta have been preserved in a California State Historic Park in Northern California . Gold was also discovered in Southern California but on a much smaller scale . The first discovery of gold , at Rancho San Francisco in the mountains north of present - day Los Angeles , had been in 1842 , six years before Marshall 's discovery , while California was still part of Mexico . However , these first deposits , and later discoveries in Southern California mountains , attracted little notice and were of limited consequence economically . Indigenous driven out By 1850 , most of the easily accessible gold had been collected , and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations . Faced with gold increasingly difficult to retrieve , Americans began to drive out foreigners to get at the most accessible gold that remained .", "5": "The new California State Legislature passed a foreign miners tax of twenty dollars per month ( $590 per month as of 2018 ) , and American prospectors began organized attacks on foreign miners , particularly Latin Americans and Chinese . In addition , the huge numbers of newcomers were driving Native Americans out of their traditional hunting , fishing and food - gathering areas . To protect their homes and livelihood , some Native Americans responded by attacking the miners . This provoked counter-attacks on native villages . The Native Americans , out - gunned , were often slaughtered . Those who escaped massacres were many times unable to survive without access to their food - gathering areas , and they starved to death . Novelist and poet Joaquin Miller vividly captured one such attack in his semi-autobiographical work , Life Amongst the Modocs . Earlier discoveries of gold The first gold found in California was made on March 9 , 1842 . Francisco Lopez , a native California , was searching for stray horses . He stopped on the bank of a small creek in what later was known as Placerita Canyon , about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of the present - day Newhall , California , and about 35 miles ( 56 km ) northwest of Los Angeles . While the horses grazed , Lopez dug up some wild onions and found a small gold nugget in the roots among the onion bulbs . He looked further and found more gold . Lopez took the gold to authorities who confirmed its worth . Lopez and others began to search for other steambeds with gold deposits in the area . They found several in the northeastern section of the forest , within present - day Ventura County . In 1843 he found gold in San Feliciano Canyon near his first discovery . Mexican miners from Sonora worked the placer deposits until 1846 , when the Californios began to agitate for independence from Mexico , and the Bear Flag Revolt caused many Mexicans to leave California . Forty - niners Panning for gold on the Mokelumne River The first people to rush to the goldfields , beginning in the spring of 1848 , were the residents of California themselves -- primarily agriculturally oriented Americans and Europeans living in Northern California , along with Native Americans and some Californios ( Spanish - speaking Californians ) .", "6": "These first miners tended to be families in which everyone helped in the effort . Women and children of all ethnicities were often found panning next to the men . Some enterprising families set up boarding houses to accommodate the influx of men ; in such cases , the women often brought in steady income while their husbands searched for gold . Word of the Gold Rush spread slowly at first . The earliest gold - seekers were people who lived near California or people who heard the news from ships on the fastest sailing routes from California . The first large group of Americans to arrive were several thousand Oregonians who came down the Siskiyou Trail . Next came people from the Sandwich Islands , and several thousand Latin Americans , including people from Mexico , from Peru and from as far away as Chile , both by ship and overland . By the end of 1848 , some 6,000 Argonauts had come to California . Only a small number ( probably fewer than 500 ) traveled overland from the United States that year . Some of these `` forty - eighters '' , as the earliest gold - seekers were sometimes called , were able to collect large amounts of easily accessible gold -- in some cases , thousands of dollars worth each day . Even ordinary prospectors averaged daily gold finds worth 10 to 15 times the daily wage of a laborer on the East Coast . A person could work for six months in the goldfields and find the equivalent of six years ' wages back home . Some hoped to get rich quick and return home , and others wished to start businesses in California . `` Independent Gold Hunter on His Way to California '' , circa 1850 . The gold hunter is loaded down with every conceivable appliance , much of which would be useless in California . The prospector says : `` I am sorry I did not follow the advice of Granny and go around the Horn , through the Straights , or by Chagres ( Panama ) . '' By the beginning of 1849 , word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world , and an overwhelming number of gold - seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent . The largest group of forty - niners in 1849 were Americans , arriving by the tens of thousands overland across the continent and along various sailing routes ( the name `` forty - niner '' was derived from the year 1849 ) .", "7": "Many from the East Coast negotiated a crossing of the Appalachian Mountains , taking to riverboats in Pennsylvania , poling the keelboats to Missouri River wagon train assembly ports , and then travelling in a wagon train along the California Trail . Many others came by way of the Isthmus of Panama and the steamships of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company . Australians and New Zealanders picked up the news from ships carrying Hawaiian newspapers , and thousands , infected with `` gold fever '' , boarded ships for California . Forty - niners came from Latin America , particularly from the Mexican mining districts near Sonora and Chile . Gold - seekers and merchants from Asia , primarily from China , began arriving in 1849 , at first in modest numbers to Gum San ( `` Gold Mountain '' ) , the name given to California in Chinese . The first immigrants from Europe , reeling from the effects of the Revolutions of 1848 and with a longer distance to travel , began arriving in late 1849 , mostly from France , with some Germans , Italians , and Britons . It is estimated that approximately 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849 -- about half by land and half by sea . Of these , perhaps 50,000 to 60,000 were Americans , and the rest were from other countries . By 1855 , it is estimated at least 300,000 gold - seekers , merchants , and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world . The largest group continued to be Americans , but there were tens of thousands each of Mexicans , Chinese , Britons , Australians , French , and Latin Americans , together with many smaller groups of miners , such as African Americans , Filipinos , Basques and Turks . People from small villages in the hills near Genova , Italy were among the first to settle permanently in the Sierra Nevada foothills ; they brought with them traditional agricultural skills , developed to survive cold winters . A modest number of miners of African ancestry ( probably less than 4,000 ) had come from the Southern States , the Caribbean and Brazil . Chinese gold miners in California A number of immigrants were from China . Several hundred Chinese arrived in California in 1849 and 1850 , and in 1852 more than 20,000 landed in San Francisco . Their distinctive dress and appearance was highly recognizable in the goldfields .", "8": "Chinese miners suffered enormously , enduring violent racism from white miners who aimed their frustrations at foreigners . To this day , there has been no justice for known victims . Further animosity toward the Chinese led to legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and Foreign Miners Tax . There were also women in the Gold Rush . However , their numbers were small . Of the 40,000 people who arrived by ship in the San Francisco harbor in 1849 , only 700 were women . They held various roles including prostitutes , single entrepreneurs , married women , poor and wealthy women . They were of various ethnicities including Anglo - American , African - American , Hispanic , Native , European , Chinese , and Jewish . The reasons they came varied : some came with their husbands , refusing to be left behind to fend for themselves , some came because their husbands sent for them , and others came ( singles and widows ) for the adventure and economic opportunities . On the trail many people died from accidents , cholera , fever , and myriad other causes , and many women became widows before even setting eyes on California . While in California , women became widows quite frequently due to mining accidents , disease , or mining disputes of their husbands . Life in the goldfields offered opportunities for women to break from their traditional work . Homosexuality The disproportionate number of men to women in San Francisco created an environment for homosexuality and gay cultures to flourish . The Barbary Coast was a district where men went to gamble and pay for sex from female impersonators and women alike . Described as the `` city of bachelors '' men often went to the Barbary Coast district to pay for prostitution and pleasure with other men . Legal rights When the Gold Rush began , the California goldfields were peculiarly lawless places . When gold was discovered at Sutter 's Mill , California was still technically part of Mexico , under American military occupation as the result of the Mexican -- American War . With the signing of the treaty ending the war on February 2 , 1848 , California became a possession of the United States , but it was not a formal `` territory '' and did not become a state until September 9 , 1850 . California existed in the unusual condition of a region under military control . There was no civil legislature , executive or judicial body for the entire region .", "9": "Local residents operated under a confusing and changing mixture of Mexican rules , American principles , and personal dictates . Lax enforcement of federal laws , such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , encouraged the arrival of free blacks and escaped slaves . While the treaty ending the Mexican -- American War obliged the United States to honor Mexican land grants , almost all the goldfields were outside those grants . Instead , the goldfields were primarily on `` public land '' , meaning land formally owned by the United States government . However , there were no legal rules yet in place , and no practical enforcement mechanisms . The benefit to the forty - niners was that the gold was simply `` free for the taking '' at first . In the goldfields at the beginning , there was no private property , no licensing fees , and no taxes . The miners informally adapted Mexican mining law that had existed in California . For example , the rules attempted to balance the rights of early arrivers at a site with later arrivers ; a `` claim '' could be `` staked '' by a prospector , but that claim was valid only as long as it was being actively worked . Miners worked at a claim only long enough to determine its potential . If a claim was deemed as low - value -- as most were -- miners would abandon the site in search for a better one . In the case where a claim was abandoned or not worked upon , other miners would `` claim - jump '' the land . `` Claim - jumping '' meant that a miner began work on a previously claimed site . Disputes were often handled personally and violently , and were sometimes addressed by groups of prospectors acting as arbitrators . This often led to heightened ethnic tensions . In some areas the influx of many prospectors could lead to a reduction of the existing claim size by simple pressure . Development of gold - recovery techniques Four hundred million years ago , California lay at the bottom of a large sea ; underwater volcanoes deposited lava and minerals ( including gold ) onto the sea floor . By tectonic forces these minerals and rocks came to the surface of the Sierra Nevada , and eroded . Water carried the exposed gold downstream and deposited it in quiet gravel beds along the sides of old rivers and streams . The forty - niners first focused their efforts on these deposits of gold .", "10": "Because the gold in the California gravel beds was so richly concentrated , early forty - niners were able to retrieve loose gold flakes and nuggets with their hands , or simply `` pan '' for gold in rivers and streams . However , panning can not take place on a large scale , and industrious miners and groups of miners graduated to placer mining , using `` cradles '' and `` rockers '' or `` long - toms '' to process larger volumes of gravel . Miners would also engage in `` coyoteing '' , a method that involved digging a shaft 6 to 13 meters ( 20 to 43 ft ) deep into placer deposits along a stream . Tunnels were then dug in all directions to reach the richest veins of pay dirt . In the most complex placer mining , groups of prospectors would divert the water from an entire river into a sluice alongside the river , and then dig for gold in the newly exposed river bottom . Modern estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey are that some 12 million ounces ( 370 t ) of gold were removed in the first five years of the Gold Rush ( worth over US $ 16 billion at December 2010 prices ) . In the next stage , by 1853 , hydraulic mining was used on ancient gold - bearing gravel beds on hillsides and bluffs in the goldfields . In a modern style of hydraulic mining first developed in California , and later used around the world , a high - pressure hose directed a powerful stream or jet of water at gold - bearing gravel beds . The loosened gravel and gold would then pass over sluices , with the gold settling to the bottom where it was collected . By the mid-1880s , it is estimated that 11 million ounces ( 340 t ) of gold ( worth approximately US $15 billion at December 2010 prices ) had been recovered by `` hydraulicking '' . A byproduct of these extraction methods was that large amounts of gravel , silt , heavy metals , and other pollutants went into streams and rivers . As of 1999 many areas still bear the scars of hydraulic mining , since the resulting exposed earth and downstream gravel deposits do not support plant life . After the Gold Rush had concluded , gold recovery operations continued .", "11": "The final stage to recover loose gold was to prospect for gold that had slowly washed down into the flat river bottoms and sandbars of California 's Central Valley and other gold - bearing areas of California ( such as Scott Valley in Siskiyou County ) . By the late 1890s , dredging technology ( also invented in California ) had become economical , and it is estimated that more than 20 million ounces ( 620 t ) were recovered by dredging ( worth approximately US $28 billion at December 2010 prices ) . Both during the Gold Rush and in the decades that followed , gold - seekers also engaged in `` hard - rock '' mining , that is , extracting the gold directly from the rock that contained it ( typically quartz ) , usually by digging and blasting to follow and remove veins of the gold - bearing quartz . By 1851 , quartz mining had become the major industry of Coloma . Once the gold - bearing rocks were brought to surface , the rocks were crushed and the gold separated , either using separation in water , using its density difference from quartz sand , or by washing the sand over copper plates coated with mercury ( with which gold forms an amalgam ) . Loss of mercury in the amalgamation process was a source of environmental contamination . Eventually , hard - rock mining wound up becoming the single largest source of gold produced in the Gold Country . The total production of gold in California from then till now is estimated at 118 million ounces ( 3700 t ) . Forty - niner panning for gold Sluice for separation of gold from dirt with water Excavating a river bed after the water has been diverted Crushing quartz ore prior to washing out gold Excavating a gravel bed with jets , circa 1863 Profits Recent scholarship confirms that merchants made far more money than miners during the Gold Rush . The wealthiest man in California during the early years of the rush was Samuel Brannan , a tireless self - promoter , shopkeeper and newspaper publisher . Brannan opened the first supply stores in Sacramento , Coloma , and other spots in the goldfields . Just as the rush began he purchased all the prospecting supplies available in San Francisco and re-sold them at a substantial profit . Some gold - seekers made a significant amount of money .", "12": "On average , half the gold - seekers made a modest profit , after taking all expenses into account ; economic historians have suggested that white miners were more successful than black , Indian , or Chinese miners . However , taxes such as the California foreign miners tax passed in 1851 , targeted mainly Latino miners and kept them from making as much money as whites , who did n't have any taxes imposed on them . In California most late arrivals made little or wound up losing money . Similarly , many unlucky merchants set up in settlements which disappeared , or which succumbed to one of the calamitous fires that swept the towns that sprang up . By contrast , a businessman who went on to great success was Levi Strauss , who first began selling denim overalls in San Francisco in 1853 . Other businessmen reaped great rewards in retail , shipping , entertainment , lodging , or transportation . Boardinghouses , food preparation , sewing , and laundry were highly profitable businesses often run by women ( married , single , or widowed ) who realized men would pay well for a service done by a woman . Brothels also brought in large profits , especially when combined with saloons and gaming houses . By 1855 , the economic climate had changed dramatically . Gold could be retrieved profitably from the goldfields only by medium to large groups of workers , either in partnerships or as employees . By the mid-1850s , it was the owners of these gold - mining companies who made the money . Also , the population and economy of California had become large and diverse enough that money could be made in a wide variety of conventional businesses . Path of the gold Portsmouth Square , San Francisco , during the Gold Rush , 1851 Once extracted , the gold itself took many paths . First , much of the gold was used locally to purchase food , supplies and lodging for the miners . It also went towards entertainment , which consisted of anything from a traveling theater to alcohol , gambling , and prostitutes . These transactions often took place using the recently recovered gold , carefully weighed out . These merchants and vendors in turn used the gold to purchase supplies from ship captains or packers bringing goods to California . The gold then left California aboard ships or mules to go to the makers of the goods from around the world .", "13": "A second path was the Argonauts themselves who , having personally acquired a sufficient amount , sent the gold home , or returned home taking with them their hard - earned `` diggings '' . For example , one estimate is that some US $ 80 million worth of California gold was sent to France by French prospectors and merchants . As the Gold Rush progressed , local banks and gold dealers issued `` banknotes '' or `` drafts '' -- locally accepted paper currency -- in exchange for gold , and private mints created private gold coins . With the building of the San Francisco Mint in 1854 , gold bullion was turned into official United States gold coins for circulation . The gold was also later sent by California banks to U.S. national banks in exchange for national paper currency to be used in the booming California economy . Near - term effects The arrival of hundreds of thousands of new people in California within a few years , compared to a population of some 15,000 Europeans and Californios beforehand , had many dramatic effects . A 2017 study attributes the record - long economic expansion of the United States in the recession - free period of 1841 -- 1856 primarily to `` a boom in transportation - goods investment following the discovery of gold in California . '' Development of government and commerce The Gold Rush propelled California from a sleepy , little - known backwater to a center of the global imagination and the destination of hundreds of thousands of people . The new immigrants often showed remarkable inventiveness and civic - mindedness . For example , in the midst of the Gold Rush , towns and cities were chartered , a state constitutional convention was convened , a state constitution written , elections held , and representatives sent to Washington , D.C. to negotiate the admission of California as a state . Large - scale agriculture ( California 's second `` Gold Rush '' ) began during this time . Roads , schools , churches , and civic organizations quickly came into existence . The vast majority of the immigrants were Americans . Pressure grew for better communications and political connections to the rest of the United States , leading to statehood for California on September 9 , 1850 , in the Compromise of 1850 as the 31st state of the United States . Between 1847 and 1870 , the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000 .", "14": "The Gold Rush wealth and population increase led to significantly improved transportation between California and the East Coast . The Panama Railway , spanning the Isthmus of Panama , was finished in 1855 . Steamships , including those owned by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company , began regular service from San Francisco to Panama , where passengers , goods and mail would take the train across the Isthmus and board steamships headed to the East Coast . One ill - fated journey , that of the S.S. Central America , ended in disaster as the ship sank in a hurricane off the coast of the Carolinas in 1857 , with approximately three tons of California gold aboard . Impact on Native Americans Protecting The Settlers illustration by JR Browne for his work The Indians Of California 1864 The human and environmental costs of the Gold Rush were substantial . Native Americans , dependent on traditional hunting , gathering and agriculture , became the victims of starvation and disease , as gravel , silt and toxic chemicals from prospecting operations killed fish and destroyed habitats . The surge in the mining population also resulted in the disappearance of game and food gathering locales as gold camps and other settlements were built amidst them . Later farming spread to supply the settlers ' camps , taking more land away from the Native Americans . In some areas , systematic attacks against tribespeople in or near mining districts occurred . Various conflicts were fought between natives and settlers . Miners often saw Native Americans as impediments to their mining activities . Ed Allen , interpretive lead for Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park , reported that there were times when miners would kill up to 50 or more Natives in one day . Retribution attacks on solitary miners could result in larger scale attacks against Native populations , at times tribes or villages not involved in the original act . During the 1852 Bridge Gulch Massacre , a group of settlers attacked a band of Wintu Indians in response to the killing of a citizen named J.R. Anderson . After his killing , the sheriff led a group of men to track down the Indians , whom the men then attacked . Only three children survived the massacre that was against a different band of Wintu than the one that had killed Anderson . Photo caption , `` The Heathen Chinee Prospecting '' indicates early prejudice against Chinese gold miners .", "15": "California , 1852 Historian Benjamin Madley recorded the numbers of killings of California Indians between 1846 and 1873 and estimated that during this period at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians , mostly occurring in more than 370 massacres ( defined as the `` intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants , including women , children , and prisoners , whether in the context of a battle or otherwise '' ) . According to demographer Russell Thornton , between 1849 and 1890 , the Indigenous population of California fell below 20,000 -- primarily because of the killings . According to the government of California , some 4,500 Native Americans suffered violent deaths between 1849 and 1870 . Furthermore , California stood in opposition of ratifying the eighteen treaties signed between tribal leaders and federal agents in 1851 . The state government , in support of miner activities funded and supported death squads , appropriating over 1 million dollars towards the funding and operation of the paramilitary organizations . Peter Burnett , California 's first governor declared that California was a battleground between the races and that there were only two options towards California Indians , extermination or removal . `` That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct , must be expected . While we can not anticipate the result with but painful regret , the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert . '' For Burnett , like many of his contemporaries , the genocide was part of God 's plan , and it was necessary for Burnett 's constituency to move forward in California . The Act for the Government and Protection of Indians , passed on April 22 , 1850 by the California Legislature , allowed settlers to capture and use Native people as bonded workers , prohibited Native peoples ' testimony against settlers , and allowed the adoption of Native children by settlers , often for labor purposes . After the initial boom had ended , explicitly anti-foreign and racist attacks , laws and confiscatory taxes sought to drive out foreigners -- not just Native Americans -- from the mines , especially the Chinese and Latin American immigrants mostly from Sonora , Mexico and Chile .", "16": "The toll on the American immigrants was severe as well : one in twelve forty - niners perished , as the death and crime rates during the Gold Rush were extraordinarily high , and the resulting vigilantism also took its toll . World - wide economic stimulation Chilean wheat exports to California from 1848 to 1854 ( in qqm ) Year Grains Flour 1848 3000 n / a 1849 87,000 69,000 1850 277,000 221,000 1854 63,000 50,000 The Gold Rush stimulated economies around the world as well . Farmers in Chile , Australia , and Hawaii found a huge new market for their food ; British manufactured goods were in high demand ; clothing and even prefabricated houses arrived from China . The return of large amounts of California gold to pay for these goods raised prices and stimulated investment and the creation of jobs around the world . Australian prospector Edward Hargraves , noting similarities between the geography of California and his home country , returned to Australia to discover gold and spark the Australian gold rushes . Preceding the Gold Rush , the United States was on a bi-metallic standard , but the sudden increase in physical gold supply increased the relative value of physical silver and drove silver money from circulation . The increase in gold supply also created a monetary supply shock . Within a few years after the end of the Gold Rush , in 1863 , the groundbreaking ceremony for the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad was held in Sacramento . The line 's completion , some six years later , financed in part with Gold Rush money , united California with the central and eastern United States . Travel that had taken weeks or even months could now be accomplished in days . Longer - term effects California 's name became indelibly connected with the Gold Rush , and fast success in a new world became known as the `` California Dream . '' California was perceived as a place of new beginnings , where great wealth could reward hard work and good luck . Historian H.W.", "17": "Brands noted that in the years after the Gold Rush , the California Dream spread across the nation : The old American Dream ... was the dream of the Puritans , of Benjamin Franklin 's `` Poor Richard '' ... of men and women content to accumulate their modest fortunes a little at a time , year by year by year . The new dream was the dream of instant wealth , won in a twinkling by audacity and good luck . ( This ) golden dream ... became a prominent part of the American psyche only after Sutter 's Mill . Legacy ( 1 ) State motto , `` Eureka '' on the Seal of California . ( 2 ) California state route shield , with the number 49 and shaped like a miner 's spade. ( 3 ) Commemorative coin from 1925 . Overnight California gained the international reputation as the `` golden state '' . Generations of immigrants have been attracted by the California Dream . California farmers , oil drillers , movie makers , airplane builders , and `` dot - com '' entrepreneurs have each had their boom times in the decades after the Gold Rush . Included among the modern legacies of the California Gold Rush are the California state motto , `` Eureka '' ( `` I have found it '' ) , Gold Rush images on the California State Seal , and the state nickname , `` The Golden State '' , as well as place names , such as Placer County , Rough and Ready , Placerville ( formerly named `` Dry Diggings '' and then `` Hangtown '' during rush time ) , Whiskeytown , Drytown , Angels Camp , Happy Camp , and Sawyers Bar . The San Francisco 49ers National Football League team , and the similarly named athletic teams of California State University , Long Beach , are named for the prospectors of the California Gold Rush . In addition , the standard route shield of state highways in California is in the shape of a miner 's spade to honor the California Gold Rush . Today , aptly named State Route 49 travels through the Sierra Nevada foothills , connecting many Gold Rush - era towns such as Placerville , Auburn , Grass Valley , Nevada City , Coloma , Jackson , and Sonora .", "18": "This state highway also passes very near Columbia State Historic Park , a protected area encompassing the historic business district of the town of Columbia ; the park has preserved many Gold Rush - era buildings , which are presently occupied by tourist - oriented businesses . Cultural references The literary history of the Gold Rush is reflected in the works of Mark Twain ( The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County ) , Bret Harte ( A Millionaire of Rough - and - Ready ) , Joaquin Miller ( Life Amongst the Modocs ) , and many others . See also San Francisco Bay Area portal California portal Barbary Coast California Mining and Mineral Museum Gold in California Mercury contamination in California waterways Women in the California Gold Rush Notes Jump up ^ `` ( E ) vents from January 1848 through December 1855 ( are ) generally acknowledged as the ' Gold Rush ' . After 1855 , California gold mining changed and is outside the ' rush ' era . '' `` The Gold Rush of California : A Bibliography of Periodical Articles '' . California State University , Stanislaus. 2002 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` California Gold Rush , 1848 -- 1864 '' . Learn California.org , a site designed for the Secretary of State of California . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ For a detailed map , see California Historic Gold Mines Archived December 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , published by the State of California . Retrieved December 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1889 ) . History of California , Volume 23 : 1848 -- 1859 . San Francisco : The History Company . pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . pp. 39 to 41 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) . Rush for riches ; gold fever and the making of California .", "19": "Oakland , California , Berkeley and Los Angeles : Oakland Museum of California and University of California Press . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 55 to 56 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) . California : a history . New York : The Modern Library . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California . 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 103 to 105 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 59 to 60 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , p. 51 ( `` 800 residents '' ) Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) . A golden state : mining and economic development in Gold Rush California ( California History Sesquicentennial Series , 2 ) . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 187 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) . Gold : the California story . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) . The age of gold : the California Gold Rush and the new American dream . New York : Anchor ( reprint ed . ) . pp. 103 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 75 -- 85 . Another route across Nicaragua was developed in 1851 ; it was not as popular as the Panama option . Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 252 -- 253 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , pp. 101 , 107 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 80 ; `` Shipping is the Foundation of San Francisco -- Literally '' . Oakland Museum of California . 1998 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 363 to 366 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Richard ( 1975 ) . Siskiyou Trail . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 361 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Wells , Harry L. ( 1881 ) . History of Siskiyou County , California . Oakland , California : D.J. Stewart & Co. pp. 60 -- 64 . Jump up ^ The buildings of Bodie , the best - known ghost town in California , date from the 1870s and later , well after the end of the Gold Rush . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Joaquin ( 1873 ) . Life amongst the Modocs : unwritten history . Berkeley : Heyday Books ; reprint edition ( January 1996 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blakely , Jim ; Barnette , Karen ( July 1985 ) . Historical Overview : Los Padres National Forest ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 43 -- 46 .", "21": "Jump up ^ Moynihan , Ruth B. , Armitage , Susan , and Dichamp , Christiane Fischer ( eds . ) ( 1990 ) . So Much to Be Done . Lincoln : U Nebraska , p. 3 Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Rooted in barbarous soil : people , culture , and community in Gold Rush California . Berkeley and Los Angeles : Univ. of California Press . pp. 50 -- 54 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 48 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 50 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Caughey , John Walton ( 1975 ) . The California Gold Rush . University of California Press . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02763 - 9 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 197 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) p. 63 . Holliday notes these luckiest prospectors were recovering , in short amounts of time , gold worth in excess of $1 million when valued at the dollars of today . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 57 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 53 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 53 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Susan Lee ( 2001 ) .", "22": "Roaring camp : the social world of the California Gold Rush ( 1st ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32099 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Magagnini , Stephen ( January 18 , 1998 ) `` Chinese transformed ' Gold Mountain ' '' , The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 93 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 57 -- 61 . Other estimates range from 70,000 to 90,000 arrivals during 1849 ( ibid . p. 57 ) . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Exploration and Settlement -- John Bull and Uncle Sam : Four Centuries of British - American Relations -- Exhibitions ( Library of Congress ) '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail '' . isu.edu . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neary , J. , & Robbins , H. ( 2015 ) . African American Literature of the Gold Rush . Mapping Region in Early American Writing , 226 Jump up ^ Freguli , Carolyn . ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Another estimate is 2,500 forty - niners of African ancestry . Rawls , James , J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 5 .", "23": "Jump up ^ African Americans who were slaves and came to California during the Gold Rush could gain their freedom . One of the miners was African American Edmond Edward Wysinger ( 1816 -- 1891 ) , see also Moses Rodgers ( 1835 -- 1900 ) Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 67 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Out of Many , 5th Edition Volume 1 , Faragher 2006 ( p. 411 ) Jump up ^ The Gold Rush American Experience , KQED 2006 Jump up ^ `` Men : Women in Early San Francisco '' . FoundSF. 2016 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Key Points in Black History and the Gold Rush -- Instructional Materials ( CA Dept of Education ) '' . Cde.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Ruth B. , Armitage , Susan , and Dichamp , Christiane Fischer ( eds . ) ( 1990 ) , pp. 3 -- 8 Jump up ^ Levy , Joann ( 1992 ) . They saw the elephant : Women in the California Gold Rush . Archon : N.p. , pp. xxii , 92 Jump up ^ By one account , in late 1850 , the population of California was over 110,000 , not including the Californios or the California Indians . The surviving U.S. census counts in California add up to 92,600 , not including the lost censuses of San Francisco ( the largest city in California at that time ) , Contra Costa county and Santa Clara County . The women who came to California in the early years were a distinct minority , consisting of less than 10 % of the population . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , Nan Alamilla ( 2003 ) . Wide - Open Town . University of California Press . p. 27 -- via Project MUSE . As early gay cultures developed inside San Francisco 's many bars and taverns , they were bolstered by the disproportionate number of men in the city .", "24": "Jump up ^ Boyd , Nan Alamilla ( 2003 ) . Wide - Open Town . University of California Press . p. 26 -- via Project MUSE . Here , the rough - and - tumble saloons of the Gold Rush developed into dance halls , honky - tonks , and bawdy houses that provided a space for men to gamble , dance , and satisfy their sexual desires . ^ Jump up to : Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , pp. 115 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Neary , J. , & Robbins , H. ( 2015 ) . African American Literature of the Gold Rush . Mapping Region in Early American Writing , 226 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 123 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 127 . There were fewer than 1,000 U.S. soldiers in California at the beginning of the Gold Rush . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ The federal law in place at the time of the California Gold Rush was the Preemption Act of 1841 , which allowed `` squatters '' to improve federal land , then buy it from the government after 14 months . Jump up ^ Paul , Rodman W. ( 1947 ) California Gold , Lincoln : Univ . Nebraska Press , p. 211 -- 213 . ^ Jump up to : Clay , Karen and Wright , Gavin . ( 2005 ) , pp. 155 -- 183 .", "25": "^ Jump up to : Clappe , Louise Amelia Knapp Smith ( 2001 ) ( 1922 ) . The Shirley Letters from the California Mines , 1851 -- 1852 . Heyday Books , Berkeley , California . p. 109 . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 00 - 7 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . `` Dame Shirley '' was the name adopted by Louise Amelia Knapp Smith Clappe as she wrote a series of letters to her family describing in detail her life in the Feather River goldfields . The letters were originally published in 1854 -- 1855 by The Pioneer magazine . Jump up ^ The rules of mining claims adopted by the forty - niners spread with each new mining rush throughout the western United States . The U.S. Congress finally legalized the practice in the `` Chaffee laws '' of 1866 and the `` placer law '' of 1870 . Lindley , Curtis H. ( 1914 ) A Treatise on the American Law Relating to Mines and Mineral Lands , San Francisco : Bancroft - Whitney , p. 89 -- 92 . Karen Clay and Gavin Wright , `` Order Without Law ? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush . '' Explorations in Economic History 2005 42 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 183 . See also John F. Burns , and Richard J. Orsi , eds ; Taming the Elephant : Politics , Government , and Law in Pioneer California University of California Press , 2003 Jump up ^ Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush , p. 13 -- 14 . Douglas W. Allen , Simon Fraser University Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 169 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 94 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 105 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) .", "26": "Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 108 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 198 -- 200 . Jump up ^ `` goldrushtrail.net '' . goldrushtrail.net . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 87 to 88 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 90 . Jump up ^ The Troy weight system is traditionally used to measure precious metals , not the more familiar avoirdupois weight system . The term `` ounces '' used in this article to refer to gold typically refers to troy ounces . There are some historical uses where , because of the age of the use , the intention is ambiguous . ^ Jump up to : Mining History and Geology of the Mother Lode ( accessed October 16 , 2006 ) . Archived June 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Use of volumes of water in large - scale gold - mining dates at least to the time of the Roman Empire . ( See Roman - era gold mines in Spain . ) Roman engineers built extensive aqueducts and reservoirs above gold - bearing areas , and released the stored water in a flood so as to remove over-burden and expose gold - bearing bedrock , a process known as hushing . The bedrock was then attacked using fire and mechanical means , and volumes of water were used again to remove debris , and to process the resulting ore . Examples of this Roman mining technology may be found at Las Médulas in Spain and Dolaucothi in South Wales .", "27": "The gold recovered using these methods was used to finance the expansion of the Roman Empire . Hushing was also used in lead and tin mining in Northern Britain and Cornwall . There is , however , no evidence of the earlier use of hoses , nozzles and continuous jets of water in the manner developed in California during the Gold Rush . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 32 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 116 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ `` Amador City , California -- Historic Gold Mining Town . ( full text ) ( book links ) '' . readme-ebooks.org , The Pierian Press , 8 August 1999 . Online . Internet . May 18 , 1743 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 39 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Charles N. Alpers ; Michael P. Hunerlach ; Jason T. May ; Roger L. Hothem. `` Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hausel , Dan . `` California -- Gold , Geology & Prospecting '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karen Clay and Randall Jones , `` Migrating to Riches ? Evidence from the California Gold Rush , '' Journal of Economic History , December 2008 , Vol. 68 Issue 4 , pp 997 -- 1027 Jump up ^ Rohrbough , Malcolm J. ( 1998 ) . Days of Gold : The California Gold Rush and the American Nation .", "28": "Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21659 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Zerbe , R.O. , & Anderson , C.L. ( 2001 ) . Culture and fairness in the development of institutions in the California gold fields . The Journal of Economic History , 61 ( 01 ) , 114 -- 143 Jump up ^ Sears , Clare ( 2014 ) . Arresting Dress : Cross-Dressing , Law , and Fascination in Nineteenth - Century San Francisco . Duke University Press Books . p. 68 . In 1852 the California state legislature targeted Chinese residents for a `` foreign miners '' tax ( ... ) Jump up ^ Clay and Jones , `` Migrating to Riches ? Evidence from the California Gold Rush , '' Journal of Economic History , 2008 . Jump up ^ Levi 's jeans were not invented until the 1870s . Lynn Downey , Levi Strauss & Co. ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ James Lick made a fortune running a hotel and engaging in land speculation in San Francisco . Lick 's fortune was used to build Lick Observatory . Jump up ^ Four particularly successful Gold Rush era merchants were Leland Stanford , Collis P. Huntington , Mark Hopkins and Charles Crocker , Sacramento area businessmen ( later known as the Big Four ) who financed the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad , and became very wealthy as a result . Jump up ^ Susan Lee Johnson , Roaring Camp : The social world of the California Gold Rush . ( 2000 ) , pp. 164 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 52 -- 68 , 193 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 212 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) .", "29": "Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 256 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) p. 90 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 193 -- 197 ; 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 50 . Other estimates are that there were 7,000 -- 13,000 non-Native Americans in California before January 1848 . See Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , pp. 26 , 51 . Jump up ^ Historians have reflected on the Gold Rush and its effect on California . Historian Kevin Starr stated that for all its problems and benefits , the Gold Rush established the `` founding patterns , the DNA code , of American California '' , and quotes from The Annals of San Francisco in 1855 that the Gold Rush advanced California into a `` rapid , monstrous maturity '' . See Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 80 and Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph ; Weidenmier , Marc D. ( 2017 ) . `` America 's First Great Moderation '' . The Journal of Economic History . 77 ( 4 ) : 1116 -- 1143 . doi : 10.1017 / S002205071700081X . ISSN 0022 - 0507 .", "30": "^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , pp. 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 243 -- 248 . By 1860 , California had over 200 flour mills , and was exporting wheat and flour around the world . Ibid . at 278 -- 280 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) . Americans and the California dream : 1850 -- 1915 . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Caughey , 1975 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1870 , U.S. Bureau of the Census Jump up ^ Harper 's New Monthly Magazine March 1855 , Volume 10 , Issue 58 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ S.S. Central America information ; Final voyage of the S.S. Central America . Retrieved April 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 192 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Another notable ship wreck was the steamship Winfield Scott , bound to Panama from San Francisco , which crashed into Anacapa Island off the Southern California coast in December 1853 . All hands and passengers were saved , along with the cargo of gold , but the ship was a total loss . Jump up ^ `` Focus On the West '' . Jump up ^ Castillo , Edward D. ( 1998 ) . `` California Indian History '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Native History : California Gold Rush Begins , Devastates Native Population '' . Indian Country Today Media Network.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Native History : California Gold Rush Begins , Devastates Native Population '' . Indian Country Today Media Network.com .", "31": "Jump up ^ While the Bloody Island Massacre occurred during this time period , it did not occur in the Gold Rush era mining districts . Jump up ^ `` Trinity County California '' . visittrinity.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madley , Benjamin , An American Genocide , The United States and the California Catastrophe , 1846 -- 1873 , Yale University Press , 2016 , 692 pages , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 18136 - 4 , p. 11 , p. 351 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , pp. 107 -- 109 . Jump up ^ `` Minorities During the Gold Rush '' . California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Norton , Jack ( 1979 ) . Genocide in northwestern California : when our worlds cried . San Francisco : Indian Historian Press . ISBN 0 - 913436 - 26 - 7 . pp. 70 -- 73 Jump up ^ `` Indians of California -- American Period '' . www.cabrillo.edu . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Brenden C ( 2012 ) . `` Murder State : California 's Native American Genocide , 1846 -- 1873 . '' University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln and London . p. 231 Jump up ^ Lindsay , Brenden C ( 2012 ) . `` Murder State : California 's Native American Genocide , 1846 -- 1873 . '' University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln and London . p. 148 Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 56 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , pp. 84 -- 87 . Joaquin Murrieta was a famous Mexican bandit during the Gold Rush of the 1850s. The Last of the California Rangers ( 1928 ) , `` 16 .", "32": "California Banditti , '' by Jill L. Cossley - Batt Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Villalobos , Sergio ; Silva , Osvaldo ; Silva , Fernando and Estelle , Patricio. 1974 . Historia De Chile . Editorial Universitaria , Chile . p 481 - 485 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 285 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 287 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Younger , R.M. ' Wondrous Gold ' in Australia and the Australians : A New Concise History , Rigby , Sydney , 1970 Jump up ^ Narron , James ; Morgan , Don ( 7 Aug 2015 ) . `` Crisis Chronicles -- The California Gold Rush and the Gold Standard '' . New York Fed . Liberty Street Economics . New York , NY : Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved 8 Aug 2015 . The gold rush constituted a positive monetary supply shock because the United States was on the gold standard at the time . The nation had switched from a bimetallic ( gold and silver ) standard to a de facto gold standard in 1834 . Under the latter , the U.S. government stood ready to buy gold for $20.67 per ounce , a parity that prevailed until 1933 . That commitment anchored prices , but the large gold discovery functioned like a monetary easing by a central bank , with more gold chasing the same amount of goods and services . The increase in spending ultimately led to higher prices because nothing real had changed except the availability of a shiny yellow metal . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean have postulated that were it not for the discovery of gold , Oregon might have been granted statehood ahead of California , and therefore the first `` Pacific Railroad might have been built to that state . '' See Rawls , James , J. , and Walton Bean ( 2003 ) , p. 112 .", "33": "Jump up ^ Kevin Starr , Americans and the California Dream , 1850 -- 1915 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , p. 442 . Jump up ^ A perception of lawlessness also was connected with California . See , Robert A. Burchell , `` The Loss of a Reputation ; or , The Image of California in Britain before 1875 , '' California Historical Quarterly 53 ( Summer I974 ) : 115 - 30 ( stories about Gold Rush lawlessness deterred some immigration for two decades ) . Jump up ^ `` ( A ) griculture dominated the post-Gold Rush sequence of development , employing more people than mining by 1869 ... and surpassing mining in 1879 as the leading element of the California economy . '' Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Signal Hill , California , Bakersfield , California ; Los Angeles , California Jump up ^ 20th Century - Fox , MGM , Paramount , RKO , Warner Bros. , Universal Pictures , Columbia Pictures , and United Artists are among the most recognized entertainment industry names centered in California ; see also Film studio Jump up ^ Hughes Aircraft , Douglas Aircraft , North American Aviation , Northrop , Lockheed Aircraft were among the complex of companies in the aerospace industry which flourished in California during and after World War II Jump up ^ Gaither , Chris ; Chmielewski , Dawn C ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Google Bets Big on Videos '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gold Rush images on the state seal include a forty - niner digging with a pick and shovel , a pan for panning gold , and a `` long - tom . '' In addition , the ships on the water suggest the sailing ships filling the Sacramento River and San Francisco Bay during the Gold Rush era . Jump up ^ `` Economic Development History of State Route 99 in California '' . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . In the 1960s , green and white CA - 99 signs that resemble miners ' spades replaced the black and white U.S.", "34": "99 shields Jump up ^ Papoulias , Alexander ( January 4 , 2008 ) . `` Car Sales Curbed Along El Camino '' . Palo Alto Weekly . Office of California State Senator Leland Yee . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . State routes can be identified by the green State Highway Route shield , which is in the shape of a spade in honor of the California Gold Rush , and bears the route 's number Jump up ^ `` Your guide to the Mother Lode : Complete map of historic Hwy 49 '' . historichwy49.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Watson ( 2005 ) looks at Bret Harte 's notion of Western partnership in such California gold rush stories as `` The Luck of Roaring Camp ' ( 1868 ) , `` Tennessee 's Partner '' ( 1869 ) , and `` Miggles '' ( 1869 ) . While critics have long recognized Harte 's interest in gender constructs , Harte 's depictions of Western partnerships also explore changing dynamics of economic relationships and gendered relationships through terms of contract , mutual support , and the bonds of labor . Matthew A. Watson , `` The Argonauts of ' 49 : Class , Gender , and Partnership in Bret Harte 's West . '' Western American Literature 2005 40 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 53 . References Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1888 ) . History of California : 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) . The age of gold : the California Gold Rush and the new American dream . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 72088 - 5 . Clappe , Louise Amelia Knapp Smith ( 2001 ) ( 1922 ) . The Shirley Letters from the California Mines , 1851 -- 1852 . Heyday Books , Berkeley , California . p. 109 . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 00 - 7 . Clay , Karen ; Gavin Wright ( April 2005 ) . `` Order Without Law ?", "35": "Property Rights During the California Gold Rush '' ( PDF ) . Explorations in Economic History . 42 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 183 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2004.05. 003 . Dillon , Richard ( 1975 ) . Siskiyou Trail : the Hudson 's Bay Company route to California . New York : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 016980 - 2 . Gaither , Chris ; Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Google Bets Big on Videos '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . Harper 's New Monthly Magazine March 1855 , volume 10 , issue 58 , p. 543 , complete text online . Heizer , Robert F. ( 1974 ) . The destruction of California Indians . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7262 - 6 . Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) . Gold : the California story . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21547 - 8 . Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) . Rush for riches : Gold fever and the making of California . Oakland , California , Berkeley and Los Angeles : Oakland Museum of California and University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21401 - 3 . Johnson , Susan Lee ( 2001 ) . Roaring Camp : the social world of the California Gold Rush . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32099 - 5 . Levy , JoAnn ( 1992 ) ( 1990 ) . They saw the elephant : women in the California Gold Rush . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2473 - 3 . Miller , Joaquin ( 1873 ) . Life amongst the Modocs : unwritten history .", "36": "Berkeley : Heyday Books ; reprint edition ( January 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 930588 - 79 - 7 . Moynihan , Ruth B. ; Armitage , Susan ; Dichamp , Christiane Fischer , eds. ( 1990 ) . So much to be done : Women settlers on the mining and ranching frontier , 2d ed . ( Women in the West ) . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8248 - 6 . Rawls , James , J. ; Bean , Walton ( 2003 ) . California : An interpretive history . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 255255 - 7 . Rawls , James , J. and Richard J. Orsi ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) . A golden state : mining and economic development in Gold Rush California . California History Sesquicentennial , 2 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) . Americans and the California dream : 1850 -- 1915 . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504233 - 6 . Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) . California : a history . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64240 - 4 . Starr , Kevin and Richard J. Orsi ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Rooted in barbarous soil : people , culture , and community in Gold Rush California . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22496 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Thornton , Russel ( 1987 ) . American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History Since 1492 . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2074 - 4 .", "37": "Wells , Harry L. ( 1971 ) ( 1881 ) . History of Siskiyou County , California . Siskiyou Historical Society . OCLC 6150902 . ASIN B0006YP8IE , . Further reading Burchell , Robert A. ( Summer 1974 ) . `` The Loss of a Reputation ; or , The Image of California in Britain before 1875 '' . California Historical Quarterly . 53 ( 3 ) : 115 -- 130 . doi : 10.2307 / 25157500 . ISSN 0097 - 6059 . Burns , John F. and Richard J. Orsi ( eds . ) ( 2003 ) . Taming the Elephant : Politics , Government , and Law in Pioneer California . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23413 - 8 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Drager , K. ; C. Fracchia ( 1997 ) . The Golden Dream : California from Gold Rush to Statehood . Portland , Oregon : Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 55868 - 312 - 7 . Durham , Walter T. ( 1997 ) . Volunteer Forty - Niners : Tennesseans and the California Gold Rush . Nashville , Tennessee : Vanderbilt University Press . ISBN 9780585170930 . OCLC 44959444 . Dwyer , Richard A. ; Richard E. Lingenfelter ; David Cohen ( 1964 ) . The Songs of the Gold Rush . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Eifler , Mark A. ( 2002 ) . Gold Rush Capitalists : Greed and Growth in Sacramento . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2822 - 9 . Hart , Eugene ( 2003 ) . A Guide to the California Gold Rush . Merced : Freewheel Publications . ISBN 0 - 9634197 - 2 - 2 .", "38": "Helper , Hinton Rowan ( 1855 ) . The Land of Gold : Reality Versus Fiction . Baltimore : H. Taylor . Holliday , J.S. ; William Swain ( 2002 ) ( 1981 ) . The World Rushed in : The California Gold Rush Experience . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3464 - X . Hurtado , Albert L. ( 2006 ) . John Sutter : A Life on the North American Frontier . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3772 - X . Klare , Normand E. ( 2005 ) . The Final Voyage of the SS Central America 1857 . Ashland , Oregon : Klare Taylor Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9764403 - 0 - X . Knorr , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . A Pennsylvania Mennonite and the California Gold Rush . Camp Hill : Sunbury Press . ISBN 0 - 9760925 - 8 - 1 . Lienhard , Heinrich . `` Wenn Du absolut nach Amerika willst , so gehe in Gottesnamen ! '' , Erinnerungen an den California Trail , John A. Sutter und den Goldrausch 1846 -- 1849 . Herausgegeben von ( edited by ) Christa Landert , mit einem Vorwort von ( foreword by ) Leo Schelbert . Zürich : Limmat Verlag , 2010 , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 85791 - 504 - 8 Owens , Kenneth N. ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) . Riches for All : The California Gold Rush and the World . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8617 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) `` Haun Collection Archive '' . Roberts , Brian ( 2000 ) . American Alchemy : The California Gold Rush and Middle - class Culture . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .", "39": "ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4856 - 5 . Rohrbough , Malcolm J. ( 1998 ) . Days of Gold : The California Gold Rush and the American Nation . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21659 - 8 . online edition Watson , Matthew A. ( 2005 ) . `` The Argonauts of ' 49 : Class , Gender , and Partnership in Bret Harte 's West '' . Western American Literature. 40 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 53 . ISSN 0043 - 3462 . Witschi , N.S. ( 2004 ) . `` Bret Harte . '' Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature . Ed . Jay Parini . New York : Oxford University Press . 154 -- 157 . Witschi , N.S. ( 2002 ) . Traces of Gold : California 's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1117 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to California Gold Rush . Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` California Gold Rush '' dated 2009 - 04 - 09 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles California Gold Rush at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) California Gold Rush chronology at The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco Gold at the website of United States Geological Survey Gold Country Museum in Placer County , California `` California as I Saw It : '' First - Person Narratives of California 's Early Years , 1849 -- 1900 Library of Congress American Memory Project University of California , Berkeley , Bancroft Library The University of California , Calisphere , 1848 -- 1865 : The Gold Rush Era California State Library , `` California As We Saw It '' : Exploring the California Gold Rush , online exhibit Map of North America during the California Gold Rush at omniatlas.com Lewis B. Rush diary ,", "40": "diary of a gold rush miner , MSS SC 161 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Harold B. 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6877070880513321965	tumhi ho bandhu sakha tumhi cast real name	[ "Chandni Bhagwanani", "Sreejita De", "Kabeer K", "Neil Bhatt", "Dimple Jhangiani", "Lavina Tandon", "Madhu Malti Kapoor", "Tushar Dalvi", "Aishwarya Narkar", "Vineet Raina", "Aalika Sheikh", "Rehaan Khan", "Mahesh Tanwar", "Ravjeet Singh", "Neha Dangal", "Neeraj Goswani" ]	{ "0": "Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi - Wikipedia Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for television . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi Genre Family Drama Created by Shashi Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Directed by Vikram Ghai Starring Neil Bhatt Kabir K Sreejita De Chandni Bhagwanani Vineet Raina Dimple Jhangiani Ravjeet Singh Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 128 Production Producer ( s ) Shashi Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Location ( s ) Agra Mumbai Camera setup Multi-camera Production company ( s ) Shashi Sumeet Productions Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 11 May ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) -- 30 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) External links Website www.zeetv.com/shows/tumhi-ho-bandhu-sakha-tumhi/ Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi is an Indian television series , which premiered on 11 May 2015 on Zee TV . Neil Bhatt , Kabir K , Sreejita De and Chandini bhagwanani are in lead roles . The show is set in Agra . Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi is a tale of a family of five brothers and three sisters .", "1": "The show began with the working title Pethawala before being named Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi . The show ended due to low trp ratings . From 17 July 2016 , it was rerun on Zee Anmol as Choti Bahu - Parivar ki Jeevan Rekha . The show there ended on 11 November 2016 . Plot ( edit ) The story revolves around the Pethewala family . Bhushan ( Neil Bhatt ) , the second son of the family is in love with Shreya ( Sreejita De ) . Before he can tell his family , they pretend to have fixed his marriage elsewhere but the girl turns out to be Shreya . The lovers are happily married . Ajay is the youngest son of the Pethewala family . His best friend Ajju is in love with Sanjana . Ajju gets a job in USA and he and Sanjana decide to marry in the court given Sanjana 's father 's objections . Being just under 21 years of age , Ajju can not get married . To stop Sanjana 's father from getting her married forcibly to someone else , Ajju requests Ajay to marry her till he returns from the US . Ajay marries Sanjana . Unknown to their families is that their marriage is a contract for a few months . The Pethewala family takes time to accept Sanjana . Meanwhile , Shreya , after getting brain washed by her mother , wants to divide the house and gain control over it . Sanjana comes to know of Shreya 's true colours and tries to expose her . But Shreya exposes the truth behind Ajay 's marriage . This creates huge problems in the family and Sanjana is thrown out of the house . Trilokchand asks Ajay to go for a divorce . But Sanjana 's father , who has aldready accepted the marriage makes her realise her love for Ajay . Ajay likes Sanjana but hides his feelings as he does not want to hurt Ajju . Sanjana tries to win Ajay 's love . Meanwhile , Dadi comes to know Shreya 's true face .", "2": "She brings back Sanjana to the house as a negative person . Sanjana tortures the family so the torn apart family will come together to fight against her . She finally succeeds in exposing Shreya who is thrown out by Bhushan . Shreya tries to commit suicide by jumping off from the cliff . Bhushan saves her but she loses her vision and becomes blind . Shreya regrets her mistakes and asks forgiveness from the family . Everyone forgives her except Bhushan . At the same time Ajju returns from USA . Ajju comes to know of Sanjana 's love for Ajay . He tries to drag her out of the house but Ajay stops him and confesses his love for her . This creates a huge fight between the friends . Ajju tries to rape Sanjana , when Ajay 's sister Mishri saves her by hitting Ajju on his head with a vase . Ajju dies and Mishri gets scared . Ajay and Sanjana hide Ajju 's body . The cops come by and tell Trilokchand that they 've discovered Ajju 's body and that the entire Pethewala family are suspects in the murder , but Ajay and Sanjana are the main suspects . In college , Mishri notices that she is being followed . It is actually Ajju in disguise . Ajju 's sister Shaina , Ajju and even Shreya try and manipulate Mishri into thinking she 's going mad but Ajay and Sanjana protect her . In the meantime , Shreya has faked a pregnancy to stay in the family but Bhushan suspects her and finds out her lies . Ajay and Mishri catch another man , Anuj , who claims to have fallen in love with Mishri at first sight . Anuj 's family asks for Mishri 's hand in marriage . On the day of the wedding , Sanjana is arrested for Ajju 's murder . Sanjana confesses and the only way Ajay can save her is to get married to Shaina . Finally bhushan enters and exposes all the villians and made Sanjana and Ajay Married . Shreya , Ajay and shaina are arrested .", "3": "sanjana requests bhushan to brought back Shreya and Bhushan agrees . shreya gets happy to learn that Sanjana forgives her . The story ends with whole family dancing . Cast ( edit ) Chandni Bhagwanani as Sanjana Ajay Pethewala Sreejita De as Shreya Bhushan Pethewala Kabeer K as Ajay Pethewala Neil Bhatt as Bhushan Trilokchand Pethewala Dimple Jhangiani as Avni Pethawala Lavina Tandon as Shaina Madhu Malti Kapoor as Dadi Tushar Dalvi as Trilokchand Pethawala Aishwarya Narkar as Elaichi Trilokchand Pethawala Vineet Raina as Amar Pethawala Aalika Sheikh as Vinati Amar Pethawala Rehaan Khan as Samar Amar Pethawala Mahesh Tanwar as Utpal Trilokchand Pethawala Ravjeet Singh as Aayush Pethawala Neha Dangal as Mishri Trilokchand Pethawala Neeraj Goswani as Ajju References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Joint family the hero '' . The Hindu . 8 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New TV shows to roll in 2015 '' . Daily News and Analysis . 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 .", "4": "Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap Opera Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi Bin Kuch Kahe Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Piyaa Albela Sethji Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey ( TV Series ) Reality Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Weekends Show Fear Files Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tum_Hi_Ho_Bandhu_Sakha_Tumhi&oldid=803276157 '' Categories : 2015 Indian television series debuts 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Television shows set in Mumbai Hidden categories : Use Indian English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with topics of unclear notability from April 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3090489251605619035	who wrote the words to god save the queen	[ "author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in plainchant, but a 1619 attribution to John Bull is sometimes made" ]	{ "0": "God Save the Queen - wikipedia God Save the Queen Jump to : navigation , search `` God Save the King '' redirects here . For other uses , see God Save the Queen ( disambiguation ) and God Save the King ( disambiguation ) . God Save the Queen Publication of an early version in The Gentleman 's Magazine , 15 October 1745 . The title , on the contents page , is given as `` God save our lord the king : A new song set for two voices '' . National or royal anthem of Antigua and Barbuda ( royal ) Australia ( royal ) and its dependency of Norfolk Island ( national and royal ) The Bahamas ( royal ) Barbados ( royal ) Belize ( royal ) Canada ( royal ) Grenada ( royal ) Jamaica ( royal ) New Zealand ( national and royal ) and some of its dependencies ( Cook Islands and Niue ( royal ) and Tokelau ( national and royal ) ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( royal ) Solomon Islands ( royal ) Tuvalu ( royal ) United Kingdom ( national and royal ) , its Crown Dependencies and its overseas territories Also known as `` God Save the King '' ( when the monarch is male ) Music Unknown composer Adopted September 1745 Audio sample `` God Save the Queen '' file help `` God Save the Queen '' ( alternatively `` God Save the King '' , depending on the gender of the reigning monarch ) is the national or royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms , their territories , and the British Crown Dependencies . The author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in plainchant , but a 1619 attribution to John Bull is sometimes made . It is the national anthem of the United Kingdom and one of two national anthems used by New Zealand since 1977 , as well as for several of the UK 's territories that have their own additional local anthem . It is also the royal anthem -- played specifically in the presence of the monarch -- of all the aforementioned countries , as well as Australia ( since 1984 ) , Canada ( since 1980 ) , Barbados and Tuvalu . In countries not previously part of the British Empire , the tune of `` God Save the Queen '' has provided the basis for various patriotic songs , though still generally connected with royal ceremony .", "1": "In the United States , the melody is used for the patriotic song `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' . The melody is also used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein , `` Oben am jungen Rhein '' . Beyond its first verse , which is consistent , `` God Save the Queen / King '' has many historic and extant versions . Since its first publication , different verses have been added and taken away and , even today , different publications include various selections of verses in various orders . In general , only one verse is sung . Sometimes two verses are sung , and on rare occasions , three . The sovereign and her or his spouse are saluted with the entire anthem , while other members of the Royal Family who are entitled to royal salute ( such as the Prince of Wales ) receive just the first six bars . The first six bars also form all or part of the Vice Regal Salute in some Commonwealth realms outside the UK ( e.g. , in Canada , governors general and lieutenant governors at official events are saluted with the first six bars of `` God Save the Queen '' followed by the first four and last four bars of `` O Canada '' ) , as well as the salute given to governors of British overseas territories . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Original lyrics 2 Use in the United Kingdom 2.1 Lyrics in the UK 2.1. 1 Standard version in the United Kingdom 2.1. 2 Standard version of the music 2.1. 3 Alternative British versions 2.1. 3.1 William Hickson 's alternative version 2.1. 3.2 Official peace version 2.1. 4 Historic alternative verses 2.2 Performance in the UK 2.3 Other British anthems 3 Use in other Commonwealth countries 3.1 Australia 3.2 Canada 3.2.", "2": "1 Lyrics in Canada 3.3 New Zealand 3.4 Rhodesia 4 Use elsewhere 5 Musical adaptations 5.1 Classical composers 5.2 Religious Adaptations 5.3 Rock adaptations 5.4 Computer music 6 Reception 7 Calls for a new national anthem / anthems 8 Notes 9 External links History ( edit ) In The Oxford Companion to Music , Percy Scholes points out the similarities to an early plainsong melody , although the rhythm is very distinctly that of a galliard , and he gives examples of several such dance tunes that bear a striking resemblance to `` God Save the King / Queen '' . Scholes quotes a keyboard piece by John Bull ( 1619 ) which has some similarities to the modern tune , depending on the placing of accidentals which at that time were unwritten in certain cases and left to the discretion of the player ( see musica ficta ) . He also points to several pieces by Henry Purcell , one of which includes the opening notes of the modern tune , set to the words `` God Save the King '' . Nineteenth - century scholars and commentators mention the widespread belief that an old Scots carol , `` Remember O Thou Man '' was the source of the tune . The first published version of what is almost the present tune appeared in 1744 in Thesaurus Musicus . The 1744 version of the song was popularised in Scotland and England the following year , with the landing of Charles Edward Stuart and was published in The Gentleman 's Magazine ( see illustration above ) . This manuscript has the tune depart from that which is used today at several points , one as early as the first bar , but is otherwise clearly a strong relative of the contemporary anthem . It was recorded as being sung in London theatres in 1745 , with , for example , Thomas Arne writing a setting of the tune for the Drury Lane Theatre . Scholes ' analysis includes mention of `` untenable '' and `` doubtful '' claims , as well as `` an American misattribution '' . Some of these are : The French Marquise de Créquy wrote in her Souvenirs that the words `` Grand Dieu , sauvez le Roi ! ''", "3": "were indeed composed by Jean - Baptiste Lully in gratitude for the survival by Louis XIV of an anal fistula operation . ( The surgical knife purpose - made for the occasion is on display in the Musée d'histoire de la médecine . ) Allegedly , Lully had set words by Marie de Brinon to music , and Créquy claimed that the tune was later plagiarised by Handel , and so adopted by the British as `` un de leurs air nationaux '' . ( The entire story might have been intended as a joke . ) Translated into Latin under the title Domine , Salvum Fac Regem , it became the French anthem until 1792 . After the Battle of Culloden , the Hanover dynasty supposedly adopted this melody as the British anthem . James Oswald was a possible author of the Thesaurus Musicus , so may have played a part in the history of the song , but is not a strong enough candidate to be cited as the composer of the tune . Dr Henry Carey : Scholes refutes this attribution : first on the grounds that Carey himself never made such a claim ; second , when the claim was made by Carey 's son ( in 1795 ) , it was in support of a request for a pension from the British Government ; and third , the younger Carey claimed that his father , who died in 1743 , had written parts of the song in 1745 . It has also been claimed that the work was first publicly performed by Carey during a dinner in 1740 in honour of Admiral Edward `` Grog '' Vernon , who had captured the Spanish harbour of Porto Bello ( then in Gran Colombia , now in Panamá ) during the War of Jenkins ' Ear . Scholes recommends the attribution `` traditional '' or `` traditional ; earliest known version by John Bull ( 1562 -- 1628 ) '' . The English Hymnal ( musical editor Ralph Vaughan Williams ) gives no attribution , stating merely `` 17th or 18th cent . '' Original lyrics ( edit ) God save great George our king God save our noble king , God save the king ! Send him victorious Happy and glorious Long to reign over us God save the king !", "4": "Use in the United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : National anthem of England The phrase `` God Save the King '' in use as a rallying cry to the support of the monarch and the nation 's forces `` God Save the Queen '' is the national anthem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Like many aspects of British constitutional life , its official status derives from custom and use , not from Royal Proclamation or Act of Parliament . In general only one or two verses are sung , but on rare occasions three . The variation in the UK of the lyrics to `` God Save the Queen '' is the oldest amongst those currently used , and forms the basis on which all other versions used throughout the Commonwealth are formed ; though , again , the words have varied throughout these years . England has no official national anthem of its own ; `` God Save the Queen '' is treated as the English national anthem when England is represented at sporting events ( though there are some exceptions to this rule , such as cricket where Jerusalem is used ) . There is a movement to establish an English national anthem , with Blake and Parry 's `` Jerusalem '' and Elgar 's `` Land of Hope and Glory '' among the top contenders . Scotland has its own national song and Wales has its own national anthem for political and national events and for use at international football , rugby union and other sports in which those nations compete independently . On all occasions Wales ' national anthem is `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' ( Land of my Fathers ) . Scotland has no single anthem ; `` Scotland the Brave '' was traditionally used until the 1990s , when `` Flower of Scotland '' was adopted . In Northern Ireland , `` God Save the Queen '' is still used as the official anthem . The phrase `` No surrender '' is occasionally sung in the bridge before `` Send her victorious '' by England football fans at matches . The phrase `` no surrender '' is also associated with Combat 18 , a white supremacist group . The phrase is also associated with Ulster loyalism and can sometimes be heard at the same point before Northern Ireland football matches . Since 2003 , `` God Save the Queen '' , considered an all inclusive Anthem for Great Britain and Northern Ireland , as well as other countries within the Commonwealth , has been dropped from the Commonwealth Games .", "5": "Northern Irish athletes receive their gold medals to the tune of the `` Londonderry Air '' , popularly known as `` Danny Boy '' . In 2006 , English winners heard Elgar 's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 , usually known as `` Land of Hope and Glory '' , but after a poll conducted by the Commonwealth Games Council for England prior to the 2010 Games , `` Jerusalem '' was adopted as England 's new Commonwealth Games anthem . In sports in which the UK competes as one nation , most notably as Great Britain at the Olympics , `` God Save the Queen '' is used to represent anyone or any team that comes from the United Kingdom . Lyrics in the UK ( edit ) The Town Hall , Stratford - upon - Avon , Warwickshire ( built 1767 ) , bearing the painted slogan , `` God Save the King '' . The phrase `` God Save the King '' is much older than the song , appearing , for instance , several times in the King James Bible . A text based on the 1st Book of Kings Chapter 1 : verses 38 -- 40 , `` ... And all the people rejoic 'd , and said : God save the King ! Long live the King ! May the King live for ever , Amen '' , has been sung at every coronation since that of King Edgar in 973 . Scholes says that as early as 1545 `` God Save the King '' was a watchword of the Royal Navy , with the response being `` Long to reign over us '' . He also notes that the prayer read in churches on anniversaries of the Gunpowder Plot includes words which might have formed part of the basis for the second verse `` Scatter our enemies ... assuage their malice and confound their devices '' . In 1745 , The Gentleman 's Magazine published `` God save our lord the king : A new song set for two voices '' , describing it `` As sung at both Playhouses '' ( the Theatres Royal at Drury Lane and Covent Garden ) . Traditionally , the first performance was thought to have been in 1745 , when it was sung in support of King George II , after his defeat at the Battle of Prestonpans by the army of Charles Edward Stuart , son of James Francis Edward Stuart , the Jacobite claimant to the British throne .", "6": "It is sometimes claimed that , ironically , the song was originally sung in support of the Jacobite cause : the word `` send '' in the line `` Send him victorious '' could imply that the king was absent . However , the Oxford English Dictionary cites examples of `` ( God ) send ( a person ) safe , victorious , etc . '' meaning `` God grant that he may be safe , etc . '' . There are also examples of early eighteenth century Jacobean drinking glasses which are inscribed with a version of the words and were apparently intended for drinking the health of King James II and VII . Scholes acknowledges these possibilities but argues that the same words were probably being used by both Jacobite and Hanoverian supporters and directed at their respective kings . In 1902 , the musician William Hayman Cummings , quoting mid-18th century correspondence between Charles Burney and Sir Joseph Banks , proposed that the words were based on a Latin verse composed for King James II at the Chapel Royal . O Deus optime Salvum nunc facito Regem nostrum Sic laeta victoria Comes et gloria Salvum iam facito Tu dominum . Standard version in the United Kingdom ( edit ) `` God Save the Queen '' ( standard version ) God save our gracious Queen ! Long live our noble Queen ! God save the Queen ! Send her victorious , Happy and glorious , Long to reign over us : God save the Queen ! O Lord our God arise , Scatter her enemies , And make them fall : Confound their politics , Frustrate their knavish tricks , On Thee our hopes we fix : God save us all . Thy choicest gifts in store , On her be pleased to pour ; Long may she reign : May she defend our laws , And ever give us cause , To sing with heart and voice , God save the Queen ! When the monarch of the time is male , `` Queen '' is replaced with `` King '' and all feminine pronouns ( in bold type ) are replaced with their masculine equivalents . There is no definitive version of the lyrics .", "7": "However , the version consisting of the three verses reproduced in the box on the right hand side has the best claim to be regarded as the `` standard '' British version , appearing not only in the 1745 Gentleman 's Magazine , but also in publications such as The Book of English Songs : From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century ( 1851 ) , National Hymns : How They Are Written and How They Are Not Written ( 1861 ) , Household Book of Poetry ( 1882 ) , and Hymns Ancient and Modern , Revised Version ( 1982 ) . The same version with verse two omitted appears in publications including Scouting for Boys ( 1908 ) , and on the British Monarchy website . At the Queen 's Golden Jubilee Party at the Palace concert , Prince Charles referred in his speech to the `` politically incorrect second verse '' of the National Anthem . According to Alan Michie 's Rule , Britannia , which was published in 1952 , after the death of King George VI but before the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II , when the first General Assembly of the United Nations was held in London in January 1946 the King , in honour of the occasion , `` ordered the belligerent imperious second stanza of ' God Save the King ' to be rewritten to bring it more into the spirit of the brotherhood of nations . '' In the UK , the first verse is the only verse typically sung , even at official occasions , although the third verse is sung in addition on rare occasions such as during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics , and usually at the Last Night of the Proms . At the Closing Ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics , the fourth verse of the William Hickson alternative lyrics was sung instead of the third verse . Standard version of the music ( edit ) Play media `` God Save the Queen '' sung by the public at St Giles ' Fair , Oxford , 2007 The standard version of the melody and its key of G major are still those of the originally published version , although the start of the anthem is often signalled by an introductory timpani roll of two bars length . The bass line of the standard version differs little from the second voice part shown in the original , and there is a standard version in four - part harmony for choirs .", "8": "The first three lines ( six bars of music ) are soft , ending with a short crescendo into `` Send her victorious '' , and then is another crescendo at `` over us : '' into the final words `` God save the Queen '' . In the early part of the 20th century there existed a Military Band version , usually played in march time , in the higher key of B ♭ , because it was easier for brass instruments to play in that key , though it had the disadvantage of being more difficult to sing : however now most Bands play it in the correct key of G . Since 1953 , the anthem is sometimes preceded by a fanfare composed by Gordon Jacob for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . Alternative British versions ( edit ) There have been several attempts to improve the song by rewriting the words . In the nineteenth century there was some lively debate about the national anthem and , even then , verse two was considered to be slightly offensive . Notably , the question arose over the phrase `` scatter her enemies . '' Some thought it placed better emphasis on the respective power of Parliament and the Crown to change `` her '' to `` our '' ; others pointed out that the theology was somewhat dubious and substituted `` thine '' instead . Sydney G.R. Coles wrote a completely new version , as did Canon F.K. Harford . In 1836 , William Edward Hickson wrote four alternative verses . The first , third , and fourth of these verses are appended to the National Anthem in the English Hymnal ( which only includes verses one and three of the original lyrics ) . William Hickson 's alternative version ( edit ) William Hickson 's alternative ( 1836 ) version includes the following verses , of which the first , third , and fourth have some currency as they are appended to the National Anthem in the English Hymnal . The fourth verse was sung after the traditional first verse at the Queen 's Golden Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving in 2002 and during the raising of the Union Flag during the closing ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympics . God bless our native land ! May heaven 's protecting hand Still guard our shore : May peace her power extend , Foe be transformed to friend , And Britain 's rights depend On war no more .", "9": "O Lord , our monarch bless With strength and righteousness : Long may she reign : Her heart inspire and move With wisdom from above ; And in a nation 's love Her throne maintain May just and righteous laws Uphold the public cause , And bless our isle : Home of the brave and free , Thou land of liberty , We pray that still on thee Kind heaven may smile . Not in this land alone , But be God 's mercies known From shore to shore : Lord make the nations see That men should brothers be , And form one family The wide world over Official peace version ( edit ) A less militaristic version of the song , titled `` Official peace version , 1919 '' , was first published in the hymn book Songs of Praise in 1925 . This was `` official '' in the sense that it was approved by the British Privy Council in 1919 . However , despite being reproduced in some other hymn books , it is largely unknown today . God save our gracious Queen ! Long live our noble Queen ! God save The Queen ! Send her victorious Happy and glorious Long to reign over us God save the Queen ! One realm of races four Blest more and ever more God save our land ! Home of the brave and free Set in the silver sea True nurse of chivalry God save our land ! Of many a race and birth From utmost ends of earth God save us all ! Bid strife and hatred cease Bid hope and joy increase Spread universal peace God save us all ! Historic alternative verses ( edit ) Around 1745 , anti-Jacobite sentiment was captured in a verse appended to the song , with a prayer for the success of Field Marshal George Wade 's army then assembling at Newcastle . These words attained some short - term use , although they did not appear in the published version in the October 1745 Gentleman 's Magazine . This verse was first documented as an occasional addition to the original anthem by Richard Clark in 1822 , and was also mentioned in a later article on the song , published by the Gentleman 's Magazine in October 1836 .", "10": "Therein , it is presented as an `` additional verse ... though being of temporary application only ... stored in the memory of an old friend ... who was born in the very year 1745 , and was thus the associate of those who heard it first sung '' , the lyrics given being : Lord , grant that Marshal Wade , May by thy mighty aid , Victory bring . May he sedition hush , and like a torrent rush , Rebellious Scots to crush , God save the King . The 1836 article and other sources make it clear that this verse was not used soon after 1745 , and certainly before the song became accepted as the British national anthem in the 1780s and 1790s . It was included as an integral part of the song in the Oxford Book of Eighteenth Century Verse of 1926 , although erroneously referencing the `` fourth verse '' to the Gentleman 's Magazine article of 1745 . On the opposing side , Jacobite beliefs were demonstrated in an alternative verse used during the same period : God bless the prince , I pray , God bless the prince , I pray , Charlie I mean ; That Scotland we may see Freed from vile Presbyt'ry , Both George and his Feckie , Ever so , Amen . In May 1800 , following an attempt to assassinate King George III at London 's Drury Lane theatre , playwright Richard Sheridan immediately composed an additional verse , which was sung from the stage the same night : From every latent foe From the assassins blow God save the King O'er him Thine arm extend For Britain 's sake defend Our father , king , and friend God save the King ! Various other attempts were made during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to add verses to commemorate particular royal or national events . For example , according to Fitzroy Maclean , when Jacobite forces bypassed Wade 's force and reached Derby , but then retreated and when their garrison at Carlisle Castle surrendered to a second government army led by King George 's son , the Duke of Cumberland , another verse was added .", "11": "Other short - lived verses were notably anti-French , such as the following , quoted in the book Handel by Edward J. Dent : From France and Pretender Great Britain defend her , Foes let them fall ; From foreign slavery , Priests and their knavery , And Popish Reverie , God save us all . However , none of these additional verses survived into the twentieth century . Updated `` full '' versions including additional verses have been published more recently , including the standard three verses , Hickson 's fourth verse , Sheridan 's verse and the Marshal Wade verse . Performance in the UK ( edit ) The style most commonly heard in official performances was proposed as the `` proper interpretation '' by King George V , who considered himself something of an expert ( in view of the number of times he had heard it ) . An Army Order was duly issued in 1933 , which laid down regulations for tempo , dynamics and orchestration . This included instructions such as that the opening `` six bars will be played quietly by the reed band with horns and basses in a single phrase . Cornets and side - drum are to be added at the little scale - passage leading into the second half of the tune , and the full brass enters for the last eight bars '' . The official tempo for the opening section is a metronome setting of 60 , with the second part played in a broader manner , at a metronome setting of 52 . In recent years the prescribed sombre - paced introduction is often played at a faster and livelier tempo . Until the latter part of the 20th century , theatre and concert goers were expected to stand while the anthem was played after the conclusion of a show . In cinemas this brought a tendency for audiences to rush out while the end credits played to avoid this formality . ( This can be seen in the 1972 Dad 's Army episode A Soldier 's Farewell . ) The anthem continues to be played at some traditional events such as Wimbledon , Royal Variety Performance , the Edinburgh Tattoo , Royal Ascot , Henley Royal Regatta and The Proms . The anthem was traditionally played at closedown on the BBC , and with the introduction of commercial television to the UK this practice was adopted by some ITV companies ( with the notable exception of Granada ) .", "12": "BBC Two never played the anthem at closedown , and ITV dropped the practice in the late 1980s , but it continued on BBC One until the final closedown on 8 November 1997 ( thereafter BBC1 began to simulcast with BBC News after end of programmes ) . The tradition is carried on , however , by BBC Radio 4 , which plays the anthem each night as a transition piece between the end of the Radio Four broadcasting and the move to BBC World Service . Radio 4 and Radio 2 also play the National Anthem at 0700 and 0800 on the actual and official birthdays of the Queen and the birthdays of senior members of the Royal Family . The anthem usually prefaces The Queen 's Christmas Message ( although in 2007 it appeared at the end , taken from a recording of the 1957 television broadcast ) , and important royal announcements , such as of royal deaths , when it is played in a slower , sombre arrangement . Other British anthems ( edit ) Frequently , when an anthem is needed for one of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom -- at an international sporting event , for instance -- an alternative song is used : England generally uses `` God Save the Queen '' , but `` Jerusalem '' , `` Rule , Britannia ! '' and `` Land of Hope and Glory '' have also been used . At international test cricket matches , England has , since 2004 , used `` Jerusalem '' as the anthem . At international rugby league matches , England uses `` God Save the Queen '' and also `` Jerusalem '' . At international rugby union and football matches , England uses `` God Save the Queen '' . At the Commonwealth Games , Team England uses `` Jerusalem '' as their victory anthem . Scotland uses `` Flower of Scotland '' as their anthem for most sporting occasions . Wales uses Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau ( `` Land of My Fathers '' ) for governmental ceremonies and sporting occasions . At official occasions , especially those with royal connections , `` God Save the Queen '' is also played . Northern Ireland uses `` God Save the Queen '' as its national anthem . Northern Ireland also uses `` Londonderry Air '' as its victory anthem at the Commonwealth Games . However , many Irish nationalists feel unrepresented by the unionist anthem and seek an alternative .", "13": "The British and Irish Lions rugby union tour used the song `` The Power of Four '' , but this anthem was especially designed for the 2005 tour and was used only then . In April 2007 there was an early day motion , number 1319 , to the British Parliament to propose that there should be a separate England anthem : `` That this House ... believes that all English sporting associations should adopt an appropriate song that English sportsmen and women , and the English public , would favour when competing as England '' . An amendment ( EDM 1319A3 ) was proposed by Evan Harris that the song `` should have a bit more oomph than God Save The Queen and should also not involve God . '' For more information see also : National anthem of England National anthem of Scotland Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Londonderry Air Use in other Commonwealth countries ( edit ) `` God Save the King / Queen '' was exported around the world via the expansion of the British Empire , serving as each country 's national anthem . Throughout the Empire 's evolution into the Commonwealth of Nations , the song declined in use in most states which became independent . In some countries it remains as one of the official national anthems , such as in New Zealand , or as an official royal anthem , as is the case in Australia , Canada , Jamaica , and Tuvalu , to be played during formal ceremonies involving national royalty or vice-royalty . Australia ( edit ) Further information : Australian royal symbols § Verbal and musical symbols In Australia , the song has standing through a Royal Proclamation issued by Governor - General Sir Ninian Stephen on 19 April 1984 . It declared `` God Save the Queen '' to be the Royal Anthem and that it is to be played when the Australian monarch or a member of the Royal Family is present , though not exclusively in such circumstances . The same proclamation made `` Advance Australia Fair '' the national anthem and the basis for the `` Vice-Regal Salute '' ( the first four and last two bars of the anthem ) . Prior to 1984 , `` God Save the Queen '' was the national anthem of Australia . Canada ( edit ) Further information : Canadian royal symbols § Verbal and musical symbols , and Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada By convention , `` God Save the Queen '' is the Royal Anthem of Canada .", "14": "It is sometimes played or sung together with the national anthem , `` O Canada '' , at private and public events organised by groups such as the Government of Canada , the Royal Canadian Legion , police services , and loyal groups . The governor general and provincial lieutenant governors are accorded the `` Viceregal Salute '' , comprising the first three lines of `` God Save the Queen '' , followed by the first and last lines of `` O Canada '' . `` God Save the Queen '' has been sung in Canada since the late 1700s and by the mid 20th century was , along with `` O Canada '' , one of the country 's two de facto national anthems , the first and last verses of the standard British version being used . By - laws and practices governing the use of either song during public events in municipalities varied ; in Toronto , `` God Save the Queen '' was employed , while in Montreal it was `` O Canada '' . Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson in 1964 said one song would have to be chosen as the country 's national anthem and , three years later , he advised Governor General Georges Vanier to appoint the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on the National and Royal Anthems . Within two months , on 12 April 1967 , the committee presented its conclusion that `` God Save the Queen '' , whose music and lyrics were found to be in the public domain , should be designated as the Royal Anthem of Canada and `` O Canada '' as the national anthem , one verse from each , in both official languages , to be adopted by parliament . The group was then charged with establishing official lyrics for each song ; for `` God Save the Queen '' , the English words were those inherited from the United Kingdom and the French words were taken from those that had been adopted in 1952 for the coronation of Elizabeth II . When the bill pronouncing `` O Canada '' as the national anthem was put through parliament , the joint committee 's earlier recommendations regarding `` God Save the Queen '' were not included . The Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces regulates that `` God Save the Queen '' be played as a salute to the monarch and other members of the Canadian Royal Family , though it may also be used as a hymn , or prayer .", "15": "The words are not to be sung when the song is played as a military royal salute and is abbreviated to the first three lines while arms are being presented . Elizabeth II stipulated that the arrangement in G major by Lieutenant Colonel Basil H. Brown be used in Canada . The authorised version to be played by pipe bands is Mallorca . Lyrics in Canada ( edit ) The first verse of `` God Save the Queen '' has been translated into French , as shown below : Dieu protège la reine Notre gracieuse reine ! Vive la reine ! Qu'un règne glorieux Long et victorieux , Rende son peuple heureux . Vive la reine ! There is a special Canadian verse in English which was once commonly sung in addition to the two standing verses : Our loved Dominion bless With peace and happiness From shore to shore ; And let our Empire be Loyal , united , free , True to herself and Thee For evermore . New Zealand ( edit ) `` God Save the Queen '' was the sole official national anthem until 1977 when `` God Defend New Zealand '' was added as a second . `` God Save the Queen '' is now most often only played when the sovereign , governor - general or other member of the Royal Family is present , or on some occasions such as Anzac Day . In New Zealand , the second more militaristic verse is sometimes replaced with Hickson 's verse `` Nor in this land alone ... '' ( often sung as `` Not in this land alone '' ) , otherwise known as a `` Commonwealth verse '' . Rhodesia ( edit ) When Rhodesia issued its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the UK on 11 November 1965 , it did so while still maintaining loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II as the Rhodesian head of state , despite the non-recognition of the Rhodesian government by the United Kingdom and the United Nations ; `` God Save the Queen '' therefore remained the Rhodesian national anthem . This was supposed to demonstrate the continued allegiance of the Rhodesian people to the monarch , but the retention in Rhodesia of a song so associated with the UK while the two countries were at loggerheads regarding its constitutional status caused Rhodesian state occasions to have `` a faintly ironic tone '' , in the words of The Times .", "16": "Nevertheless , `` God Save the Queen '' remained Rhodesia 's national anthem until March 1970 , when the country formally declared itself a republic . `` Rise , O Voices of Rhodesia '' was adopted in its stead in 1974 and remained in use until the country returned to British control in December 1979 . Since the internationally recognised independence of the Republic of Zimbabwe in April 1980 , `` God Save the Queen '' has had no official status there . Use elsewhere ( edit ) `` God Save the King '' was one of the first songs to successfully be used as a national anthem , only the Dutch Het Wilhelmus ( ~ 1568 ) is older . ( The Spanish La Marcha Real is older as well , but took longer to become popular . Japan 's anthem Kimigayo has lyrics which are older still , but a more recent melody ) . Its success prompted a number of other countries to pen similar anthems to help construct a concrete national identity - many of which used the same tune : The Imperial anthem of Germany , Heil dir im Siegerkranz ( originally the royal anthem of Prussia since 1795 ) , used the melody of `` God Save the King '' . In addition , several German states used the tune , including Bavaria ( Heil unserm König , Heil ! - Hail to our King , Hail ! ) , Saxony ( Gott segne Sachsenland - God bless Saxony ) and Liechtenstein , which did not join the German Empire ( see below ) . During the reign of Otto of Greece , the Bavarian royal anthem also served as the Greek anthem . The anthem of the Kingdom of Hanover , Heil dir , Hannover , used the melody of `` God Save the King '' . Hanover was in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain and subsequently the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1837 . The national anthem of Imperial Russia from 1816 to 1833 was Molitva russkikh ( `` The Prayer of Russians '' ) , which used the melody of `` God Save the King '' and lyrics by Vasily Zhukovsky . In Switzerland ( Rufst Du , mein Vaterland or Ô monts indépendants , until 1961 ) .", "17": "`` God Save the King '' was used as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Hawaii before 1860 E Ola Ke Alii Ke Akua , from 1860 to 1886 the national anthem of Hawaii , was set to the same melody . The American patriotic hymn `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , the lyrics of which were written by Samuel Francis Smith in 1831 . The song is often quoted -- alongside `` Hail , Columbia '' -- as a de facto national anthem for the United States , before the de jure adoption of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' in 1931 . Norway 's royal anthem Kongesangen uses the melody . The Swedish royal anthem Bevare Gud vår kung between 1805 and 1880 , used the melody . Liechtenstein 's anthem Oben am jungen Rhein uses the same melody . In consequence , the tune was played twice before a Euro 2004 qualifying match between England and Liechtenstein ; and again before the Euro 96 qualifier between Northern Ireland and Liechtenstein . ( When England plays Northern Ireland , the tune is only played once ) . Iceland 's de facto national anthem in the 19th century was Íslands minni ( `` To Iceland '' , better known as Eldgamla Ísafold ) , a poem by Bjarni Thorarensen set to the melody of `` God Save the King '' . This lasted until the current national anthem was adopted , first by popular consent and later by law . The tune remains a popular one in Iceland and many different texts -- serious , satirical and comical -- have been set to it . The melody is also used as a hymn tune by Christian churches in various countries , including by the United Methodists of the southern United States , Mexico , and Latin America , among other denominations . `` Glory to God on High '' is frequently sung to the tune , as is `` Since I Have My Retreat '' in the Protestant Church of Korea , and the Dutch hymn `` Eeuwig en machtig Heer '' . The Ren & Stimpy Show uses a parody version of the tune for the anthem of the `` Royal Canadian Kilted Yaksmen '' .", "18": "Musical adaptations ( edit ) Classical composers ( edit ) About 140 composers have used the tune in their compositions , including Beethoven , Haydn , Brahms , Clementi , J.C. Bach , Liszt , Britten , Carl Maria von Weber , Niccolò Paganini , Johann Strauss I , and Edward Elgar . Ludwig van Beethoven composed a set of seven piano variations in the key of C major to the theme of `` God Save the King '' , catalogued as WoO. 78 ( 1802 -- 1803 ) . He also quotes it in his orchestral work Wellington 's Victory . Muzio Clementi used the theme to `` God Save the King '' in his Symphony No. 3 in G major , often called the `` Great National Symphony '' , catalogued as WoO. 34 . Clementi paid a high tribute to his adopted homeland ( the United Kingdom ) where he grew up and stayed most of his lifetime . He based the Symphony ( about 1816 -- 1824 ) on `` God Save the King '' , which is hinted at earlier in the work , not least in the second movement , and announced by the trombones in the finale . Symphony No. 3 `` Great National Symphony '' in en sol majeur / G - dur / G major / sol maggiore 1 . Andante sostenuto -- Allegro con brio 2 . Andante un poco mosso 3 . Minuetto . Allegretto 4 . Finale . Vivace Johann Christian Bach composed a set of variations on `` God Save the King '' for the finale to his sixth keyboard concerto ( Op. 1 ) written c. 1763 . Joseph Haydn was impressed by the use of `` God Save the King '' as a national anthem during his visit to London in 1794 , and on his return to Austria composed `` Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser '' ( `` God Save Emperor Francis '' ) for the birthday of the last Holy Roman Emperor and Roman - German King , Francis II . It became the anthem of the Austrian Empire after the end of the Holy Roman Empire with revised lyrics , its tune ultimately being used for the German national anthem .", "19": "The tune of `` God Save the King '' was adopted for the Prussian royal anthem `` Heil Dir im Siegerkranz '' . Franz Liszt wrote a piano paraphrase on the anthem ( S. 259 in the official catalogue , c. 1841 ) . Johann Strauss I quoted `` God Save the Queen '' in full at the end of his waltz Huldigung der Königin Victoria von Grossbritannien ( Homage to Queen Victoria of Great Britain ) Op. 103 , where he also quoted Rule , Britannia ! in full at the beginning of the piece . Siegfried August Mahlmann in the early 19th century wrote alternate lyrics to adapt the hymn for the Kingdom of Saxony , as `` Gott segne Sachsenland '' ( `` God Bless Saxony '' ) . Heinrich Marschner used the anthem in his `` Grande Ouverture solenne '' , op. 78 ( 1842 ) . Gaetano Donizetti used this anthem in his opera `` Roberto Devereux '' . Joachim Raff used this anthem in his Jubelouverture , Opus 103 ( 1864 ) dedicated to Adolf , Herzog von Nassau , on the 25th anniversary of his reign . Gioachino Rossini used this anthem in the last scene of his `` Il viaggio a Reims '' , when all the characters , coming from many different European countries , sing a song which recalls their own homeland . Lord Sidney , bass , sings `` Della real pianta '' on the notes of `` God Save the King '' . Samuel Ramey used to interpolate a spectacular virtuoso cadenza at the end of the song . Fernando Sor used the anthem in his 12 Studies , Op. 6 : No. 10 in C Major in the section marked ' Maestoso . ' Arthur Sullivan quotes the anthem at the end of his ballet Victoria and Merrie England . Claude Debussy opens with a brief introduction of `` God Save the King '' in one of his Preludes , Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq . P.P.M.P.C. . The piece draws its inspiration from the main character of the Charles Dickens novel The Pickwick Papers .", "20": "Niccolò Paganini wrote a set of highly virtuosic variations on `` God Save the King '' as his Opus 9 . Max Reger wrote Variations and Fugue on ' Heil dir im Siegerkranz ' ( God Save the King ) for organ in 1901 after the death of Queen Victoria . It does not have an opus number . A week before the Coronation Ode was due to be premiered at the June 1902 `` Coronation Gala Concert '' at Covent Garden ( it was cancelled , owing to the King 's illness ) , Sir Edward Elgar introduced an arrangement of `` Land of Hope and Glory '' as a solo song performed by Clara Butt at a `` Coronation Concert '' at the Albert Hall . Novello seized upon the prevailing patriotism and requested that Elgar arrange the National Anthem as an appropriate opening for a concert performed in front of the Court and numerous British and foreign dignitaries . This version for orchestra and chorus , which is enlivened by use of a cappella and marcato effects , was also performed at the opening of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on St. George 's Day , 1924 , and recorded under the composer 's Baton in 1928 , with the LSO and the Philharmonic Choir . Elgar also used the first verse of the Anthem as the climax of a short `` Civic Procession and Anthem '' , written to accompany the mayoral procession at the opening of the Hereford Music Festival on 4 September 1927 . This premiere performance was recorded , and is today available on CD ; the score was lost following the festival , and Elgar resorted to reconstructing it by ear from the recording . Carl Maria von Weber uses the `` God Save the King '' theme at the end of his `` Jubel Overture '' Giuseppe Verdi included `` God Save the Queen '' in his `` Inno delle nazioni '' ( Hymn of the Nations ) , composed for the London 1862 International Exhibition . Benjamin Britten arranged `` God Save the Queen '' in 1961 for the Leeds Festival . This version has been programmed several times at the Last Night of the Proms . Charles Ives wrote Variations on `` America '' for organ in 1891 at age seventeen .", "21": "It included a polytonal section in three simultaneous keys , though this was omitted from performances at his father 's request , because `` it made the boys laugh out loud '' . Ives was fond of the rapid pedal line in the final variation , which he said was `` almost as much fun as playing baseball '' . The piece was not published until 1949 ; the final version includes an introduction , seven variations and a polytonal interlude . The piece was adapted for orchestra in 1963 by William Schuman . This version became popular during the bicentennial celebrations , and is often heard at pops concerts . Muthuswami Dikshitar ( 1776 -- 1835 ) , one of the musical trinity in South Indian classical ( Carnatic ) music composed some Sanskrit pieces set to Western tunes . These are in the raga Sankarabharanam and are referred to as `` nottu swaras '' . Among these , the composition `` Santatam Pahimam Sangita Shyamale '' is set to the tune of `` God Save the Queen '' . Sigismond Thalberg ( 1812 - 1871 ) , Swiss composer and one of the most famous virtuoso pianists of the 19th century , wrote a fantasia on `` God Save the Queen '' . Johan Nepomuk Hummel ( 1778 - 1837 ) wrote the Variations from God Save the King in D major , op . 10 . Adrien - François Servais ( 1807 -- 66 ) and Joseph Ghys ( 1801 -- 48 ) wrote Variations brillantes et concertantes sur l'air `` God Save the King '' , op . 38 , for violin and cello and performed it in London and St Petersburg . Georges Onslow ( 1784 - 1853 ) used the tune in his String Quartet No. 7 in G Minor , op. 9 , second movement . Religious adaptations ( edit ) A nineteenth - century convert to Islam and leading Islamic scholar in the UK at the time wrote an Islamic adaptation to what was `` God Save The King . ''", "22": "A MUSLIM ANTHEM by Abdullah Quilliam Tune -- `` God Save the Queen / King '' God bless the Muslim cause : Bless all who keep Thy laws And do the right . Uphold the Muslim band , In this and every land ; Give them full strength to stand Firm in the fight . Strengthen and help the weak , And teach us all to speak , Thy truth abound . May love and liberty , Truth and sweet purity , With plenteous charity , In us be found . Hear Thou the orphan 's cry , Assuage the widow 's sigh , The foolish chide . Let vice no more abound , But happiness be found In every home and round The world so wide . 1st Muharram , 1319 21 April 1901 . Rock adaptations ( edit ) The British rock band Family sampled `` God Save the Queen '' at the end of their 1968 debut album , Music in a Doll 's House , following the final track , `` 3 x Time '' . The Beatles performed an impromptu version of `` God Save the Queen '' during their 30 January 1969 rooftop concert , atop the Apple building . They had also whistled the melody of the song on their first fan club Christmas record in 1963 . Jimi Hendrix of The Jimi Hendrix Experience played an impromptu version of `` God Save the Queen '' to open his set at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 . Just before walking onto the stage , he can be seen ( on the DVD ) and heard to ask `` How does it go again ? '' in reference to said UK national anthem . He may have been able to simply hear it mimicked by voice and then perform it , though the same melody was ( and is ) widely known in the United States to the lyrics `` My country , ' tis of thee '' . Hendrix gave the same sort of distortion and improvisation of `` God Save the Queen '' , as he had done with `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' at the Woodstock Festival , 1969 . Gentle Giant performed a version -- titled The Queen -- on their 1970 eponymous debut album .", "23": "The rock band Queen recorded an instrumental version of `` God Save the Queen '' on their 1975 album A Night at the Opera . It was arranged by guitarist Brian May and features his distinctive layers of overdubbed electric guitars . A tape of this version would be played at the end of almost every concert , with Freddie Mercury walking around the stage wearing a crown and a cloak on their Magic Tour in 1986 . The song was played whilst all the Queen members would take their bows . On 3 June 2002 , during the Queen 's Golden Jubilee , Brian May performed the anthem on his Red Special electric guitar for Party at the Palace , performing from the roof of Buckingham Palace , and features on the 30th Anniversary DVD edition of A Night at the Opera . `` God Save the Queen '' Song by Queen from the album A Night at the Opera Released Recorded 1975 at Sarm East Studios Length 1 : 15 Label EMI , Parlophone ( Europe ) Elektra , Hollywood ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Brian May Producer ( s ) Queen , Roy Thomas Baker A Night at the Opera track listing 12 tracks ( show ) Side one `` Death on Two Legs ( Dedicated to ... ) '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' Side two `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Good Company '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` God Save the Queen '' In 1977 , the Sex Pistols recorded a song titled `` God Save the Queen '' in open reference to the National Anthem and the Queen 's Silver Jubilee celebrations that year , with the song intending to stand for sympathy for the working class and resentment of the monarchy . They were banned from many venues , censored by mainstream media , and reached number 2 on the official U.K. singles charts and number 1 on the NME chart . A version of `` God Save the Queen '' by Madness features the melody of the song played on kazoos . It was included on the compilation album The Business -- the Definitive Singles Collection .", "24": "Composer Steve Ouimette recorded a rock version as downloadable content for the video game Guitar Hero 5 . Canadian rocker Neil Young recorded a rock version of `` God Save the Queen '' , merged with `` America ( My Country ' Tis of Thee ) '' , for his 2012 Americana album with Crazy Horse . Computer music ( edit ) The anthem was the first piece of music played on a computer , and the first computer music to be recorded . Musical notes were first generated by a computer programmed by Alan Turing at the Computing Machine Laboratory of the University of Manchester in 1948 . The first music proper , a performance of the National Anthem was programmed by Christopher Strachey on the Mark II Manchester Electronic Computer at same venue , in 1951 . Later that year , short extracts of three pieces , the first being the National Anthem , were recorded there by a BBC outside broadcasting unit : the other pieces being `` Ba Ba Black Sheep , and `` In the Mood '' . Researchers at the University of Canterbury , Christchurch restored the acetate master disc in 2016 and the results may be heard on Soundcloud . Reception ( edit ) The philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham praised `` God Save the King '' in 1796 : `` the melody recommending itself by beauty to the most polished ears , and by its simplicity to the rudest ear . A song of this complexion , implanted by the habit of half a century in the mass of popular sentiment , can not be refused a place in the inventory of the national blessings . '' Ludwig van Beethoven wrote `` I have to show the English a little of what a blessing ' God Save the King ' is '' . Alex Marshall , the British author of Republic or Death ! : Travels in Search of National Anthems , called the anthem `` ludicrous '' . Calls for a New national anthem / anthems ( edit ) There have been calls within the UK for a new national anthem , whether it be for the United Kingdom itself , Britain and / or England ( which all currently use God Save the Queen ) .", "25": "There are many reasons people cite for wishing for a new national anthem , such as : from a non-religious standpoint ( most people in the UK appear to no longer be religious ) , claims of God Save the Queen being long outdated and irrelevant in the 21st century , rejection of odes to promoting war and rejection of praising the monarchy from a republican perspective . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem '' . The official website of The British Monarchy . Archived from the original on 2 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Man '' . nationalanthems.info . Archived from the original on 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) , A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p . I , ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 , retrieved 25 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom - God Save the Queen '' . NationalAnthems.me . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ cf . the versions in the hymn books English Hymnal , Hymns Ancient and Modern , and Songs of Praise Jump up ^ `` Thatcher funeral : Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II , Prince Philip arrive '' . YouTube . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Scholes , Percy A . The Oxford Companion to Music , Tenth Edition . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Sousa , John Philip ( 1890 ) . National , Patriotic , and Typical Airs of All Lands . ( Remember O Thou Man ) is the air on the ground of which God Save the King Is sometimes claimed for Scotland . It is in two strains of 8 bars each and has the rhythm and melody of the modern tune in the first and third bars of the second strain . But it is in minor . Jump up ^ Pinkerton , John ( 1830 ) . The Literary Correspondence of John Pinkerton , Esq .", "26": "Remember O thou man is unquestionably the root of God save the King Jump up ^ `` Souvenirs de la Marquise de Créquy , chap. 4 '' . Penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Devlieger. , Michiel ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` De Laatste Show '' ( in Dutch ) . VRT ( Flemish National Television ) . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ See the sheet music available online : `` Domine Salvum Fac Regem '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Dearmer , Percy ; Vaughan Williams , Ralph ( 1906 ) . The English Hymnal with Tunes . Oxford University Press . p. 724 . Hymn No. 560 `` National Anthem '' Jump up ^ Dimont , Charles . `` God Save the Queen : the History of the National Anthem '' . historytoday . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National anthems & national songs '' . British Council . Archived from the original on 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Les Back ; Tim Crabbe ; John Solomos ( 1 November 2001 ) . The Changing Face of Football : Racism , Identity and Multiculture in the English Game . Berg Publishers . p. 266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85973 - 478 - 0 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Marina Hyde ( 29 March 2013 ) . `` Race issues ( News ) , FA ( Football Association ) , England football team , Rio Ferdinand , John Terry , Football , Sport , UK news '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Anthem 4 England -- At the 2010 Commonwealth games Blake and Parry 's Jerusalem was used by the England team Land of Hope and Glory Archived 7 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 1 Samuel x .", "27": "24 ; 2 Samuel xvi. 16 and 2 Kings xi. 12 Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Coronation Service '' , Westminster Abbey website , London , U.K. : Dean and Chapter of Westminster , 2009 , retrieved 20 August 2009 , Meanwhile the choir sings the anthem Zadok the Priest , the words of which ( from the first Book of Kings ) have been sung at every coronation since King Edgar 's in 973 . Since the coronation of George II in 1727 the setting by Handel has always been used . Jump up ^ Wood , William ( 1919 ) . Flag and Fleet : How the British Navy Won the Freedom of the Seas . Macmillan . Jump up ^ `` The Watchword in the Night shall be , ' God save King Henrye ! ' The other shall answer , ' Long to raign over Us ! ' Jump up ^ The Gentleman 's Magazine Vol. 15 , October 1745 , p. 552 ^ Jump up to : Scholes p. 412 Jump up ^ God Save the King , William H. Cummings , Novello and Company Ltd , London 1902 Jump up ^ Mackay , Charles ( 1851 ) . The Book of English Songs : From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century . p. 203 . Jump up ^ White , Richard Grant ( 1861 ) . National Hymns : How They are Written and how They are Not Written . Rudd & Carleton . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Dana , Charles Anderson ( 1882 ) . Household Book of Poetry . p. 384 . Jump up ^ Hymns Ancient and Modern , Revised Version . SCM - Canterbury Press Ltd. 1982 . p. 504 . ISBN 0 - 907547 - 06 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baden - Powell , Robert ( 1908 ) . Scouting for Boys . p. 341 . Jump up ^ Official versions published by Kneller Hall Royal Military School of Music Jump up ^ Jeffrey Richards ( 2002 ) . Imperialism And Music : Britain 1876 - 1953 . Manchester University Press . p. 120 .", "28": "ISBN 0719045061 . Jump up ^ Richards p. 91 Jump up ^ Dearmer , Percy ; Vaughan Williams , Ralph ( 1925 ) . Songs of Praise . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Forgotten National Anthem Sung at Halesowen Service '' . Black Country Bugle. 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Source describes it as an `` unusual and little known version of the national anthem ... taken from the order of service for the blessing of Halesowen 's borough charter ... on Sunday , 20 September 1936 . '' Jump up ^ Clark , Richard ( 1822 ) . An Account of the National Anthem Entitled God Save the King ! . London . pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Richards , Jeffrey ( 2002 ) . Imperialism and Music : Britain 1876 to 1953 . Manchester University Press . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4506 - 1 . `` A fourth verse was briefly in vogue at the time of the rebellion , but was rapidly abandoned thereafter : God grant that Marshal Wade ... etc '' Jump up ^ `` The history of God Save the King '' : The Gentleman 's Magazine , Vol 6 ( new series ) , 1836 , p. 373 . `` There is an additional verse ... though being of temporary application only , it was but short - lived ... ( but ) ... it was stored in the memory of an old friend of my own ... ' Oh ! grant that Marshal Wade ... etc . ' Jump up ^ `` The Oxford Book of Eighteenth Century Verse '' . Questia.com . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Groom , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Union Jack : the Story of the British Flag . Atlantic Books . Appendix . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 336 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The horrid assassin Is Hatfield , attempting to shoot the king in Drury Lane theatre - on the 15th of May , 1800 '' . British Museum . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Franklin L. ( 1985 ) .", "29": "Political Murder : From Tyrannicide to Terrorism . Harvard University Press . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 68636 - 5 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Fitzroy ( 1989 ) . Bonnie Prince Charlie . Canongate Books Ltd . ISBN 0 - 86241 - 568 - 3 . Note that the verse he quotes appears to have a line missing . Jump up ^ See : etext 9089 at project Gutenberg and p35 at FullTextArchive.com Jump up ^ Richards p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` God Save the Queen - lyrics '' . London : The Telegraph . 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Should Welsh Olympics 2012 stars sing God Save the Queen anthem ? '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Percy A Scholes : Oxford Companion to Music , Tenth Edition , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` Radio 4 keeps flying the flag '' . London : The Guardian . 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Time , and the Green and Pleasant Land '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Britannia History -- Rule Britannia ! Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Sing Jerusalem for England ! BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Hubert Parry : The Composer -- Icons of England Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine .", "30": "Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Home nations fans ' back England ' BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Commonwealth Games 2010 : England stars discuss Jerusalem BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Flower of Scotland The Herald ( 13 July 1990 ) Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Land of My Fathers v La Marseillaise : Clash of rugby 's greatest anthems The Daily Telegraph Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Tara Magdalinski , Timothy Chandler ( 2002 ) With God on Their Side : Sport in the Service of Religion p. 24 . Routledge , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Poll : Should God Save the Queen be dropped for Northern Ireland sports events - and what could replace it ? - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sing when you 're winning BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Information Management Services . Early day Motion 1319 '' . Edmi.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Buckingham Palace to the Governor - General of New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . -- Royal assent that the two songs should have equal status Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette ; No . S 142 ; 19 April 1984 Jump up ^ `` National Anthem '' . Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Royal anthem `` God Save the Queen '' `` . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ MacLeod 2008 , pp.", "31": "54 , I ^ Jump up to : Kallmann , Helmut , `` The Canadian Encyclopedia '' , in Marsh , James Harley , Encyclopedia of Music in Canada > Musical Genres > National and royal anthems , Toronto : Historica Foundation of Canada , archived from the original on 10 October 2011 , retrieved 25 June 2010 Jump up ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia . `` History of the Lieutenant Governor > Royal Salute > Royal Salute ( Formerly known as the Vice-Regal Salute ) '' . Queen 's Printer for Nova Scotia . Archived from the original on 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoiberg , Dale ( ed . ) , `` Encyclopædia Britannica '' , O Canada , Toronto : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , retrieved 25 June 2010 Jump up ^ Citizenship and Immigration Canada ( 2009 ) . Discover Canada ( PDF ) . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 100 - 12739 - 2 . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Alberta Police and Peace Officers ' Memorial Day 2009 Order of Service , Queen 's Printer for Alberta , 27 September 2009 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The National Flag of Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Legion Dominion Command ( 4 November 2009 ) . `` National Remembrance Day Ceremony '' . Royal Canadian Legion . Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs . `` Canada Remembers > Partnering Opportunities > Community Engagement Partnership Fund > Nova Scotia > Community Engagement Partnership Fund : Nova Scotia '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 5 July 2010 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Remembrance Day ( PDF ) , Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation , 11 November 2009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 July 2011 , retrieved 5 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` Honours and Salutes '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bélanger , Claude . `` The Quebec History Encyclopedia '' . In Marianopolis College . National Anthem of Canada . Montreal : Marianopolis College . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Canadian Heritage . `` National Anthem : O Canada > Parliamentary Action '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Department of National Defence ( 1 April 1999 ) , The Honours , Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces ( PDF ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 503 , A-AD - 200 - 000 / AG - 000 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 , retrieved 30 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Hymne royal '' Dieu protège la Reine `` at Government of Canada website '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Max Cryer . `` Hear Our Voices , We Entreat -- The Extraordinary Story of New Zealand 's National Anthems '' . Exisle Publishing . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand 's National Anthems '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Protocol for using New Zealand 's National Anthems '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Wood , J.R.T. ( April 2008 ) . A matter of weeks rather than months : The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith : Sanctions , Aborted Settlements and War 1965 -- 1969 . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 1 -- 8 .", "33": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 4807 - 2 . Jump up ^ Buch , Esteban ( May 2004 ) ( 1999 ) . Beethoven 's Ninth : A Political History . Trans . Miller , Richard . Chicago , Illinois : University Of Chicago Press . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 07824 - 3 . Jump up ^ Buch , Esteban ( May 2004 ) ( 1999 ) . Beethoven 's Ninth : A Political History . Trans . Miller , Richard . Chicago , Illinois : University Of Chicago Press . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 07824 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fisher , J.L. ( 2010 ) . Pioneers , settlers , aliens , exiles : the decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe . Canberra : ANU E Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921666 - 14 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe athlete sings own anthem '' . London : BBC . 19 July 2004 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bale , Tim . European Politics : A Comparative Introduction . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 330 . ISBN 9781137105868 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Anthems museum '' Archived 2 October 2010 at Archive - It Jump up ^ Daisy ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . A history of Icelandic literature . University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln . pp. 262 , 518 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Granville Bantock ( 1913 ) . Sixty Patriotic Songs of All Nations . Ditson . p. xv . Jump up ^ `` His Music : Orchestral Arrangements and Transcriptions '' . Elgar . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jerrold Northrop Moore , Edward Elgar , a Creative Life , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1987 Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Britten - The National Anthem '' .", "34": "Boosey.com. 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bederova , Julia ( 2002 ) . Kremerata Baltica : `` Happy Birthday '' ( Media notes ) . New York : Nonesuch Records . 7559 - 79657 - 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cross , Craig ( 2004 ) Beatles-Discography.com : Day - By - Day Song - By - Song Record - By - Record p. 212 . iUniverse , 2004 . Retrieved 26 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Jerry ( 1998 ) The Jimi Hendrix experience p. 290 . Arcade Publishing , 1996 Jump up ^ For the first time ever ... Queen : Ten great hits from the sensational rock band Mail Online Retrieved 11 March 2011 Jump up ^ A Night at the Opera , 30th Anniversary CD / DVD Allmusic Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ God Save the Queen Ultimate Queen Retrieved 26 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : Fred Vermorel , Judy Vermorel ( 1987 ) Sex Pistols : the inside story p. 83 . Omnibus Press . Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Chart Stats -- The Sex Pistols -- God Save The Queen Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Ska Revival Albums : Bad Manners Albums , Madness ( Band ) Albums , the Beat Albums , the Members Albums , the Specials Albums , the Toasters Albums . General Books , 2010 Jump up ^ Guitar Hero National Anthems Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Steve Ouimette.com Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` First recording of computer - generated music -- created by Alan Turing -- restored '' . The Guardian . 26 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring the first recording of computer music - Sound and vision blog '' . British Library . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 .", "35": "Jump up ^ Bentham , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . Quinn , Michael , ed . Writings on the Poor Laws , Vol . I. Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0199242321 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Nicholas ( 2013 ) . Political Beethoven , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00589 - 1 ( p. 151 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , Alex ( 2015 ) . Republic or Death ! : Travels in Search of National Anthems . London : Random House . p. 314 . ISBN 9781847947413 . Jump up ^ Why some people do n't sing the national anthem . BBC NEWS . Published 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ More than half in UK are non-religious , suggests survey . BBC NEWS . Published 4 September 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Corbyn was right not to sing ' God Save the Queen ' . It 's rubbish . The Telegraph . Published 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Time to ditch God Save The Queen . The Guardian . Auhthor - Peter Tatchell . Published 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Do we need a new National Anthem ? Republic . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : God Save the Queen Wikimedia Commons has media related to God Save the Queen . National Anthem at the Royal Family website Streaming audio , lyrics and information about God Save the Queen Department of Canadian Heritage -- Royal anthem page God Save Great George our King : -- article discussing different versions of the lyrics Free sheet music of God Save the Queen from Cantorion.org A Point of View : Is it time for a new British national anthem ? BBC NEWS . Published 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 .", "36": "National anthems of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Territories , dependencies , other areas United Kingdom Constituent countries England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales British Overseas Territories Gibraltar Crown dependencies Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Counties Cornwall Lincolnshire Yorkshire Russia Adygea Arkhangelsk Oblast Bashkortostan Chechen Republic Chuvashia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino - Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay -- Cherkessia Republic of Karelia Khanty -- Mansi Autonomous Okrug Komi Republic Mari El Mordovia Moscow City Nenets Autonomous Okrug North Ossetia - Alania Rostov Oblast Tatarstan Tambov Oblast Udmurtia Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug Spain Andalusia Aragon Asturias Basque Country Cantabria Catalonia Galicia Majorca Occitania Valencia Other Flanders ( Belgium ) Wallonia ( Belgium ) Republika Srpska ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Istria ( Croatia ) Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) Greenland ( Denmark ) Åland ( Finland ) Alsace ( France ) Brittany ( France )", "37": "Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur ( France ) Corsica ( France ) Occitania ( France / Italy / Spain / Monaco ) Bavaria ( Germany ) Lusatia ( Germany ) Macedonia ( Greece ) Friesland ( Netherlands ) Azores ( Portugal ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Székely Land ( Romania ) Sami Sardinia ( Italy ) Rîbnița ( Transnistria / Moldova ) Gagauzia ( Moldova ) Disputed Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Luhansk People 's Republic Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Crimea Former states and territories German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) Soviet Union / Russian SFSR ( 1944 -- 91 ) Russian Federation ( Russia ) ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Ukrainian SSR ( Ukraine ) ( 1949 -- 92 ) Byelorussian SSR ( Byelorussia ) ( 1944 -- 91 ) Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1919 -- 41 ) SFR Yugoslavia ( 1977 -- 91 ) FR Yugoslavia ( 1992 -- 2003 ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2003 -- 06 ) Second Spanish Republic ( 1931 -- 39 ) Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies", "38": "Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - 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-5114443519122563276	who plays the dwarf king in the hobbit	[ "Richard Crispin Armitage", "Richard Crispin Armitage", "Richard Crispin Armitage" ]	{ "0": "Richard Armitage ( actor ) - wikipedia Richard Armitage ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Richard Armitage Armitage at WonderCon 2014 Richard Armitage ( 1971 - 08 - 22 ) 22 August 1971 ( age 46 ) Huncote , Leicestershire , England Nationality British Education London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Occupation Actor Years active 1988 -- present Richard Crispin Armitage ( born 22 August 1971 ) is an English film , television , theatre and voice actor . He received notice in the UK with his first leading role as John Thornton in the British television programme North & South ( 2004 ) , but it was his role as dwarf prince and leader Thorin Oakenshield in Peter Jackson 's film trilogy adaptation of The Hobbit that first brought him international recognition . Other notable roles include John Proctor in Yaël Farber 's stage production of Arthur Miller 's The Crucible , Francis Dolarhyde in the American TV series Hannibal , Lucas North in the British TV drama Spooks , John Porter in the British TV drama Strike Back , and Guy of Gisborne in the British TV drama Robin Hood . He more recently voiced Trevor Belmont in the Netflix adaptation of Castlevania . After graduating from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art ( LAMDA ) , Armitage initially sought theatre work and was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) . He turned to film and television roles when he noticed that leading stage roles went to actors with name recognition who could bring in patrons to fill venues . After twelve years away and having earned that name recognition , Armitage returned to the stage in 2014 taking his first leading role in a major production . He played John Proctor in the highly successful and critically acclaimed production of The Crucible at The Old Vic , and earned an Olivier Award nomination for Best Actor . One of Armitage 's trademarks is his baritone voice , which he has employed as a voice actor since 2006 . While working on the TV series Robin Hood , he was asked to record audiobooks for the first season of that series .", "1": "Since then , Armitage has recorded many notable audiobooks and has worked as a narrator on many TV and radio shows and adverts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 1988 -- 2003 : Early work 2.2 2004 -- 10 : Television success 2.3 2010 -- present : Film success and beyond 2.4 Narration 2.5 Richard III connection 3 Acting style 4 Credits 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theatre ( selection ) 4.4 Discography 4.5 Radio 4.6 Voice - over 4.7 Podcast shows 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Armitage was born in Leicester , England , the younger son of Margaret , a secretary , and John Armitage , an engineer . Richard has an older brother named Chris . He attended Huncote Community Primary School in Huncote , Blaby District , Leicestershire and began secondary school at the local comprehensive school , Brockington College in Enderby . At Brockington , Armitage pursued his interest in music - playing the cello in school and local orchestras , and learning how to play the flute . By fourteen , having secured a grant from the Leicestershire Authority , he successfully persuaded his mother to allow him to transfer to Pattison College in Coventry , an independent boarding school specialising in the Performing Arts so that he could focus on drama and dance . Armitage has expressed gratitude for the lessons and opportunities Pattison College provided , saying `` It ... instilled me with a discipline that has stood me in good stead - never to be late , to know your lines and to be professional . '' By the time he finished school , he had achieved A Levels in music and English , and acting experience in local amateur and professional productions such as Showboat , Half a Sixpence , Orpheus and the Underworld ( as Bacchus ) and The Hobbit ( as an elf ) at the New Alexandra Theatre ( aka `` The Alex '' ) , Birmingham .", "2": "Career ( edit ) 1988 -- 2003 : early work ( edit ) After completing the programme at Pattison College in 1988 , Armitage joined the Nachtcircus in Budapest for six months to obtain his Equity Card , a requirement at the time for entertainment professionals to work in the UK . Returning to England , he pursued a career in musical theatre -- working as an assistant choreographer to Kenn Oldfield and performing in various productions , including the ensembles of 42nd Street , My One and Only , Nine , Annie Get Your Gun and as Admetus and Macavity in Cats . Armitage was also pursuing acting in dramatic theatre productions , including The Real Thing , Six Degrees of Separation and Death of a Salesman . By 1992 , he began to doubt if musical theatre was the right career path , so he enrolled at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art ( LAMDA ) in 1993 to further study acting . `` I needed to do something a bit more truthful than musical theatre . For me it was a bit too theatrical and all about standing on stage and showing off . I was looking for something else , so that 's why I went back to drama school . '' After completing LAMDA 's three - year programme , he returned to the stage as a supporting player with the Royal Shakespeare Company 's productions of Macbeth and The Duchess of Malfi , as well as Hamlet and Four Alice Bakers with the Birmingham Repertory Theatre while taking a series of small roles in television and films . In 2002 he starred in the Charm Offensive 's production of Use Me As Your Cardigan . That same year Armitage appeared in his first major television role , as John Standring in the BBC drama Sparkhouse ( 2002 ) . `` It was the first time I went to an audition in character . It was a minor role but it was something I really got my teeth into ... I could n't go back . I knew I had to approach everything the same way . '' After this he took supporting roles in the TV productions of Between the Sheets , Cold Feet ( series 5 ) , and Ultimate Force ( series 2 ) .", "3": "2004 -- 10 : television success ( edit ) In Spring 2004 , Armitage landed his first leading role as textile mill owner John Thornton in the BBC adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell 's North & South . The director and producers took a chance casting a little - known actor for their leading man ( he was the first actor to audition for the role and the last person cast ) , but their instincts proved correct . North & South was an unexpected success and Armitage became an overnight sensation in the UK . The BBC message boards crashed shortly after the telecast as a result of chatter about him and he was hailed as the new `` Mr. Darcy '' ( referring to Colin Firth 's `` Mr Darcy '' whom many regard as the definitive romantic leading man ) . Armitage never perceived John Thornton as the ideal romantic leading man role and was surprised by the overwhelming response . Instead , he said that he felt personally drawn to the role , as his father 's family had been weavers . He cited Thornton 's dualism as drawing him to the character . `` The dichotomy between the powerful , almost monstrous , entrepreneur and this kind of vulnerable boy is exciting for me to look at . '' Richard Armitage at the 2010 BAFTA TV Awards In 2005 , he played Peter MacDuff in Macbeth in the BBC 's ShakespeaRe - Told series and appeared as a recovering gambling addict in one episode of Inspector Lynley Mysteries . He starred in The Impressionists , playing the young Claude Monet , and as Dr Alec Track in ITV 's The Golden Hour , a medical series based on the London Air Ambulance . His first substantial role in movies was in the independent film Frozen . In 2006 , Armitage was cast as Guy of Gisborne in the BBC series Robin Hood , which was filmed entirely in Hungary . `` In order to sustain the character of Guy , you have to find the conflict within him . He 's constantly pulled between good and evil , between who he wants to be and who he actually is . He could have been a good man , but he is forever dragged down by his fatal flaw -- that he wants glory at all costs . ''", "4": "Approaching the third series , he said , `` I do love playing him , but with a character like Gisborne , if you give him what he needs , then in a way , it 's over . That character is only interesting when he is n't getting what he wants , whether it 's power , money or the girl . '' The third and final series of Robin Hood started on 28 March 2009 . Armitage appeared in a two - part 2006 / 07 Christmas / New Years special of The Vicar of Dibley , as Harry Kennedy , the vicar 's new love interest ( and eventual husband ) . He reprised the role in 2007 for Red Nose Day . On 8 April 2007 , he played biker Ricky Deeming in the detective drama George Gently with Martin Shaw and Lee Ingleby . On 9 May 2007 , he appeared in the BBC Four production of Miss Marie Lloyd -- Queen of The Music Hall playing Marie Lloyd 's first husband , Percy Courtenay . He also appeared in the Granada TV production of Agatha Christie 's novel Ordeal by Innocence as the character Philip Durrant . Armitage joined the cast of Spooks as the character Lucas North for series 7 , which began on 27 October 2008 in the UK . Armitage notes that the character , who spent eight years in a Russian prison , has a personable exterior , but is psychologically damaged . `` I love films with a combination of action and good characters . That 's why Lucas is interesting as I get to play someone with a complex psychology who goes out there and tries to save the world . '' During the filming of series 7 Armitage allowed himself to be subjected to waterboarding to film a flashback sequence . In July 2010 , Armitage completed filming of series 9 , his final series . In this last series , his character 's real name was revealed as John Bateman , who had murdered the real Lucas North shortly before North began employment with MI5 . Bateman had stolen North 's identity and taken his place . On 20 May 2009 , Armitage appeared in the BBC1 drama Moving On as John Mulligan .", "5": "In May 2010 , Armitage starred as former SAS trooper John Porter in Strike Back ( also known as Chris Ryan 's Strike Back ) for Sky1 . Filmed in South Africa , Armitage found the main challenge of the role was to show how the character resolved being a trained killer with having a family and home life . `` In the end it was the character I was attracted to , the story of a man who makes a decision under pressure and that decision has a knock - on effect on his whole life , '' he said . `` He goes in search of atonement still believing he did the right thing even though it cost the lives of three of his friends ... There 's anger and there 's injustice . It 's like , ' I did the right thing , with the wrong outcome . ' '' By the time Sky1 and Cinemax decided to commission a second series of Strike Back called Strike Back : Project Dawn , Armitage had already committed to The Hobbit and was unable to continue in the series . However , he appeared as a guest star in the first episode to resolve John Porter 's fate . Ironically , it was his role as John Porter that led to his casting in Captain America : The First Avenger . US casting agents noticed posters of him as John Porter all over London . Although unknown to them , they offered him the role of Nazi spy Heinz Kruger because he looked the part . Armitage accepted and shot his scenes in the autumn of 2010 , after filming wrapped on Spooks , series 9 . ( The film was released in July 2011 ) . 2010 -- present : film success and beyond ( edit ) On 21 October 2010 , Peter Jackson announced Armitage was cast as Thorin Oakenshield in the three - film production of The Hobbit . Principal photography in New Zealand ran from March 2011 to July 2012 ( broken into three filming blocks with breaks in - between ) and pick - ups were shot in the summer of 2013 . All three films were released in December , starting with The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey in 2012 , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug in 2013 and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies in 2014 .", "6": "Armitage thought it was a wonderful opportunity , as he grew up reading the books . Coincidentally , one of his first stage roles was playing an elf in a production of The Hobbit at the `` Alex '' Theatre in Birmingham . He describes the character of Thorin as being complex and flawed , `` somebody that had doubts and that had fears , and there was a gentle side to him and a very perhaps lonely side to him . '' He notes the scene with Balin in Bag End shows the character 's inner sensitivity and fear of failure , `` failing where his father and his grandfather had failed as well . '' Immediately after filming wrapped on The Hobbit , Armitage flew to Detroit , Michigan to film Into the Storm from July to September 2012 . He starred as Gary Fuller , a high school Vice Principal with two teenage sons . The film from New Line was released in August 2014 . In March 2014 , Armitage began the eight - week shoot of an adaptation of Bernard Hare 's memoir Urban Grimshaw and the Shed Crew in Leeds , UK . He played `` Chop '' ( the author 's nickname ) , an ex-social worker , drunk and drug addict in Britain 's lowerclass who befriends the hardened young delinquent Urban . Armitage explained his attraction to this role : `` it ticks a few boxes for me : it 's based on a really interesting piece of literature , but also based on living people , who have been working with us on set . '' Urban and the Shed Crew premiered at the Leeds International Film Festival ( LIFF ) on 7 November 2015 . Armitage next appeared as John Proctor in The Old Vic 's production of Arthur Miller 's The Crucible . Directed by Yaël Farber and performed in the round , the play ran from 21 June to 13 September 2014 . The production drew an unprecedented number of 5 - star reviews and was a commercial success . For his performance , Armitage was awarded Best Leading Actor in a New Production of a Play by Broadway World : UK Awards 2014 and a Best Actor nomination for an Olivier Award . Due to overwhelming worldwide demand to see the production , Digital Theatre captured the live performance to bring The Crucible to cinemas and for digital download .", "7": "It was screened at cinemas on 4 and 7 December 2014 in the UK and Ireland , with further screenings in other selected territories in February and March 2015 . ( Copyright issues prevented the film from being screened at North American cinemas . ) Digital Theatre made the digital download available worldwide on 17 March 2015 . In a September 2014 interview , Armitage revealed he would film his cameo role of King Oleron in Alice Through the Looking Glass in London after The Crucible closed . The film was released in May 2016 . Armitage spent four weeks in October 2014 filming Sleepwalker in the greater Los Angeles area . In this psychological thriller , Armitage plays Dr. Scott White , a senior MD at a sleep research centre . No release date has been set . DeLaurentiis Company tweeted on 13 January 2015 that Armitage was cast as Francis Dolarhyde ( aka The Tooth Fairy ) in their acclaimed TV production of Hannibal , written and co-produced by Bryan Fuller . Dolarhyde is a serial killer , a character type which Armitage had expressed interest in portraying . He filmed the series in Toronto , Canada from January to April , and the series aired from 4 June to 29 August 2015 . Armitage appeared in the last six episodes of season 3 , earning high praise , wide acclaim and several award nominations , including two wins . Immediately after wrapping on Hannibal in late April 2015 , Armitage joined his fellow Pilgrimage castmates who had already begun filming in Connemara , Ireland two weeks prior . He plays Sir Raymond De Merville , a 13th - century French Norman who is intent on foiling a group of monks escorting a sacred relic from Ireland to Rome . The cast and crew later moved to the Ardennes region of Belgium to complete filming , with Armitage wrapping one week earlier than the official film wrap at the end of May . News broke on 13 May 2015 that Armitage would star in Clearance , the first English language film by Finnish director Aku Louhimies and set to film in South Africa in November 2015 . It is an action drama about a hardened mine expert named Ray ( Armitage ) and his pregnant partner ( Naomi Harris ) who are kidnapped in South Sudan .", "8": "Sources differ on whether Ray is forced to cross a vast minefield to gain his freedom or if Ray and his partner make their escape across a vast minefield . In a June 2015 interview , Armitage mentioned his next projects included an Edith Wharton film and a true Irish tragic drama . Per agent David Higham , Bridget Cleary is likely the Irish drama . On 12 July 2015 , Armitage revealed he was about to start filming Brain on Fire in Vancouver , Canada . Subsequent news outlets provided more details about his role as `` Big Man '' Tom Cahalan , father of the protagonist in the true - life story of young journalist Susannah Cahalan 's sudden descent into inexplicable madness and the eleventh - hour diagnosis by one doctor . Filming began 13 July 2015 . Brain on Fire premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) on 14 September 2016 . Armitage landed the lead role of Daniel Miller in Berlin Station , an original spy series for Epix . His character , a cerebral analyst from Langley , is a newly anointed undercover CIA officer tasked with finding a mole in Berlin . Filmed in Berlin from November 2015 to April 2016 , with some additional filming in the Canary Islands , the series premiered on Epix in the fall of 2016 . On 13 July 2016 , Roundabout Theatre Company announced Armitage was cast as Kenneth in the American premiere of Love , Love , Love by playwright Mike Bartlett . Love , Love , Love also marks Armitage 's first leading role in a theatrical play on an American stage . The off - Broadway play ran from 22 September to 18 December 2016 at the intimate Laura Pels Theater in New York City . In January 2017 , Armitage joined the cast of Ocean 's 8 . In February 2017 , it was announced that Armitage joined the cast of Julie Delpy 's new film My Zoe . In it he will play the role of James , the ex-husband of Delpy 's character Isabelle . Their toxic marriage may be over but they are still in contact with each other as they co-parent their daughter Zoe . But when tragedy strikes this fractured family , Isabelle takes matters into her own hands .", "9": "In February 2018 , Armitage joined the cast of The Lodge , which began filming in early February . Narration ( edit ) Armitage was first introduced to voice work while working on the TV drama Robin Hood in 2006 . The BBC was publishing novels of the first four episodes of series one and asked Armitage to record the audiobook versions . In recent years , Armitage has also performed a great deal of voice work , such as reading poetry for various radio programmes and starring as Robert Lovelace in BBC Radio 4 's production of Clarissa : A History of a Young Lady in April 2010 . He has recorded eleven audio books : six based on BBC 's Robin Hood , Bernard Cornwell 's The Lords of the North , three Georgette Heyer novels for Naxos AudioBooks ( Sylvester , or the Wicked Uncle , Venetia , and The Convenient Marriage ) and Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Novel . He has narrated television documentaries such as Homes from Hell , Empire 's Children , Too Poor for Posh School ? , The Great Sperm Race , Forest Elephants : Rumble in the Jungle , Surgery School , and Elsa : The Lioness That Changed the World . In 2011 , he provided the narration for a series about the Royal Navy flagship HMS Ark Royal , 125 Years of Wimbledon : You Cannot Be Serious , and Fraud Squad . He has also provided the voice - over for many TV and radio advertisements . Richard III connection ( edit ) Armitage was hoping to star in a drama based on Richard III . Armitage was born on the anniversary of the Battle of Bosworth Field , where Richard III was killed and has said `` I believe it is a great story , a socio - political thriller , a love story and a dynastic tragedy '' . He thinks the story has the potential to be told as a twenty - episode miniseries . A script has been in development since 2010 and `` a lot of people ... are interested ( in producing it ) , but there is no one that will step on the gas . '' Recently Armitage stated that he is still interested in the project , though he has reservations that he might be too tall and too old to play Richard III .", "10": "Acting style ( edit ) Armitage has described himself as a method actor . `` Yeah , I suppose I am . In a way it 's slightly lazy because it means you do n't have to pretend -- you just have to believe . As much as it 's possible to be like that I suppose I kind of do step in and out , I 'm not one of these people that ca n't talk to other people because I 'm in my character , but I kind of do stay with the character , yeah . He 's always there . It 's like marinating something -- you 're sitting in a marinade the whole time . '' He has also spoken of dreaming in character while playing John Porter and Thorin Oakenshield . However , recently he rejected the label of `` method actor '' . `` I think I 'm a concentrating actor . So in order to do my work in the course of a day , particularly with a character like this I have to concentrate . So it 's about staying in the scene , staying with my head in the scene and attempting to keep the character with me . It does n't mean I ca n't have a conversation or go and make a cup of coffee . But I actually stay with the character for 18 months . '' He frequently speaks of developing and being drawn to dualism in his characters . `` If I 'm offered the role of the hero , I immediately look for the antihero within ! ... I see everything in terms of an outer skin and an inner skin . '' He creates `` character diaries '' with entire biographies for the characters he plays . `` It was important to me to put in a background for my character that would be useful for the whole journey . A lot of that is secret and no one gets to read that . It 's what is useful to me . If you are playing something long - running and a role that has a future ( beyond the initial series ) , it 's almost like you have to plant a garden which you will need to come back to at some point . If you do n't put in early , it can jar with you . '' Credits ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref .", "11": "1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Naboo fighter pilot 1999 Staged Daryl Newman Short film 1999 This Year 's Love Smug Man at Party 2005 Frozen Steven 2011 Captain America : The First Avenger Heinz Kruger 2012 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey Thorin Oakenshield 2013 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Thorin Oakenshield 2014 Into the Storm Gary Fuller 2014 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Thorin Oakenshield Win -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in a film 2014 The Crucible John Proctor Film capturing live stage performance of the production at The Old Vic 2015 Urban and the Shed Crew Chop Win - Best Actor award at the NIFF 2016 Alice Through the Looking Glass King Oleron 2016 Brain on Fire Tom Cahalan 2017 Sleepwalker Dr. Scott White 2017 Pilgrimage Sir Raymond De Merville 2018 Ocean 's 8 Claude Becker Post-production 2019 The Lodge Richard Post-production 2018 My Zoe James Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . Boon Man in pub Series 7 , Episode 6 : `` Message in a Bottle '' ; uncredited 1999 Cleopatra Epiphanes Television miniseries 2001 Macbeth Angus Television film 2001 Doctors Dr.", "12": "Tom Steele Series 4 , Episodes 58 & 59 : `` Good Companions '' & `` Cat 's Out of the Bag '' 2001 Casualty Craig Parker Series 16 , Episode 17 : `` Playing with Fire '' 2002 Spooks Armed police officer Series 1 , Episode 4 : `` Traitor 's Gate '' 2002 Sparkhouse John Standring BBC drama , television film 2003 Cold Feet Lee Preston Series 5 , Episodes 1 -- 6 2003 Ultimate Force Capt . Ian Macalwain Series 2 , Episodes 2 -- 6 2003 Between the Sheets Paul Andrews ITV miniseries North & South John Thornton BBC miniseries 2005 The Inspector Lynley Mysteries Philip Turner Series 4 , Episode 1 : `` In Divine Proportion '' 2005 Malice Aforethought William Chatford ITV drama , television film 2005 The Golden Hour Dr.", "13": "Alec Track Series 1 ( 4 episodes ) 2005 ShakespeaRe - Told Peter Macduff Episode 2 : `` Macbeth '' 2006 The Impressionists Young Claude Monet BBC docudrama , miniseries 2006 CBeebies : Bedtime Hour Himself / Storyteller BBC children 's series , 5 episodes 2006 -- 2009 Robin Hood Guy of Gisborne Series 1 , 2 & 3 ( 37 episodes ) 2006 -- 2007 The Vicar of Dibley Harry Kennedy Christmas Special : `` The Handsome Stranger '' Christmas Special : `` The Vicar in White '' Comic Relief Special : `` Wife Swap '' 2007 Inspector George Gently Ricky Deeming Pilot episode : `` Gently Go Man '' 2007 Miss Marie Lloyd -- Queen of The Music Hall Percy Courtenay BBC drama , television film 2007 Agatha Christie 's Marple Philip Durrant Series 3 , Episode 2 : `` Ordeal by Innocence '' 2008 -- 2010 Spooks Lucas North Series 7 -- 9 ( 25 episodes ) Chris Ryan 's Strike Back John Porter Series 1 ( 6 episodes ) 2009 Moving On John Mulligan Series 1 , Episode 3 : `` Drowning not Waving '' 2011 Strike Back : Project Dawn John Porter Series 2 , Episode 1 2015 Hannibal Francis Dolarhyde Season 3 , Episodes 8 -- 13 Win -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on a television series and Fangoria Chainsaw Awards for Best TV Supporting Actor 2016 -- present Berlin Station Daniel Miller Main role 2017 Castlevania Trevor Belmont Main role ; voice role Theatre ( selection ) ( edit ) Year Title Role Playwright Venue Notes Ref .", "14": "1995 The Long and the Short and the Tall Macliesh Willis Hall Actors ' Centre 's Tristram Bates Theatre 1995 The Real Thing Henry Tom Stoppard Old School Manchester 1995 Six Degrees of Separation Flan John Guare Old School Manchester 1995 Death of a Salesman Biff Arthur Miller Old School Manchester 1998 Hamlet Bernardo William Shakespeare Birmingham Repertory Theatre Opened on 22 September 1998 for three - week run . 1999 The Four Alice Bakers Young Richie Baker Fay Weldon Birmingham Repertory Theatre Ran from 23 February to 13 March 1999 . 1999 -- 2000 Macbeth Angus William Shakespeare Swan Theatre ( Stratford ) ; Theatre Royal , Brighton ; Theatre Royal , Bath ; The Globe Tokyo ; Young Vic ; Long Wharf Theatre Royal Shakespeare Company Opened 2 November 1999 in Stratford ; Brighton ( 24 - 29 Jan 2000 ) ; Bath ( 1 - 5 Feb 2000 ) ; Tokyo ( 24 March to 8 April 2000 ) ; London ( 10 April to 3 June 2000 ) ; New Haven , USA ( 15 -- 25 June 2000 ) . 2000 -- 2001 The Duchess of Malfi Delio John Webster Barbican Theatre ; various UK theatres ; Royal Shakespeare Theatre Royal Shakespeare Company Opened 10 November 2000 in London ; UK tour ; Stratford ( 6 February to 3 March 2001 ) . 2002 Use Me As Your Cardigan Jez Samantha Ellis Jacksons Lane Ran from 19 February to 9 March 2002 . The Twenty Four Hour Plays Celebrity Gala : The Third Wish Dennis / Himself Stephen Beresford The Old Vic Fundraising event . The first of six short plays performed on 21 November 2010 . 2014 Pinter / PROUST : Remembrance of Things Past Swann , Journalist , Brothel Patron Harold Pinter and Marcel Proust 92nd Street Y Unterberg Poetry Center Staged reading .", "15": "Performed on 16 January 2014 as part of the centenary celebrations commemorating the publication of Swann 's Way . 2014 The Crucible John Proctor Arthur Miller The Old Vic Ran from 21 June to 13 September 2014 . Win -- Broadway World : UK Awards for Best Leading Actor in a New Production of a Play 2016 Love , Love , Love Kenneth Mike Bartlett Laura Pels Theater Ran from 22 September to 18 December 2016 . Discography ( edit ) Year Title Role Author Notes 2006 Robin Hood : Will You Tolerate This ? Narrator Kristy Neale First published 13 October 2006 by BBC Audiobooks 2006 Robin Hood : Sheriff Got Your Tongue ? Narrator Kay Woodward First published 6 November 2006 by BBC Audiobooks 2006 Robin Hood : Who Shot The Sheriff ? Narrator Jacqueline Rayner First published 6 November 2006 by BBC Audiobooks 2006 Robin Hood : Parent Hood Narrator Mandy Archer First published 6 November 2006 by BBC Audiobooks 2007 The Lords of the North Narrator Bernard Cornwell First published July 2007 by Chivers Audiobooks 2009 Robin Hood : The Witch Finders Narrator Rebecca Levene First published April 2009 by Big Finish Productions 2009 Robin Hood : The Siege Narrator Simon Guerrier First published 30 June 2009 by Big Finish Productions 2009 Sylvester Narrator Georgette Heyer First published 1 July 2009 by Naxos Audiobooks Venetia Narrator Georgette Heyer First published 1 April 2010 by Naxos Audiobooks The Convenient Marriage Narrator Georgette Heyer First published 2 August 2010 by Naxos Audiobooks 2014 Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Novel Narrator A.J. Hartley and David Hewson First released 20 May 2014 by Audible.", "16": "com Win -- Audible Award for Best Audiobook of the Year 2015 Classic Love Poems Narrator William Shakespeare , Edgar Allan Poe , Elizabeth Barrett Browning and more First released 9 February 2015 by Audible.com 2015 The Chimes Narrator Charles Dickens First released 11 December 2015 by Audible.com 2016 David Copperfield Narrator Charles Dickens First released 9 February 2016 by Audible.com 2016 Introduction to The Turn of the Screw Co-narrator Henry James First released 15 March 2016 by Audible.com 2016 Romeo and Juliet : A Novel Narrator David Hewson First released 6 December 2016 by Audible.com 2017 The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Narrator Robert Louis Stevenson First released 24 October 2017 by Audible.com 2018 The Martian Invasion of Earth Co-narrator HG Wells First released 2 February 2018 by Big Finish Classics audiobooks 2018 Wanderlust Co-narrator Lauren Blakely First released 6 February 2018 by Audible.com 2018 The Tattooist of Auschwitz Narrator Heather Morris First released 20 February 2018 by Audible.com 2018 The Bloody Chamber Co-narrator Angela Carter First released 15 March 2018 by Audible.com Radio ( edit ) 2007 : BBC Radio 4 : The Ted Hughes Letters , as Ted Hughes ( 29 October 2007 ) 2007 : BBC Radio 2 : A War Less Ordinary , narrator ( 10 November 2007 ) 2010 : BBC Radio 4 : Clarissa : The History of a Young Lady , as Robert Lovelace ( 14 March 2010 ) 2010 : BBC Radio 3 : Words and Music : Symphony of a City as narrator ( 12 September 2010 ) Voice - over ( edit ) 2007 : Channel 4 : Empire 's Children , as narrator ( 2 July 2007 ) 2009 : ITV1 : Homes from Hell ,", "17": "as narrator ( 3 March 2009 ) 2009 : Channel 4 : The Great Sperm Race , as narrator ( 23 March 2009 ) 2010 -- 11 : Voice - over for Santander TV and radio adverts 2010 : BBC 2 : The Natural World , Forest Elephants : Rumbles in the Jungle , as narrator 2010 -- 2011 : Voice - over for Sky Sports HD TV and radio adverts 2010 : Voice - over for General Election 2010 Leaders ' Debates radio adverts 2010 : Voice - over for BBC Winter Olympics TV and radio adverts 2010 : Voice - over for Alfa Romeo Mito TV advert 2010 : Voice - over for John Bull Jewelers radio adverts 2010 : ITV : Surgery School , as narrator 2010 : Voice - over for Hyundai ix20 TV advert 2010 : BBC : Lost Land of the Tiger , as narrator 2011 : BBC : Elsa : The Lioness That eChanged the World , as narrator 2010 : Voice - over for ActionAidUK TV advert 2011 : Voice - over for Pilsner Urquell TV advert 2011 : Discovery Channel UK : HMS Ark Royal , as narrator 2011 : Eden Channel : Trouble in Lemur Land : Phantoms of the Forest , as narrator 2011 : BBC2 : 125 Years of Wimbledon : You Cannot Be Serious , as narrator 2011 : Voice - over for LG Optimus 3D Smartphone TV advert 2011 : ITV : Fraud Squad , as narrator 2011 : National Geographic Wild : Leopards of Dead Tree island , as narrator 2012 : ITV : Fraud Squad , series two , as narrator Podcast shows ( edit ) Wolverine : The Long Night , series regular , as James `` Logan '' Howlett / Wolverine Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Work Award Result Ref .", "18": "2009 Spooks Golden Nymph Awards Outstanding Actor -- Drama Series Nominated 2009 Spooks TV Quick Awards Best Actor Nominated 2011 Venetia Audie Awards Best Audiobook Adaptation Nominated 2013 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey SFX Awards Best Actor Nominated 2014 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Empire Awards Best Supporting Actor Nominated 2014 Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Novel Audible Best of 2014 Audiobook of the Year Won 2014 The Crucible Broadway World : UK Awards Best Leading Actor in a New Production of a Play Won 2015 The Crucible What 's On Stage Awards Best Actor in a Play Nominated 2015 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies SFX Awards Best Actor Nominated 2015 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Empire Awards Best Actor Nominated 2015 Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Novel Audie Awards Best Solo Narration -- Male Nominated 2015 The Crucible Olivier Awards Best Actor Nominated 2015 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor in a film Won 2016 Hannibal Critics ' Choice Awards Best Guest Actor / Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2016 Hannibal Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Supporting Actor Won 2016 Classic Love Poems Audie Awards Best Male Narrator Nominated 2016 Hannibal Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on a television series Won 2018 Urban and the Shed Crew Newcastle International Film Festival Best Actor Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shannon , Sarah ( 19 April 2006 ) . `` Richard Armitage : Ladies beware '' . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Jackson sets first names for ' The Hobbit ' '' . deadline.com. 21 October 2010 .", "19": "Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , Travis ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Star Richard Armitage to Play Toothy Killer on NBC 's ' Hannibal ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Serena ( 23 October 2008 ) . `` Spooks : Richard Armitage '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Armitage : from spy to SAS '' . The Guardian . 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man on Fire : Richard Armitage 's explosive turn in The Crucible '' . theguardian.com. 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Kat ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` Richard Armitage in The Crucible trailer '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olivier 2015 nominees for Best Actor '' . olivierawards.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage Biography '' . Buddytv.com. 22 August 1971 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wark , Penny ( 13 April 2005 ) . `` In a swoon over me ? Sure not '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Collins , Gemma ( November 2009 ) . `` Our Very Own Action Hero '' . Leicestershire and Rutland Life . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former city drama student takes the spotlight '' . coventrytelegraph.net. 20 November 2004 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Coventry Evening Telegraph , 12 November 1999 ^ Jump up to : Anwar , Brett ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Northern Exposure '' .", "20": "Vivid Magazine . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview on GMTV with Lorraine Kelly '' . GMTV. 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Marolachakis , Stefan . `` Force of Hobbit , '' Nylon magazine , January 2013 Jump up ^ https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-QmpVWgdnO1k/TXXjcyTu2QI/AAAAAAAAAmI/I5Bmr0heJXg/s1600/cats1994folr.jpg . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Nicol , Patrica ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` Move Over Darcey '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Louise . `` The TV script said I had a perfect six - pack ... so I had to work out '' , Sunday Mirror , 25 August 2002 ^ Jump up to : Hemley , Matthew . `` Tackling a Tough Shoot , '' The Stage , 6 May 2010 , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage '' . United Agents . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Use Me As Your Cardigan '' . Charm Offensive . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sparkhouse '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hendry , Steve ( 24 October 2009 ) . `` I rarely turn down work after years of struggling , says Spooks star Richard Armitage '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Laws , Roz ( 23 November 2003 ) . `` I 'm a bed boy '' . Sunday Mercury . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cold Feet Cast '' . tv.com . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North & South '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 .", "21": "^ Jump up to : Hall , Jane ( 6 December 2004 ) . `` Stepping out of the shadows '' . icNewcastle . Archived from the original on 3 February 2005 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ashworth , Annea ( 22 December 2004 ) . `` A dashing object of desire '' . The Times . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Clydesdale , Lindsay ( 7 December 2004 ) . `` Your Darcy 's out the window '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Banham , Rachel ( 5 February 2005 ) . `` Will Richard be the new Darcy ? '' . Eastern Daily Press . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is this the new Mr Darcy ? '' , TV Times , 18 March 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` The Inspector Lynley Mysteries : In Divine Proportion '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Press Pack : The Impressionists '' . bbc.co.uk. 30 March 2006 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Oddy , Jane ( 10 September 2005 ) . `` Incurable romantic '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frozen : The Cast '' . frozenfilm.com . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood arrows in for a second series ; Richard Armitage is Guy of Gisborne '' . BBC Press Office . 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Crook , John ( 16 September 2009 ) . `` No more Mr. Nice Guy when ' Robin Hood ' returns '' . TwinCities.com . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Cope , Samantha . `` I 'd Make a Rubbish Spy , '' Sunday People , 26 October 2008 , p.", "22": "16 Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 27 October 2008 ) . `` BBC to Show Real Life Torture of Spooks Actor Who Endured Waterboarding for Authenticity '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` ' Spooks ' Peter Firth interview : ' They wo n't kill Harry off ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jane . `` Tough Act , '' Readers Digest , U.K. , May 2010 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Stephenson , David . `` Hero of a Special Force , '' Sunday Express , 2 May 2010 . p. # not listed . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( 11 August 2011 ) . `` In Between the Terrorist Threats , Plenty of Time for Hanky - Panky '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Woodfin , Josh `` World 's Tallest Dwarf '' Project Magazine , 15 July 2011 Jump up ^ `` Is Richard Armitage in the new Captain America film ? '' . hobbsy.com. 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Armitage talks about his penchant for playing tough nuts , including his latest role as a Nazi in Captain America '' . telegraph.co.uk. 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hobbit ' Filming Finally Begins in New Zealand '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 19 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit media conference -- full video '' . 3 News . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Hobbit ' : Richard Armitage finds Thorin Oakenshield in ' Macbeth ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 .", "23": "^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Josh ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' star Richard Armitage lands major role in tornado thriller -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Blitchok , Dustin ( 22 August 2012 ) . `` ' Black Sky ' forming as tornado movie films around Oakland County '' . Oakland Press . Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage talks Into The Storm '' . Collider. 30 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Found - Footage Tornado Pic ' Into the Storm ' to Hit Theaters August 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban and the Shed Crew '' . blenheimfilms.com . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting began today '' . Twitter.com. 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` For our last day of filming , a picture of Urban and Chop walking the streets of Leeds '' . Twitter.com. 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` News : Urban and the Shed Crew '' . michellesmithcastng.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE - Richard Armitage chats with TheOneRing.net '' . TheOneRing.net. 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Urban and the Shed Crew '' . leedsfilm.com . Nov 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crucible '' . Oldvictheatre.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BWW : UK Awards 2014 '' . broadwayworld.com.", "24": "27 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North American screening is restricted '' . Twitter . 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Crucible will be released 17 March 2015 '' . DigitalTheatre.com. 6 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A cameo in a movie based on a well known novel by Lewis Caroll '' . Twitter . 12 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Role Does Richard Armitage Play in ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' ? '' . romper.com. 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage Takes The Lead Role in Elliott Lester 's Psychological Thriller , `` Sleepwalker '' `` . theanglophilechannel.com. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ahna O'Reilly , Richard Armitage Rise to Thriller ' Sleepwalker ' '' . deadline.com. 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` @ RCArmitage Welcome aboard '' . Twitter . 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Morris , Elle . `` Celeb Profile Richard Armitage '' . NewYorkMoves . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` @ RCArmitage demonstrates blood in the moonlight appears quite black '' . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrapped , to everyone at ' Hannibal ' thank you for having me '' . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hannibal episodes '' . nbc.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( 13 January 2015 ) .", "25": "`` Hannibal Recruits The Hobbit Star Richard Armitage for Killer Role '' . TVLine . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` Hannibal : Richard Armitage cast as The Tooth Fairy Killer '' . IGN . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Akers , Laura ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Hannibal season 3 episode 8 review '' . denofgeek.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` TV performer of the week : Richard Armitage , Hannibal '' . collider.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Didelot , Patricia ( 16 August 2015 ) . `` Richard Armitage shines in thrilling ' Hannibal ' episode '' . inquisitr.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Nominees '' . saturnawards.org . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 2016 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results '' . fangoria.com. 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Awards - Television Categories '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First day done '' . Twitter . 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` That 's a wrap on day 1 of Pilgrimage '' . Twitter . 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Armitage joins Pilgrimage '' . Empire Online . 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage looks back on The Hobbit and forward to Hannibal '' . Digital Spy. 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 .", "26": "Jump up ^ `` Day 1 in Belgium Forests # pilgrimage '' . Twitter . 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrapped '' . Twitter . 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last week on Pilgrimage '' . Twitter . 25 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Armitage , Naomi Harris get ' Clearance ' '' . Screen Daily . 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Umedia takes on ' Clearance ' with Richard Armitage , Naomi Harris '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage takes a stand against cyberbullying '' . Film Industry Network . 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anne - Marie Casey '' . davidhigham.co.uk . Archived from the original on 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Good bye San Diego ... Hello Vancouver '' . Twitter . 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Niall ( 13 July 2015 ) . `` Richard Armitage joins Gerard Barrett 's Brain On Fire as cameras roll in Vancouver '' . scannain.com . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brain on Fire World Premiere '' . tiff.net . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hannibal ' Alum Richard Armitage to Star in Epix Spy Series ' Berlin Station ' '' . Variety . 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EPIX Announces Start of Production for Original Spy Series `` Berlin Station '' `` . The Futon Critic. 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casting for Love , Love , Love '' . roundabouttheatre.org. 13 July 2016 .", "27": "Retrieved 20 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lodderhose , Diana ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Richard Armitage Joins ' Ocean 's Eight ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Diana Lodderhose , Nancy ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Richard Armitage Joins Julie Delpy 's ' My Zoe ' -- Berlin '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Ark Royal '' . 4 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Moira . `` In Conversation With : Richard Armitage , '' Vulpis Libris , 8 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Audio Recording of `` Hero of a Special Force '' Interview with Richard Armitage conducted by David Stephenson of the Sunday Express , `` Richard Armitage , Strike Back , Sky , '' 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Emily . `` Armitage Talks Strike Back , '' Screenrush , 29 April 2010 . Archived 4 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage : ' I was a beanpole with a nose I had n't grown into ' '' . Mirror Online . 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dreaming of Thorin -- An Interview with Richard Armitage '' . Legendarium . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey -- Richard Armitage ( Thorin Okensheild ) DVD Q&A '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin ( 18 October 2008 ) . `` Richard Armitage joins the cast of Spooks '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ alicat . `` Richard Armitage in Star Wars : The Phantom Menace '' . www.richardarmitagenet.com .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` Staged trailer starring Richard Armitage and Jennifer Lawrence '' . vimeo.com. 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Lisa - Marie ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` The Crucible On Screen Review : Epic , Emotional and Utterly Compelling '' . filmandtvnow.com . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' It ' Star Jaeden Lieberher Joins Horror Film ' The Lodge ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctors - Season 4 '' . tv.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spooks : Episode 4 Credits '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressionists '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressionists '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressionists '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage reads Winnie in Winter '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage reads I 'm Not Going Out There '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage reads The Lost Acorns '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage reads Flat Stanley '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage reads Trouble at the Dinosaur Cafe '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Episode Guide '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Vicar of Dibley : Episode Guide '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 15 January 2015 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` BBC Press Pack : George Gently '' . bbc.co.uk. 28 March 2007 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Press Pack : The Edwardians '' . bbc.co.uk. 9 April 2007 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ordeal by Innocence Cast and Credits '' . pbd.org . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moving On : Drowning not Waving '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hamlet '' . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Alice Bakers ( 1999 ) Young Richie Baker '' . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Macbeth ( RSC ) '' . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Macbeth : Production details '' . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Duchess of Malfi '' . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage in The 24 - Hour Plays Gala at the Old Vic , London '' . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinter / PROUST - 92nd Street Y - New York , NY '' . 92y.org . Archived from the original on 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 20 March 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What 's On TV '' . Whatsontv.co.uk . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Sperm Race '' . Channel4.com . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Audies 2011 Nominees '' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2014 Nominations Are Here ! '' . 24 February 2014 .", "30": "Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audiobook of the Year '' . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shortlists Announced for 15th Annual WhatsOnStage Awards '' . 5 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vote in the SFX Awards 2015 '' . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The official shortlist for the 2015 Jameson Empire Awards '' . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Audie Awards Winners and Finalists '' . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . 3 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Audie Award Winners '' . booklisreader.com. 11 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Armitage ( actor ) . Richard Armitage on IMDb Richard Armitage at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Richard Armitage 's CV at United Agents Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Marty Feldman ( 1974 / 75 ) Jay Robinson ( 1976 ) Alec Guinness ( 1977 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1978 ) Arte Johnson ( 1979 ) Scatman Crothers ( 1980 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1981 ) Richard Lynch ( 1982 ) John Lithgow ( 1983 ) Tracey Walter ( 1984 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1985 ) Bill Paxton ( 1986 ) Richard Dawson ( 1987 ) Robert Loggia ( 1988 ) Thomas F. Wilson ( 1989 / 90 ) William Sadler ( 1991 ) Robin Williams ( 1992 ) Lance Henriksen ( 1993 ) Gary Sinise ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Brent Spiner ( 1996 ) Vincent", "31": "D'Onofrio ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Andy Serkis ( 2002 ) Sean Astin ( 2003 ) David Carradine ( 2004 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2005 ) Ben Affleck ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Stephen Lang ( 2009 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2010 ) Andy Serkis ( 2011 ) Clark Gregg ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Richard Armitage ( 2014 ) Adam Driver ( 2015 ) John Goodman ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television Dennis Haysbert ( 1999 ) James Marsters ( 2000 ) Michael Rosenbaum ( 2001 ) Victor Garber ( 2002 ) James Marsters ( 2003 ) Terry O'Quinn ( 2004 ) James Callis ( 2005 ) Masi Oka ( 2006 ) Michael Emerson ( 2007 ) Adrian Pasdar ( 2008 ) Aaron Paul ( 2009 ) John Noble ( 2010 ) Aaron Paul ( 2011 ) Jonathan Banks ( 2012 ) Aaron Paul ( 2013 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 2014 ) Richard Armitage ( 2015 ) Ed Harris ( 2016 ) VIAF : 78527602 LCCN : no2006023537 ISNI : 0000 0001 1448 9597 GND : 141245433 SUDOC : 167153145 BNF : cb162193236 ( data ) BIBSYS : 7016258", "32": "SNAC : w6rc7r6w Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Armitage_(actor)&oldid=837402927 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people People from Leicester People educated at Pattison College 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Male actors from Leicestershire English male Shakespearean actors People from Blaby ( district ) Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from July 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 16 : 09 .", "33": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-7441549111767247071	where did they film woody the woodpecker movie	[ "Canada", "Canada", "Canada", "Canada" ]	{ "0": "Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Woody Woodpecker U.S. DVD cover Directed by Alex Zamm Produced by Mike Elliott Written by William Robertson Alex Zamm Story by William Robertson Alex Zamm Daniel Altiere Steven Altiere Based on Woody Woodpecker by Walter Lantz Starring Eric Bauza Timothy Omundson Thaila Ayala Graham Verchere Jordana Largy Scott McNeil Emily Holmes Music by Chris Hajian Cinematography Barry Donlevy Edited by Heath Ryan Production company Universal Animation Studios Universal 1440 Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) ( Brazil ) February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $14.4 million Woody Woodpecker is a 2017 American live - action / computer - animated family comedy film produced by Mike Elliott and directed by Alex Zamm , based on the cartoon character of the same name created by Walter Lantz and Ben Hardaway . The film stars the voice of Eric Bauza as Woody Woodpecker , and also stars Timothy Omundson as Lance Walters , a divorced attorney with a son and a new girlfriend who wants to build a dream home in a forest in the mountains of Washington , only to find out he is cutting down a tree in which the eponymous woodpecker lives . The film was first released in theaters in Brazil on October 5 , 2017 . It was released in the United States on DVD on February 6 , 2018 . While it was filmed in the English - language , it was designed for the Brazilian film market . The film received negative reviews from critics .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Pine Grove forest in Washington state , Woody Woodpecker toys with two taxidermist poachers , brothers Nate and Ottis Grimes , and eventually cause them to tranquilize each other . In Seattle , Lance Walters , a real estate lawyer , gets fired after a video of him claiming wildlife conservation is unprofitable goes viral . He tells his girlfriend Vanessa that he intends to build an investment home on a large piece of property located near the Canadian border , left to him by his grandfather . Meanwhile , Lance 's ex-wife Linda leaves their son Tommy with him and Vanessa , since she needs to visit her hospitalized father in Philadelphia . At the Pine Grove forest , Lance , Tommy and Vanessa meet park ranger Samantha Bartlett . As Lance and Vanessa unpack , Tommy goes into the forest for a walk . There , he discovers and befriends Woody after he gives him peanut butter crackers . Woody visits the family at lunchtime and eats almost all of the food . Lance tries to shoo Woody away , but he accidentally wrecks the table and hits Vanessa in the face with a brush . The next morning , construction on the investment home begins , prompting an agitated Woody to cause chaos at the site . Later , in a nearby town , Tommy befriends a young musician named Jill , who persuades him to join her band in the annual Firefly Festival . Tommy is then saved from two bullies by Woody . As days pass , Lance grows more agitated because of Woody 's constant interference with his project , and he goes to meet Samantha at the ranger station . She reveals that the woodpecker is an endangered species known as a red - crowned pileated woodpecker , which Native Americans saw as a god of mischief and chaos . Lance continues with his work , but Vanessa leaves him after Woody blows up their RV with her inside as a prank . Samantha eventually advises Lance to get along with Woody . Lance reluctantly attempts to surrender to Woody by giving him crackers , but Woody agrees to let him and the workers continue with their construction , as long as he is given crackers every day .", "2": "Eventually , the investment home is completed despite excessive payment and extended scheduling . At the town 's Firefly Festival , Tommy and Jill 's drummer Lyle comes down with indigestion , prompting Woody to take over using a homemade drum kit . The performance is a hit , and Lance is surprised to hear that Woody gave Tommy some friendly support . Realizing that having humans around again is n't a bad idea , Woody heads back to the investment home and carves a mural above the fireplace . However , as he signs his name into the carving , he accidentally burns the house down after hitting exposed wiring . Ashamed of his mistake , he flies back to his tree . Infuriated by this , Lance hires Nate and Ottis to hunt Woody down . The brothers find him and tase him unconscious . As they leave , Tommy reprimands his father and runs away . He then forms a plan to rescue Woody and heads to Grimes ' shack with Jill and Lyle , as the brothers try to sell Woody at an online black market auction . Lance finds the mural that Woody had created . Having a change of heart , he enlists Samantha 's help and they set out to find both Tommy and Woody . However , everyone is captured by the brothers . As Nate grabs a tranquilizer , Lance tilts his cage towards Woody 's so he can free him . After beating the brothers , Woody chases them as they attempt to flee to Canada . He carves a hole in the middle of a bridge , and the brothers fall into the river below , where they are later arrested . Later , Lance apologizes to Woody for not knowing that the house fire was an accident , and therefore replaces Woody 's cut - down tree with a birdhouse . Woody accepts both the gift and the group to be called his new family , much to their generosity . That night , as Lance and Tommy fall asleep in a tent , Woody carves the words `` Home Sweet Home '' into the new birdhouse , only to accidentally make it topple onto the tent . Cast ( edit ) Eric Bauza as the voice of Woody Woodpecker , a mischievous rare pileated woodpecker . Timothy Omundson as Lance Walters , a Seattle lawyer , Tommy 's dad and Linda 's ex-husband .", "3": "Thaila Ayala as Vanessa , Lance 's girlfriend . Graham Verchere as Tommy Walters , Lance 's son . He befriends Woody whenever he visits him . Jordana Largy as Samantha Bartlett , a park ranger at Pine Grove National Park . Scott McNeil as Nate Grimes , an evil poacher who plans to sell Woody on the black market . He serves as the main antagonist of the film . Adrian Glynn McMorran as Ottis Grimes , a dimwitted poacher who is Nate 's partner and younger brother . Chelsea Miller as Jill Ferguson , a musician who becomes Tommy 's friend . Emily Holmes as Linda Walters , Tommy 's mom and Lance 's ex-wife . Jakob Davies as Lyle , a drummer who becomes Tommy 's friend . Production ( edit ) In the early 2010s , Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment planned a Woody Woodpecker feature film . John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky ( King of the Hill ) were in talks to develop a story , but in July 2013 , Illumination canceled the project . In October 2013 , Bill Kopp announced that Universal Pictures had hired him to direct an animated feature film with three interwoven stories . On July 13 , 2016 , Cartoon Brew reported that Universal 1440 Entertainment was filming a live - action / CG hybrid film based on Woody Woodpecker in Canada . Filming began in June 2016 , and ended later in July of that year . In December 2016 , a teaser trailer for the film was leaked by Universal Pictures Brasil with the Brazilian Portuguese dub . A trailer for the original English version premiered in the US on December 13 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received an approval rating of 20 % on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on five reviews . Common Sense Media rated the film a 1 out of 5 stars , stating `` Inanely cruel villains , an unoriginal story , ham - handed performances , and reliance on farts and burps are the low lights of this awkward effort to bring back a less - than - engaging cartoon bird . ''", "4": "Box office ( edit ) As of February 22 , 2018 , Woody Woodpecker has grossed $13.4 million . It debuted at $1.5 million , finishing second at the Brazilian box office behind Blade Runner 2049 . The movie increased by + 45.4 % in its second weekend , moving to first place to $2.1 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://m.imdb.com/title/tt2114504/ Jump up ^ `` Woody Woodpecker '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal is Making A Live - Action / CG Woody Woodpecker Feature -- For Brazilians '' . Cartoonbrew.com. 2016 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.uphe.com/movies/woody-woodpecker Jump up ^ News , Nerd Alert ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Actress Jordana Largy chats guest role on ' Supernatural ' '' . Nerdalertnewsblog.wordpress.com/ . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Woody Woodpecker Movie in Development at Universal , Illumination ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Illumination Chief Chris Meledandri Lines Up Originals for Universal '' . Variety.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Bill Kopp Signed for Universal 's `` Woody Woodpecker '' `` . Indiewire.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Primeiro vídeo de Pica - Pau mostra a brasileira Thaila Ayala '' . Adorocinema.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 .", "5": "Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/woody_woodpecker_2017/ Jump up ^ https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/woody-woodpecker External links ( edit ) Woody Woodpecker on IMDb Woody Woodpecker by Walter Lantz Cartoons & TV series Woody Woodpecker filmography The Woody Woodpecker Show ( 1957 -- 1958 ) The New Woody Woodpecker Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Characters Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Pooch the Pup Andy Panda Woody Woodpecker Buzz Buzzard Chilly Willy Dapper Denver Dooley Sugarfoot Wally Walrus Gabby Gator Inspector Willoughby Mrs. Meany Maggie and Sam The Beary Family Video games Férias Frustradas do Pica - Pau ( 1996 ) Woody Woodpecker Racing ( 2000 ) Woody Woodpecker : Escape from Buzz Buzzard Park ( 2001 ) Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure ( 2001 ) Woody Woodpecker in Crazy Castle 5 ( 2003 ) Other film / TV appearances Destination Moon ( 1950 ) Psycho III ( 1986 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Son of the Mask ( 2005 ) `` Homer Simpson ,", "6": "This Is Your Wife '' ( 2006 ) Related personnel Walter Lantz Productions Universal Cartoon Studios Kent Rogers Ben Hardaway Mel Blanc Grace Stafford Alex Lovy Shamus Culhane Dick Lundy Don Patterson Paul Smith List of Woody Woodpecker merchandise Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 ) Universal Animation Studios Direct - to - video feature films Universal Cartoon Studios The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure ( 1994 ) The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving ( 1995 ) The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists ( 1996 ) The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island ( 1997 ) Hercules and Xena -- The Battle for Mount Olympus ( 1998 ) The Land Before Time VI : The Secret of Saurus Rock ( 1998 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) An American Tail : The Treasure of Manhattan Island ( 2000 ) An American Tail : The Mystery of the Night Monster ( 2000 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire ( 2000 ) The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) Balto II : Wolf Quest ( 2002 ) The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water ( 2002 ) Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure ( 2003 ) The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration ( 2003 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses ( 2005 ) Balto III : Wings of Change ( 2005 ) The Adventures of Brer Rabbit ( 2006 ) Universal Animation Studios The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers ( 2007 ) The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends ( 2007 ) Curious George 2 : Follow That Monkey !", "7": "( 2010 ) The Little Engine That Could ( 2011 ) Curious George 3 : Back to the Jungle ( 2015 ) The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave ( 2016 ) Mariah Carey 's All I Want for Christmas Is You ( 2017 ) Theatrical Films Curious George ( 2006 ) The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 ) Short films Fractured Fairy Tales : The Phox , the Box , & the Lox ( 1999 ) TV series Back to the Future ( 1991 -- 92 ) Fievel 's American Tails ( 1992 ) Exosquad ( 1993 -- 94 ) Problem Child ( 1993 -- 94 ) Monster Force ( 1994 ) Beethoven ( 1994 -- 95 ) Earthworm Jim ( 1995 -- 96 ) The Savage Dragon ( 1995 -- 96 ) The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper ( 1996 -- 98 ) Wing Commander Academy ( 1996 ) Vor - Tech : Undercover Conversion Squad ( 1996 ) The New Woody Woodpecker Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Mummy ( 2001 -- 03 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 15 ) The Land Before Time ( 2007 -- 08 ) TV specials Opus ' n ' Bill : A Wish for Wings That Work ( 1991 ) Curious George : A Very Monkey Christmas ( 2009 ) How Murray Saved Christmas ( 2014 ) See also Illumination Entertainment Walter Lantz Productions DreamWorks Animation DreamWorks Classics Entertainment Rights Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Films UPA Amblimation Films directed by Alex Zamm Chairman of the Board ( 1998 ) My Date with the President 's Daughter ( 1998 ) Inspector Gadget 2 ( 2003 ) Snow ( 2004 ) The Haunting Hour : Do n't Think About It ( 2007 ) Dr.", "8": "Dolittle : Million Dollar Mutts ( 2009 ) Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 ( 2011 ) Tooth Fairy 2 ( 2012 ) The Little Rascals Save the Day ( 2014 ) A Royal Christmas ( 2014 ) Jingle All the Way 2 ( 2014 ) A Christmas Prince ( 2017 ) Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woody_Woodpecker_(2017_film)&oldid=838475851 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films Films shot in British Columbia Films featuring anthropomorphic characters American children 's animated comedy films Films with live action and animation Live - action films based on animated series Animated films about birds Woody Woodpecker IMAX films Universal Animation Studios animated films Universal Pictures animated films Universal Pictures films Films about birds American 3D films Slapstick films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 07 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4343317143943754995	who presides over the highest criminal court in a district	[ "one District Judge appointed by the state Governor", "District Judge" ]	{ "0": "District courts of India - wikipedia District courts of India Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 22 ° 02 ′ 10 '' N 74 ° 54 ′ 02 '' E / 22.036 ° N 74.9005 ° E / 22.036 ; 74.9005 This article needs attention from an expert in India or Politics . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject India or WikiProject Politics may be able to help recruit an expert . ( February 2009 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on Judiciary of India Law of India Administration ( show ) Ministry of Law and Justice Department of Legal Affairs Legislative Department Department of Justice Law Commission of India Civil courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the supreme court High courts in India Chief justices of high courts in India Judges of high courts District courts / additional district judge 's courts Civil judge ( sr . division ) 's courts Civil judge ( jr .", "1": "division ) 's courts Criminal courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the supreme court High courts in India Chief justices of high courts in India Judges of high courts Session courts / courts of additional sessions judge Courts of assistant sessions judges Chief judicial magistrates Additional chief judicial magistrates Chief metropolitan magistrates Judicial magistrate of first classs / metropolitan magistrates Special judicial magistrates Judicial magistrate of second classs Courts of executive magistrates ( show ) Divisional commissioners District magistrates Additional district magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Special executive magistrates Legal profession ( show ) Bar Council Attorney General of India Solicitor General of India Additional solicitors general Advocates in India All India Bar Examination Legal education ( show ) Legal education in India Autonomous law schools in India List of law schools in India The District Courts ( Hindi : ज़िला न्यायालय ) of India are the district courts of the State governments in India for every district or for one or more districts together taking into account the number of cases , population distribution in the district . They administer justice in India at a district level . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition of district courts 2 Appointment and removal 3 Jurisdiction 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Composition of district courts ( edit ) A court complex at Guntur The highest court in each district is that of the District and Sessions Judge . This is the principal court of original civil jurisdiction besides the High Court of the State and which derives its jurisdiction in civil matters primarily from the code of civil procedure . The district court is also a court of Sessions when it exercises its jurisdiction on criminal matters under the Code of Criminal procedure . The district court is presided over by one District Judge appointed by the state Governor with on the advice of state chief justice In addition to the district judge there may be a number of Additional District Judges and Assistant District Judges depending on the workload . The Additional District Judge and the court presided have equivalent jurisdiction as the District Judge and his district court . However , the district judge has supervisory control over Additional and Assistant District Judges , including decisions on the allocation of work among them .", "2": "The District and Sessions judge is often referred to as `` district judge '' when he presides over civil matters and `` sessions judge '' when he presides over criminal matters . Being the highest judge at district level , the District Judge also enjoys the power to manage the state funds allocated for the development of judiciary in the district . The district judge is also called `` metropolitan session judge '' when he is presiding over a district court in a city which is designated `` metropolitan area '' by the state . Other courts subordinated to district court in the metropolitan area are also referred to with `` metropolitan '' prefixed to the usual designation . An area is designated a metropolitan area by the concerned state Government if population of the area exceeds one million or more than that . Appointment and removal ( edit ) The judges of subordinate courts are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the chief justice of the High Court of the concerned State . A minimum of seven years of practise as a lawyer at bar is a necessary qualification for direct entry level to become a District Judge upon a written examination and oral interview by a committee of High court judges , the appointment of district judges is notified by the state Government . This is referred to as direct recruitment . District judges are also appointed by way of elevation of judges from courts subordinate to district courts provided they fulfill the minimum years of service but unfortunately the entry level district judge exams have caused the judges on the lower rungs of the Judiciary to become lax as their chances of filling up posts for the work they had done may never fructify to promotions because of posts later being filled up by lawyers directly becoming district judges . The next level of ascendancy for a district judge who served sufficient number of years is the post of High court judge . High court Judges are usually appointed from a pool of advocates practicing at the Bar of the High court and District Judges who served for sufficient number of years . This has also caused District Judges to wane in their efficiency as they have come to realize that elevation of lawyers directly to High Court Judges dampens their process of being awarded with promotions for the work they 've put in over many years of service . A district judge or Additional judge may be removed from his office by the governor on conformation from the high court collegiam . Jurisdiction ( edit ) The District Court or Additional District court exercises jurisdiction both on original side and appellate side in civil and criminal matters arising in the District .", "3": "The territorial and pecuniary jurisdiction in civil matters is usually set in concerned state enactments on the subject of civil courts . On the criminal side , jurisdiction is exclusively derived from the criminal procedure code . As per this code the maximum sentence a Sessions Judge of district court may award to a convict is capital punishment . The district court has appellate jurisdiction over all subordinate courts situated in the district on both civil and criminal matters . Subordinate courts , on the civil side ( in ascending order ) are , Junior Civil Judge ( JCJ ) Court , Principal Junior Civil Judge Court , Senior Civil Judge Court ( also called sub-court ) . Subordinate courts , on the criminal side ( in ascending order ) are , Second Class Judicial Magistrate Court , First Class Judicial Magistrate Court , Chief Judicial Magistrate Court . Certain matters on criminal side or civil side can not be tried by a lesser court than a district court . This gives the District Court original jurisdiction in such matters . Appeals from the district courts lie to the High Court of the concerned state . See also ( edit ) District Munsiff Court Sessions Court Delhi District Courts Nyaya Panchayat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` District Courts of India - official website '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CrPc - Section 10 - Subordination of Assistant Sessions Judges '' . indiankanoon.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CrPc Section 8 - Metropolitan areas '' . indiankanoon.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 .", "4": "Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/JCJ-selection-plea-seeking-review-of-HC-order-dismissed/article13974437.ece External links ( edit ) District Court websites E-courts India District Courts of India , official website Delhi District Courts , official website Maharashtra District Courts , official website ( hide ) Judiciary of India Supreme Court Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India List of Chief Justices of India List of sitting judges High Courts High Courts of India Chief Justices of High Courts of India District Courts District Courts of India List of district courts of India Judicial Magistrate of First Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class Gram Nyayalayas Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Constitution Constitution of India Law of India Indian Penal Code Appointment of Judges National Judicial Appointments Commission Collegium System Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Courts_of_India&oldid=831671446 '' Categories : Judiciary of India District Courts of India Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from February 2009 All articles needing expert attention India articles needing expert attention Politics articles needing expert attention Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 18 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6160560751326098110	who sang how long has this been going on song	[ "Ace", "Ace", "Ace" ]	{ "0": "How Long ( Ace song ) - wikipedia How Long ( Ace song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see How Long ( disambiguation ) . `` How Long '' Single by Ace from the album Five - A-Side B - side `` Sniffin ' About '' Released March 1975 Format 7 '' Vinyl Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 22 Label Anchor Songwriter ( s ) Paul Carrack Producer ( s ) John Anthony Ace singles chronology `` How Long '' ( 1975 ) `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand For This '' ( 1975 ) `` How Long '' ( 1974 ) `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand For This '' ( 1975 ) `` How Long '' is a 1974 song by the British group Ace from their album Five - A-Side . It reached No. 3 in the US and Canadian charts , and No. 20 in the UK Singles Chart . Although widely interpreted as being about adultery , the song was in fact composed by lead singer Paul Carrack upon discovering that bassist Terry Comer had been secretly working with the Sutherland Brothers and Quiver . Comer returned to Ace in time to play on the song . The guitar solo is by Alan `` Bam '' King . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Covers 2.1 Charting versions 2.2 Other versions 3 References Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Australia 63 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 20 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 24 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada 42 US Billboard Hot 100 57 US Cash Box 47 Covers ( edit ) Charting versions ( edit ) Lipps Inc. recorded a cover in 1981 that reached No. 4 on the U.S. dance chart , No.", "1": "29 on the U.S. soul singles chart , and No. 42 in Canada . Rod Stewart , also in 1981 , recorded a version that charted in the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100 . It was included on his album Tonight I 'm Yours It In 1993 , British reggae group Aswad and singer Yazz covered the song which reached No. 31 in the UK Singles Chart , from Yazz 's 1994 album One on One . Other versions ( edit ) The following artists have also recorded cover versions of `` How Long '' : Bobby Womack , on the 1976 album Home Is Where the Heart Is Barbara Mandrell recorded a country / disco version on the 1977 album Love 's Ups and Downs Barbara Dickson , on the 1989 album Coming Alive Again Paul Carrack , on the 1996 album Blue Views Smooth jazz artists Jeff Golub and Brian Auger , on their 2013 album Train Keeps A Rolling , with vocals by Christopher Cross References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas , Stephen . `` How Long - Ace : Listen , Appearances , Song Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Long - Ace `` . Toponehitwonders.com. 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ace Biography , Albums , & Streaming Radio '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Music Hits from the ' 50s through Today '' . Timelife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Biography by Eugene Chadbourne ( 1946 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Alan `` Bam '' King Biography & History `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' .", "2": "Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3969a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ace -- How Long '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Ace : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` '' Ace -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Ace `` . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , May 31 , 1975 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 27 , 1975 Jump up ^ Steve Huey . `` Lipps , Inc . Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 1945 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Rod Stewart Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Search Help '' . Google.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 613 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Yazz - One On One '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jason Ankeny . `` Home Is Where the Heart Is - Bobby Womack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` Love 's Ups and Downs - Barbara Mandrell Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Dickson - Coming Alive Again ( CD , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Blue Views - Paul Carrack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Thom Jurek ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Train Keeps a Rolling - Jeff Golub , Brian Auger Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . ( hide ) Lipps Inc . Steven Greenberg Cynthia Johnson Melanie Rosales Margaret Cox Studio albums Mouth to Mouth ( 1979 ) Pucker Up ( 1980 ) Designer Music ( 1981 ) Singles `` Funkytown '' `` How Long '' Book : Lipps Inc . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Long_(Ace_song)&oldid=819313996 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1977 singles 1981 singles Aswad ( band ) songs Barbara Mandrell songs Lipps Inc. songs Rod Stewart songs British soft rock songs Debut singles Yazz songs 1974 songs Anchor Records singles Songs written by Paul Carrack Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-8858067623629853095	what was an economic effect of world war ii	[ "much of the European industrial infrastructure had been destroyed" ]	{ "0": "Aftermath of World war II - wikipedia Aftermath of World war II Jump to : navigation , search World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The aftermath of World War II was the beginning of an era defined by the decline of the old great powers and the rise of two superpowers : the Soviet Union ( USSR ) and the United States of America ( USA ) . Allied during World War II , the USA and the USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the Cold War , so called because it never resulted in overt , declared hot war between the two powers but was instead characterized by espionage , political subversion and proxy wars . Western Europe and Japan were rebuilt through the American Marshall Plan whereas Eastern Europe fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and eventually an `` Iron Curtain '' . Europe was divided into a US - led Western Bloc and a Soviet - led Eastern Bloc . Internationally , alliances with the two blocs gradually shifted , with some nations trying to stay out of the Cold War through the Non-Aligned Movement . The Cold War also saw a nuclear arms race between the two superpowers ; part of the reason that the Cold War never became a `` hot '' war was that the Soviet Union and the United States had nuclear deterrents against each other , leading to a mutually assured destruction standoff . As a consequence of the war , the Allies created the United Nations , an organization for international cooperation and diplomacy , similar to the League of Nations . Members of the United Nations agreed to outlaw wars of aggression in an attempt to avoid a third world war . The devastated great powers of Western Europe formed the European Coal and Steel Community , which later evolved into the European Common Market and ultimately into the current European Union .", "1": "This effort primarily began as an attempt to avoid another war between Germany and France by economic cooperation and integration , and a common market for important natural resources . The end of the war also increased the rate of decolonization from the great powers with independence being granted to India ( from the United Kingdom ) , Indonesia ( from the Netherlands ) , the Philippines ( from the US ) and a number of Arab nations , primarily from specific rights which had been granted to great powers from League of Nations Mandates in the post World War I - era but often having existed de facto well before this time . Also related to this was Israel gaining independence from its previous status as part of Mandatory Palestine in the years immediately following the war . Independence for the nations of Sub-Saharan Africa came more slowly . The aftermath of World War II also saw the rise of communist influence in Southeast Asia , with the People 's Republic of China , as the Chinese Communists emerged victorious from the Chinese Civil War in 1949 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Immediate effects 1.1 United Kingdom 1.2 Soviet Union 1.3 Germany 1.4 Italy 1.5 Austria 1.6 Japan 1.7 Finland 1.8 The Baltic states 1.9 Population displacement 1.9. 1 Poland 1.10 Rape during occupation 1.10. 1 In Europe 1.10. 2 In Japan 2 Post-war tensions 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 China 2.2. 2 Korea 2.2. 3 Malaya 2.2. 4 French Indochina 2.2. 5 Dutch East Indies 2.3 Covert operations and espionage 2.4 Recruitment of former enemy scientists 3 Demise of the League of Nations and the founding of the United Nations 4 Unresolved conflicts 5 Economic aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links Immediate effects ( edit ) Warsaw : Aftermath of war . At the end of the war , millions of people were dead and millions homeless , the European economy had collapsed , and much of the European industrial infrastructure had been destroyed .", "2": "The Soviet Union , too , had been heavily affected . In response , in 1947 , U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall devised the `` European Recovery Program '' , which became known as the Marshall Plan . Under the plan , during 1948 -- 1952 the United States government allocated US $13 billion ( US $139 billion in 2016 dollars ) for the reconstruction of Western Europe . United Kingdom ( edit ) By the end of the war , the economy of the United Kingdom was one of severe privation . More than a quarter of its national wealth had been consumed . Until the introduction in 1941 of Lend - Lease aid from the US , the UK had been spending its assets to purchase American equipment including aircraft and ships -- over £ 437 million on aircraft alone . Lend - lease came just before its reserves were exhausted . Britain had placed 55 % of its total labor force into war production . In spring 1945 , the Labour Party withdrew from the wartime coalition government , in an effort to oust Winston Churchill , forcing a general election . Following a landslide victory , Labour held more than 60 % of the seats in the House of Commons and formed a new government on 26 July 1945 under Clement Attlee . Britain 's war debt was described by some in the American administration as a `` millstone round the neck of the British economy '' . Although there were suggestions for an international conference to tackle the issue , in August 1945 the U.S. announced unexpectedly that the Lend - Lease programme was to end immediately . The abrupt withdrawal of American Lend Lease support to Britain on 2 September 1945 dealt a severe blow to the plans of the new government . It was only with the completion of the Anglo - American loan by the United States to Great Britain on 15 July 1946 that some measure of economic stability was restored . However , the loan was made primarily to support British overseas expenditure in the immediate post-war years and not to implement the Labour government 's policies for domestic welfare reforms and the nationalisation of key industries . Although the loan was agreed on reasonable terms , its conditions included what proved to be damaging fiscal conditions for Sterling . From 1946 - 1948 , the UK introduced bread rationing which it never did during the war .", "3": "Soviet Union ( edit ) Ruins in Stalingrad , typical of the destruction in many Soviet cities . The Soviet Union suffered enormous losses in the war against Germany . The Soviet population decreased by about 27 million during the war ; of these , 8.7 million were combat deaths . The 19 million non-combat deaths had a variety of causes : starvation in the siege of Leningrad ; conditions in German prisons and concentration camps ; mass shootings of civilians ; harsh labour in German industry ; famine and disease ; conditions in Soviet camps ; and service in German or German - controlled military units fighting the Soviet Union . The population would not return to its pre-war level for 30 years . Soviet ex-POWs and civilians repatriated from abroad were suspected of having been Nazi collaborators , and 226,127 of them were sent to forced labour camps after scrutiny by Soviet intelligence , NKVD . Many ex-POWs and young civilians were also conscripted to serve in the Red Army . Others worked in labour battalions to rebuild infrastructure destroyed during the war . The economy had been devastated . Roughly a quarter of the Soviet Union 's capital resources were destroyed , and industrial and agricultural output in 1945 fell far short of pre-war levels . To help rebuild the country , the Soviet government obtained limited credits from Britain and Sweden ; it refused assistance offered by the United States under the Marshall Plan . Instead , the Soviet Union compelled Soviet - occupied Eastern Europe to supply machinery and raw materials . Germany and former Nazi satellites made reparations to the Soviet Union . The reconstruction programme emphasised heavy industry to the detriment of agriculture and consumer goods . By 1953 , steel production was twice its 1940 level , but the production of many consumer goods and foodstuffs was lower than it had been in the late 1920s . The immediate post-war period in Europe was dominated by the Soviet Union annexing , or converting into Soviet Socialist Republics , all the countries captured by the Red Army driving the German invaders out of central and eastern Europe . New Soviet satellite states rose in Poland , Bulgaria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , Romania , Albania , and East Germany ; the last of these was created from the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany .", "4": "Yugoslavia emerged as an independent Communist state allied but not aligned with the Soviet Union , owing to the independent nature of the military victory of the Partisans of Josip Broz Tito during World War II in Yugoslavia . The Allies established the Far Eastern Commission and Allied Council for Japan to administer their occupation of that country while the establishment Allied Control Council , administered occupied Germany . In accordance with the Potsdam Conference agreements , the Soviet Union occupied and subsequently annexed the strategic island of Sakhalin . Germany ( edit ) Main articles : History of Germany ( 1945 -- 1990 ) , Forced labor of Germans after World War II , Morgenthau Plan , Industrial plans for Germany , Denazification , Territorial changes of Germany after World War II , Legal status of Germany , and German reparations for World War II Post-WWII occupation zones of Germany , in its 1937 borders , with territories east of the Oder - Neisse line shown as annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union , plus the Saar protectorate and divided Berlin . East Germany was formed by the Soviet Zone , while West Germany was formed by the American , British , and French zones in 1949 and the Saar in 1957 . In the west , Alsace - Lorraine was returned to France . The Sudetenland reverted to Czechoslovakia following the European Advisory Commission 's decision to delimit German territory to be the territory it held on 31 December 1937 . Close to one quarter of pre-war ( 1937 ) Germany was de facto annexed by the Allies ; roughly 10 million Germans were either expelled from this territory or not permitted to return to it if they had fled during the war . The remainder of Germany was partitioned into four zones of occupation , coordinated by the Allied Control Council . The Saar was detached and put in economic union with France in 1947 . In 1949 , the Federal Republic of Germany was created out of the Western zones . The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic . Germany paid reparations to the United Kingdom , France , and the Soviet Union , mainly in the form of dismantled factories , forced labour , and coal . German standard of living was to be reduced to its 1932 level .", "5": "Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years , the US and Britain pursued an `` intellectual reparations '' programme to harvest all technological and scientific know - how as well as all patents in Germany . The value of these amounted to around US $10 billion ( US $123 billion in 2016 dollars ) . In accordance with the Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 , reparations were also assessed from the countries of Italy , Romania , Hungary , Bulgaria , and Finland . The hunger - winter of 1947 , thousands protest against the disastrous food situation ( 31 March 1947 ) . US policy in post-war Germany from April 1945 until July 1947 had been that no help should be given to the Germans in rebuilding their nation , save for the minimum required to mitigate starvation . The Allies ' immediate post-war `` industrial disarmament '' plan for Germany had been to destroy Germany 's capability to wage war by complete or partial de-industrialization . The first industrial plan for Germany , signed in 1946 , required the destruction of 1,500 manufacturing plants to lower German heavy industry output to roughly 50 % of its 1938 level . Dismantling of West German industry ended in 1951 . By 1950 , equipment had been removed from 706 manufacturing plants , and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6.7 million tons . After lobbying by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Generals Lucius D. Clay and George Marshall , the Truman administration accepted that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously been dependent . In July 1947 , President Truman rescinded on `` national security grounds '' the directive that had ordered the US occupation forces to `` take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany . '' A new directive recognised that `` ( a ) n orderly , prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany . '' From mid-1946 onwards Germany received US government aid through the GARIOA programme . From 1948 onwards West Germany also became a minor beneficiary of the Marshall Plan . Volunteer organisations had initially been forbidden to send food , but in early 1946 the Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany was founded .", "6": "The prohibition against sending CARE Packages to individuals in Germany was rescinded on 5 June 1946 , After the German surrender , the International Red Cross was prohibited from providing aid such as food or visiting POW camps for Germans inside Germany . However , after making approaches to the Allies in the autumn of 1945 it was allowed to investigate the camps in the UK and French occupation zones of Germany , as well as to provide relief to the prisoners held there . On 4 February 1946 , the Red Cross was permitted to visit and assist prisoners also in the U.S. occupation zone of Germany , although only with very small quantities of food . The Red Cross petitioned successfully for improvements to be made in the living conditions of German POWs . Italy ( edit ) The 1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy spelled the end of the Italian colonial empire , along with other border revisions . The 1947 Paris Peace Treaties compelled Italy to pay $360 million ( US dollars at 1938 prices ) in war reparations : $125 million to Yugoslavia , $105 million to Greece , $100 million to the Soviet Union , $25 million to Ethiopia and $5 million to Albania . In the 1946 Italian constitutional referendum the Italian monarchy was abolished , having been associated with the deprivations of the war and the Fascist rule , especially in the North . Unlike in Germany and Japan , no war crimes tribunals were held against Italian military and political leaders , though the Italian resistance summarily executed some of them ( such as Mussolini ) at the end of the war ; the Togliatti amnesty , taking its name from the Communist Party secretary at the time , pardoned all wartime common and political crimes in 1946 . Austria ( edit ) The Federal State of Austria had been annexed by Germany in 1938 ( Anschluss , this union was banned by the Treaty of Versailles ) . Austria ( called Ostmark by the Germans ) was separated from Germany and divided into four zones of occupation . With the Austrian State Treaty , these zones reunited in 1955 to become the Republic of Austria .", "7": "Japan ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of Japan The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in Micronesia administered by the United States from 1947 to 1986 Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . After the war , the Allies rescinded Japanese pre-war annexations such as Manchuria , and Korea became independent . The Philippines and Guam were returned to the United States . Burma , Malaya and Singapore were returned to Britain and French Indo - China back to France . The Dutch East Indies was to be handed back to the Dutch , but was resisted leading to the Indonesian war for independence . At the Yalta Conference , US President Franklin D. Roosevelt had secretly traded the Japanese Kurils and south Sakhalin to the Soviet Union in return for Soviet entry in the war with Japan . The Soviet Union annexed the Kuril Islands , provoking the Kuril Islands dispute , which is ongoing , as Russia continues to occupy the islands . Hundreds of thousands of Japanese were forced to relocate to the Japanese main islands . Okinawa became a main US staging point . The US covered large areas of it with military bases and continued to occupy it until 1972 , years after the end of the occupation of the main islands . The bases still remain . To skirt the Geneva Convention , the Allies classified many Japanese soldiers as Japanese Surrendered Personnel instead of POWs and used them as forced labour until 1947 . The UK , France , and the Netherlands conscripted some Japanese troops to fight colonial resistances elsewhere in Asia . General Douglas MacArthur established the International Military Tribunal for the Far East . The Allies collected reparations from Japan . To further remove Japan as a potential future military threat , the Far Eastern Commission decided to de-industrialise Japan , with the goal of reducing Japanese standard of living to what prevailed between 1930 and 1934 . In the end , the de-industrialisation programme in Japan was implemented to a lesser degree than the one in Germany . Japan received emergency aid from GARIOA , as did Germany . In early 1946 , the Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia were formed and permitted to supply Japanese with food and clothes .", "8": "In April 1948 the Johnston Committee Report recommended that the economy of Japan should be reconstructed due to the high cost to US taxpayers of continuous emergency aid . Survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , known as hibakusha ( 被爆者 ) , were ostracized by Japanese society . Japan provided no special assistance to these people until 1952 . By the 65th anniversary of the bombings , total casualties from the initial attack and later deaths reached about 270,000 in Hiroshima and 150,000 in Nagasaki . About 230,000 hibakusha were still alive as of 2010 , and about 2,200 were suffering from radiation - caused illnesses as of 2007 . Finland ( edit ) In the Winter War of 1939 -- 1940 , the Soviet Union invaded neutral Finland and annexed some of its territory . From 1941 until 1944 , Finland aligned itself with Nazi Germany in a failed effort to regain lost territories from the Soviets . Finland retained its independence following the war but remained subject to Soviet - imposed constraints in its domestic affairs . The Baltic States ( edit ) Main article : Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union ( 1940 ) In 1940 the Soviet Union invaded and annexed the neutral Baltic states , Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania . In June 1941 , the Soviet governments of the Baltic states carried out mass deportations of `` enemies of the people '' ; as a result , many treated the invading Nazis as liberators when they invaded only a week later . The Atlantic Charter promised self - determination to peoples deprived of it during the war . The British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , argued for a weaker interpretation of the Charter to permit the Soviet Union to continue to control the Baltic states . In March 1944 the U.S. accepted Churchill 's view that the Atlantic Charter did not apply to the Baltic states . With the return of Soviet troops at the end of the war , the Forest Brothers mounted a guerrilla war . This continued until the mid-1950s .", "9": "Population displacement ( edit ) Main articles : World War II evacuation and expulsion , Flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 -- 50 ) , Population transfer in the Soviet Union , Japanese American internment , and Japanese Canadian internment Expulsion of Germans from the Sudetenland As a result of the new borders drawn by the victorious nations , large populations suddenly found themselves in hostile territory . The Soviet Union took over areas formerly controlled by Germany , Finland , Poland , and Japan . Poland lost the Kresy region ( about half of its pre-War territory ) and received most of Germany east of the Oder - Neisse line , including the industrial regions of Silesia . The German state of the Saar was temporarily a protectorate of France , but later returned to German administration . As set forth at Potsdam , approximately 12 million people were expelled from Germany , including seven million from Germany proper , and three million from the Sudetenland . During the war , the United States government interned approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese who lived along the Pacific coast of the United States in the wake of Imperial Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor . Canada interned approximately 22,000 Japanese Canadians , 14,000 of whom were born in Canada . After the war , some internees chose to return to Japan , while most remained in North America . Poland ( edit ) The Soviet Union expelled at least 2 million Poles from east of the new border approximating the Curzon Line . This estimate is uncertain as both the Polish Communist government and the Soviet government did not keep track of the number of expelled . The number of Polish citizens inhabiting Polish borderlands ( Kresy region ) was about 13 million before World War II broke out according to official Polish statistics . Polish citizens killed in the war that originated from the Polish borderlands territory ( killed by both German Nazi regime and the Soviet regime or expelled to distant parts of Siberia ) were accounted as Russian , Ukrainian or Belorussian casualties of war in official Soviet historiography . This fact imposes additional difficulties in making the correct estimation of the number of Polish citizens forcibly transferred after the war . The border change also reversed the results of the 1919 - 1920 Polish - Soviet War . Former Polish cities such as Lwów came under control of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic .", "10": "Additionally , the Soviet Union transferred more than two million people within their own borders ; these included Germans , Finns , Crimean Tatars , and Chechens . Rape during occupation ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( November 2010 ) In Europe ( edit ) Main article : Rape during the occupation of Germany As Soviet troops marched across the Balkans , they committed rapes and robberies in Romania , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia . The population of Bulgaria was largely spared this treatment , due possibly to a sense of ethnic kinship or to the leadership of Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin . The population of Germany was treated significantly worse . Rape and murder of German civilians was as bad as , and sometimes worse than , Nazi propaganda had anticipated . Political officers encouraged Soviet troops to seek revenge and terrorise the German population . On `` the basis of Hochrechnungen ( projections or estimations ) '' , `` 1.9 million German women altogether were raped at the end of the war by Red Army soldiers . '' About one - third of all German women in Berlin were raped by Soviet forces . A substantial minority was raped multiple times . In Berlin , contemporary hospital records indicate between 95,000 and 130,000 women were raped by Soviet troops . About 10,000 of these women died , mostly by suicide . Over 4.5 million Germans fled towards the West . The Soviets initially had no rules against their troops `` fraternising '' with German women , but by 1947 they started to isolate their troops from the German population in an attempt to stop rape and robbery by the troops . Not all Soviet soldiers participated in these activities . Foreign reports of Soviet brutality were denounced as false . Rape , robbery , and murder were blamed on German bandits impersonating Soviet soldiers . Some justified Soviet brutality towards German civilians based on previous brutality of German troops toward Russian civilians . Until the reunification of Germany , East German histories virtually ignored the actions of Soviet troops , and Russian histories still tend to do so . Reports of mass rapes by Soviet troops were often dismissed as anti-Communist propaganda or the normal byproduct of war .", "11": "Rapes also occurred under other occupation forces , though the majority were committed by Soviet troops . French Moroccan troops matched the behaviour of Soviet troops when it came to rape , especially in the early occupations of Baden and Württemberg . In a letter to the editor of TIME published in September 1945 , an American army sergeant wrote , `` Our own Army and the British Army along with ours have done their share of looting and raping ... This offensive attitude among our troops is not at all general , but the percentage is large enough to have given our Army a pretty black name , and we too are considered an army of rapists . '' Robert Lilly 's analysis of military records led him to conclude about 14,000 rapes occurred in Britain , France , and Germany at the hands of US soldiers between 1942 and 1945 . Lilly assumed that only 5 % of rapes by American soldiers were reported , making 17,000 GI rapes a possibility , while analysts estimate that 50 % of ( ordinary peace - time ) rapes are reported . Supporting Lilly 's lower figure is the `` crucial difference '' that for World War II military rapes `` it was the commanding officer , not the victim , who brought charges '' . German soldiers left many war children behind in nations such as France and Denmark , which were occupied for an extended period . After the war , the children and their mothers often suffered recriminations . In Norway , the `` Tyskerunger `` ( German - kids ) suffered greatly . In Japan ( edit ) Main article : Rape during the occupation of Japan In the first few weeks of the American military occupation of Japan , rape and other violent crime was widespread in naval ports like Yokohama and Yokosuka , but declined shortly afterward . There were 1,336 reported rapes during the first 10 days of the occupation of Kanagawa prefecture . Historian Toshiyuki Tanaka relates that in Yokohama , the capital of the prefecture , there were 119 known rapes in September 1945 . Historians Eiji Takemae and Robert Ricketts state that `` When US paratroopers landed in Sapporo , an orgy of looting , sexual violence and drunken brawling ensued . Gang rapes and other sex atrocities were not infrequent '' and some of the rape victims committed suicide .", "12": "General Robert L. Eichelberger , the commander of the U.S. Eighth Army , recorded that in the one instance when the Japanese formed a self - help vigilante guard to protect women from off - duty GIs , the Eighth Army ordered armored vehicles in battle array into the streets and arrested the leaders , and the leaders received long prison terms . According to Takemae and Ricketts , members of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) were also involved in rapes : A former prostitute recalled that as soon as Australian troops arrived in Kure in early 1946 , they `` dragged young women into their jeeps , took them to the mountain , and then raped them . I heard them screaming for help nearly every night ' . Such behavior was commonplace , but news of criminal activity by Occupation forces was quickly suppressed . Rape committed by U.S. soldiers occupying Okinawa was also a notable phenomenon . Okinawan historian Oshiro Masayasu ( former director of the Okinawa Prefectural Historical Archives ) writes : Soon after the U.S. marines landed , all the women of a village on Motobu Peninsula fell into the hands of American soldiers . At the time , there were only women , children and old people in the village , as all the young men had been mobilized for the war . Soon after landing , the marines `` mopped up '' the entire village , but found no signs of Japanese forces . Taking advantage of the situation , they started `` hunting for women '' in broad daylight and those who were hiding in the village or nearby air raid shelters were dragged out one after another . According to Toshiyuki Tanaka , 76 cases of rape or rape - murder were reported during the first five years of the American occupation of Okinawa . However , he claims this is probably not the true figure , as most cases were unreported .", "13": "Post-war tensions ( edit ) Main articles : Iron Curtain , Origins of the Cold War , and Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Europe ( edit ) Soviet expansion , change of Central - Eastern European borders and creation of the Communist Eastern bloc after World War II The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union began to deteriorate even before the war was over , when Stalin , Roosevelt , and Churchill exchanged a heated correspondence over whether the Polish government - in - exile , backed by Roosevelt and Churchill , or the Provisional Government , backed by Stalin , should be recognised . Stalin won . A number of allied leaders felt that war between the United States and the Soviet Union was likely . On 19 May 1945 , American Under - Secretary of State Joseph Grew went so far as to say that it was inevitable . On 5 March 1946 , in his `` Sinews of Peace '' ( Iron Curtain ) speech at Westminster College in Fulton , Missouri , Winston Churchill said `` a shadow '' had fallen over Europe . He described Stalin as having dropped an `` Iron Curtain '' between East and West . Stalin responded by charging that co-existence between communist countries and the West was impossible . In mid-1948 the Soviet Union imposed a blockade on the Western zone of occupation in Berlin . Due to the rising tension in Europe and concerns over further Soviet expansion , American planners came up with a contingency plan code - named Operation Dropshot in 1949 . It considered possible nuclear and conventional war with the Soviet Union and its allies in order to counter a Soviet takeover of Western Europe , the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia that they anticipated would begin around 1957 . In response , the US would saturate the Soviet Union with atomic and high - explosive bombs , and then invade and occupy the country . In later years , to reduce military expenditures while countering Soviet conventional strength , President Dwight Eisenhower would adopt a strategy of massive retaliation , relying on the threat of a US nuclear strike to prevent non-nuclear incursions by the Soviet Union in Europe and elsewhere . The approach entailed a major buildup of US nuclear forces and a corresponding reduction in America 's non-nuclear ground and naval strength . The Soviet Union viewed these developments as `` atomic blackmail '' .", "14": "In Greece , civil war broke out in 1946 between Anglo - American - supported royalist forces and communist - led forces , with the royalist forces emerging as the victors . The US launched a massive programme of military and economic aid to Greece and to neighbouring Turkey , arising from a fear that the Soviet Union stood on the verge of breaking through the NATO defence line to the oil - rich Middle East . On 12 March 1947 , to gain Congressional support for the aid , President Truman described the aid as promoting democracy in defence of the `` free world '' , a principle that became known as the Truman Doctrine . The US sought to promote an economically strong and politically united Western Europe to counter the threat posed by the Soviet Union . This was done openly using tools such as the European Recovery Program , which encouraged European economic integration . The International Authority for the Ruhr , designed to keep German industry down and controlled , evolved into the European Coal and Steel Community , a founding pillar of the European Union . The United States also worked covertly to promote European integration , for example using the American Committee on United Europe to funnel funds to European federalist movements . In order to ensure that Western Europe could withstand the Soviet military threat , the Western European Union was founded in 1948 and NATO in 1949 . The first NATO Secretary General , Lord Ismay , famously stated the organisation 's goal was `` to keep the Russians out , the Americans in , and the Germans down '' . However , without the manpower and industrial output of West Germany no conventional defence of Western Europe had any hope of succeeding . To remedy this , in 1950 the US sought to promote the European Defence Community , which would have included a rearmed West Germany . The attempt was dashed when the French Parliament rejected it . On 9 May 1955 , West Germany was instead admitted to NATO ; the immediate result was the creation of the Warsaw Pact five days later . The Cold War also saw the creation of propaganda and espionage organisations such as Radio Free Europe , the Information Research Department , the Gehlen Organization , the Central Intelligence Agency , the Special Activities Division , and the Ministry for State Security .", "15": "Asia ( edit ) World map of colonization at the end of the Second World War in 1945 Main articles : Decolonization of Asia and Wars of national liberation In Asia , the surrender of Japanese forces was complicated by the split between East and West as well as by the movement toward national self - determination in European colonial territories . China ( edit ) Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Cross-Strait relations Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , leader of the Chinese nationalist Kuomintang As agreed at the Yalta Conference , the Soviet Union went to war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany . The Soviet forces invaded Manchuria . This was the end of the Manchukuo puppet state and all Japanese settlers were forced to leave China . The Soviet Union dismantled the industrial base in Manchuria built up by the Japanese in the preceding years . Manchuria also became a base for the Communist Chinese forces because of the Soviet presence . After the war , the Kuomintang ( KMT ) party ( led by generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek ) and the Communist Chinese forces resumed their civil war , which had been temporarily suspended when they fought together against Japan . The fight against the Japanese occupiers had strengthened popular support among the Chinese for the Communist guerrilla forces while it weakened the KMT , who depleted their strength fighting a conventional war . Full - scale war between the opposing forces broke out in June 1946 . Despite U.S. support to the Kuomintang , Communist forces were ultimately victorious and established the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) on the mainland . The KMT forces retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949 . Hostilities had largely ceased in 1950 . With the Communist victory in the civil war , the Soviet Union gave up its claim to military bases in China that it had been promised by the Western Allies during World War II . The defeat of the US - backed KMT led to a debate in the United States about who in the US government was responsible for this , the debate is commonly labeled `` Who lost China ? '' The outbreak of the Korean War diverted the attention of the PRC at the same time as it bolstered US support for Chiang Kai - shek , the two main factors that prevented the PRC from invading Taiwan .", "16": "Intermittent military clashes occurred between the PRC and Taiwan from 1950 - 1979 . Taiwan unilaterally declared the civil war over in 1991 , but no formal peace treaty or truce exists and the PRC officially sees Taiwan as a breakaway province that rightfully belongs to it and has expressed its opposition to Taiwanese independence . Even so , tensions between the two states has decreased over time for example with the Chen - Chiang summits ( 2008 - 2011 ) . Sino - American relations ( between the PRC and the US ) continued to be mostly hostile up until US president Nixon visited China in 1972 . From this point the relations between them have improved over time although some tension and rivalry remain even with the end of the Cold War and the PRC 's distancing from the Communist ideology . Korea ( edit ) Main article : Division of Korea Evolution of the border between the two Koreas , from the Yalta Soviet - American 38th parallel division to the stalemate of 1953 that persists as of today At the Yalta Conference , the Allies agreed that an undivided post-war Korea would be placed under four - power multinational trusteeship . After Japan 's surrender , this agreement was modified to a joint Soviet - American occupation of Korea . The agreement was that Korea would be divided and occupied by the Soviets from the north and the Americans from the south . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , and which had been partially occupied by the Red Army following the Soviet Union 's entry into the war against Japan , was divided at the 38th parallel on the orders of the US War Department . A US military government in southern Korea was established in the capital city of Seoul . The American military commander , Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge , enlisted many former Japanese administrative officials to serve in this government . North of the military line , the Soviets administered the disarming and demobilisation of repatriated Korean nationalist guerrillas who had fought on the side of Chinese nationalists against the Japanese in Manchuria during World War II . Simultaneously , the Soviets enabled a build - up of heavy armaments to pro-communist forces in the north .", "17": "The military line became a political line in 1948 , when separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel , each republic claiming to be the legitimate government of Korea . It culminated in the north invading the south , start of the Korean War two years later . Malaya ( edit ) Main article : Malayan Emergency Labour and civil unrest broke out in the British colony of Malaya in 1946 . A state of emergency was declared by the colonial authorities in 1948 with the outbreak of acts of terrorism . The situation deteriorated into a full - scale anti-colonial insurgency , or Anti-British National Liberation War as the insurgents referred to it , led by the Malayan National Liberation Army ( MNLA ) , the military wing of the Malayan Communist Party . The Malayan Emergency would endure for the next 12 years , ending in 1960 . In 1967 , communist leader Chin Peng reopened hostilities , culminating in a second emergency that lasted until 1989 . French Indochina ( edit ) Main article : First Indochina War Events during World War II in the colony of French Indochina ( consisting of the modern - day states of Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia ) set the stage for the First Indochina War which in turn led to the Vietnam War . During World War II , the Vichy French aligned colonial authorities cooperated with the Japanese invaders . The communist - controlled common front Viet Minh ( supported by the Allies ) was formed among the Vietnamese in the colony in 1941 to fight for the independence of Vietnam , against both the Japanese and prewar French powers . After the Vietnamese Famine of 1945 support for the Viet Minh was bolstered as the front launched a rebellion , sacking rice warehouses and urging the Vietnamese to refuse to pay taxes . Because the French colonial authorities started to hold secret talks with the Free French , the Japanese interned them 9 March 1945 . When Japan surrendered in August , this created a power vacuum , and the Viet Minh took power in the August Revolution , declaring the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam . However , the Allies ( including the Soviet Union ) all agreed that the area belonged to the French .", "18": "Nationalist Chinese forces moved in from the north and British from the south ( as the French were unable to do so immediately themselves ) and then handed power to the French , a process completed by March 1946 . Attempts to integrate the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with French rule failed and the Viet Minh launched their rebellion against the French rule starting the First Indochina War that same year ( the Viet Minh organized common fronts to fight the French in Laos and Cambodia ) . The war ended in 1954 with French withdrawal and a partition of Vietnam that was intended to be temporary until elections could be held . The Democratic Republic of Vietnam held the north while South Vietnam formed into a separate republic in control of Ngo Dinh Diem who was backed in his refusal to hold elections by the US . The communist party of the south eventually organized the common front NLF to fight to unite south and north under the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and thus began the Vietnam War , which ended with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam conquering the South in 1975 . Dutch East Indies ( edit ) Main article : Indonesian National Revolution A soldier of an Indian armoured regiment examines a light tank used by Indonesian nationalists and captured by British forces during the fighting in Surabaya . Japan invaded and occupied Indonesia during the war and replaced much of the Dutch colonial state . Although the top positions were held by Japanese , the internment of all Dutch citizens meant that Indonesians filled many leadership and administrative positions . Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945 , nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence . A four and a half - year struggle followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their colony , using a significant portion of their Marshall Plan aid to this end . The Dutch were directly helped by UK forces who sought to re-establish the colonial dominions in Asia . The UK also kept 35,000 Japanese Surrendered Personnel under arms to fight the Indonesians . Although Dutch forces re-occupied most of Indonesia 's territory , a guerrilla struggle ensued , and the majority of Indonesians , and ultimately international opinion , favoured Indonesian independence . In December 1949 , the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty . Covert operations and espionage ( edit ) The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin .", "19": "Diplomatic relations between their three countries changed radically in the aftermath of World War II . British covert operations in the Baltic States , which began in 1944 against the Nazis , escalated after the war . In Operation Jungle , the Secret Intelligence Service ( known as MI6 ) recruited and trained Estonians , Latvians and Lithuanians for the clandestine work in the Baltic states between 1948 and 1955 . Leaders of the operation included Alfons Rebane , Stasys Žymantas , and Rūdolfs Silarājs . The agents were transported under the cover of the `` British Baltic Fishery Protection Service '' . They launched from British - occupied Germany , using a converted World War II E-boat captained and crewed by former members of the wartime German navy . British intelligence also trained and infiltrated anti-communist agents into Russia from across the Finnish border , with orders to assassinate Soviet officials . In the end , counter-intelligence supplied to the KGB by Kim Philby allowed the KGB to penetrate and ultimately gain control of MI6 's entire intelligence network in the Baltic states . Vietnam and the Middle East would later damage the reputation gained by the US during its successes in Europe . The KGB believed that the Third World rather than Europe was the arena in which it could win the Cold War . Moscow would in later years fuel an arms buildup in Africa . In later years , African countries used as proxies in the Cold War would often become `` failed states '' of their own . Recruitment of former ENEMY scientists ( edit ) V - 2 rocket launching at Peenemünde , on the Baltic German coast ( 1943 ) . When the divisions of postwar Europe began to emerge , the war crimes programmes and denazification policies of Britain and the United States were relaxed in favour of recruiting German scientists , especially nuclear and long - range rocket scientists . Many of these , prior to their capture , had worked on developing the German V - 2 long - range rocket at the Baltic coast German Army Research Center Peenemünde .", "20": "Western Allied occupation force officers in Germany were ordered to refuse to cooperate with the Soviets in sharing captured wartime secret weapons , the recovery for which , specifically in regards to advanced German aviation technology and personnel , the British had sent the Fedden Mission into Germany to contact its aviation technology centers and key personnel , paralleled by the United States with its own Operation Lusty aviation technology personnel and knowledge recovery program . In Operation Paperclip , beginning in 1945 , the United States imported 1,600 German scientists and technicians , as part of the intellectual reparations owed to the US and the UK , including about $10 billion ( US $123 billion in 2016 dollars ) in patents and industrial processes . In late 1945 , three German rocket - scientist groups arrived in the U.S. for duty at Fort Bliss , Texas , and at White Sands Proving Grounds , New Mexico , as `` War Department Special Employees '' . The wartime activities of some Operation Paperclip scientists would later be investigated . Arthur Rudolph left the United States in 1984 , in order to not be prosecuted . Similarly , Georg Rickhey , who came to the United States under Operation Paperclip in 1946 , was returned to Germany to stand trial at the Mittelbau - Dora war crimes trial in 1947 . Following his acquittal , he returned to the United States in 1948 and eventually became a US citizen . The Soviets began Operation Osoaviakhim in 1946 . NKVD and Soviet army units effectively deported thousands of military - related technical specialists from the Soviet occupation zone of post-war Germany to the Soviet Union . The Soviets used 92 trains to transport the specialists and their families , an estimated 10,000 - 15,000 people . Much related equipment was also moved , the aim being to virtually transplant research and production centres , such as the relocated V - 2 rocket centre at Mittelwerk Nordhausen , from Germany to the Soviet Union . Among the people moved were Helmut Gröttrup and about two hundred scientists and technicians from Mittelwerk . Personnel were also taken from AEG , BMW 's Stassfurt jet propulsion group , IG Farben 's Leuna chemical works , Junkers , Schott AG , Siebel , Telefunken , and Carl Zeiss AG .", "21": "The operation was commanded by NKVD deputy Colonel General Serov , outside the control of the local Soviet Military Administration . The major reason for the operation was the Soviet fear of being condemned for noncompliance with Allied Control Council agreements on the liquidation of German military installations . Some Western observers thought Operation Osoaviakhim was a retaliation for the failure of the Socialist Unity Party in elections , though Osoaviakhim was clearly planned before that . Demise of the League of Nations and the founding of the United Nations ( edit ) As a general consequence of the war and in an effort to maintain international peace , the Allies formed the United Nations ( UN ) , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 . The UN replaced the defunct League of Nations ( LN ) as an intergovernmental organization . The LN was formally dissolved on 20 April 1946 , but had in practice ceased to function in 1939 , being unable to stop the outbreak of World War II . The UN inherited some of the bodies of the LN , such as the International Labour Organization . League of Nations mandates , mostly territories that had changed hands in World War I , became United Nations Trust Territories . South - West Africa , an exception , was still governed under terms of the original mandate . As the successor body to the League , the UN still assumed a supervisory role over the territory . The Free City of Danzig , a semi-autonomous city state that was partly overseen by the League , became part of Poland . The UN adopted The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , `` as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations . '' The Soviet Union abstained from voting on adoption of the declaration . The US did not ratify the social and economic rights sections . The five major Allied powers were given permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council . The permanent members can veto any United Nations Security Council resolution , the only UN decisions that are binding according to international law . The five powers at the time of founding were : the United States of America , the United Kingdom , France , the Soviet Union and the Republic of China .", "22": "The Republic of China lost the Chinese Civil War and retreated to the island of Taiwan by 1950 but continued to be a permanent member of the Council even though the de facto state in control of mainland China was the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . This was changed in 1971 when the PRC was given the permanent membership previously held by the Republic of China . Russia inherited the permanent membership of the Soviet Union in 1991 after the dissolution of that state . Unresolved conflicts ( edit ) Japanese holdouts persisted on various islands in the Pacific Theatre until at least 1974 . Although all hostilities are now resolved , a peace treaty has never been signed between Japan and Russia due to the Kuril Islands dispute . Economic aftermath ( edit ) Further information : Post -- World War II economic expansion By the end of the war , the European economy had collapsed with some 70 % of its industrial infrastructure destroyed . The property damage in the Soviet Union consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns , 70,000 villages / hamlets , and 31,850 industrial establishments . The strength of the economic recovery following the war varied throughout the world , though in general it was quite robust , particularly in the United States . In Europe , West Germany , after having continued to decline economically during the first years of the Allied occupation , later experienced a remarkable recovery , and had by the end of the 1950s doubled production from its pre-war levels . Italy came out of the war in poor economic condition , but by the 1950s , the Italian economy was marked by stability and high growth . France rebounded quickly and enjoyed rapid economic growth and modernisation under the Monnet Plan . The UK , by contrast , was in a state of economic ruin after the war and continued to experience relative economic decline for decades to follow . The Soviet Union also experienced a rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China , following the conclusion of its civil war , was essentially bankrupt . By 1953 , economic restoration seemed fairly successful as production had resumed pre-war levels . This growth rate mostly persisted , though it was interrupted by economic experiments during the disastrous Great Leap Forward .", "23": "At the end of the war , the United States produced roughly half of the world 's industrial output . The US , of course , had been spared industrial and civilian devastation . Further , much of its pre-war industry had been converted to wartime usage . As a result , with its industrial and civilian base in much better shape than most of the world , the US embarked on an economic expansion unseen in human history . US Gross Domestic Product increased from $228 billion in 1945 to just under $1.7 trillion in 1975 . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Bretton Woods system Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II Danube River Conference of 1948 Hunger 's Rogues Japanese holdout Operation Black Tulip -- the eviction of Germans from the Netherlands after the war Operation Unthinkable Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Dominance of England , Dorothy Crisp , Holborn Publishing , London 1960 , pages 22 - 26 , Jump up ^ The World at War , Mark Arnold - Foster , BCA London , 1974 , pages 286 - 7 , Jump up ^ Sunday Times Sept 6 , 2009 by Max Hastings Jump up ^ A History of the American People , Paul Johnson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson , London , 1997 , pages 647 - 8 Jump up ^ Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , `` Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : A Note '' , Europe - Asia Studies , Vol. 46 , No. 4 , pp. 671 - 680 Jump up ^ `` 20m Soviet war dead may be underestimate '' , Guardian , 30 April 1994 quoting Professor John Erickson of Edinburgh University , Defence Studies . Jump up ^ Edwin Bacon , `` Glasnost and the Gulag : New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II '' , Soviet Studies , Vol. 44 , No. 6 ( 1992 ) , pp. 1069 - 1086 . Jump up ^ Michael Ellman , `` Soviet Repression Statistics : Some Comments '' , Europe - Asia Studies , Vol. 54 , No. 7 ( Nov. , 2002 ) , pp. 1151 - 1172 Jump up ^ Glenn E. Curtis , ed .", "24": "Russia : A Country Study , Washington : Library of Congress , 1996 Jump up ^ Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 Jump up ^ Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Jump up ^ Granville , Johanna , The First Domino : International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 , Texas A&M University Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 298 - 4 Jump up ^ Grenville , John Ashley Soames ( 2005 ) . A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century . Routledge . pp. 370 -- 371 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28954 - 8 . Jump up ^ Crampton 1997 , pp. 216 -- 7 Jump up ^ Eastern bloc , The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy , Third Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company , 2005 . Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Cost of Defeat Time Magazine Monday , 8 April 1946 Jump up ^ Norman M. Naimark The Russians in Germany pg. 206 Jump up ^ Frederick H. Gareau `` Morgenthau 's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany '' The Western Political Quarterly , Vol. 14 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1961 ) , pp.", "25": "517 - 534 Jump up ^ Ray Salvatore Jennings `` The Road Ahead : Lessons in Nation Building from Japan , Germany , and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq May 2003 , Peaceworks No. 49 pg. 15 Jump up ^ Ray Salvatore Jennings `` The Road Ahead : Lessons in Nation Building from Japan , Germany , and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq May 2003 , Peaceworks No. 49 p. 15 Jump up ^ Pas de Pagaille ! Time Magazine 28 July 1947 . Jump up ^ Staff . ICRC in WW II : German prisoners of war in Allied hands , 2 February 2005 Jump up ^ Time Magazine , FOREIGN RELATIONS : Secret of the Kurils , Monday , 11 February 1946 URL ^ Jump up to : Frederick H. Gareau `` Morgenthau 's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany '' The Western Political Quarterly , Vol. 14 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1961 ) , pp. 531 Jump up ^ ( Note : A footnote in Gareau also states : `` For a text of this decision , see Activities of the Far Eastern Commission . Report of the Secretary General , February 1946 to July 10 , 1947 , Appendix 30 , p. 85 . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Japan and North America : First contacts to the Pacific War '' , Ellis S. Krauss , Benjamin Nyblade , 2004 , pg. 351 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Yomiuri Shimbun '' . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Gazette '' . Jump up ^ `` Japan Times '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Roger S. Whitcomb , `` The Cold War in retrospect : the formative years , '' p. 18 `` Churchill suggested that the principles of the Atlantic Charter ought not be construed so as to deny Russia the frontier occupied when Germany attacked in 1941 . '' Google Books Jump up ^ Roger S. Whitcomb , `` The Cold War in retrospect : the formative years , '' p. 18 Jump up ^ National Park Service . Manzanar National Historic Site Jump up ^ Various primary and secondary sources list counts between persons .", "26": "Jump up ^ Norman Davies , God 's Playground , a History of Poland , Columbia University Press , 1982 , ISBN 0231053525 , p. 558 ^ Jump up to : '' The Russians in Germany : a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation : 1945 - 1949 '' , Norman Naimark , Belknap , 1995 , pp. 70 - 71 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ '' The Russians in Germany : a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation , 1945 - 1949 '' , Norman Naimark , Belknap , 1995 , p. 71 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ West Germany under construction : politics , society , and culture in the Adenauer era '' , Robert G. Moeller , Univ. of Michigan Press , 1997 , p. 41 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ The Miracle Years : A Cultural History of West Germany , 1949 - 1968 Hanna Schissler , Princeton University Press , 2001 , p. 93 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ '' Werwolf ! : the history of the National Socialist guerrilla movement , 1944 - 1946 '' , Perry Biddiscombe , University of Toronto Press , 1998 , p. 260 ( 6 ) ^ Jump up to : West Germany under construction : politics , society , and culture in the Adenauer era '' , Robert G. Moeller , Univ. of Michigan Press , 1997 , p. 35 ( 7 ) Jump up ^ '' What difference does a husband make ? Women and marital status in Nazi and postwar Germany '' , Elizabeth Heineman , Univ. of California Press , 2003 , p. 81 ( 8 ) ^ Jump up to : '' Berlin : the downfall , 1945 '' , Antony Beevor , Viking , 2002 , p. 410 ( 9 ) ^ Jump up to : West Germany under construction : politics , society , and culture in the Adenauer era '' , Robert G. Moeller , Univ. of Michigan Press , 1997 , p.", "27": "34 ( 10 ) Jump up ^ The Miracle Years : A Cultural History of West Germany , 1949 - 1968 Hanna Schissler , Princeton University Press , 2001 , p. 27 ( 11 ) Jump up ^ '' The Russians in Germany : a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation , 1945 - 1949 '' , Norman Naimark , Belknap , 1995 , p. 92 ( 12 ) Jump up ^ '' The Russians in Germany : a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation , 1945 - 1949 '' , Norman Naimark , Belknap , 1995 , p. 83 ( 13 ) Jump up ^ '' The Russians in Germany : a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation , 1945 - 1949 '' , Norman Naimark , Belknap , 1995 , p. 102 ( 14 ) Jump up ^ '' The Russians in Germany : a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation , 1945 - 1949 '' , Norman Naimark , Belknap , 1995 , p. 104 ( 15 ) Jump up ^ '' The Russians in Germany : a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation , 1945 - 1949 '' , Norman Naimark , Belknap , 1995 , p. 108 ( 16 ) Jump up ^ '' The Russians in Germany : a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation , 1945 - 1949 '' , Norman Naimark , Belknap , 1995 , p. 2 ( 17 ) Jump up ^ Norman M. Naimark . The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 - 1949 . Harvard University Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 pp. 106 . Jump up ^ Dear editor : letters to Time magazine , 1923 - 1984 `` , Phil Pearman , Salem House , 1985 , p. 75 ( 18 ) Jump up ^ Politicization of sexual violence : from abolitionism to peacekeeping '' , Carol Harrington , Ashgate Pub. , 2010 , p.", "28": "80 ( 19 ) ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Alice ( 12 September 2005 ) . `` The Interpreter '' . Simon and Schuster -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ STUART , JULIA ( February 2 , 2003 ) . `` SLEEPING WITH THE ENEMY ; SPAT AT , ABUSED , SHUNNED BY NEIGHBOURS . THEIR CRIME ? '' . History News Network . Independent on Sunday . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Norway 's `` lebensborn '' `` . BBC News . 5 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Molasky , Michael S ; Rabson , Steve ( 2000 ) , Southern Exposure : Modern Japanese Literature from Okinawa , University of Hawaii Press , p. 16 , 22,121 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2300 - 9 Jump up ^ Tanaka , Yuki ; Tanaka , Toshiyuki ( 2003 ) , Japan 's Comfort Women : Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 203 - 30275 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Takemae , Eiji ; Robert Ricketts ( 2003 ) . Inside GHQ : The Allied Occupation of Japan and Its Legacy . trans . Robert Ricketts , Sebastian Swann . Continuum International . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 82641 - 521 - 9 . Jump up ^ Svoboda , Terese . `` U.S. Courts - Martial in Occupation Japan : Rape , Race , and Censorship '' . The Asia - Pacific Journal : Japan Focus . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tanaka , Yuki ; Tanaka , Toshiyuki ( 2003 ) , Japan 's Comfort Women : Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II , Routledge , p.", "29": "111 ISBN 0 - 203 - 30275 - 3 Jump up ^ Tanaka , Yuki ; Tanaka , Toshiyuki ( 2003 ) , Japan 's Comfort Women : Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II , Routledge , p. 112 ISBN 0 - 203 - 30275 - 3 Jump up ^ Kantowicz , Edward R ( 2000 ) . Coming Apart , Coming Together . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4456 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stewart Richardson , Secret History of World War II , New York : Richardson & Steirman , 1986 , p.vi . ISBN 0 - 931933 - 05 - 6 Jump up ^ Yefim Chernyak and Vic Schneierson , Ambient Conflicts : History of Relations between Countries with Different Social Systems , ISBN 0 - 8285 - 3757 - 7 , Moscow : Progress Publishers , 1987 , p. 360 Jump up ^ Challener , R.D. ; Grew , J.C. ; Johnson , W. ; Hooker , N.H. ( 1953 ) . `` Career Diplomat : the Record of Joseph C. Grew '' . World Politics . 5 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 279 . JSTOR 2008984 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008984 . 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Wigfall Green , The Epic of Korea , Washington : Public Affairs Press , 1950 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Walter G Hermes , Truce Tent and Fighting Front , Washington , D.C. : US Army Center of Military History , 1992 , p. 6 Jump up ^ James M Minnich , The North Korean People 's Army : origins and current tactics , Naval Institute Press , 2005 pp. 4 - 10 Jump up ^ Mohamed Amin and Malcolm Caldwell ( eds . ) , The Making of a Neo Colony , London : Spokesman Books , 1977 , footnote , p. 216 Jump up ^ Nationalism and revolution in Indonesia -- Google Books . Books.google.com . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87727 - 734 - 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sigured Hess , `` The British Baltic Fishery Protection Service ( BBFPS ) and the Clandestine Operations of Hans Helmut Klose 1949 - 1956 . '' Journal of Intelligence History vol. 1 , no . 2 ( Winter 2001 ) Jump up ^ Tom Bower , The Red Web : MI6 and the KGB , London : Aurum , 1989 , pp.", "31": "19 , 22 - 3 ISBN 1 - 85410 - 080 - 7 Jump up ^ Bower , ( 1989 ) pp. 38 , 49 , 79 ^ Jump up to : Judt , `` A Story Still to Be Told '' Jump up ^ Christopher Andrew & Vasili Mitrokhin , The World was Going Our Way : The KGB and the Battle for the Third World , New York : Basic Books , 2005 , foreword , p. xxvi Jump up ^ Tom Bower , The Paperclip Conspiracy : Battle for the spoils and secrets of Nazi Germany , London : Michael Joseph , 1987 , pp. 75 - 8 , ISBN 0 - 7181 - 2744 - 7 Jump up ^ Bower , op cit , pp. 95 - 6 Jump up ^ Naimark , Science Technology and Reparations : Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany p. 60 Jump up ^ Huzel , Dieter K ( 1960 ) . Peenemünde to Canaveral . Englewood Cliffs NJ : Prentice Hall . pp. 27,226 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andres ( 2005 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Project Paperclip : Dark side of the Moon '' . BBC news . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Linda ( May 23 , 1987 ) . `` NASA 's Nazis '' . Nation . Jump up ^ Michael J. Neufeld ( 2008 ) . Von Braun : Dreamer of Space , Engineer of War Vintage Series . Random House , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 38937 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Norman Naimark ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany . Harvard University Press . p. 220 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 78405 - 5 . Jump up ^ Norman Naimark ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany . Harvard University Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 78405 - 5 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Norman Naimark ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany . Harvard University Press . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 78405 - 5 . Jump up ^ Norman Naimark ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany . Harvard University Press . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 78405 - 5 . Jump up ^ Norman Naimark ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany . Harvard University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 78405 - 5 . Jump up ^ Norman Naimark ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany . Harvard University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 78405 - 5 . Jump up ^ Norman Naimark ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany . Harvard University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 78405 - 5 . Jump up ^ Yoder , Amos . The Evolution of the United Nations System , p. 39 . Jump up ^ History of the UN Archived 2010 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Economic , Social and Cultural Rights : Questions and Answers '' ( PDF ) . Amnesty International . p. 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Who benefits from global violence and war : uncovering a destructive system '' . Marc Pilisuk , Jennifer Achord Rountree ( 2008 ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99435 - X Jump up ^ The New York Times , 9 February 1946 , Volume 95 , Number 32158 . Jump up ^ Dornbusch , Rüdiger ; Nölling , Wilhelm ; Layard , P. Richard G ( 1993 ) . Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today .", "33": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 04136 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bull , Martin J. ; Newell , James ( 2005 ) . Italian Politics : Adjustment Under Duress . Polity . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 7456 - 1299 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bull , Martin J. ; Newell , James ( 2005 ) . Italian Politics : Adjustment Under Duress . Polity . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7456 - 1299 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harrop , Martin ( 1992 ) . Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34579 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dornbusch , Rüdiger ; Nölling , Wilhelm ; Layard , P. Richard G ( 1993 ) . Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 04136 - 7 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin , Barbara ( 2002 ) . Rethinking International Organization : Deregulation and Global Governance . Routledge . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 19540 - 3 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 1993 ) . Russia And the World Economy : Problems of Integration . Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 08924 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harrop , Martin ( 1992 ) . Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies . Cambridge University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34579 - 0 . Jump up ^ Harper , Damian ( 2007 ) . China . Lonely Planet . p. 51 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 915 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kunkel , John ( 2003 ) . America 's Trade Policy Towards Japan : Demanding Results . Routledge . p.", "34": "33 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 29832 - 6 . Jump up ^ CountryEconomy.com . `` United States : GDP '' . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Blum , William ( 1986 ) . The CIA : A Forgotten History . London : Zed . Cook , Bernard A ( 2001 ) . Europe Since 1945 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4057 - 5 . Granville , Johanna ( 2004 ) . The First Domino : International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 298 - 4 . Grenville , John Ashley Soames ( 2005 ) . A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28954 - 8 . Iatrides ( ed ) , John O ( 1981 ) . Greece in the 1940s : A Nation in Crisis . Hanover and London : University Press of New England . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jones , Howard ( 1989 ) . A New Kind of War : America 's global strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece . London : Oxford University Press . Laar , Mart , Tiina Ets , Tonu Parming ( 1992 ) . War in the Woods : Estonia 's Struggle for Survival , 1944 - 1956 . Howells House . ISBN 0 - 929590 - 08 - 2 . Männik , Mart ( 2008 ) . A Tangled Web : British Spy in Estonia . Tallinn : Grenader Publishing . ISBN 978 - 9949 - 448 - 18 - 0 . Martin , David ( 1990 ) . The Web of Disinformation : Churchill 's Yugoslav Blunder . San Diego : Harcourt , Brace , Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 180704 - 3 . Naimark , Norman M. ( 1995 ) .", "35": "The Russians in Germany ; A History of the Soviet Zone of occupation , 1945 - 1949 . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 78406 - 5 . Peebles , Curtis ( 2005 ) . Twilight Warriors . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 660 - 7 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Sayer , Ian & Douglas Botting ( 1989 ) . America 's Secret Army : The Story of Counter-intelligence Corps . London : Grafton . Stevenson , William ( 1973 ) . The Bormann Brotherhood . New York : Harcourt , Brace . Szulc , Tad ( 1990 ) . Then and Now : How the World Has Changed since W.W. II . First ed . New York : W. Morrow & Co. 515 p . ISBN 0 - 688 - 07558 - 4 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Wiesenthal , Simon ( 1984 ) . SS Colonel Walter Rauff : The Church Connection 1943 - 1947 . Los Angeles : Simon Wiesenthal Center . External links ( edit ) Media related to Aftermath of World War II at Wikimedia Commons World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders )", "36": "Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941", "37": "East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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-827423235244691325	when does bill nye saves the world season 2 come out	[ "December 29, 2017", "December 29, 2017", "December 29, 2017", "December 29, 2017", "December 29, 2017" ]	{ "0": "Bill Nye Saves the World - wikipedia Bill Nye Saves the World Jump to : navigation , search Bill Nye Saves the World Genre Talk show Directed by Nick Murray Presented by Bill Nye Starring Karlie Kloss Derek Muller Nazeem Hussain Emily Calandrelli Joanna Hausmann Theme music composer Tyler , The Creator Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 19 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Gil Goldschein Julie Pizzi Michael Naidus Bill Nye Jason Spingarn - Koff Terry Wood Lisa Nishimura Producer ( s ) Dave Sambuchi MC Spurlock Cinematography Jake Kerber Running time 25 -- 32 minutes Production company ( s ) Bunim / Murray Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( 2 : 1 UHDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Bill Nye Saves the World is an American television show currently streaming on Netflix hosted by Bill Nye . The show 's byline is , `` Emmy - winning host Bill Nye brings experts and famous guests to his lab for a talk show exploring scientific issues that touch our lives '' , with the series ' focus placed on science and its relationship with politics , pop culture , and society . The first season explores topics such as climate change , alternative medicine , and video games from a scientific point of view , while also refuting myths and anti-scientific claims . Though the show is hosted by Nye , five correspondents assist in the presentation of the show . These include fashion model Karlie Kloss , science YouTuber and educator Derek Muller , comedian Nazeem Hussain , comedian and writer Joanna Hausmann , and the TV host and producer Emily Calandrelli .", "1": "The show also features guest appearances from Zach Braff , Desiigner , Donald Faison , Rachel Bloom , Gus Sorola , Geoff Ramsey , Joel McHale , Wil Wheaton , Martin Starr , Jonna Mae , Steve Aoki , and Tim Gunn . The thirteen - episode series premiered on April 21 , 2017 . The show 's theme song was produced by Tyler , The Creator . On June 15 , 2017 , Nye announced on his Facebook page that the series has been renewed for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Episodes Season 1 No . Title Original release date `` Earth Is a Hot Mess '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Nominated for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Bill discusses climate change . Correspondent : Karlie Kloss Guests : Zach Braff , Desiigner Panelists : Mark Jacobson , Richard Martin , Taryn O'Neill `` Tune Your Quack - o - Meter '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill debunks alternative medicine . Correspondent : Joanna Hausmann Guests : Steve Aoki , Prashanth Venkat Panelists : Chris Beedie , Cara Santa Maria , Donald Schultz `` Machines Take Over the World '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill discusses artificial intelligence . Correspondent : Derek Muller Guests : Neil deGrasse Tyson ( voice ) , Saqib Shaik , Margaret Mitchell Panelists : Ryan Calo , Xeni Jardin , Subbarao Kambhampati `` More Food , Less Hype '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill discusses genetically modified organisms . Correspondent : Derek Muller Panelists : Robb Fraley , Fred Gould , Julie Kennye `` The Original Martian Invasion '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill discusses the theory of panspermia .", "2": "Correspondent : Derek Muller Guests : Alton Brown , Rachel Bloom , Randy Couture , Hunter Pence Panelists : Moogega Cooper Stricker , Hakeem M. Oluseyi , Wil Wheaton 6 `` Do Some Shots , Save the World '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill discusses vaccinations . Correspondent : Emily Calandrelli Guests : Diedrich Bader , Jim O'Heir , John O'Hurley , Prashanth Venkat , George Wendt Panelists : Lanre Falusi , Kristen Omeara , Jennifer Reich 7 `` Cheat Codes for Reality '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill discusses playing games . Correspondents : Derek Muller , Nazeem Hussain Guests : Gus Sorola , Geoff Ramsey Panelists : Hilarie Cash , Shawn Green , Jonna Mae 8 `` This Diet Is Bananas '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill discusses diets . Correspondent : Karlie Kloss Guests : Martin Starr , Aubrey Anderson - Emmons , Lauren Ash , Jeff Dye , Heather McDonald , Andi Osho Panelists : Sara Benincasa , Traci Mann , Jennifer Widerstrom 9 `` The Sexual Spectrum '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Nominated for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Bill discusses sex . Correspondent : Derek Muller Guests : Rachel Bloom , Todd Barry , Sandra Bernhard , Matt Lucas , Mario Cantone , Margaret Cho , Cameron Esposito , Prashanth Venkat Panelists : Solomon Georgio , Katrina Karkazis , Jeff McCune 10 `` Saving the World -- with Space ! '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill discusses space exploration . Correspondent : Emily Calandrelli Guests : Joel McHale , Diamond Stone , Roman Duponte Panelists : Chris Lewicki , Michelle Thaller , George T. Whitesides 11 `` Malarkey ! ''", "3": "April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill debunks extrasensory perception . Correspondent : Karlie Kloss Guests : Donald Faison Panelists : Jamila Bey , Timothy Caulfield , Sam Reynolds 12 `` Designer Babies '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill discusses designer babies . Correspondents : Karlie Kloss , Nazeem Hussain Guests : Tim Gunn Panelists : Camille Hammond , Leslie Hinkson , Paul Knoepfler 13 `` Earth 's People Problem '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Bill discusses human overpopulation . Correspondents : Emily Calandrelli , Joanna Hausmann Panelists : Nerys Benfield , Travis Rieder , Rachel Snow Season 2 No . Title Original release date 14 `` The Marijuana Episode '' December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) Bill discusses marijuana . Correspondents : Derek Muller Panelists : 15 `` Your Computer Is Under Attack '' December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) Bill discusses computer viruses , malware , and related cyber attacks . Correspondents : Karlie Kloss Panelists : 16 `` We Suck at Sleeping '' December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) Bill discusses sleep . Correspondents : Panelists : 17 `` Sex , Drugs and Superbugs '' December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) Bill discusses superbugs . Correspondents : Panelists : 18 `` Extinction : Why All Our Friends Are Dying '' December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) Bill discusses extinction and de-extinction . Correspondents : Panelists : 19 `` How to Travel Through Time '' December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) Bill discusses time travel and gravity waves .", "4": "Correspondents : Panelists : Reception Bill Nye Saves the World received mixed - to - positive reviews from critics and audiences . The show has an aggregate rating of 63 / 100 based on 5 reviews from Metacritic and a Rotten Tomatoes score of 75 % based on 8 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The performance segments of the show have been the focus of criticism . In particular , Rachel Bloom 's performance in episode 9 has been described as `` strange '' and `` out of place '' . Conversely , NPR 's Fresh Air said the show is `` fun to watch , '' working well with Nye 's `` consistent reliance on scientific and provable facts . '' Vox praised Nye 's unapologetic talking style , though worried this may alienate some viewers . References Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Bill Nye Lands Netflix Talk Show '' . Variety . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Nye Saves the World '' . Netflix . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders Talk Show ' Bill Nye Saves The World ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Nye Saves the World - Correspondent Announcement - Netflix '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Harwood , Erika ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Karlie Kloss Is Teaming Up with Bill Nye '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mae , Jonna ( @ themissesmae ) ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` OMG IT 'S FINALLY OUT ! Check out EP7 of @ BillNyeSaves ( Bill Nye Saves The World ) on @ netflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan ; Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Nye Saves the World Gets Netflix Premiere Date , Star - Studded Trailer '' . TVLine .", "5": "Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler , The Creator Did the Theme Song For Bill Nye 's Netflix Show Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bill Nye Saves the World ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . variety.com. 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Pete ; Hipes , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Awards Nominations : ' Westworld ' , ' This Is Us ' , ' Stranger Things ' , ' Atlanta ' Lead Diverse List '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Nye Saves the World will be back for a second season '' . The Verge. 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Nye 's new Netflix show is being torn apart for the same reasons that made it great '' . Polygon. 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Nye Saves the World '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes page for Bill Nye Saves the World . Retrieved on May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Bianculli ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' and Bill Nye Make Promising Returns to the Small Screen '' . Fresh Air . NPR . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aja Romano ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Nye Saves the World brings us an updated , unapologetically political science guy '' . Vox .", "6": "External links Bill Nye Saves the World on Netflix Bill Nye Saves the World on IMDb Bill Nye Saves the World on Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr.", "7": "Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Disjointed Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World Devilman Crybaby My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 ,", "8": "2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 7 , 2015 -- 17 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 2016 -- 18 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Former Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Ask the StoryBots ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective", "9": "Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Upcoming Damnation ( 2018 ) Altered Carbon ( 2018 ) Queer Eye ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) B : the Beginning ( 2018 ) A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - ( 2018 ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) O Mecanismo ( 2018 ) Alexa & Katie ( 2018 ) Baki ( 2018 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Hilda ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Kiss Me First ( 2018 ) Knights of the Zodiac : Saint Seiya ( 2018 ) La Casa de las Flores ( 2018 ) Lost in Space ( 2018 ) Lost Song ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) On My Block ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) Samantha !", "10": "( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The New Legends of Monkey ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Nye_Saves_the_World&oldid=821344463 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts Adult education television series American educational television series American television talk shows Bill Nye English - language television programs Netflix original programming Science education television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2017 Pages using infobox television with alias parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "11": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1360571182637952554	when did skiing halfpipe become an olympic event	[ "2014", "2014", "2014", "2014", "2014" ]	{ "0": "Half - pipe skiing - wikipedia Half - pipe skiing Jump to : navigation , search Spinning in Superpipe Half - pipe skiing at the World Skiing Invitational Highest governing body International Ski Federation Presence Olympic 2014 Half - pipe skiing is the sport of riding snow skis on a half - pipe . Competitors perform a series of tricks while going down the pipe . The current world record for highest jump in a half - pipe is held by Joffrey Pollet - Villard , with 26 feet 3 inches ( 8.00 metres ) . The sport is considered to be dangerous compared to other sports , and helmets are required to be worn during competitions . Half - pipe skiing has been part of the Winter X Games since 2002 , and made its Olympic debut at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia . David Wise of the United States of America became the first Olympic champion in this discipline with a total of 92.00 points . Contents ( hide ) 1 Competitions 2 Superpipe skiing 3 Safety concerns 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Competitions ( edit ) Half - pipe skiing was formally endorsed by the International Ski Federation in June 2010 , and was approved by the International Olympic Committee in April 2011 to be an official sport 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia . It has been a part of the Winter Dew Tour , the World Skiing Invitational , and the inaugural 2012 Winter Youth Olympics . The current world record for the highest half - pipe ski jump was set in 2015 , and is held by Joffrey Pollet - Villard with 26 feet and 3 inches ( 8.00 metres ) . Superpipe skiing ( edit ) Superpipe skiing is an alternate form of half - pipe skiing that utilizes a superpipe ( large halfpipe used in extreme sports ) , instead of a half - pipe . It has been a part of the Winter X Games since 2002 . The 2012 Winter X Games champion was David Wise with a high score of 93.00 . Safety concerns ( edit ) Half - pipe skiing is considered to be a dangerous sport compared to other forms of skiing .", "1": "In January 2012 , Sarah Burke died due to injuries suffered during a training accident . Helmets are required during competition , and there are airbags on the sides of pipes during practice runs . Colorado governor Bill Owens signed a law which protected ski - resorts from injury - related lawsuits . See also ( edit ) Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics Winter X Games Freestyle skiing Aerial skiing Mogul skiing Ski ballet Ski cross Slopestyle List of skiing topics Vert skating Half - pipe Superpipe Alpine skiing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://freeskier.com/videos/watch-joffrey-pollet-villard-breaks-world-record-ski-superpipe-high-air Jump up ^ http://olympics.cbc.ca/news/article/article=men-freestyle-skiing-halfpipe.html Jump up ^ http://www.sochi2014.com/en/freestyle-skiing-schedule-and-results Jump up ^ Symms , John . `` FIS endorses Ski Halfpipe for Olympics -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves ski Halfpipe for 2014 Winter Olympics ; postpones decision on Ski and Snowboard Slopestyle -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2011 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Winter Dew Tour Snowbasin freeski coverage -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` AFP World Championships starts Thursday in Whistler - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` World Skiing Invitational coming to Whistler this week - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Innsbruck 2012 . `` Freestyle Skiing '' . Innsbruck 2012 .", "2": "Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winter X Games preview : Men 's Ski SuperPipe - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bien , Louis ( 2012 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Winter X Games 2012 , Men 's Ski SuperPipe Final : David Wise Takes Home The Gold '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ powder.com published : January 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Men 's Halfpipe Finals POWDER Magazine '' . Powdermag.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Johnson ; Jasper E. Shealy ; T. Yamagishi ( 1 January 2006 ) . Skiing Trauma and Safety . ASTM International . pp. 22 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8031 - 3400 - 3 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Keh , Andrew ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Sarah Burke , Canadian Freestyle Skier , Dies of Injuries '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian skier Sarah Burke dies from injuries sustained in superpipe accident '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Skiing . October 2004 . p. 38 . ISSN 0037 - 6264 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) wiki.fis-ski.com - The resource of information and knowledge on Freestyle Skiing , Ski Jumping , FIS World Ski Championships , FIS Leaders Seminar , FIS Ladies Seminar fisfreestyle.com FIS Freestyle News , Calendar , Rules and Results www.freestyleski.com - The official site of the Canadian Freestyle Ski Association . Your source for moguls , aerials , halfpipe and slopestyle skiing in Canada .", "3": "History of Freestyle - The history of freestyle skiing . Freestyle Ski Disciplines - Freestyle skiing disciplines explained . ( hide ) Skiing and snowboarding History of skiing Nordic skiing Competitive Cross-country skiing Paralympic Ski jumping Ski flying Nordic combined Endurance Ski marathon Ski orienteering Ski touring Recreational Cross-country skiing Backcountry skiing Roller skiing Skijoring Alpine skiing Olympic disciplines Slalom Giant slalom Super-G Downhill Combined Other disciplines Extreme skiing Glade skiing Heliskiing Para-alpine skiing Speed skiing Other skiing Biathlon Indoor skiing Night skiing Ski archery Ski mountaineering Telemark skiing Freestyle skiing Aerial skiing Freeriding Freeskiing Half - pipe skiing Mogul Ski ballet Ski cross Slopestyle Snowboarding Alpine Backcountry Big air Freeriding Freestyle Half - pipe Slopestyle Snowboard racing Snowboard cross Technique / learning Carved turn Jump turn Parallel turn Pivot turn Snowplough Stem christie Ski school Ski simulator Snowboard tricks Equipment / venues Bindings Boots Half - pipe Superpipe Helmet Monoski Poles Skins Skis Snowboard Suit Wax Resorts / amenities Chairlift Dry ski slope Gondola lift Piste Ski lift Ski tunnel Snow grooming Snowmaking Surface lift Trail Category : Skiing Category : Snowboarding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-pipe_skiing&oldid=826734558 '' Categories : Types of skiing Winter sports Freestyle skiing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4902262571850248372	when did the movie princess bride come out	[ "September 25, 1987", "1987", "September 25, 1987", "1987", "1987" ]	{ "0": "The Princess Bride ( film ) - wikipedia The Princess Bride ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Princess Bride Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Reiner Produced by Andrew Scheinman Rob Reiner Screenplay by William Goldman Based on The Princess Bride by William Goldman Starring Cary Elwes Mandy Patinkin Chris Sarandon Christopher Guest Wallace Shawn André the Giant Robin Wright Peter Falk Fred Savage Billy Crystal Music by Mark Knopfler Cinematography Adrian Biddle Edited by Robert Leighton Production company Act III Communications Buttercup Films The Princess Bride Ltd . Distributed by 20th Century Fox ( North America ) Vestron Pictures ( International ) Release date September 25 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 25 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $30.9 million The Princess Bride is a 1987 American romantic comedy fantasy adventure film directed and co-produced by Rob Reiner , starring Cary Elwes , Robin Wright , Mandy Patinkin , Chris Sarandon , Wallace Shawn , André the Giant , and Christopher Guest . Adapted by William Goldman from his 1973 novel of the same name , it tells the story of a farmhand named Westley , accompanied by befriended companions along the way , who must rescue his true love Princess Buttercup from the odious Prince Humperdinck . The film effectively preserves the novel 's narrative style by presenting the story as a book being read by a grandfather ( Peter Falk ) to his sick grandson ( Fred Savage ) . The film was first released in the United States on September 25 , 1987 , was well - received by critics at the time , but was a modest box office success . Over time , particularly with the introduction of the Internet , the film has become a cult classic .", "1": "The film is number 50 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' , number 88 on The American Film Institute 's ( AFI ) `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' list of the 100 greatest film love stories , and 46 in Channel 4 's 50 Greatest Comedy Films list . In 2016 , the film was inducted into the National Film Registry , being deemed as `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Framing story 2.2 Main story 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Legacy 6 Post-theatrical release 7 Adaptations 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is an enactment of a book read to a sick boy -- who is initially dismissive of the story -- by his grandfather , with occasional interruptions of the scenes in this frame story . A beautiful young woman named Buttercup lives on a farm in the fictional country of Florin . Whenever she orders the farmhand Westley to do chores for her , he complies and answers , `` As you wish '' . She eventually realizes he loves her and admits her love for him . He leaves to seek his fortune so they can marry , but his ship is attacked by the Dread Pirate Roberts and Westley is believed dead . Five years later , Buttercup reluctantly agrees to marry Prince Humperdinck , heir to the throne of Florin . Before the wedding , she is kidnapped by three outlaws : a short Sicilian boss named Vizzini , a gigantic wrestler from Greenland named Fezzik , and a Spanish fencing master named Inigo Montoya , who seeks revenge against a six - fingered man who killed his father . The outlaws are pursued separately by a masked man in black and Prince Humperdinck with a complement of soldiers . The man in black catches up to the outlaws at the top of the Cliffs of Insanity .", "2": "He defeats Inigo in a duel and knocks him unconscious , chokes Fezzik until he blacks out , and kills Vizzini by tricking him into drinking poison . He takes Buttercup prisoner and they flee , stopping to rest at the edge of a gorge . When Buttercup correctly guesses that he is the Dread Pirate Roberts , she becomes enraged at him for killing Westley ; distracted when Humperdinck and his men appear in the distance , she shoves him down the hill into the gorge and wishes death upon him . As he tumbles down , he shouts , `` As you wish ! '' Realizing he is Westley , she throws herself into the gorge after him and they are reunited . They pass through the dangerous Fire Swamp but are captured on the other side by Humperdinck and his sadistic six - fingered vizier Count Rugen . Buttercup agrees to return with Humperdinck in exchange for Westley 's release , but Humperdinck secretly orders Rugen to lock Westley in a forest torture chamber . When Buttercup expresses unhappiness at marrying Humperdinck , he promises to search for Westley ; however , his real plan is to start a war with the neighboring country of Guilder by killing Buttercup and framing Guilder for her death . Meanwhile , Inigo and Fezzik reunite when Humperdinck orders the thieves in the nearby forest arrested , and Fezzik tells Inigo about Rugen . Inigo decides that they need Westley 's help to get into the castle . Buttercup taunts Humperdinck after learning that he never tried to find Westley ; enraged , Humperdinck tortures Westley to death . When Inigo hears cries of anguish echo through the forest , he realizes they must be from Westley . Inigo and Fezzik find the dead Westley and bring him to a folk healer , Miracle Max ; he tells them that Westley is `` only mostly dead '' due to his love for Buttercup , and Max revives him to a state of heavy paralysis . After Westley , Inigo , and Fezzik invade the castle , Humperdinck panics and orders the wedding ceremony shortened . Inigo finds and kills Rugen in a duel , repeatedly taunting him with his greeting of vengeance : `` Hello , my name is Inigo Montoya .", "3": "You killed my father . Prepare to die . '' Westley finds Buttercup , who is about to commit suicide , assuring her that the marriage is invalid because she never said `` I do . '' Still partly paralyzed , he bluffs his way out of a duel with Humperdinck . Westley rides away with Buttercup , Inigo , and Fezzik before sharing a passionate kiss with Buttercup . Back in the boy 's bedroom , the boy eagerly asks his grandfather to read the story to him again the next day , to which the grandfather replies , `` As you wish '' . Cast ( edit ) Framing story ( edit ) Peter Falk as Grandpa / The Narrator Fred Savage as The Grandson Betsy Brantley as The Mother Main story ( edit ) Cary Elwes as Westley / Dread Pirate Roberts / The Man in Black Robin Wright as Buttercup / The Princess Bride Chris Sarandon as Prince Humperdinck Mandy Patinkin as Inigo Montoya Christopher Guest as Count Tyrone Rugen André the Giant as Fezzik Wallace Shawn as Vizzini Billy Crystal as Miracle Max Carol Kane as Valerie , Max 's wife Peter Cook as The Impressive Clergyman Mel Smith as The Albino Margery Mason as The Ancient Booer Malcolm Storry as Yellin , a soldier of Florin Willoughby Gray as The King Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Rob Reiner , who had been enamored with Goldman 's book ever since he was given it as a gift from his father Carl Reiner , realized he wanted to make the film adaptation after successfully demonstrating his filmmaking skill with the release of This Is Spinal Tap in 1984 . During production of Stand by Me , released in 1986 , Reiner had spoken to an executive at Paramount Pictures regarding what his next film would be , and suggested the adaptation of The Princess Bride . He was told they could n't do that , leading Reiner to discover that several studios had previously attempted to bring Goldman 's book to the big screen without success . Among those previous attempts include 20th Century Fox , which paid Goldman $500,000 for the film rights and to do a screenplay in 1973 .", "4": "Richard Lester was signed to direct and the movie was almost made , but the head of production at Fox was fired and the project was put on hiatus . Goldman subsequently bought back the film rights to the novel with his own money . Other directors had also attempted to adapt the book , including Francois Truffaut , Robert Redford , and Norman Jewison , and at one point , Christopher Reeve was interested in playing Westley in one planned adaption . However , Reiner had found success by gaining financial support from Norman Lear , who Reiner knew from All in the Family and who had funded production of This is Spinal Tap , with the production to be distributed by 20th Century Fox . Reiner worked closely with Goldman to adapt the book for the screenplay . Casting ( edit ) Reiner had quickly decided on Cary Elwes for Westley , based on his performance in Lady Jane . However , during the casting period in Los Angeles , Elwes was in Germany on set for Maschenka . Reiner flew out to Munich to meet with Elwes , confirming his appropriateness for the role . While Reiner and casting director Jane Jenkins auditioned other actors for Westley , they knew Elwes was perfect for the part . Elwes himself had read the book in his childhood and associated himself with the character of Westley , but never believed he would have the opportunity to play him . Robin Wright was cast late in the process , about a week prior to the start of filming ; Reiner and Jenkins had auditioned a number of English actresses but had not found their ideal Buttercup . Wright 's agent had heard of the casting call and encouraged Wright to audition . Though initially shy , Wright impressed Jenkins , and later Reiner . They invited Wright to come meet Goldman at his house . Jenkins recalls : `` The doorbell rang . Rob went to the door , and literally , as he opened the door , ( Wright ) was standing there in this little white summer dress , with her long blonde hair , and she had a halo from the sun . She was backlit by God . And Bill Goldman looked across the room at her , and he said , ' Well , that 's what I wrote . ' It was the most perfect thing . ''", "5": "Mandy Patinkin and Wallace Shawn were early choices for the cast ; Shawn in particular was chosen as Vizzini due to his diminutive size to contrast that of the giant Fezzik . For Fezzik , the production crew told Jenkins they wanted someone the likes of Andre the Giant in size . She contacted the World Wrestling Federation to ask about hiring Andre , but were told that the filming conflicted with a wrestling match in Tokyo that would pay him $5 million dollars . Jenkins auditioned other tall men , including Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Lou Ferrigno , and Carel Struycken , but these did n't pan out . Near the end of filming , the World Wrestling Federation told Jenkins that Andre 's match in Tokyo had been cancelled , clearing him to play the part in their film . Filming ( edit ) The Cliffs of Insanity are actually the Cliffs of Moher in County Clare , Ireland . The film was shot in various locations in Great Britain and Ireland : Carl Wark , Sheffield , England Burnham Beeches , Buckinghamshire , England Lathkill Dale where it meets Cales Dale ( the ' Battle of wits ' scene ) Cave Dale , Castleton , Derbyshire , England Bradley Rocks and Robin Hood 's Stride , Birchover , Derbyshire , England Cliffs of Moher , County Clare , Ireland ( for the Cliffs of Insanity ) Haddon Hall , Bakewell , Derbyshire , England Penshurst Place , Kent , England The framing story scenes , the last to be filmed , were recorded at Shepperton Studios in Surrey . Reiner rented a house in England near these sites and frequently invited the cast over for meals and light - hearted get - togethers . Many cast members believed this helped to create a sense of `` family '' that helped to improve their performances for the film . Cary Elwes and Mandy Patinkin learned to fence ( both left - and right - handed ) for the film , and performed these scenes themselves , outside of the two somersaults which were performed by stunt doubles . They were trained by fencing instructors Bob Anderson and Peter Diamond , both of whom had also worked on training the actors in the original Star Wars trilogy .", "6": "Elwes and Patinkin spent about three weeks prior to filming learning to fence , and while spending most of their off - camera free time to practice . Anderson encouraged the two to learn the other 's choreography for the fight , as to help them anticipate the movements and avoid an accident . They also watched as many sword fights from previous films to see how they could improve on those . Popular professional wrestler André the Giant had undergone major back surgery prior to filming and , despite his great size and strength , could not support the weight of Cary Elwes during their fight scene or Robin Wright for a scene at the end of the film . For the wrestling scene , when Elwes was pretending to hang on André 's back , he was actually walking on a series of ramps below the camera during close - ups . For the wide shots , a stunt double took the place of André . When he was apparently carrying Wright , she was actually suspended by cables . Billy Crystal and Carol Kane spent time before traveling to England to work out the backstory between Miracle Max and his wife , and develop a rapport for their characters . Once on set , Reiner allowed the pair to improvise some of their lines . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Princess Bride ( album ) The original soundtrack album was composed by Mark Knopfler , and released by Warner Bros. Records in the United States and Vertigo Records internationally in November 1987 . The album contains the song `` Storybook Love '' , performed by Willy DeVille and produced by Mark Knopfler . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 60th Academy Awards . In his audio commentary of the film on the special edition DVD , director Rob Reiner said that only Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits could create a soundtrack to capture the film 's quirky yet romantic nature . Reiner was an admirer of Knopfler 's work but did not know him before working on the film . He sent the script to him hoping he would agree to score the film .", "7": "Knopfler agreed on one condition : that somewhere in the film Reiner would include the USS Coral Sea ( CV - 43 ) baseball cap ( which had been modified to say `` USS Ooral Sea OV - 4B '' ) he wore as Marty DiBergi in This Is Spinal Tap . Reiner was unable to produce the original cap , but did include a similar cap in the grandson 's room . Knopfler later said he was joking . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was initially a modest success , grossing $30.8 million at the United States and Canada box office , on a $16 million production budget . Critical response ( edit ) The Princess Bride received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a 97 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating , based on 64 reviews , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` A delightfully postmodern fairy tale , The Princess Bride is a deft , intelligent mix of swashbuckling , romance , and comedy that takes an age - old damsel - in - distress story and makes it fresh . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the film a `` two thumbs up '' rating on their television program . Ebert also wrote a very favorable print review in his column for the Chicago Sun - Times . Richard Corliss of Time said the film was fun for the whole family , and later , Time listed the film as one of the `` Best of ' 87 '' . Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the cast and the sweetness of the film . Legacy ( edit ) The Princess Bride was not a major box - office success , but it became a cult classic after its release to the home video market . The film is widely regarded as eminently quotable .", "8": "Elwes noted in 2017 , on the film 's 30th anniversary , that fans still frequently come up to him and quote lines back to the movie , while he knows that Wallace Shawn had it `` worse '' , in that any time Wallace made a small error like dropping his keys , people would shout the word `` Inconceivable ! '' to him . In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted The Princess Bride the 38th greatest comedy film of all time . In 2006 , William Goldman 's screenplay was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 84th best screenplay of all time ; it earned the same ranking in the Guild 's 2013 update . The film was selected number 88 on The American Film Institute 's ( AFI ) `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' listing the 100 greatest film love stories of all time . BBC Radio 5 's resident film critic , Mark Kermode , is a fan of the film , frequently considering it a model to which similar films aspire. . American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 88 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Hello . My name is Inigo Montoya . You killed my father ; prepare to die ! '' -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Fantasy Film In December 2011 , director Jason Reitman staged a live dramatic reading of The Princess Bride script at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art ( LACMA ) , with Paul Rudd as Westley ; Mindy Kaling as Buttercup ; Patton Oswalt as Vizzini ; Kevin Pollak as Miracle Max ; Goran Visnjic as Inigo Montoya ; Cary Elwes ( switching roles ) as Humperdinck ; director Rob Reiner as the grandfather ; and Fred Savage reprising his role as the grandson . In 2013 , director Ari Folman released a live action / animation film , The Congress , directly referencing the film and starring Robin Wright herself as a digitally cloned actress .", "9": "In 2014 , Cary Elwes wrote As You Wish : Inconceivable Tales From the Making of The Princess Bride , a behind - the - scenes account of the film 's production , co-written with Joe Layden . To help Elwes recall the production , Lear sent him a bound copy of the filming 's call sheets . The book debuted at # 3 on the New York Times Bestseller list . In addition to a foreword by director Rob Reiner and a limited edition poster , the book includes exclusive photos and interviews with the cast members from the 25th anniversary cast reunion , as well as unique stories and set secrets from the making of the film . Post-theatrical release ( edit ) In North America , the film was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1988 by Nelson Entertainment , the latter being a `` bare bones '' release in unmatted full screen . New Line Home Video reissued the VHS in 1994 . The film was also released on Video CD by Philips . The Criterion Collection released a matted widescreen version , bare bones version on laserdisc in 1989 , supplementing it with liner notes . In 1997 Criterion re-released the Laserdisc as a `` special edition '' . This edition was widescreen and included an audio commentary by Rob Reiner , William Goldman , Andrew Scheinman , Billy Crystal , and Peter Falk ; excerpts from the novel read by Rob Reiner ; behind the scenes footage ; a production scrapbook by unit photographer Clive Coote ; design sketches by production designer Norman Garwood ; and excerpts from the television series Morton and Hayes , directed by Christopher Guest . By 2000 , MGM had acquired the US home video rights to the film ( as part of the `` pre-1996 Polygram film library '' package ) and released the film on VHS and DVD . The DVD release featured the soundtrack remastered in Dolby Digital 5.1 with the film in wide and full screen versions , and included the original US theatrical trailer .", "10": "The next year MGM re-released the film in another widescreen `` special edition '' , this time with two audio commentaries -- one by Rob Reiner , the other by William Goldman -- `` As You Wish '' , `` Promotional '' , and `` Making Of '' featurettes ; a `` Cary Elwes Video Diary '' ; the US and UK theatrical trailers ; four television spots ; a photo gallery ; and a collectible booklet . In 2006 , MGM released a two - disc set with varying covers -- the `` Dread Pirate '' and `` Buttercup '' editions . Each featured their respective character , but had identical features : in addition to the features in the previous release were , the `` Dread Pirate Roberts : Greatest Legend of the Seven Seas '' , `` Love is Like a Storybook Story '' , and `` Miraculous Make Up '' featurettes , `` The Quotable Battle of Wits '' game , and Fezzik 's `` Guide to Florin '' booklet . Another year later , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the film , MGM and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( whose parent company 20th Century Fox continues to hold all US rights to the film except for US home video rights ) released the film with flippable cover art featuring the title displayed in an ambigram . This DVD did not include any of the bonus features from the older editions , but had new short featurettes and a new game . A Blu - ray Disc was released on March 17 , 2009 , encoded in 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio . Special features include two audio commentaries , the original theatrical trailer and eight featurettes . In 2007 , the film was released for download in the iTunes Store . The film is also available in Region 2 where it is published by Lions Gate Entertainment . Its extras are the theatrical trailer and text filmographies . Adaptations ( edit ) It was announced that composer Adam Guettel was working with William Goldman on a musical adaptation of The Princess Bride in 2006 . The project was abandoned in February 2007 after Goldman reportedly demanded 75 percent of the author 's share , even though Guettel was writing both the music and the lyrics . Some of Guettel 's music for the production has since surfaced in concert performances and workshops .", "11": "In late 2013 , Disney Theatrical Productions announced that they will adapt a stage musical adaptation of The Princess Bride . A website was launched a couple of months later . In 2016 , Rob Reiner revealed that the project was still in development despite `` roadblocks '' and that Marc Shaiman , Randy Newman and John Mayer had all been approached to write songs , but had turned them down . As of March 2018 , there has yet to be anymore updates . In 2008 , PlayRoom Entertainment released The Princess Bride : Storming the Castle , a board game based on the film . The Princess Bride Game is a casual video game developed and published by New York game development studio Worldwide Biggies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Comedy Films '' . Channel4.com . Channel 4 . January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lion King , ' ' Princess Bride , ' ' The Birds ' Among Additions To Film Registry '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , Susan ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Princess Bride ' Turns 30 : Rob Reiner , Robin Wright , Billy Crystal Dish About Making the Cult Classic '' . Variety . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weiler , A.H. ( 30 September 1973 ) . `` News of the Screen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schlesinger to Direct West Work . '' Haber , Joyce . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 19 September 1973 : d12 . Jump up ^ Goldman , 2000 p 25 - 26 Jump up ^ William Goldman , The Big Picture ? : Who Killed Hollywood and Other Essays , Applause , 2000 p 189 Jump up ^ Goldman , 2000 p 27 ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` What It Was Like Finding the Legendary Cast of ' The Princess Bride ' '' . Vice .", "12": "Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Messer , Leslie ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Princess Bride ' turns 30 : Cary Elwes shares stories from the set '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office The Princess Bride Film Focus '' . ^ Jump up to : Coggan , Devan ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Cary Elwes talks sword fights , André the Giant , and The Princess Bride '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reiner , Rob . The Princess Bride . DVD audio commentary . Directed by Rob Reiner. 1987 ; Santa Monica , CA : MGM Home Entertainment , 2001 . ( see Ch. 06 , time 17 : 45 ) Jump up ^ Reiner , Rob . The Princess Bride . DVD audio commentary . Directed by Rob Reiner. 1987 ; Santa Monica , CA : MGM Home Entertainment , 2001 . ( see Ch. 08 , time 25 : 40 ) Jump up ^ `` Wright : ' Giant Was In So Much Pain On The Princess Bride Set ' '' . Contactmusic.com. 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Bride '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gray Streeter , Leslie ( 9 December 2007 ) . `` ' The Princess Bride ' Turns 20 '' . The Palm Beach Post . ( w ) as a modest hit ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` The Princess Bride ( 1987 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mike ( 25 September 1987 ) . `` Reiner 's ' Princess ' is charming '' . USA Today . Despite a $16 million budget , ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` The Princess Bride '' . Metacritic . CBS . Jump up ^ `` ' ' At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert ' ' review '' . Bventertainment.go.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( October 9 , 1987 ) . `` The Princess Bride '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( September 21 , 1987 ) . `` Errol Flynn Meets Gunga Din THE PRINCESS BRIDE '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Best of ' 87 '' , Time , January 4 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( September 25 , 1987 ) . `` New York Times review '' . Jump up ^ Clarke , Suzan ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Princess Bride ' Reunion , Thanks to Entertainment Weekly Magazine '' . ABC . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews : The Princess Bride '' . January 4 , 2002 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savage , Sophia ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` WGA Lists Greatest Screenplays , From ' Casablanca ' and ' Godfather ' to ' Memento ' and ' Notorious ' '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees Jump up ^ `` AFI.com Error '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Princess Bride ' Comes Alive ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Caitlin ( 2014 - 10 - 25 ) . `` The Movie That Won the Internet '' .", "14": "The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ New York Times Bestsellers List - Hardcover Nonfiction Jump up ^ Cary Elwes : Biography Jump up ^ `` As You Wish : Inconceivable Tales from the Making of The Princess Bride '' , Simon & Schuster Jump up ^ Billboard ( May 21 , 1994 ) , page 55 . ) Jump up ^ `` CD Films / Music '' . Sega Saturn Magazine . No. 13 . Emap International Limited . November 1996 . p. 97 . Jump up ^ MGM Press Release : The Princess Bride ( Blu - ray ) , Home Theater Forum , 2009 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Itunes -- Princess Bride '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Riedel , Michael ( 16 February 2007 ) . `` ' Bride ' Not to Be While Broderick Balks at ' Producers ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Champion , Lindsay ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Inconceivable ! Disney Stage Adaptation of The Princess Bride in the Works '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Launches THE PRINCESS BRIDE Stage Musical Website '' . Broadway World . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ; Hetrick , Adam ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Reiner Says He Still Wants to See a Princess Bride Stage Musical '' . Playbill . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Bride : Storming the Castle - Board Game - BoardGameGeek '' . boardgamegeek.com . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brenden ( 2007 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Princess Bride game conceivable '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 .", "15": "Jump up ^ McElroy , Justin ( 2007 - 10 - 03 ) . `` As you wish , Princess Bride game in development '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 05 . Goldman , William , Which Lie Did They Tell ? , Bloomsbury , 2000 Further reading ( edit ) Elwes , Cary ; Layden , Joe ( 2014 ) . As You Wish : Inconceivable Tales from the Making of The Princess Bride . New York : Touchstone . ISBN 9781476764023 . OCLC 878812649 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Princess Bride ( film ) Official website The Princess Bride on IMDb The Princess Bride at the TCM Movie Database The Princess Bride at AllMovie The Princess Bride at the American Film Institute Catalog The Princess Bride at Box Office Mojo The Princess Bride at Rotten Tomatoes The Princess Bride at Metacritic Films directed by Rob Reiner This Is Spinal Tap ( 1984 ) The Sure Thing ( 1985 ) Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) When Harry Met Sally . 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'' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God !", "19": "( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) VIAF : 231646449 GND : 7660869 - 4 BNF : cb142938910 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "20": "php?title=The_Princess_Bride_(film)&oldid=836230458 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films The Princess Bride 1980s action comedy films 1980s adventure films 1980s fantasy films 1980s romantic comedy films 1980s satirical films 1987 soundtracks 20th Century Fox films American action adventure films American children 's adventure films American adventure comedy films American fantasy - comedy films American films American romantic fantasy films American satirical films Films about royalty Films about revenge Films about weddings Films based on adventure novels Films based on American novels Films based on fantasy novels Films based on romance novels Films based on works by William Goldman Films directed by Rob Reiner Films set in a fictional country Giants in film Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Pirate films Screenplays by William Goldman Vestron Pictures films United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 13 : 43 . 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8169291169016955760	who is ishani in lies of the heart	[ "Nalini Negi", "Siddharth Arora/Vibhav Roy" ]	{ "0": "Lies of the Heart - Wikipedia Lies of the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Doli Armaano Ki Genre Indian soap opera Drama Created by Spellbound Productions Walkwater Media Ltd . Written by Pearl Grey Shanti Bhushan Directed by Sandeep Vijay , Niraj Pandey Inder Das Starring Neha Marda Varun Sharma Siddharth Arora Vibhav Roy Vikram Chatterjee Aadesh Chaudhary Manasi Salvi Gaurav Chopra Opening theme Doli Armaano Ki Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 02 No. of episodes 482 Production Producer ( s ) Pearl Grey Location ( s ) Jhansi Mumbai Running time 25 mins approx Production company ( s ) Spellbound Productions Walkwater Media Ltd . Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) -- September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) External links Official website Doli Armaano Ki , ( International title : Lies of the Heart ) , was an Indian television drama series . which premiered on 2 December 2013 , and ran until 25 September 2015 . It aired on Zee TV Monday through Friday . The series has been revoiced in English , and will air on Zee World on DSTv channel 166 , and revoiced in Tamil as Kalyana Kanavugal ( lit . Marriage Dreams ) and will air on Polimer TV . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 International broadcast 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) It is the story of Urmi , a young girl who gets married to Samrat , an arrogant , male chauvinist and abusive husband . As the story progresses Urmi and Samrat have a child , Shaurya . Moving further Urmi walks out of her marriage with Samrat due to his infidelity and ends up as a successful independent woman .", "1": "Later , Ishaan , who has been Urmi 's friend , confidant and lawyer , falls in love with her and they get married . Samrat , the abusive husband , comes back to take revenge on Urmi . In the process , Ishaan is killed while saving Samrat and later Samrat ends his life due to guilt . Moving 15 years forward , Shaurya is an upright honest reporter who runs a news agency . Diya works with Shaurya in the same agency . On a work assignment Diya is raped . Hereon begins the journey of Urmi , Shaurya and Diya . Over the years Urmi , with her courage , integrity and determination to fight for the right has become one of the most iconic characters on Zee TV . With this leap Urmi passes the baton she has been carrying to Shaurya . The story henceforth focuses on Shaurya and Diya and how Shaurya helps Diya , stand up for her , fights for her , supports her and eventually falls in love with her . Diya on her part fights for her rights , lives her life with her head held high and also eventually falls in love with Shaurya . Cast ( edit ) Season 1 Neha Marda as Urmi Ishaan Sinha / Urmi Samrat Singh Rathore Siddharth Arora / Vibhav Roy as Ishaan Anirudh Sinha Mohit Malik as Samrat Singh Rathore Parvati Sehgal as Tani Samrat Singh Rathore Avinash Wadhawan as Anirudh Sinha Kamya Punjabi as Damini Anirudh Sinha Ayesha Singh as Ratti Sinha Shashwita Sharma as Sandhiya Sinha Geeta Tyagi as Shashikala Rudra Singh Rathore Hemant Thatte as Gaurav Devi Singh Anjali Mukhi as Saroj Devi Singh Sameeksha Sood as Asha Gaurav Singh Jayant Rawal as Devi Singh Mitansh Gera as Shaurya Samrat Singh Rathore / Shaurya Ishaan Sinha Shruti Kanwar as Radha Vikram", "2": "Chatterjee as Yash Singhania Gaurav Rana as Diwakar Rudra Singh Rathore Vibhuti Thakur as Kanchan Diwakar Singh Rathore Jetendra as Rudra Singh Rathore Anupam Shyam as Garjan Singh Rathore Amita Udgata as Gayatri Singh Guddi Maruti as Bua Snigdha Srivastava as Trisha ( Urmi 's cousin sister ) Manisha Thakkar as Rashmi Singh Rathore / Rashmi Gaurav Singh Mehendi Jain as Anushka Devi Singh Aadesh Chaudhary / Harsh Vashisht as Amrit Singh Chauhan Ragini Gakhar as Aditi Amrit Singh Chauhan Krishnam Sharma as Rahul Karan Mishra as Deepak Ayush Mehra as Ravi Darshan Tiwari Swati Nanda as Sanaya Mohit Shrivastava as Prathanesh Sharma Himani Shivpuri as Sushma Darshan Tiwari Raju Kher as Darshan Tiwari Keith Sequeira as James ( Blackmailer ) Neetha Shetty as Kiran ( Samrat 's love interest ) Season 2 Shahab Khan as Diya 's Father Manasi Salvi as Urmi Ishaan Sinha / Urmi Samrat Singh Rathode Kunal Karan Kapoor as Shaurya Ishaan Sinha / Shaurya Samrat Singh Rathode Neha Sargam as Diya Shaurya Sinha / Diya Shaurya Singh Rathode Kapil Arya as Karan Shashank Sethi as Cheeku Gaurav Chopra as Akash Kumar Avinash Wadhawan as Anirudh Sinha Kamya Punjabi as Damini Anirudh Sinha Nalini Negi as Ishaani Ishaan Sinha Mohit Shrivastava as Prathanesh Sharma International broadcast ( edit ) In Pakistan ,", "3": "it airs on Geo Kahani References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vibhuti Thakur & Gaurav Rana in Doli Armaano Ki -- Times Of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2013 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Geeta Tyagi in Doli Armaano Ki -- Times Of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2013 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zee TV announces the launch of ' Doli Armanon Ki ' Jump up ^ `` ZEE TV axes ' Punar Vivah ' for ' Doli Armaano Ki ' BizAsia UK The UK 's only Asian media news site '' . Media247.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Doli Armaanon Ki : Episode Guide '' . ZeeTV . Zee TV . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doli Armaanon Ki : Telly actors perform at Urmi - Samrat wedding '' . Times of India . 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap operas Aap Ke Aa Jane Se Bhootu Kaliren Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey Piyaa Albela Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Ishq Subhan Allah Reality shows Dance India Dance Weekend shows Fear Files Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lies_of_the_Heart&oldid=833024134 '' Categories : 2013 Indian television series debuts Zee TV television series Indian television soap operas Indian drama television series Hindi - language television programs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2015 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 07 : 47 . 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6638086316746882631	who hung the lanterns in the old north church	[ "the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling", "Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard", "Robert Newman", "Captain John Pulling", "Robert Newman", "Captain John Pulling" ]	{ "0": "Old North Church - wikipedia Old North Church Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christ Church in the City of Boston . For other places , see Old North ( disambiguation ) . Old North Church U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Image of the North End , Boston neighborhood . The Old North Church is at center , a Big Dig vent building is near the bottom , and the green Tobin Bridge over the Mystic River is at the top . Location Boston Coordinates 42 ° 21 ′ 58.78 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 16.04 '' W / 42.3663278 ° N 71.0544556 ° W / 42.3663278 ; - 71.0544556 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 58.78 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 16.04 '' W / 42.3663278 ° N 71.0544556 ° W / 42.3663278 ; - 71.0544556 Built 1723 Architect Price , William Architectural style Georgian NRHP reference # 66000776 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL January 20 , 1961 Interior of the Old North Church Old North Church ( officially , Christ Church in the City of Boston ) , at 193 Salem Street , in the North End , Boston , is the location from which the famous `` One if by land , two if by sea '' signal is said to have been sent . This phrase is related to Paul Revere 's midnight ride , of April 18 , 1775 , which preceded the Battles of Lexington and Concord during the American Revolution . The church is a mission of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts . It is the oldest standing church building in Boston and is a National Historic Landmark . Inside the church is a bust of George Washington , which Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , reportedly remarked was the best likeness of the first president he had ever seen . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 U.S.", "1": "bicentennial celebration 3 The bells 4 Steeple damage 5 The other `` Old North '' 6 Crypt 7 Today 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) The Old North Church was built in December , 1723 , and was inspired by the works of Christopher Wren , the British architect who was responsible for rebuilding London after the Great Fire . Timothy Cutler was the founding rector after serving as third rector of Yale College from 1719 to 1722 . In April 1775 , Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple . These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling -- the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple -- as well as Thomas Bernard , who stood watch for British troops outside the church . The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army . Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves , but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back - up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British ; these back - up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way . The lanterns were hung for just under a minute to avoid catching the eyes of the British troops occupying Boston , but this was long enough for the message to be received in Charlestown . The militia waiting across the river had been told to look for the signal lanterns , and were prepared to act as soon as they saw them . The meaning of two lanterns has been memorized by countless American schoolchildren . `` One if by land , and two if by sea '' is from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . One lantern was to notify Charlestown that the British Army would march over Boston Neck and the Great Bridge , and two were to notify them that the troops were taking boats across the Charles River to land near Phips farm ( the British Army would take the `` sea '' route ; thus , two lanterns were hung ) .", "2": "After receiving the signal , the Charlestown Patriots sent out a rider to Lexington , but this rider did not reach his destination and his identity has disappeared from history . He was the one who might have been captured by a British patrol . But the warning was delivered miles away to dozens of towns , first by Revere and Dawes on horses , and then by other men on horses and men who rang church bells and town bells , beat drums , and shot off warning guns . ( The current status of the lanterns is not entirely clear ; one is said to be in the hands of a private collector , another broken during a tour , and yet another is on display at the Concord Museum . ) Us Bicentennial celebration ( edit ) This statue of Paul Revere outside the Old North Church commemorates his memorable ride . President Gerald Ford visited Old North Church on April 18 , 1975 . In his nationally televised speech , the President said , in part : Let us pray here in the Old North Church tonight that those who follow 100 years or 200 years from now may look back at us and say : We were a society which combined reason with liberty and hope with freedom . May it be said above all : We kept the faith , freedom flourished , liberty lived . These are the abiding principles of our past and the greatest promise of our future . Following President Ford 's remarks , two lanterns were lit by Robert Newman Ruggles and Robert Newman Sheet , descendants of Robert Newman , who , as sexton of the Old North Church in 1775 , lit the two lanterns which signaled the movement of British troops . The President then lit a third lantern , which hangs in a window of the church today . On July 11 , 1976 , Queen Elizabeth II visited Boston as part of celebrations honoring the United States Bicentennial , and made reference to the aforementioned celebration events in April 1975 that followed President Ford 's speech . She said : `` At the Old North Church last year , your President lit a third lantern dedicated to America 's third century of freedom and to renewed faith in the American ideals . May its light never be dimmed . '' The Queen and Prince Philip attended a Sunday morning service at the Old North Church , sitting in a pew at the right front . The Rev.", "3": "Robert W. Golledge led the service and later presented the Queen with a replica of a silver chalice made by Paul Revere . The Queen was shown the iconic statue of Paul Revere by Cyrus E. Dallin near the church before departing in a motorcade to attend a function at the Old State House . The bells ( edit ) Steeple of the Old North Church Eight change ringing bells ( tenor : 13 long cwt 3 qr 5 lb ( 1,545 lb or 701 kg ) in F ) at Old North Church were cast by Abel Rudhall ( Rudhall of Gloucester ) in Gloucester , England in 1744 and hung in 1745 . One bell has the inscription : `` We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America , A.R. 1744 . '' The bells were restored in 1894 and in 1975 . They are maintained and rung regularly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Guild of Bellringers . Steeple damage ( edit ) Sketch of the Old North Church c. 1882 , showing the 1807 steeple that was destroyed in 1954 . The original steeple of the Old North Church was destroyed by the 1804 Snow hurricane . A replacement steeple , designed by Charles Bulfinch , was toppled by Hurricane Carol on August 25 , 1954 . The current steeple uses design elements from the original and the Bulfinch version . The church is now 174 feet ( 53 m ) tall . At its tip is the original weather vane . The other `` Old North '' ( edit ) Main article : Second Church , Boston Before the construction of the `` Old North Church '' ( Christ Church , Boston ) , there was another church in Boston called the `` Old North '' ( Meetinghouse ) . This Congregationalist meeting house was founded in North Square , across the street from what is now called `` Paul Revere 's house '' . This church was once pastored by Cotton Mather , the minister now known largely for his involvement in the Salem witch trials . Crypt ( edit ) In 2009 , an archeologist began examining the estimated 1,100 bodies buried in 37 tombs in the basement .", "4": "The crypt was in use between 1732 and 1860 , and each tomb is sealed with a wooden or slate door , with many doors covered over by plaster as ordered by the city of Boston in the 1850s . Founding Rector Timothy Cutler and his wife were buried under the altar together . Other notable figures buried under the church include British Marine Major John Pitcairn , who died at the Battle of Bunker Hill and was entombed along with many other soldiers killed in this battle . So is Captain Samuel Nicholson of the USS Constitution . A behind the scenes tour run by the church takes tourists down into the crypt , as well as up to the bell - ringing chamber . Today ( edit ) Old North Church is today one of four church sites among the 16 stops on the Freedom Trail . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) , where there is a replica of the church List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Dove 's Guide for Church Bell Ringers Jump up ^ Skyscraperpage.com Jump up ^ Secrets : Church of the Dead Further reading ( edit ) Asa Eaton . Historical account of Christ church , Boston : A discourse in said church , on Sunday , December 28 , 1823 . Boston : Printed by J.W. Ingraham , 1824 . Google books Henry Burroughs . A historical account of Christ Church , Boston : an address , delivered on the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the opening of the church , December 29 , 1873 . Boston : A. Williams & Co. , 1874 . Google books Christ Church , Salem Street , Boston , 1723 . Boston : 1912 . Google books Percival Merritt . The parochial library of the eighteenth century in Christ Church , Boston . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1917 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old North Church .", "5": "Old North Church Mayo family history Boston National Historical Park Official Website Listing and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey Old North Church ( Christ Church ) at Find a Grave C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 1 C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 2 Preceded by Old State House , Boston Tallest Building in Boston 1745 -- 1810 53 m Succeeded by Park Street Church Preceded by Paul Revere House Locations along Boston 's Freedom Trail Old North Church Succeeded by Copp 's Hill City of Boston Topics Accent Annual events Arts Bibliography Culture Demographics Diplomatic missions Economy Education Colleges and universities Geography Historic Places Northern Southern History Timeline Media Nicknames People Politics Port Public Library Public Schools Sister cities Skyscrapers Songs Transportation Attractions Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Irish Famine Memorial Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Bunker Hill Monument Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Hynes Convention Center Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F.", "6": "Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium Old North Church Paul Revere House Symphony Hall TD Garden USS Constitution Museum Business districts Back Bay Downtown Fenway -- Kenmore Financial District Government Center Innovation district North End Route 128 corridor South End List of companies in Boston Government City council City Hall Elections Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) FinComm Fire Housing ( BHA ) Mayor Police Boston Planning and Development Agency Neighborhoods Allston -- Brighton Allston Brighton Back Bay Bay Village Beacon Hill Downtown Boston Financial District Government Center Charlestown Chinatown Dorchester Columbia Point South Bay East Boston Fenway -- Kenmore Harbor Islands Hyde Park Readville Jamaica Plain Forest Hills Leather District Mattapan Mission Hill Longwood North End Roslindale Roxbury Fort Hill South Boston Fort Point South End West End West Roxbury Chestnut Hill Sports Boston Bruins Boston Celtics Boston Red Sox New England Patriots New England Revolution Suffolk County Boston - Cambridge Metro Massachusetts United States Boston Landmarks African Meeting House Boston Athenæum Boston Children 's Museum Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Navy Yard Boston Public Garden Boston Public Library Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Citi Performing Arts Center Downtown Crossing Edward M. 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Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts State House Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium New England Holocaust Memorial Newbury Street Old North Church Paul Revere House Prudential Center Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) South Station Symphony Hall TD Garden Trinity Church USS Constitution Museum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "7": "php?title=Old_North_Church&oldid=828377168 '' Categories : 1723 establishments in Massachusetts 18th - century Episcopal church buildings 18th - century establishments in Massachusetts Boston National Historical Park Churches in Boston Episcopal church buildings in Massachusetts Libraries in British North America National Historic Landmarks in Boston Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts Churches completed in 1723 Landmarks in North End , Boston Museums in Boston National Register of Historic Places in Boston Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本語 Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 04 : 39 . 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-7989535213092054347	when was the last wolf pack killed in yellowstone	[ "by 1926", "1926", "1926", "1926" ]	{ "0": "History of wolves in Yellowstone - wikipedia History of wolves in Yellowstone Jump to : navigation , search Wolf after re-introduction When Yellowstone National Park was created in 1872 , gray wolf ( Canis lupus ) populations were already in decline in Montana , Wyoming and Idaho . The creation of the national park did not provide protection for wolves or other predators , and government predator control programs in the first decades of the 1900s essentially helped eliminate the gray wolf from Yellowstone . The last wolves were killed in Yellowstone in 1926 . After that time , sporadic reports of wolves still occurred , but scientists confirmed that sustainable wolf populations had been extirpated and were absent from Yellowstone during the mid-1900s . Starting in the 1940s , park managers , biologists , conservationists and environmentalists began what would ultimately turn into a campaign to reintroduce the gray wolf into Yellowstone National Park . When the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was passed , the road to legal reintroduction was clear . In 1995 , gray wolves were first reintroduced into Yellowstone in the Lamar Valley . The history of wolves in Yellowstone chronicles the extirpation , absence and reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone , and how the reintroduction was not without controversy or surprises for scientists , governments or park managers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extirpation ( 1872 -- 1926 ) 1.1 Official records of wolves killed 2 Absence ( 1926 -- 1995 ) 2.1 Ecological impacts 2.2 Re-introduction initiatives 3 Re-introduction ( 1995 -- present ) 3.1 Initial releases 1995 -- 96 3.2 Annual wolf status since reintroduction 3.3 Ecological impacts after re-introduction 3.4 2009 removal from Endangered Species List 4 Criticism 4.1 Hunting opportunities 4.2 Subspecies 5 Notes 6 Further reading Extirpation ( 1872 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Soldiers displaying Wolf pelt at Soda Butte Creek patrol station , 1905 In 1872 , when Yellowstone National Park was created , there was yet no legal protection for wildlife in the park .", "1": "In the early years of the park , administrators , hunters and tourists were essentially free to kill any game or predator they came across . The gray wolf was especially vulnerable to this wanton killing because it was generally considered an undesirable predator and was being willingly extirpated throughout its North American range . In January 1883 , the Secretary of the Interior issued regulations prohibiting hunting of most park animals , but the regulations did not apply to wolves , coyotes , bears , mountain lions and other small predators . Shortly after the U.S. Army took over administration of the park on August 1st , 1886 , Captain Moose Harris , the first military superintendent , banned public hunting of any wildlife and any predator control was to be left to the park 's administration . Official records show however , that the U.S. Army did not begin killing any wolves until 1914 . In 1885 , Congress created the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy with the express purpose of research for the protection of wildlife . The agency soon became the U.S. Biological Survey which was the forerunner of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . In 1907 , under political pressure from the western cattle and livestock industries , this agency began a concerted program which eventually was called : Animal Damage Control . This predator control program alone killed 1,800 wolves and 23,000 coyotes in 39 U.S. National Forests in 1907 . In 1916 , when the National Park Service was created , its enabling legislation included words that authorized the Secretary of the Interior to `` provide in his discretion for the destruction of such animals and of such plant life as may be detrimental to the use of said parks , monuments and reservations '' . It is generally accepted that sustainable gray wolf packs had been extirpated from Yellowstone National Park by 1926 , although the National Park Service maintained its policies of predator control in the park until 1933 . However , a 1975 -- 77 National Park Service sponsored study revealed that during the period 1927 to 1977 , there were several hundred probable sightings of wolves in the park . Between 1977 and the re-introduction in 1995 , there were additional reliable sightings of wolves in the park , most believed to be singles or pairs transiting the region .", "2": "Official records of wolves killed ( edit ) Prior to the National Park Service assuming control of the park in 1916 , the U.S. Army killed 14 wolves during their tenure ( 1886 -- 1916 ) , most in the years 1914 -- 15 . In 1940 , Adolph Murie , a noted wildlife biologist published his Fauna Series No. 4 -- Fauna of the National Parks of the United States - Ecology of the Coyote in the Yellowstone National Park . In this report , Murie tallied the number of wolves killed as reported annually by park administrators between 1915 and 1935 : From the Superintendent 's Annual Report for : Year Number killed 1915 7 1916 14 1917 1918 36 1919 6 1920 28 1921 12 1922 24 1923 8 1924 -- 1935 0 Updated research in the 1980s verified that the last official killing of wolves in the park took place in 1926 when two pups found near Soda Butte Creek were killed by park rangers . The last reported wolf killed in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem ( prior to today 's legal hunting or control measures ) occurred in May 1943 when Leo Cottenoir , a Native American sheepheader on the Wind River Reservation shot a wolf near the southern border of the park . Absence ( 1926 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Ecological impacts ( edit ) Once the wolves were gone , elk populations began to rise . Over the next few years conditions of Yellowstone National Park declined drastically . A team of scientists visiting Yellowstone in 1929 and 1933 reported , `` The range was in deplorable conditions when we first saw it , and its deterioration has been progressing steadily since then . '' By this time many biologists were worried about eroding land and plants dying off . The elk were multiplying inside the park and deciduous , woody species such as aspen and cottonwood suffered from overgrazing . The park service started trapping and moving the elk and , when that was not effective , killing them . Elk population control methods continued for more than 30 years .", "3": "Elk control prevented further degradation of the range , but did n't improve its overall condition . At times , people would mention bringing wolves back to Yellowstone to help control the elk population . Yellowstone 's managers were not eager to bring back wolves , especially after so successfully extirpating them from the park . Elk control continued into the 1960s . In the late 1960s , local hunters began to complain to their congressmen that there were too few elk , and the congressmen threatened to stop funding Yellowstone . Killing elk was given up as control method which allowed elk populations to again rise . As elk populations rose , the quality of the range decreased affecting many other animals . Without wolves , coyote populations increased dramatically which adversely impacted the pronghorn antelope population . However , it was the overly large elk populations that caused the most profound changes to the ecosystem of Yellowstone with the absence of wolves . Reintroduction initiatives ( edit ) The campaign to restore the gray wolf in Yellowstone had its roots in a number of seminal studies related to the predator - prey ecology of the park . In 1940 Adolph Murie published Ecology of the Coyote in the Yellowstone National Park . That study and his 1940 -- 41 work The Wolves of Mount McKinley was instrumental in building a scientific foundation for wolf conservation . In 1944 , noted wildlife biologist Aldo Leopold , once an avid predator control advocate , made the following comments in his review of The Wolves of North America , Young and Goldman , 1944 : There still remains , even in the United States , some areas of considerable size in which we feel that both red and gray ( wolves ) may be allowed to continue their existence with little molestation . ... Where are these areas ? Probably every reasonable ecologist will agree that some of them should lie in the larger national parks and wilderness areas : for instance Yellowstone and its adjacent national forests . ... Why , in the necessary process of extirpating wolves from livestock ranges of Wyoming and Montana , were not some of the uninjured animals used to restock Yellowstone ? -- Aldo Leopold , 1944 By the 1960s , cultural and scientific understanding of ecosystems was changing attitudes toward the wolf and other large predators .", "4": "In the early 1960s , Douglas Pimlott , a noted Canadian wildlife biologist was calling for the restorations of wolves in the northern rockies . In 1970 American wolf expert , David Mech published The Wolf : The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species ( 1970 , 1981 ) , an enlightening study of the wolf and its impact on its environment . In 1978 , when wildlife biologist John Weaver published his seminal study Wolves of Yellowstone , he concluded the report with the following recommendation : Therefore I recommend restoring this native predator by introducing wolves to Yellowstone -- John Weaver , National Park Service , 1978 The gray wolf was one of the first species to be listed as endangered ( 1967 ) under the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 . However , until the passage of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 , there was no legal basis or process for re-introducing the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem . The Endangered Species Act obligated the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to develop restoration plans for each species designated as Endangered . The first recovery plan was completed in 1980 but gained little traction . In 1987 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published a revised Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan which led the way to wolf reintroduction . The plan was a cooperative effort between the National Park Service , Fish and Wildlife Service , academia , state wildlife agencies and environmental groups . Its Executive Summary contains the following : The Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan represents a `` road map '' to recovery ' of the gray wolf in ' the Rocky Mountains . The primary goal of the plan is to remove the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf from the endangered and threatened species list by securing and maintaining a minimum of 10 breeding pairs of wolves in each of the three recovery areas for a minimum of three successive years . -- Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan , USFWS , August 1987 In 1991 Congress directed the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to develop an Environmental Impact Statement ( EIS ) for the express purpose of reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park and regions of Central Idaho . The final statement was published on April 14 , 1994 and seriously examined five potential alternatives for reestablishing wolves in Yellowstone and central Idaho .", "5": "Reintroduction of Experimental Populations ( incorporating most of the state implemented nonessential reintroduction alternative with parts of the 1987 Recovery Plan ) . Natural Recovery ( with limited land - use restrictions in anticipation of some illegal killing of wolves ) . No wolf ( as proposed in alternative scoping ) . Wolf Management Committee ( as proposed by Congress ) . Reintroduction of Non-experimental Wolves ( incorporating the accelerated wolf recovery alternative but with fewer land - use restrictions ) Alternative 1 was the recommended and ultimately adopted alternative : Reintroduction of Experimental Populations Alternative -- The purpose of this alternative is to accomplish wolf recovery by reintroducing wolves designated as nonessential experimental populations to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho and by implementing provisions within Section 10 ( j ) of the ESA to conduct special management to address local concerns . The states and tribes would be encouraged to implement the special rules for wolf management outside national parks and national wildlife refuges under cooperative agreement with the FWS . -- EIS - The Reintroduction of Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho , 1994 The final EIS opened the way for re-introduction , but not without opposition . The Sierra Club and National Audubon Society opposed the re-introduction plan on the grounds that Experimental populations were not protected enough once the wolves were outside the park . The Farm Bureau 's of Idaho , Wyoming and Montana opposed the plan on the basis that the wrong subspecies of wolf -- Canis lupus occidentalis ( northwestern wolf ( Canada ) ) instead of Canis lupus irremotus ( Northern Rocky Mountains wolf ) was selected for reintroduction . These objections were overcome and in January 1995 , the process of physically reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone began . Reintroduction ( 1995 -- present ) ( edit ) See also : Wolf reintroduction Initial releases 1995 -- 96 ( edit ) First wolves being transported into Yellowstone for release - January 1995 In January 1995 , U.S. and Canadian wildlife officials captured 14 wolves from multiple packs east of Jasper National Park , near Hinton , Alberta , Canada . These wolves arrived in Yellowstone in two shipments -- January 12 , 1995 ( 8 wolves ) and January 20 , 1995 ( 6 wolves ) .", "6": "They were released into three acclimation pens -- Crystal Creek , Rose Creek and Soda Butte Creek in the Lamar Valley in Northeast East Yellowstone National Park . In March 1995 , the pens were opened and between March 21 and March 31 , 1995 all 14 wolves were loose in Yellowstone . Seventeen ( 17 ) additional wolves captured in Canada arrived in Yellowstone in January 1996 and were released into the park in April 1996 from the Chief Joseph , Lone Star , Druid Peak and Nez Perce pens . These were the last wolves released into the park as officials believed that the natural reproduction and survival were sufficient to obviate additional releases . Annual wolf status since reintroduction ( edit ) Yellowstone wolf pack territories in 2011 Wolf population declines , when they occur , result from `` intraspecific strife , '' food stress , mange , canine distemper , legal hunting of wolves in areas outside the park ( for sport or for livestock protection ) and in one case in 2009 , lethal removal by park officials of a human - habituated wolf . * 1995 - 99 Data reflects status of the wolf in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem . Since 2000 monitoring has focused on packs operating within park boundaries . Wolves continue to spread to surrounding areas , and the last official report by the park for the Greater Yellowstone Area counted 272 wolves in 2002 .", "7": "Annual Status of Wolves in Yellowstone ( As of December ) Year Total Number of Packs Total Number of Wolves Number of Pups Surviving 1995 * 21 9 1996 * 9 51 14 1997 * 9 86 49 1998 * 11 112 36 1999 * 11 118 38 2000 8 119 55 - 60 10 132 43 2002 14 148 58 2003 13 -- 14 174 59 16 171 59 2005 13 118 22 2006 13 136 60 2007 11 171 64 2008 12 124 22 2009 14 96 23 11 97 38 2011 10 98 34 2012 10 83 20 2013 10 95 41 2014 2015 2016 11 108 Ecological impacts after reintroduction ( edit ) Rolf Peterson investigating the carcass of a coyote killed by a wolf in Yellowstone National Park , January 1996 Scientists have been researching and studying the impacts on the Yellowstone ecosystem since re-introduction in 1995 . As the wolf population in the park has grown , the elk population , their favored prey , has declined . Prior to reintroduction , the EIS predicted that wolves would kill an average 12 elk per wolf annually . This estimate proved too low as wolves are now killing an average of 22 elk per wolf annually . This decline in elk has resulted in changes in flora , most specifically willows , cottonwoods and aspens along the fringes of heavily timbered areas . Although wolf kills are directly attributable to declines in elk numbers , some research has shown that elk behavior has been significantly altered by wolf predation .", "8": "The constant presence of wolves have pushed elk into less favorable habitats , raised their stress level , lowered their nutrition and their overall birth rate . The wolves became significant predators of coyotes after their reintroduction . Since then , in 1995 and 1996 , the local coyote population went through a dramatic restructuring . Until the wolves returned , Yellowstone National Park had one of the densest and most stable coyote populations in America due to a lack of human impacts . Two years after the wolf reintroductions , the pre-wolf population of coyotes had been reduced to 50 % through both competitive exclusion and intraguild predation . Coyote numbers were 39 % lower in the areas of Yellowstone where wolves were reintroduced . In one study , about 16 % of radio - collared coyotes were preyed upon by wolves . Yellowstone coyotes have had to shift their territories as a result , moving from open meadows to steep terrain . Carcasses in the open no longer attract coyotes ; when a coyote is chased on flat terrain , it is often killed . They feel more secure on steep terrain where they will often lead a pursuing wolf downhill . As the wolf comes after it , the coyote will turn around and run uphill . Wolves , being heavier , can not stop and the coyote gains a large lead . Though physical confrontations between the two species are usually dominated by the larger wolves , coyotes have been known to attack wolves if they outnumber them . Both species will kill each other 's pups given the opportunity . Coyotes , in their turn , naturally suppress foxes , so the diminished coyote population has led to a rise in foxes , and `` That in turn shifts the odds of survival for coyote prey such as hares and young deer , as well as for the small rodents and ground - nesting birds the foxes stalk . These changes affect how often certain roots , buds , seeds and insects get eaten , which can alter the balance of local plant communities , and so on down the food chain all the way to fungi and microbes . '' The presence of wolves has also coincided with a dramatic rise in the park 's beaver population ; where there was just one beaver colony in Yellowstone in 2001 , there were nine beaver colonies in the park by 2011 .", "9": "The presence of wolves seems to have encouraged elk to browse more widely , diminishing their pressure on stands of willow , a plant that beavers need to survive the winter . The renewed presence of beavers in the ecosystem has substantial effects on the local watershed because the existence of beaver dams `` even ( s ) out the seasonal pulses of runoff ; store ( s ) water for recharging the water table ; and provide ( s ) cold , shaded water for fish . '' Beaver dams also counter erosion and create `` new pond and marsh habitats for moose , otters , mink , wading birds , waterfowl , fish , amphibians and more . '' Similarly , after the wolves ' reintroduction , their increased predation of elk benefited Yellowstone 's grizzly bear population , as it led to a significant increase in the growth of berries in the national park , an important food source for the grizzly bears . Wolf kills are scavenged by and thus feed a wide array of animals , including , but not limited to , ravens , wolverines , bald eagles , golden eagles , grizzly bears , black bears , jays , magpies , martens and coyotes . Meanwhile , wolf packs often claim kills made by cougars , which has driven that species back out of valley hunting grounds to their more traditional mountainside territory . The top - down effect of the reintroduction of an apex predator like the wolf on other flora and fauna in an ecosystem is an example of a trophic cascade . 2009 removal from Endangered species list ( edit ) Wolf , Lamar Valley , 2011 Because gray wolf populations in Montana , Wyoming and Idaho had recovered sufficiently to meet the goals of the Wolf Recovery Plan , on May 4 , 2008 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service changed the status of the gray wolf population known as the Northern Rocky Mountains Distinct Population Segment from Endangered to Experimental Population - Non Essential . The wolves in Yellowstone and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem fall within this population . In response to the change in status , state wildlife authorities in Idaho and Montana enacted quota - based hunting seasons on wolves as part of their approved state Wolf Management Plans .", "10": "Environmental groups objected to the delisting and the hunting seasons , but despite legal attempts to stop them ( Defenders of Wildlife et al v Ken Salazar et al ) , the wolf hunts , which commenced in Montana in September 2009 were allowed to proceed . A number of noted wildlife biologists that had been instrumental in the restoration of wolves -- David Mech , Douglas Smith , and Mark Hebblewhite supported the state wildlife management plans and the delisting because they believed the wolf populations were now at sustainable levels . Although wolves within the park boundaries were still fully protected , wolves that ventured outside the boundaries of the park in Idaho or Montana could now be legally hunted . During these hunts , Montana hunters legally killed a number of wolves in the Absaroka - Beartooth Wilderness known to frequent the northeast corner of the park . Criticism ( edit ) Hunting opportunities ( edit ) Yellowstone wolves chasing a bull elk From 2000 -- 2004 , the Montana Fish , Wildlife and Parks reduced antlerless permits by 51 % from 2,882 to 1,400 . They proposed only 100 permits for 2006 which was a 96 % decrease from the 2,660 permits issued in 1995 . Initially , the effects of wolf predation on elk during the first five years of the recovery were not detected , as elk numbers were identical to those of 1980 -- 1994 . From the winter of 1995 to the winter of 2004 however , the elk greatly decreased in number , dropping from 16,791 to 8,335 as the number of wolves on the northern range increased from 21 to 106 , though predation from bears , increased human harvests , more severe winter and droughts were also factors . Since 2000 , 45 % of known deaths and 75 % of predation - caused deaths of radio collared cow - elk have been confirmed to be attributable to wolves . Human caused deaths in the same period accounted for 8 -- 30 % of known deaths . Yellowstone elk comprise up to 92 % of the winter diet of wolves , the overall kill rates of Yellowstone wolves on elk in winter being estimated at 22 ungulates per wolf annually . This is higher than the 12 ungulates per wolf rate predicted in the ESA .", "11": "Subspecies ( edit ) Main article : Subspecies of Canis lupus Comparative image of C. l. irremotus and C. l. occidentalis skulls . Historically , the wolf populations originally native to Yellowstone were classed under the subspecies C. l. irremotus . When the issue of what subspecies to use for the introduction was raised , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service representatives stated that the taxonomy of gray wolves had been revised numerous times , and that C. l. irremotus was not a distinct subspecies , but a geographical variant . Three publications were made on the appropriateness of using a founding population of Canadian wolves : Brewster and Fritz supported the motion , while Nowak determined that the original Yellowstone wolves were more similar to C. l. nubilus , a subspecies already present in Minnesota , and that the Canadian animals proposed by Brewster and Fritz were of the subspecies C. l. occidentalis , a significantly larger animal . The rationale behind Brewster and Fritz 's favor was that wolves show little genetic diversity , and that the original population was extinct anyway . This was contradicted by Nowak , who contested that Minnesotan wolves were much more similar in size and shape to the original population than the proposed Canadian wolves , though he conceded that C. l. occidentalis was probably already migrating southward even before human intervention . The final use of Canadian wolves for the reintroduction was not without criticism : the American Society of Mammalogists criticized the project 's lack of deference to the principle of Bergmann 's rule , stating that the wolves used for the introduction were 30 % larger than the original park wolves , and were adapted to much colder climates . Finally , the society questioned the legality under the ESA of `` recovering '' a taxon of wolf by expanding the historic range of a less similar type , when more closely related founder stock still remained available . Doug Smith states that the size difference between the introduced wolves and the original wolves was actually only a 6 - 7 percent difference and Minnesotan wolves had no experience with elk and bison and were not adapted to mountainous terrain . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Haines , Aubrey L. ( 1996 ) . The Yellowstone Story -- A History of Our First National Park. II .", "12": "Niwot , CO : University Press of Colorado . pp. 80 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 87081 - 391 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schullery , Paul ( 1997 ) . Searching for Yellowstone : Ecology and Wonder in the Last Wilderness . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 84174 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Alton ( 1986 ) . `` The Wolf Mystery '' . Playing God in Yellowstone -- The Destruction of America 's First National Park . Boston , MA : The Atlantic Monthly Press . pp. 120 -- 125 . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 025 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , John ( 1996 ) . `` The Wolves of Yellowstone '' . In Schullery , Paul . The Yellowstone Wolf -- A Guide and Sourcebook . Worland , WY : High Plains Publishing . pp. 3 -- 33 . ISBN 1 - 881019 - 13 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schullery , Paul , ed. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 12 -- Gray Wolf Monitoring in Yellowstone National Park '' . The Yellowstone Wolf -- A Guide and Sourcebook . Worland , WY : High Plains Publishing . pp. 112 -- 117 . ISBN 1 - 881019 - 13 - 6 . Jump up ^ Murie , Adolph ( 1940 ) . Fauna of the National Parks of the United States - Ecology of the Coyote in the Yellowstone National Park ( Report ) . U.S. Department of the Interior . Jump up ^ Fischer , Hank ( 1995 ) . `` How The West was Lost '' . Wolf Wars -- The Remarkable Inside Story of the Restoration of Wolves to Yellowstone . Helena , MT : Falcon Press Publishing Co. Inc . pp. 10 -- 23 . ISBN 1 - 56044 - 352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schullery , Paul , ed. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 7 The Last Wolf 1943 An Interview with Leo Cottenoir 1992 '' .", "13": "The Yellowstone Wolf -- A Guide and Sourcebook . Worland , WY : High Plains Publishing . pp. 92 -- 96 . ISBN 1 - 881019 - 13 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kim Murray Berger , Eric M. Gese , and Joel Berger ( 2008 ) . `` Indirect Effects and Traditional Trophic Cascades : A Test Involving Wolves , Coyotes , And Pronghorn '' . Ecology . pp. 818 -- 828 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Stolzenburg , William ( 2008 ) . Where the Wild Things Were . Jeffers Literary Press . Jump up ^ Fischer , Hank ( 1995 ) . `` Carriers of the Torch '' . Wolf Wars -- The Remarkable Inside Story of the Restoration of Wolves to Yellowstone . Helena , MT : Falcon Press Publishing Co. Inc . pp. 24 -- 34 . ISBN 1 - 56044 - 352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schullery , Paul , ed. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 8 -- Review of the Wolves of North America , Aldo Leopold '' . The Yellowstone Wolf -- A Guide and Sourcebook . Worland , WY : High Plains Publishing . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 1 - 881019 - 13 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Hank ( 1995 ) . `` From Varmints to Rock Stars '' . Wolf Wars -- The Remarkable Inside Story of the Restoration of Wolves to Yellowstone . Helena , MT : Falcon Press Publishing Co. Inc . pp. 35 -- 43 . ISBN 1 - 56044 - 352 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Species Profile - Gray Wolf '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Denver , CO : U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . 1987 . Jump up ^ The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho - Final Environmental Impact Statement ( PDF ) ( Report ) .", "14": "Denver , CO : U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . 1994 . Jump up ^ The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho - Final Environmental Impact Statement ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Denver , CO : U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . 1994 . pp. 2.1 -- 2.11 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Hank ( 1995 ) . `` Wolf Wars '' . Wolf Wars -- The Remarkable Inside Story of the Restoration of Wolves to Yellowstone . Helena , MT : Falcon Press Publishing Co. Inc . pp. 143 -- 157 . ISBN 1 - 56044 - 352 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Michael K ; Smith Douglas W. ( 1997 ) . Yellowstone Wolf Project - Biennial Report 1995 -- 96 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Smith , Douglas W. ( 1998 ) . Yellowstone Wolf Project -- Annual Report 1997 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Smith , D.W. , D.R. Stahler , E. Albers , M. Metz , L. Williamson , N. Ehlers , K. Cassidy , J. Irving , R. Raymond , E. Almberg , and R. McIntyre ( 2009 ) . Yellowstone Wolf Project -- 2008 Annual Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Yellowstone Center for Resources , Yellowstone National Park , National Park Service . pp. vi . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Yellowstone Wolf Project , Annual Report 2009 Jump up ^ Annual Wolf Project Reports , Yellowstone National Park , 1995 -- 2008 Jump up ^ Yellowstone Wolf Project , Annual Report 2005 Jump up ^ ( NPS.gov : Wolves of Yellowstone , http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/wolves.htm , visited 10 / 28 / 2011 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Yellowstone Wolf Project , Annual Report 2012 Jump up ^ Yellowstone Wolf Project , Annual Report 2013 Jump up ^ Peaco , Jim . `` Wolves in Yellowstone National Park '' .", "15": "National Park Service . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ White , P.J. ; Smith , Douglas W. ( Winter 2005 ) . `` Wolf EIS Predictions and Ten - Year Appraisals '' ( PDF ) . Yellowstone Science . 13 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Ellig , Tracy ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Greater Yellowstone elk suffer worse nutrition and lower birth rates due to wolves '' . Montana State University News Service . Jump up ^ `` Weaving A New Web : Wolves Change An Ecosystem '' Archived 2009 - 01 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , Zoogoer magazine , May / June 1998 , Smithsonian National Zoo Jump up ^ `` Coyotes Cower in Wolf Territory '' . Livescience . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas H. Chadwick ( June -- July 2011 ) . `` Keystone Species : How Predators Create Abundance and Stability '' . Mother Earth News . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Headlines '' . Living on Earth . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK WOLF REINTRODUCTION IS CHANGING THE FACE OF THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM , YellowstonePark.com , BY STAFF , JUNE 21 , 2011 , visited 10 / 28 / 2011 Jump up ^ Barber , Elizabeth ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` Why the return of the wolf is good news for the bear '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of David Mech - Defenders of Wildlife et al v Ken Salazar et al '' ( PDF ) . U.S. District Court , Missoula , MT . August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Douglas Smith - Defenders of Wildlife et al v Ken Salazar et al '' ( PDF ) . U.S. District Court , Missoula , MT . August 25 , 2009 .", "16": "Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Mark Hebblewhite - Defenders of Wildlife et al v Ken Salazar et al '' ( PDF ) . U.S. District Court , Missoula , MT . August 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Yellowstone National Park 's gray wolves impact elk Jump up ^ Physiological ( Morphological ) Basis for Establishing a Northern Rocky Mountain DPS Jump up ^ http://www.mtpioneer.com/2014-January-Top-Yellowstone-Expert.html Further reading ( edit ) Urbigkit , Cat ( 2008 ) . Yellowstone Wolves : A Chronicle of the Animal , the People , and the Politics . Blacksburg , VI : McDonald & Woodward Publishing . ISBN 0 - 939923 - 70 - X . Bartlett , Richard A. ( 1974 ) . Nature 's Yellowstone . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . Haines , Aubrey L. ( 1977 ) . The Yellowstone Story -- A History of Our First National Park . Yellowstone National Park , WY : Yellowstone Library and Museum Association . Chase , Alton ( 1986 ) . Playing God in Yellowstone -- The Destruction of America 's First National Park . Boston , MA : The Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 025 - 4 . Bartlett , Richard ( 1985 ) . Yellowstone : A Wilderness Besieged . Tucson , AZ : University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 1098 - 9 . Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Denver , CO : U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . 1987 . The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho - Final Environmental Impact Statement ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Denver , CO : U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . 1994 . Fischer , Hank ( 1995 ) . Wolf Wars -- The Remarkable Inside Story of the Restoration of Wolves to Yellowstone . Helena , MT : Falcon Press Publishing Co. Inc .", "17": "ISBN 1 - 56044 - 352 - 9 . Schullery , Paul , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Yellowstone Wolf -- A Guide and Sourcebook . Worland , WY : High Plains Publishing . ISBN 1 - 881019 - 13 - 6 . Kay , Charles E. ( January 1996 ) . Wolf Recovery , Political Ecology and Endangered Species ( Report ) . The Independent Institute . Schullery , Paul ( 1997 ) . Searching for Yellowstone : Ecology and Wonder in the Last Wilderness . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 395 - 84174 - 7 . McNamee , Thomas ( 1997 ) . The Return of the Wolf to Yellowstone . New York : Henry Holt and Company , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 3101 - 4 . Jones , Karen R. ( 2002 ) . Wolf Mountains - A History of Wolves along the Great Divide . Calgary , Ontario : University of Calgary Press . ISBN 1 - 55238 - 072 - 6 . Smith , Douglas O. ( September 2003 ) . Management of Habituated Wolves in Yellowstone National Park ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Park Service . Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Culpin , Mary Shivers ( 2006 ) . Managing the `` Matchless Wonders -- A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park 1872 -- 1965 ( Report ) . Yellowstone Center for Resources . Bangs , Ed ; Barbee , Bob ; Petersen , Rolf O. ( Winter 2005 ) . `` Perspectives on Wolf Restoration '' ( PDF ) . Yellowstone Science . 13 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 6 . Smith , Douglas W. ( Winter 2005 ) . `` Ten Years of Yellowstone Wolves , 1995 -- 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Yellowstone Science . 13 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 32 . White , P.J. ; Smith , Douglas W. ( Winter 2005 ) . `` Wolf EIS Predictions and Ten - Year Appraisals '' ( PDF ) . Yellowstone Science .", "18": "13 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 41 . `` Technical Publications on Wolves , 1995 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Yellowstone Science . 13 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 43 . Winter 2005 . Duffield , John , Chris Neher , and David Patterson ( September 2006 ) . Wolves and People in Yellowstone : Impacts on the Regional Economy ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Yellowstone Park Foundation . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Smith , D.W. , D.R. Stahler , E. Albers , M. Metz , L. Williamson , N. Ehlers , K. Cassidy , J. Irving , R. Raymond , E. Almberg , and R. McIntyre ( 2009 ) . Yellowstone Wolf Project - 2008 Annual Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Yellowstone Center for Resources , Yellowstone National Park , National Park Service . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Yellowstone National Park -- History and people Historic events and personalities from Yellowstone National Park Expeditions Cook -- Folsom -- Peterson Expedition Washburn -- Langford -- Doane Expedition Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 Explorers Robert Adams Jr . Jim Bridger John Colter Lt. Gustavus C. Doane Truman C. Everts Warren Angus Ferris Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden Nathaniel P. Langford Alexander Ross ( fur trader ) Osborne Russell Cyrus Thomas Henry D. Washburn Photographers , artists and illustrators Heinrich C. Berann Albert Bierstadt Frank Jay Haynes William Henry Jackson Thomas Moran Park management Mission 66 Horace M. Albright Harry W. Child Harry W. Frantz Harlan Kredit Herbert Maier John W. Meldrum Philetus Norris Robert Reamer Harry Yount Military administration Henry Tureman Allen Lloyd Milton Brett Frazier Boutelle Dan Christie Kingman Hiram M. Chittenden Samuel Baldwin Marks Young Wilber Elliott Wilder Fort Yellowstone Events History of the National Park Service History", "19": "of wolves in Yellowstone Teton -- Yellowstone tornado 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake Yellowstone fires of 1988 List of Yellowstone National Park related articles Media related to People associated with Yellowstone National Park at Wikimedia Commons State of Idaho Boise ( capital ) Topics Index Bibliography Geography Government Delegations Governors History Images People Symbols Tourist attractions Seal of Idaho Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boise metropolitan area Cache Valley Central Idaho Columbia River Plateau Eastern Idaho Great Basin Inland Empire Magic Valley North Central Idaho Idaho Panhandle Palouse Southern Idaho Southwestern Idaho Treasure Valley Wasatch Range Wood River Valley Yellowstone Larger cities Boise Nampa Meridian Idaho Falls Pocatello Caldwell Coeur d'Alene Twin Falls Lewiston Post Falls Rexburg Moscow Eagle Smaller cities Kuna Ammon Chubbuck Mountain Home Hayden Blackfoot Garden City Jerome Burley Counties Ada Adams Bannock Bear Lake Benewah Bingham Blaine Boise Bonner Bonneville Boundary Butte Camas Canyon Caribou Cassia Clark Clearwater Custer Elmore Franklin Fremont Gem Gooding Idaho Jefferson Jerome Kootenai Latah Lemhi Lewis Lincoln Madison Minidoka Nez", "20": "Perce Oneida Owyhee Payette Power Shoshone Teton Twin Falls Valley Washington State of Montana Helena ( capital ) Topics Index Congressional delegations Geography Government Governors History bibliography People Protected areas Sports State symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Seal of Montana Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics LGBT rights Regions Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana Western Montana Yellowstone Largest cities Anaconda Belgrade Billings Bozeman Butte Columbia Falls Dillon Glendive Great Falls Hamilton Havre Helena Kalispell Laurel Lewistown Livingston Miles City Missoula Polson Sidney Whitefish Counties Beaverhead Big Horn Blaine Broadwater Carbon Carter Cascade Chouteau Custer Daniels Dawson Deer Lodge Fallon Fergus Flathead Gallatin Garfield Glacier Golden Valley Granite Hill Jefferson Judith Basin Lake Lewis and Clark Liberty Lincoln Madison McCone Meagher Mineral Missoula Musselshell Park Petroleum Phillips Pondera Powder River Powell Prairie Ravalli Richland Roosevelt Rosebud Sanders Sheridan Silver Bow Stillwater Sweet Grass Teton Toole Treasure Valley Wheatland Wibaux Yellowstone", "21": "State of Wyoming Cheyenne ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Fauna Governors Delegations Geography Government History People Tourist attractions State symbols Radio stations Seal of Wyoming Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Black Hills Grand Teton Great Basin Powder River Country Red Desert Yellowstone Cities Buffalo Casper Cheyenne Cody Douglas Evanston Gillette Green River Jackson Lander Laramie Powell Rawlins Riverton Rock Springs Sheridan Torrington Worland Counties Albany Big Horn Campbell Carbon Converse Crook Fremont Goshen Hot Springs Johnson Laramie Lincoln Natrona Niobrara Park Platte Sheridan Sublette Sweetwater Teton Uinta Washakie Weston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wolves_in_Yellowstone&oldid=815239620 '' Categories : Yellowstone National Park Wolves in the United States Fauna of the Rocky Mountains Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 16 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "22": ", a non-profit organization . 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7805719588487348587	when did the vikings first sail and reach britain	[ "786–802", "6 January 793", "During the reign of King Beorhtric of Wessex (786–802)" ]	{ "0": "Viking expansion - wikipedia Viking expansion Jump to : navigation , search Map showing area of Scandinavian settlement in the eighth ( dark red ) , ninth ( red ) , tenth ( orange ) centuries . Yellow denotes areas conquered by the Normans in the 11th century , partly descendants of the Vikings . Green denotes areas subjected to Viking raids . Viking expansion is the process by which the Vikings sailed most of the North Atlantic , reaching south to North Africa and east to Russia , Constantinople and the Middle East as looters , traders , colonists and mercenaries . Vikings under Leif Ericsson , the heir to Erik the Red , reached North America and set up a short - lived settlement in present - day L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . Longer and more established settlements were formed in Greenland , Iceland , Great Britain and Normandy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motivation for expansion 1.1 Settlement demographics 2 British Isles 2.1 England 2.2 Scotland 2.3 Wales 2.4 Cornwall 2.5 Ireland 3 Europe and Asia 3.1 Normandy 3.2 West Francia and Middle Francia 3.3 Italy 3.4 Iberian Peninsula 3.4. 1 Galicia 3.4. 1.1 First invasion 3.4. 1.2 Second invasion 3.4. 1.3 Later invasions 3.4. 2 Islamic Iberia 3.5 Islamic Levant 3.6 Eastern Europe 3.6. 1 Vikings in Georgia 4 Northern Atlantic 4.1 Iceland 4.2 Greenland 4.3 North America 4.4 Svalbard 5 Genetic evidence and implications 5.1 Mitochondrial and Y - chromosome Haplotypes 5.1. 1 Common Y - Haplogroups 5.1. 2 C1 5.1.", "1": "3 Surname Histories and the Y - Haplotype 5.2 Cys282Tyr 6 See also 7 References Motivation for expansion ( edit ) There is much debate among historians about what drove the Viking expansion . One widely held idea is that it was a quest for retaliation against continental Europeans for their previous invasions of Viking homelands , such as Charlemagne 's campaign to force Scandinavian pagans to convert to Christianity by killing any who refused to become baptized . The historian Rudolf Simek has observed , `` It is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne . '' Those who favor this explanation point out that the penetration of Christianity into Scandinavia caused serious conflict and divided Norway for almost a century . However , the first target of Viking raids was not the Frankish Kingdom , but Christian monasteries in England , which seems inconsistent with vengeance as a motive but would be consistent with religious warfare . Guest from Overseas . Nicholas Roerich. 1901 Another idea is that the Viking population had exceeded the agricultural potential of their homeland . This may have been true of western Norway , where there were few reserves of land , but it is unlikely the rest of Scandinavia was experiencing famine . Alternatively , some scholars propose that the Viking expansion was driven by a youth bulge effect : since the eldest son of a family customarily inherited the family 's entire estate , younger sons had to seek their fortune by emigrating or engaging in raids . Peter Sawyer suggests that most Vikings emigrated due the attractiveness of owning more land rather than the necessity of having it . However , no rise in population , youth bulge , or decline in agricultural production during this period has been definitively demonstrated . Nor is it clear why such pressures would have prompted expansion overseas rather than into the vast , uncultivated forest areas in the interior of the Scandinavian Peninsula , although perhaps emigration or sea raids may have been easier or more profitable than clearing large areas of forest for farm and pasture in a region with a limited growing season .", "2": "An idea that avoids these shortcomings is that the Scandinavians might have practiced selective procreation leading to a shortage of women , and that the Vikings main motive for emigration was to acquire wives , although this would not explain why the Vikings chose to settle in other countries rather than bringing the women back with them to Scandinavia . It is also possible that a decline in the profitability of old trade routes drove the Vikings to seek out new , more profitable ones . Trade between western Europe and the rest of Eurasia may have suffered after the Roman Empire lost its western provinces in the 5th century , and the expansion of Islam in the 7th century may have reduced trade opportunities within western Europe by redirecting resources along the Silk Road . Trade in the Mediterranean was at its lowest level in history when the Vikings began their expansion . The Viking expansion opened new trade routes in Arab and Frankish lands , and took control of trade markets previously dominated by the Frisians after the Franks ' destroyed the Frisian fleet . Settlement demographics ( edit ) The Ravager John Charles Dollman , 1909 Viking settlements in Ireland and Great Britain are thought to have been primarily male enterprises , however some graves show nearly equal male / female distribution . Disagreement is partly due to method of classification ; previous archaeology often guessed biological sex from burial artifacts , whereas modern archaeology may use osteology to find biological sex , and isotope analysis to find origin ( DNA sampling is usually not possible ) . The males buried during that period in a cemetery on the Isle of Man had mainly names of Norse origin , while the females there had names of indigenous origin . Irish and British women are mentioned in old texts on the founding of Iceland , indicating that the Viking explorers were accompanied there by women from the British Isles who either came along voluntarily or were taken along by force . Genetic studies of the population in the Western Isles and Isle of Skye also show that Viking settlements were established mainly by male Vikings who mated with women from the local populations of those places . However , not all Viking settlements were primarily male . Genetic studies of the Shetland population suggest that family units consisting of Viking women as well as men were the norm among the migrants to these areas .", "3": "This may be because areas like Shetland Island , being closer to Scandinavia , were more suitable targets for family migrations , while frontier settlements further north and west were more suitable for groups of unattached male colonizers . British Isles ( edit ) See also : Viking Age in Northwestern Europe , Norse activity in the British Isles , and Viking raids and invasions of the British Isles England ( edit ) See also : Danelaw Viking invasions of England Great Heathen Army ( 865 -- 78 ) Englefield Reading Ashdown Basing Marton Edington / Ethandun Cynwit The Danelaw Buttington First Stamford The Holme Tettenhall Tempsford Derby Second Stamford Corbridge Brunanburh Stainmore Maldon First Alton St Brice 's Day Pinhoe Ringmere Cnut 's invasion ( 1015 -- 16 ) Assandun Brentford Harald 's invasion ( 1066 ) Fulford Stamford Bridge Map of England in 878 , depicting the Danelaw territory King Canute 's territories 1014 -- 1035 During the reign of King Beorhtric of Wessex ( 786 -- 802 ) three ships of `` Northmen '' landed at Portland Bay in Dorset . The local reeve mistook the Vikings for merchants and directed them to the nearby royal estate , but the visitors killed him and his men . The earliest recorded planned Viking raid , on 6 January 793 , targeted the monastery on the island of Lindisfarne , off the north - east coast of Northumbria . According to the 12th - century Anglo - Norman chronicler Symeon of Durham , the raiders killed the resident monks or threw them into the sea to drown or carried them away as slaves -- along with some of the church treasures . In 875 , after enduring eight decades of repeated Viking raids , the monks fled Lindisfarne , carrying the relics of Saint Cuthbert with them . In 794 , according to the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , a small Viking fleet attacked a rich monastery at Jarrow . The Vikings met with stronger resistance than they had expected : their leaders were killed .", "4": "The raiders escaped , only to have their ships beached at Tynemouth and the crews killed by locals . This represented one of the last raids on England for about 40 years . The Vikings focused instead on Ireland and Scotland . In 865 a group of hitherto uncoordinated bands of predominantly Danish Vikings joined together to form a large army and landed in East Anglia . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle described this force as the Great Heathen Army and went onto say that it was led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan . The army crossed the Midlands into Northumbria and captured York ( Jorvik ) . In 871 the Great Heathen army was reinforced by what was known as the Great Summer Army , one of its leaders was Guthrum . In 875 the Great Heathen Army split into two bands , with Guthrum leading one back to Wessex , and Hafdan taking his followers north . Then in 876 , Halfdan shared out Northumbrian land amongst his men , who `` ploughed the land and supported themselves '' ; this land was part of what became known as the Danelaw . Most of the English kingdoms , being in turmoil , could not stand against the Vikings , but King Alfred of Wessex defeated Guthrum 's army at the Battle of Edington in 878 . There followed the Treaty of Wedmore the same year and the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum in 886 . These treaties formalised the boundaries of the English kingdoms and the Viking Danelaw territory , with provisions for peaceful relations between the English and the Vikings . Despite these treaties , conflict continued on and off . However , Alfred and his successors eventually drove back the Viking frontier and retook York . A new wave of Vikings appeared in England in 947 , when Erik Bloodaxe captured York . The Viking presence continued through the reign of the Danish prince Cnut the Great ( reigned as King of England : 1016 -- 1035 ) , after which a series of inheritance arguments weakened the hold on power of Cnut 's heirs . When King Edward the Confessor died in 1066 , the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada challenged his successor as King of England , Harold Godwinson .", "5": "Hardrada was killed , and his Norwegian army defeated , by Harold Godwinson on 25 September 1066 at the Battle of Stamford Bridge . Harold Godwinson himself died when William the Conqueror defeated the English army at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066 . William was crowned king of England on 25 December 1066 , however it was several years before he was able to bring the kingdom under his complete control . In 1070 the Danish king Sweyn Estridsson sailed up the Humber with an army in support of Edgar the Ætheling , the last surviving male member of the English royal family . However , after capturing York , Sweyn accepted a payment from William to desert Edgar . Five years later one of Sweyn 's sons set sail for England to support another English rebellion , but it had been crushed before the expedition arrived , so they settled for plundering the city of York and the surrounding area before returning home . In 1085 Sweyn 's son , now Canute IV of Denmark planned a major invasion against England but the assembled fleet never sailed . No further serious Danish invasions or raids on England occurred after this . Note that not all the Norse arriving in Ireland and Great Britain came as raiders . Many arrived with families and livestock , often in the wake of the capture of territory by their forces . The populations then merged over time by intermarriage into the Anglo - Saxon population of these areas . Many words in the English language come from old Scandinavian languages , showing the importance of this contact . Scotland ( edit ) Map of the Kingdom of the Isles and Earldom of Orkney Main articles : Scandinavian Scotland and Norse - Gaels The monastery at Iona on the west coast was first raided in 794 , and had to be abandoned some fifty years later after several devastating attacks . While there are few records from the earliest period , it is believed that Scandinavian presence in Scotland increased in the 830s . The isles to the north and west of Scotland were heavily colonised by Norwegian Vikings . Shetland , Orkney and the Hebrides came under Norse control , sometimes as fiefs under the King of Norway , and at other times as separate entities under variously the Kings of the Isles , the Earldom of Orkney and the later Kings of Mann and the Isles .", "6": "Shetland and Orkney were the last of these to be incorporated into Scotland in as late as 1468 . Wales ( edit ) Wales was not colonized by the Vikings significantly as in eastern England . The Vikings did , however , settle in small numbers in the south around St Davids , Haverfordwest , and the Gower . Place names such as Skokholm , Skomer , and Swansea remain as evidence of the Norse settlement . The Vikings , however , were not able to set up a Viking state or control Wales , owing to the powerful forces of Welsh kings , and , unlike in Scotland , the aristocracy was relatively unharmed . Nevertheless , following the successful Viking alliance with Britanny in 865 , the Britons made their peace with the Danes , and a Viking / Welsh alliance in 878 defeated an Anglo - Saxon army from Mercia . Although the Welsh had been longtime enemies of the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Mercia , their relationship with the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Wessex was somewhat warmer . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle of 893 , for example , refers to Vikings being pursued by a combined force of West Saxons and north Welsh along the River Severn . The combined Anglo - Saxon and Welsh army eventually overtook the Vikings before defeating them at the Battle of Buttington . The city of Swansea was founded by Sweyn Forkbeard , King of Denmark , who by 1013 was King of the Danes , Anglo - Saxons and Norwegians . The English name for the town derives from Old Norse : Sveinsey , meaning `` Sweyn 's island '' . The island refers to the area around the estuary of the river Tawe . The neighboring Gower Peninsula has some place names of Norse origin . For example , Worm 's Head is from Old Norse : ormr , the word for snake or dragon , as the Vikings believed that the serpent - shaped island was a sleeping dragon . Some twenty miles ( 32 kilometres ) west of Cardiff on the Vale of Glamorgan coast is the semi-flooded island of Tusker Rock , which takes its name from Tuska , the Viking who established a settlement in the area .", "7": "Cornwall ( edit ) The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle reported that heathen men ( the Danes ) raided Charmouth , Dorset in 833 AD , then in 997 AD they destroyed the Dartmoor town of Lydford , and from 1001 AD to 1003 AD they occupied the old Roman city of Exeter . The Cornish were subjugated by King Æthelstan , of England , in 936 and the border finally set at the River Tamar . However , the Cornish remained semi-autonomous until their annexation into England after the Norman Conquest . Ireland ( edit ) Main articles : History of Ireland ( 800 -- 1169 ) , Early Scandinavian Dublin , and Norse - Gaels Viking wars in Ireland Strangford Loch ( 877 ) Cenn Fuait ( 915 ) Mag Femen ( 917 ) Áth Cliath ( 919 ) Sulcoit ( 968 ) Luimnech ( 968 ) Cathair Cuan ( 977 ) Tara ( 980 ) Glenmama ( 999 ) Clontarf ( 1014 ) Map showing areas of Norse control in Ireland in the 10th Century The Vikings conducted extensive raids in Ireland and founded many towns , including Dublin , Limerick , Wexford , Waterford , Wicklow , Arklow and Leixlip . Literature , crafts , and decorative styles in Ireland and Britain reflected Scandinavian culture . Vikings traded at Irish markets in Dublin . Excavations found imported fabrics from England , Byzantium , Persia , and central Asia . Dublin became so crowded by the 11th century that houses were built outside the town walls . The Vikings pillaged monasteries on Ireland 's west coast in 795 , and then spread out to cover the rest of the coastline . The north and east of the island were most affected . During the first 40 years , the raids were conducted by small , mobile Viking groups . From 830 on , the groups consisted of large fleets of Viking ships . From 840 , the Vikings began establishing permanent bases at the coasts . Dublin was the most significant settlement in the long term . The Irish became accustomed to the Viking presence and culture . In some cases they became allies and also intermarried .", "8": "In 832 , a Viking fleet of about 120 ships under Turgesius invaded kingdoms on Ireland 's northern and eastern coasts . Some believe that the increased number of invaders coincided with Scandinavian leaders ' desires to control the profitable raids on the western shores of Ireland . During the mid-830s , raids began to push deeper into Ireland . Navigable waterways made this deeper penetration possible . After 840 , the Vikings had several bases in strategic locations throughout Ireland . In 838 , a small Viking fleet entered the River Liffey in eastern Ireland , probably led by the chieftain Saxolb ( Soxulfr ) who was killed later that year . The Vikings set up a base , which the Irish called longphorts . This longphort would eventually become Dublin . After this interaction , the Irish experienced Viking forces for about 40 years . The Vikings also established longphorts in Cork , Limerick , Waterford , and Wexford . The Vikings were driven out of Ireland for a short period around 900 , but returned to Waterford in 914 to found what would become Ireland 's first city . The other longphorts were soon re-occupied and developed into cities and towns . The last major Irish battle involving Vikings was the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 , in which a large force from the pan-Viking world and their Irish allies opposed Brian Boru , then the High King of Ireland and his forces , a small contingent of which were Viking defectors . The battle was fought in what is the now Dublin suburb of Clontarf on Good Friday of that year . Boru , the Irish High King had allowed the Viking King of Dublin ; Sigtrygg Silkbeard , one year to prepare for his coming assault . Silkbeard responded by offering the bed of his mother to several Viking lords from Scandinavia , Ireland and Britain . The savage mêlée between the heavily mailed Norse and the unarmoured , yet undaunted Gaels ended in a rout of the Vikings and their Irish allies . Careful accounts were taken by both sides during the battle , and thus many famous warriors sought each other out for personal combat and glory . High King Brian , who was nearly eighty , did not personally engage in the battle but retired to his tent where he spent the day in quiet prayer .", "9": "The Viking Brodir of Man chanced upon Brian 's tent as he fled the field . He and a few followers seized the opportunity , and surprised the High King , killing the aged Brian before being captured . Brian 's foster son Wolf the Quarrelsome later tracked down and dispatched Brodir by disembowelment . Wolf watching as Brodir marched and wound his own innards around the trunk of a large tree . The battle was fairly matched for most of the day and each side had great respect for the prowess of the other ; however , in the end , the Irish forced the Norse to return to the sea . Many of the fleeing Vikings were drowned in the surf due to their heavy mail coats as they struggled for the safety of their longships ; others were pursued and slain further inland . After the battle , Viking power was broken in Ireland forever , though many settled Norse remained in the cities and prospered greatly with the Irish through trade . With Brian dead , Ireland returned to the fractured kingdom it had once been , but was now cleared of further Viking predation . Europe and Asia ( edit ) Statue of Rollo , Duke of Normandy Normandy ( edit ) The name of Normandy itself denotes the Viking origin . After their settlement when it became known as `` Northmannia '' or Land of The Norsemen . The Viking presence in Normandy began with raids into the territory of the Frankish Empire , from the middle of 9th century . Viking raids extended deep into the Frankish territory , and included the sacking of many prominent towns such as Rouen , Paris and the abbey at Jumieges . The inability of the Frankish king Charles the Bald , and later Charles the Simple , to prevent these Viking incursions forced them to offer vast payments of silver and gold to prevent any further pillage . These pay - offs were short lived of course , and the Danish raiders would always return for more . The Duchy of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo after he had besieged Paris . In 911 , Rollo entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks Charles the Simple through the Treaty of Saint - Clair - sur - Epte . This treaty made of Rollo the first Norman Count of Rouen .", "10": "In addition , Rollo was to be baptized and marry Gisele , the illegitimate daughter of Charles . In exchange for his homage and fealty , Rollo legally gained the territory which he and his Viking allies had previously conquered . The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo - Romance languages and intermarried with the area 's original inhabitants . They became the Normans -- a Norman French - speaking mixture of Scandinavians and indigenous Franks and Gauls . The language of Normandy heavily reflected the Danish influence , as many words ( especially ones pertaining to seafaring ) were borrowed from Old Norse or Old Danish . More than the language itself , the Norman toponymy retains a strong Nordic influence . Nevertheless , only a few archaeological traces have been found : swords dredged out of the Seine river between its estuary and Rouen , the tomb of a female Viking at Pîtres , the two Thor 's hammers at Saint - Pierre - de-Varengeville and more recently the horde of Viking coins at Saint - Pierre - des - Fleurs . Rollo 's descendant William , Duke of Normandy ( the Conqueror ) became King of England after he defeated Harold Godwinson and his army at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066 . As king of England , he retained the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants . The kings of England made claim to Normandy , as well as their other possessions in France , which led to various disputes with the French . This culminated in the French confiscation of Gascony that precipitated what became known as the Hundred Years ' War , in 1337 . West Francia and Middle Francia ( edit ) West Francia and Middle Francia suffered more severely than East Francia during the Viking raids of the 9th century . The reign of Charles the Bald coincided with some of the worst of these raids , though he did take action by the Edict of Pistres of 864 to secure a standing army of cavalry under royal control to be called upon at all times when necessary to fend off the invaders . He also ordered the building of fortified bridges to prevent inland raids .", "11": "Nonetheless , the Bretons allied with the Vikings and Robert , the margrave of Neustria , ( a march created for defence against the Vikings sailing up the Loire ) , and Ranulf of Aquitaine died in the Battle of Brissarthe in 865 . The Vikings also took advantage of the civil wars which ravaged the Duchy of Aquitaine in the early years of Charles ' reign . In the 840s , Pepin II called in the Vikings to aid him against Charles and they settled at the mouth of the Garonne as they did by the Loire . Two dukes of Gascony , Seguin II and William I , died defending Bordeaux from Viking assaults . A later duke , Sancho Mitarra , even settled some at the mouth of the Adour near Bayonne in an act presaging that of Charles the Simple and the Treaty of Saint - Clair - sur - Epte by which the Vikings were settled in Rouen , creating Normandy as a bulwark against other Vikings . In the 9th and 10th centuries , the Vikings raided the largely defenceless Frisian and Frankish towns lying on the coast and along the rivers of the Low Countries . Although Vikings never settled in large numbers in those areas , they did set up long - term bases and were even acknowledged as lords in a few cases . They set up bases in Saint - Florent - le - Vieil at the mouth of the Loire , in Taillebourg on the mid Charente , also around Bayonne on the banks of the Adour , in Noirmoutier and obviously on the River Seine ( Rouen ) in what would become Normandy . Antwerp was raided in 836 . Later there were raids of Ghent , Kortrijk , Tournai , Leuven and the areas around the Meuse river , the Rhine , the Rupel river and the tributaries of those rivers . Raids were conducted from bases established in Asselt , Walcheren , Wieringen and Elterberg ( or Eltenberg , a small hill near Elten ) .", "12": "In Dutch and Frisian historical tradition , the trading centre of Dorestad declined after Viking raids from 834 to 863 ; however , since no convincing Viking archaeological evidence has been found at the site ( as of 2007 ) , doubts about this have grown in recent years . One of the most important Viking families in the Low Countries was that of Rorik of Dorestad ( based in Wieringen ) and his brother Harald ( based in Walcheren ) . Around 850 , Lothair I acknowledged Rorik as ruler of most of Friesland . And again in 870 Rorik was received by Charles the Bald in Nijmegen , to whom he became a vassal . Viking raids continued during this period . Harald 's son Rodulf and his men were killed by the people of Oostergo in 873 . Rorik died sometime before 882 . Buried Viking treasures consisting mainly of silver have been found in the Low Countries . Two such treasures have been found in Wieringen . A large treasure found in Wieringen in 1996 dates from around 850 and is thought perhaps to have been connected to Rorik . The burial of such a valuable treasure is seen as an indication that there was a permanent settlement in Wieringen . Around 879 , Godfrid arrived in Frisian lands as the head of a large force that terrorised the Low Countries . Using Ghent as his base , they ravaged Ghent , Maastricht , Liège , Stavelot , Prüm , Cologne , and Koblenz . Controlling most of Frisia between 882 and his death in 885 , Godfrid became known to history as Godfrid , Duke of Frisia . His lordship over Frisia was acknowledged by Charles the Fat , to whom he became a vassal . In the siege of Asselt in 882 , the Franks sieged a Viking camp at Asselt in Frisia . Although the Vikings were not forced by arms to abandon their camp , they were compelled to come to terms in which their leader , Godfrid , was converted to Christianity . Godfrid was assassinated in 885 , after which Gerolf of Holland assumed lordship and Viking rule of Frisia came to an end .", "13": "Viking raids of the Low Countries continued for over a century . Remains of Viking attacks dating from 880 to 890 have been found in Zutphen and Deventer . The last attacks took place in Tiel in 1006 and Utrecht in 1007 . Italy ( edit ) In 860 , according to an account by the Norman monk Dudo of Saint - Quentin , a Viking fleet , probably under Björn Ironside and Hastein , landed at the Ligurian port of Luni and sacked the city . The Vikings then moved another 60 miles ( 97 kilometres ) down the Tuscan coast to the mouth of the Arno , sacking Pisa and then , following the river upstream , also the hill - town of Fiesole above Florence and other victories around the Mediterranean ( including in Sicily and North Africa ) . Many Norsemen fought as mercenaries in Southern Italy , including the Varangian Guard led by Harald Hardrada , who later became king of Norway , who conquered Sicily between 1038 and 1040 , with the help of Norman mercenaries , under William de Hauteville , who won his nickname Iron Arm by defeating the emir of Syracuse in single combat , and a Lombard contingent , led by Arduin . The Varangians were first used as mercenaries in Italy against the Arabs in 936 . Runestones were raised in Sweden in memory of warriors who died in Langbarðaland ( Land of the Lombards ) , the Old Norse name for southern Italy . Later several Anglo - Danish and Norwegian nobles participated in the Norman conquest of southern Italy , like Edgar the Ætheling , who left England in 1086 , and Jarl Erling Skakke , who won his nickname after a battle against Arabs in Sicily . On the other hand , many Anglo - Danish rebels fleeing William the Conqueror , joined the Byzantines in their struggle against the Robert Guiscard , duke of Apulia , in Southern Italy . Iberian Peninsula ( edit ) A street plate in Póvoa de Varzim , Portugal , with Siglas poveiras ( describing names of local families ) , related with Scandinavian Bomärken . The drawn boat is a Lancha Poveira some researchers say it is derived from the archetypal Viking ship .", "14": "Modern sculpture of a Viking in Catoira Galicia ( edit ) The presence of Vikings in Galicia took place at the earliest by the mid-ninth century though apparently not before , and no later than the twelfth century , when Vikings from Scandinavia were a naval and military power , launching expeditions of plunder and conquest by the Atlantic coast and European rivers , looting cities and settlements . The Vikings extended their journeys all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea , and on the way they raided Galicia . In contemporary texts , the Vikings are often referred to as normandos or lordimani . Our knowledge of Vikings in Spain is mainly based on written accounts . There are archeological findings of anchors of Viking ships , and some shapes of mounds by riversides look similar to the Norse longphorts in Ireland . These were ports or docks for Viking longships . First invasion ( edit ) The first incursion of the Vikings in Galicia is mentioned in Annales Bertiniani , and dated August 844 , when a group from a plundering expedition entered the Garonne and reached Galicia pushed by a storm . After plundering a number of coastal villages they were ultimately repulsed in the vicinity of Farum Brecantium i.e. , the Tower of Hercules ( called by them FAR ) . Ramiro I of Asturias who was king of Asturias at the time , gathered troops in Galicia and Asturia for the counter-attack . After the Asturian victory , the Vikings continued their voyage in direction of Lisbon . According to Fletcher `` Alfonso III was sufficiently worried by the threat of Viking attack to establish fortified strong points near his coastline , as other rulers were doing elsewhere . '' A legend also explains that when the Vikings arrived at the mouth of the river Masma , the holy Bishop of the diocese of Gonzalo Bretoña prayed for protection from the heavens against the forthcoming attack . A major storm was unleashed , sinking most of the fleet and a large number of Vikings fled in their ships . Second invasion ( edit ) Vikings returned to Galicia in 859 , during the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias . It was a contingent of a hundred ships from looting expeditions by the French coast that was now directed toward the Arousa estuary .", "15": "After looting Iria Flavia they continued to Santiago de Compostela , where they laid siege . Their neighbours had paid tribute to avoid looting , but in spite of this , the Vikings tried to enter the city . They were faced with an army led by Don Pedro who dispersed them and destroyed thirty eight of their ships ; after which the surviving Vikings went south . As a result of this expedition the episcopal see of Iria relocated to Santiago de Compostela . In 861 , a group of Vikings ransomed García Íñiguez , king of Pamplona , whom they had captured the previous year , for 60,000 gold pieces . Later invasions ( edit ) In 951 , the Vikings reappeared and attacked the Galician coast . Galician cities would then strengthen their defenses over the following years . In 964 , the Vikings arrived again in Galicia , because the own bishop of Mondonedo , Rosendo of Celanova , they had to face . In 968 Bishop Sisnando Menéndez of Compostela was killed , the monastery of Curtis was sacked , and measures were ordered for the defense of the inland town of Lugo . The expedition of 1015 was led by Olaf Haraldsson , who later became king Olaf II of Norway . He destroyed four settlements : Castropol , Betanzos , Rivas de Sil and Tui . After Tui was sacked its bishopric remained vacant for the next half - century . Raiding continued for the next two centuries . Ransom was a motive for abductions : Fletcher instances Amarelo Mestáliz , who was forced to raise money on the security of his land in order to ransom his daughters who had been captured by the Vikings in 1015 . Bishop Cresconio of Compostela ( ca . 1036 -- 66 ) repulsed a Viking foray and built the fortress at Torres do Oeste ( Council of Catoira ) to protect Compostela from the Atlantic approaches . Islamic Iberia ( edit ) While connections between the Norse and Eastern Islamic lands ( particularly around the Caspian ) were well - established ( in the form of the Rus ' ) along the Volga , relations with the Western edge of Islam were more sporadic and haphazard .", "16": "Islamic Iberia , the first navy of the Emirate of Córdoba was built after the humiliating Viking ascent of the Guadalquivir in 844 when they sacked Seville . Nevertheless , in 859 , Danish pirates sailed through Gibraltar and raided the little Moroccan state of Nekor . The king 's harem had to be ransomed back by the emir of Córdoba . These and other raids prompted a shipbuilding program at the dockyards of Seville . The Andalusian navy was thenceforth employed to patrol the Iberian coastline under the caliphs Abd - ar - Rahman III ( 912 -- 961 ) and Al - Hakam II ( 961 -- 976 ) . Córdoba was too heavily defended to be considered a target for all but the most ambitious Vikings . By the next century , piracy from North Africans superseded Viking raids . In 844 the Vikings attacked Al - Andalus , the administrative area of the Iberian Peninsula ruled by Muslims . They sacked Lisbon , Cádiz and Medina Sidonia , and then captured Seville . However , the Muslims counterattacked and defeated them . The survivors fled . The Vikings carried out further raids on Al - Andalus but the Muslims fought back effectively . The Vikings retreated and in the next weeks they looted Lisbon before advancing on the river Guadalquivir and occupying Sevilla for forty - two days . But the Blammen ( `` Black Men '' , Arabs ) defeated a large host ( allegedly 16,000 ) at Moron and the Vikings retreated from Sevilla . Before retreating they ransomed their hostages , taking only clothes and food . Aside from Viking raids in the Islamic Mediterranean , there were also sustained diplomatic relations between the Vikings ( referred to as `` Madjus '' in Arabic sources ) and the Islamic world . The Arab diplomat Al - Ghazal ( `` the gazelle '' ) was dispatched to the court of the Danish King Harek at Hleiðra in 844 ( as recounted in Ibn - Dihya ) to make peace with the Danes following their defeat at Sevilla . He was reported back in Córdoba twenty months later .", "17": "Additionally , a century later the Arab merchant Abraham ben Jacob ( also known as Al - Tartushi ) was reported to have travelled to the Viking trading town of Hedeby in Schleswig . In 860 , a new fleet of sixty - two ships led by Hastein and Björn Ironside . attacked Galicia ( northwestern Spain ) , the Portuguese shores and Sevilla . The fleet then crossed over to Africa and sacked Nekor . They then returned to Iberia , stopping at the Balearic Islands , and attacked Pamplona after crossing the Ebru river and captured the king of Navarra , García Íñiguez , who paid a ransom for his release . In 966 Lisbon was again raided by the Norse , this time with a fleet of 28 ships . Another great campaign took place in 968 . The Norman jarl Gundraed attacked Galicia with 100 ships and 8,000 warriors . They roamed freely for years and even occupied Santiago de Compostela , but the Vikings were finally defeated by the troops of the count Gonzalo Sanchez in 971 . Islamic levant ( edit ) The well - known Harald Hardrada would also serve the Byzantine emperor in Palestine as well as raiding North Africa , the Middle East as far east as Armenia , and the island of Sicily in the 11th century , as recounted in his saga in Snorri Sturluson 's Heimskringla . Evidence for Norse ventures into Arabia and Central Asia can be found in runestones erected in Scandinavia by the relatives of fallen Viking adventurers . Several of these refer to men who died in `` Serkland '' ( Arabia ) Meanwhile , in the Eastern Mediterranean the Norse ( referred to as Rus ' ) were viewed more as `` merchant - warriors '' who were primarily associated with trade and business . In particular , Arab scholars such as Ibn - Fadlan recount Norse trade expeditions to Baghdad , a major center of the Islamic world . Indeed , one of the only detailed accounts of a Viking burial come from Ibn - Fadlan 's account . At times this trading relationship would break down into violence -- Rus ' armadas raided in the Caspian on at least three occasions , in 910 , 912 and 943 .", "18": "Eastern Europe ( edit ) In Athens , Greece , Swedish Vikings wrote a runic inscription on the Piraeus Lion Main article : Varangians See also : Rus ' Khaganate and Volga trade route The Vikings settled coastal areas along the Baltic Sea , and along inland rivers in Russian territories such as Staraya Ladoga , Novgorod and along major waterways to the Byzantine Empire . The Varangians or Varyags ( Russian , Ukrainian : Варяги , Varyagi ) sometimes referred to as Variagians were Scandinavians who migrated eastwards and southwards through what is now Russia , Belarus and Ukraine mainly in the 9th and 10th centuries . Engaging in trade , colonization , piracy and mercenary activities , they roamed the river systems and portages of Garðaríki , reaching and settling at the Caspian Sea and in Constantinople . The real involvement of the Varangians came after they were asked by the Slavic tribes of the region to come and establish order , as those tribes were in constant warfare among each other ( `` Our country is rich and immense , but it is rent by disorder . Come and govern us and reign over us . '' ) . The tribes were united and ruled under the leadership of Rurik , a leader of a group of Varangians . Rurik had successfully been able to establish a set of trading towns and posts along the Volga and Dnieper Rivers , which were perfect for trade with the Byzantine Empire . Rurik 's successors were able to conquer and unite the towns along the banks of the Volga and Dnieper Rivers , and establish the Rus ' Khaganate . Despite the distinction of the Varangians from the local Slavic tribes at the beginning , by the 10th century , the Varangians began to integrate with the local community , and by the end of 12th century , a new people -- the Russians , have emerged . Vikings in Georgia ( edit ) See also : Caspian expeditions of the Rus ' Separated by several thousand kilometers , medieval Georgia and Scandinavia , surprisingly , had a common link .", "19": "Around 1036 , Varangians appeared near the village of Bashi on the Rioni River , to establish a permanent settlement of Vikings in Georgia ( Georgian : ვიკინგები საქართველოში ) . The old Georgian chronicle Kartlis Tskhovreba described them as 3,000 men who had traveled from Scandinavia through present - day Russia , rowing down the Dniepr River and across the Black Sea . King Bagrat IV welcomed them to Georgia and accepted some of them into the Georgian army ; several hundred Vikings fought on Bagrat 's side at the Battle of Sasireti in 1047 . Other Vikings continued westward , thereafter disappearing from history . Swedish researchers recently suggested that the story in the Georgian chronicle was about the Swedish expedition by the Viking chieftain Ingvar den Vittfarne ( Ingvar the Far - Traveled ) , which features in many rune stones in mid-Sweden . Northern Atlantic ( edit ) Iceland ( edit ) Main article : Settlement of Iceland A page from a skin manuscript of Landnámabók in the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in Reykjavík , Iceland Iceland was discovered by Naddodd , one of the first settlers on the Faroe Islands , who was sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands but got lost and drifted to the east coast of Iceland . Naddoddr named the country Snæland ( Snowland ) . Swedish sailor Garðar Svavarsson also accidentally drifted to the coast of Iceland . He discovered that the country was an island and named it Garðarshólmi ( literally Garðar 's Islet ) and stayed for the winter at Húsavík . The first Scandinavian who deliberately sailed to Garðarshólmi was Flóki Vilgerðarson , also known as Hrafna - Flóki ( Raven - Flóki ) . Flóki settled for one winter at Barðaströnd . It was a cold winter , and when he spotted some drift ice in the fjords he gave the island its current name , Ísland ( Iceland ) .", "20": "Iceland was first settled around 870 . The first permanent settler in Iceland is usually considered to have been a Norwegian chieftain named Ingólfr Arnarson . According to the story , he threw two carved pillars overboard as he neared land , vowing to settle wherever they landed . He then sailed along the coast until the pillars were found in the southwestern peninsula , now known as Reykjanesskagi . There he settled with his family around 874 , in a place he named Reykjavík ( Bay of Smokes ) due to the geothermal steam rising from the earth . It is recognized , however , that Ingólfur Arnarson may not have been the first one to settle permanently in Iceland -- that may have been Náttfari , a slave of Garðar Svavarsson who stayed behind when his master returned to Scandinavia . Greenland ( edit ) In the year 985 , Erik the Red was believed to have discovered Greenland after being exiled from Iceland for murder in 982 . Three years later in 986 , Erik the Red returned with 14 ships surviving ships ( as 25 set out on the expedition ). Two areas along Greenland 's southwest coast were colonized by Norse settlers , including Erik the Red , around 986 . The land was at best marginal for Norse pastoral farming . The settlers arrived during a warm phase , when short - season crops such as rye and barley could be grown . Sheep and hardy cattle were also raised for food , wool , and hides . Their main export was walrus ivory , which was traded for iron and other goods which could not be produced locally . Greenland became a dependency of the king of Norway in 1261 . During the 13th century , the population may have reached as high as 5,000 , divided between the two main settlements of Eystribygð ( Eastern Settlement ) and Vestribygð ( Western Settlement ) . The organization of these settlements revolved mainly around religion , and they consisted of around 250 farms , which were split into approximately fourteen communities that were centered around fourteen churches , one of which was a cathedral at Garðar . The Catholic diocese of Greenland was subject to the archdiocese of Nidaros . However , many bishops chose to exercise this office from afar .", "21": "As the years wore on , the climate shifted ( see Little Ice Age ) . In 1379 the northernmost settlement was attacked by the Skrælings ( Norse word for Inuit ) . Crops failed and trade declined . The Greenland colony gradually faded away . By 1450 it had lost contact with Norway and Iceland and disappeared from all but a few Scandinavian legends . North America ( edit ) Main article : Norse colonization of the Americas Leif Erikson discovering America Christian Krohg , 1893 A Norwegian ship 's captain named Bjarni Herjólfsson first came across a part of the North American continent ca . 985 when he was blown off course sailing to Greenland from Iceland . Subsequent expeditions from Greenland ( some led by Leif Ericson ) explored the areas to the west , seeking large timbers for building in particular ( Greenland had only small trees and brush ) . Regular activity from Greenland extended to Ellesmere Island , Skraeling Island and Ruin Island for hunting and trading with Inuit groups . A short - lived seasonal settlement was established at L'Anse aux Meadows , located in the northern part of Newfoundland , Canada . Since 2012 , five other potential settlements have been discovered ranging from Tanfield Valley in the north to Point Rosee in the south . The Greenlanders called the new - found territory Vinland . It is unclear whether Vinland referred to in the traditionally thinking as Vínland ( wine - land ) or more recently as Vinland ( meadow - or pasture - land ) . In any case , without any official backing , attempts at colonization by the Norse proved failures . There were simply too many natives for the Greenlanders to conquer or withstand and they withdrew to Greenland . Svalbard ( edit ) Further information : History of Svalbard Vikings may have discovered Svalbard as early as the 12th century . Traditional Norse accounts exist of a land known as Svalbarð - literally `` cold shores '' . ( But this land might also have been Jan Mayen , or a part of eastern Greenland . ) The Dutchman Willem Barents made the first indisputable discovery of Svalbard in 1596 . Genetic evidence and implications ( edit ) Studies of genetic diversity have provided scientific confirmation to accompany archaeological evidence of Viking expansion .", "22": "They additionally indicate patterns of ancestry , imply new migrations , and show the actual flow of individuals between disparate regions . However , attempts to determine historical population genetics are complicated by subsequent migrations and demographic fluctuations . In particular , the rapid migrations of the 20th century has made it difficult to assess what prior genetic states were . Genetic evidence contradicts the common perception that Vikings were primarily pillagers and raiders . A news article by Roger Highfield summarizes recent research and concludes that , as both male and female genetic markers are present , the evidence is indicative of colonization instead of raiding and occupying . However , this is also disputed by unequal ratios of male and female haplotypes ( see below ) which indicate that more men settled than women , an element of a raiding or occupying population . Mitochondrial and Y - chromosome haplotypes ( edit ) Y - chromosome haplotypes serve as markers of paternal lineage much the same as mDNA represents the maternal lineage . Together , these two methods provide an option for tracing back a people 's genetic history and charting the historical migrations of both males and females . Often considered the purest remnants of ancient Nordic genetics , Icelanders trace 75 -- 80 % of their patrilineal ancestry to Scandinavia and 20 -- 25 % to Scotland and Ireland . On the maternal side , only 37 % is from Scandinavia and the remaining 63 % is mostly Scottish and Irish . Iceland also holds one of the most well - documented lineage records which , in many cases , go back fifteen generations and at least 300 years . These are accompanied by one of the largest genetic records which have been collected by deCODE genetics . Together , these two records allow for a mostly reliable view of historical Scandinavian genetic structure although the genetics of Iceland are influenced by Norse - British migration as well as that directly from Scandinavia . Common Y - haplogroups ( edit ) Haplogroup I1 is the most common haplotype among Scandinavian males . It is present in 35 % of males in Norway , Denmark and Sweden ; 40 % of males within Western Finland . It is also prominent on the Baltic and North Sea coasts , but decreases further south . Haplogroup R1b is another very common haplotype in all of Western Europe . However , it is not distinctly linked to Vikings or their expansion .", "23": "There are indications that a mutant strand , R - L165 , may have been carried to Great Britain by the Vikings , but the topic is currently inconclusive . C1 ( edit ) The mitochondrial C1 haplotype is primarily an East Asia - American haplotype that developed just prior to migration across the Bering sea . This maternal haplotype , however , was found in several Icelandic samples . While originally considered to be a 20th - century immigrant , a more complete analysis has shown that this haplotype has been present in Iceland for at least 300 years and is distinct from other C1 lineages . This evidence indicates a likely genetic exchange back and forth between Iceland , Greenland , and Vinland . Surname Histories and the Y - haplotype ( edit ) There is evidence suggesting Y - Haplotypes may be combined with surname histories to better represent historical populations and prevent recent migrations from obscuring the historical record . Cys282Tyr ( edit ) Cys282Tyr ( or C282Y ) is a mutation in the HFE gene that has been linked to most cases of hereditary hemochromatosis . Genetic techniques indicate that this mutation occurred roughly 60 -- 70 generations ago or between 600 and 800 CE , assuming a generation length of 20 years . The regional distribution of this mutation among European populations indicates that it originated in Southern Scandinavia and spread with Viking expansion . Due to the timing of the mutation and subsequent population movements , C282Y is very prominent in Great Britain , Normandy , and Southern Scandinavia although C282Y has been found in almost every population that has been in contact with the Vikings . See also ( edit ) Nordicism The Exploration Museum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rudolf Simek , `` The emergence of the Viking age : circumstances and conditions '' , The Vikings first Europeans VIII -- XI century -- the new discoveries of archaeology , other , 2005 , pp. 24 -- 25 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Bruno Dumézil , master of Conference at Paris X-Nanterre , Normalien , aggregated history , author of Conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms , 5th - 8th centuries ( Fayard , 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Franques Royal Annals '' cited in Peter Sawyer , The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings , 2001 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Dictionnaire d'histoire de France -- Perrin -- Alain Decaux and André Castelot. 1981 . pp. 184 -- 85 ISBN 2 - 7242 - 3080 - 9 . Jump up ^ Les vikings : Histoire , mythes , dictionnaire R. Boyer , Robert Laffont , 2008 , p96 ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 10631 - 0 Jump up ^ Rudolf Simek , `` the emergence of the Viking age : circumstances and conditions '' , `` The vikings first Europeans VIII -- XI century -- the new discoveries of archaeology '' , other , 2005 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ François - Xavier Dillmann , Viking civilisation and culture . A bibliography of French - language , Caen , Centre for research on the countries of the North and Northwest , University of Caen , 1975 , p. 19 , and Les Vikings -- the Scandinavian and European 800 -- 1200 , 22nd exhibition of art from the Council of Europe , 1992 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ History of the Kings of Norway by Snorri Sturlusson translated by Professor of History François - Xavier Dillmann , Gallimard ISBN 2 - 07 - 073211 - 8 pp. 15 -- 16 , 18 , 24 , 33 , 34 , 38 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings . Oxford : OUP . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Peter ( 1997 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings . Oxford . p. 3 .", "25": "Jump up ^ James H. Barrett , `` What caused the Viking Age ? '' Antiquity Volume 82 Number 317 ( September 2008 ) , 671 -- 685 ; `` Viking Age Triggered by Shortage of Wives ? '' Jump up ^ SHANE MCLEOD . `` Warriors and women : the sex ratio of Norse migrants to eastern England up to 900 AD '' 18 JUL 2011 . Early Medieval Europe , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , pp. 332 -- 53 , August 2011 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0254.2011. 00323. x Web PDF Quote : `` These results , six female Norse migrants and seven male , should caution against assuming that the great majority of Norse migrants were male , despite the other forms of evidence suggesting the contrary . '' Jump up ^ G. Halsall , `` The Viking presence in England ? The burial evidence reconsidered '' in D.M. Hadley and J. Richards , eds , Cultures in Contact : Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries ( Brepols : Turnhout , 2000 ) , pp. 259 -- 76 . ISBN 2 - 503 - 50978 - 9 . Jump up ^ Roger Highfield , `` Vikings who chose a home in Shetland before a life of pillage '' , Telegraph , 7 Apr 2005 , accessed 12 Dec 2012 Jump up ^ Heredity - Human migration : Reappraising the Viking Image Jump up ^ Keynes , Simon ( 1997 ) . `` The Vikings in England c. 790 -- 1016 '' . In Sawyer , Peter . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820526 - 0 . Jump up ^ A.D. 793 per the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle Jump up ^ Magnusson , Magnus ( 1984 ) . Lindisfarne : The Cradle Island . Stockfield , Northumberland : Oriel Press . p. 127 . ISBN 0 - 85362 - 210 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ASC 794 '' .", "26": "Britannia Online . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . ( ... ) the heathen armies spread devastation among the Northumbrians , and plundered the monastery of King Everth at the mouth of the Wear . There , however , some of their leaders were slain ; and some of their ships also were shattered to pieces by the violence of the weather ; many of the crew were drowned ; and some , who escaped alive to the shore , were soon dispatched at the mouth of the river . Jump up ^ Compare : Sawyer , Peter ( 2001 ) ( 1997 ) . `` 1 : The age of the Vikings and before '' . In Sawyer , Peter . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings . Oxford Illustrated Histories . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 9780192854346 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Several Viking leaders joined forces in the hope of winning status and independence by conquering England , which then consisted of four kingdoms . In 865 a fleet landed in East Anglia and was later joined by others to form what a contemporary chronicler described , with good reason , as a ' great army ' . Jump up ^ The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Manuscript B : Cotton Tiberius A.vi . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . The entry for 867 refers to the Great Heathen Army : mycel hæþen here Jump up ^ Compare : Keynes , Simon ( 2001 ) ( 1997 ) . `` 3 : The Vikings in England , c. 790 - 1016 '' . In Sawyer , Peter . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings . Oxford Illustrated Histories . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780192854346 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 .", "27": "The leaders appear to have included Ivar the Boneless and his brother Halfdan , sons of the legendary Ragnar Lothbrok , as well as another ' king ' called Bagsecg , and several ' earls ' ; and if it is assumed that Ivar is the Imar who had been active in Ireland in the late 850s and early 860s , it would appear that he had been able to meet up with his brother and assume joint leadership of the army some time after its arrival in England . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285434 - 8 . pp. 9 -- 11 , 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Cannon , John ( 1997 ) . The Oxford Companion to British History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 429 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866176 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : OUP . p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : OUP . pp. 57 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285434 - 8 ... in 944 Edmund drove Olaf Sihtricsson and Ragnald Guthfitson from York , and proceeded to reduce all of Northumbria to his rule ... Jump up ^ The Víking Era ( 793 - ~ 1100 CE ) Jump up ^ Battle of Stamford Bridge ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : OUP . p. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285434 - 8 . It was however several years before he ( William ) had control of the whole kingdom ... Jump up ^ John Cannon , ed.", "28": "( 2009 ) . `` Sweyn Estrithsson : A Dictionary of British History '' . Oxford University Press . Oxford Reference Online . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sawyer . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings . p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Georgina R. Bowden , Patricia Balaresque , Turi E. King , Ziff Hansen , Andrew C. Lee , Giles Pergl - Wilson , Emma Hurley , Stephen J. Roberts , Patrick Waite , Judith Jesch , Abigail L. Jones , Mark G. Thomas , Stephen E. Harding , and Mark A. Jobling ( 2008 ) . Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname - Based Sampling : The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England . Molecular Biol Evol 25 ( 2 ) : 301 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain Jump up ^ Welsh place names . Archived February 20 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Yorke , Barbara ( 1990 ) . Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo - Saxon England . London : Taylor & Francis Ltd. p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16639 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lavelle , Ryan . Alfred 's Wars Sources and Interpretations of Anglo - Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age . Woodbridge , Suffolk : Boydel Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 569 - 1 . Jump up ^ Horspool . Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes . pp. 104 -- 10 Jump up ^ s : Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Jump up ^ Wood , Michael ( 2005 ) . In Search of the Dark Ages . London : BBC . pp. 146 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52276 - 8 . Jump up ^ A History of Viking Dublin , Viking Network Ireland . Retrieved 14 November 2007 .", "29": "Jump up ^ RIDEL , ELISABETH , Les Vikings et les mots ; l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française , éditions Errance , 2009 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ WOOD BREESE , LAUREN , The Persistence of Scandinavian Connections in Normandy in the Tenth and Early Eleventh Centuries , Viator , 8 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ RIDEL ( E . ) , Deux marteaux de Thor découverts en Normandie in Patrice Lajoye , Mythes et légendes scandinaves en Normandie , OREP éditions , Cully , 2011 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cardon , T. , en collaboration avec Moesgaard , J. - C. , PROT ( R . ) et Schiesser , P. , Revue Numismatique , vol. 164 , 2008 , p. 21 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Curry , Anne ( 2002 ) . The Hundred Years ' War : 1337 -- 1453 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . pp. 11 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96863 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vikingschat van Wieringen Retrieved 26 June 2008 . ( Dutch only ) Jump up ^ Haywood , John . Northmen . Head of Zeus . Jump up ^ Carr , John . Fighting Emperors of Byzantium . Pen and Sword . p. 177 . Jump up ^ Hill , Paul . The Norman Commanders : Masters of Warfare 911 - 1135 . Pen and Sword . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Ullidtz , Per . 1016 The Danish Conquest of England . BoD -- Books on Demand . p. 936 . Jump up ^ 2 . Runriket - Täby Kyrka Archived June 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , an online article at Stockholm County Museum , retrieved July 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon Chronicles , p. 217 ; Florence of Worcester , p.", "30": "145 Jump up ^ Orkneyinga Saga , Anderson , Joseph , ( Edinburgh : Edmonston and Douglas , 1873 ) , FHL microfilm 253063. , pp. 134 , 139 , 144 -- 45 , 149 -- 51 , 163 , 193 . Jump up ^ Translation based on Chibnall ( ed . ) , Ecclesiastical History , vol . ii , pp. 203 , 205 Jump up ^ `` O Barco Poveiro '' -- Octávio Lixa Filgueiras , 1a edição 1966 Jump up ^ Fletcher 1984 , ch. 1 , note 51 Jump up ^ `` Digging up the ' Spanish Vikings ' '' . University of Aberdeen. 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rolf Scheen : Viking raids on the Spanish Peninsula Revistas / Militaria . ^ Jump up to : Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources . '' In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Vikings and Pilgrims in Galicia Pilegrim.no ^ Jump up to : Anne Kormann and Else Roesdahl , `` The Vikings in Islamic Lands '' , in The Arabian Journey : Danish Connections with the Islamic World over a Thousand Years , ed . K. von Folsach , T. Lundbaek , and P. Mortensen ( Aarhus : Prehistoric Museum Moesgard , 1996 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Haywood , John . `` The Vikings in the Mediterranean '' in The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings . Penguin Group : New York , NY . 1995 , pp. 59 -- 61 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 051328 - 8 . Jump up ^ Anne Kormann and Else Roesdahl , `` The Vikings in Islamic Lands '' , in The Arabian Journey : Danish Connections with the Islamic World over a Thousand Years , ed .", "31": "K. von Folsach , T. Lundbaek , and P. Mortensen ( Aarhus : Prehistoric Museum Moesgard , 1996 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Ibn - Adhari , translated in Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 , pp. 35 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Kutia , translated in Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 . pp. 33 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Al - Kutia , translated in Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 . ^ Jump up to : Ibn - Dihya , translated in Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 , pp. 37 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Ibn - Dihya , translated in Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Gabriel , Judith , `` Among the Norse Tribes '' , Saudi Aramco World , November / December 1999 . Accessed 19 April 2012 .", "32": "^ Jump up to : Ibn - Adhari , translated in Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Sebastian of Salamanca , translated in Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Ibn - Adhari , translated in Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Stefansson , Jon , `` The Vikings in Spain . From Arabic ( Moorish ) and Spanish Sources '' . In Saga - Book of the Viking Club : Vol . VI Proceedings . University of London King 's College , 1909 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Sturlason , Snorre . `` Harald Hardrade '' in Heimskringla , or the Lives of the Norse Kings . Trans . A.H. Smith . Dover Publications , Inc. : New York , 1990 , p. 508 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 26366 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blöndel , Sigfus . The Varangians of Byzantium . Trans . Benedikt S. Benedikz . Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , UK . 2007 , pp. 224 -- 28 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21745 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ibn - Fadlan . Journey to Russia . Trans . Richard N. Erye . Markus Wiener Publishers : Princeton , NJ . 2005 . ISBN 1 - 55876 - 365 - 1 .", "33": "Jump up ^ Roesdahl , Else ; The Vikings : Edition 2 , Penguin Group , 1999 . p. 287 Jump up ^ Smith K. 1995 . `` Landna 'm : the settlement of Iceland in archaeological and historical perspective '' . World Archaeology 26 : 319 -- 347 . Jump up ^ Jr , Earle Rice ( 2009 - 09 - 01 ) . The Life and Times of Erik the Red . Mitchell Lane Publishers , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61228 - 882 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Viking Leaders You Should Know -- History Lists '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diamond , J. Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ History of Medieval Greenland Jump up ^ Why societies collapse ^ Jump up to : Helgason A , Sigurethardottir S , Nicholson J , Sykes B , Hill EW , Bradley DG , Bosnes V , Gulcher JR , Ward R , Stefansson K. 2000 . Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland . Am J Hum Genet 67 : 697 -- 717 . ^ Jump up to : Goodacre S , Helgason A , Nicholson J , Southam L , Ferguson L , Hickey E , Vega E , Stefansson K , Ward R , Sykes B. 2005. Genetic evidence for a family - based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods . Heredity 95 : 129 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Helgason A , Lalueza - Fox C , Ghosh S , Sigurdardottir S , Sampietro ML , Gigli E , Baker A , Bertranpetit J , Arnadottir L , Thornorsteinsdottir U , Stefansson K. 2009 . Sequences from first settlers reveal rapid evolution in Icelandic mtDNA pool .", "34": "PLoS Genet 5 : e1000343 Jump up ^ Lappalainen , T. , Laitinen , V. , Salmela , E. , Andersen , P. , Huoponen , K. , Savontaus , M. - L. and Lahermo , P. ( 2008 ) . Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region . Annals of Human Genetics , 72 : 337 -- 348 . Jump up ^ Moffat , Alistair ; Wilson , James F. ( 2011 ) . The Scots : a genetic journey . Birlinn . pp. 181 -- 82 , 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85790 - 020 - 3 Jump up ^ Starikovskaya EB , Sukernik RI , Derbeneva OA , Volodko NV , Ruiz - Pesini E , Torroni A , Brown MD , Lott MT , Hosseini SH , Huoponen K , Wallace DC . 2005 . Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia , and the origins of Native American haplogroups . Ann Hum Genet 69 : 67 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Tamm E , Kivisild T , Reidla M , Metspalu M , Smith DG , Mulligan CJ , Bravi CM , Rickards O , Martinez - Labarga C , Khusnutdinova EK , Fedorova SA , Golubenko MV , Stepanov VA , Gubina MA , Zhadanov SI , Ossipova LP , Damba L , Voevoda MI , Dipierri JE , Villems R , Malhi RS. 2007 . Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders . PLoS One 2 : e829 . Jump up ^ Ebenesersdóttir , S.S. , Sigurðsson , Á. , Sánchez - Quinto , F. , Lalueza - Fox , C. , Stefánsson , K. and Helgason , A. ( 2011 ) , A new subclade of mtDNA haplogroup C1 found in icelanders : Evidence of pre-columbian contact ? . Am.", "35": "J. Phys . Anthropol. , 144 : 92 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Ajioka RS , Jorde LB , Gruen JR et al. ( 1977 ) . `` Haplotype analysis of hemochromatosis : evaluation of different linkage - disequilibrium approaches and evolution of disease chromosomes '' . American Journal of Human Genetics 60 : 1439 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Thomas W , Fullan A , Loeb DB , McClelland EE , Bacon BR , Wolff RK ( 1998 ) . `` A haplotype and linkage - disequilibrium analysis of the hereditary hemochromatosis gene region '' . Hum Genet 102 : 517 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Milman N , Pedersen P ( 2003 ) . `` Evidence that the Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene originated from a population in Southern Scandinavia and spread with the Vikings '' . Clinical Genetics 64 : 36 -- 47 . Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F.", "36": "Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C.", "37": "Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv .", "38": "Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R.", "39": "Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A.", "40": "Fuchs Messner ( hide ) Vikings Viking Age Culture Old Norse language Norse pantheon Norse mythology Norse religion Norsemen Danegeld Berserker Homelands and colonies Sweden Norway Denmark Iceland Greenland Vinland Faroe Islands Orkney Islands Shetland Islands Finland Danelaw Normandy North Sea Empire History Viking expansion British Isles Scotland Battles Tactics and warfare Sack of Paris Siege of Paris Brunanburh Cnut the Great 's Invasion of England Stamford Bridge Arms and armour and fortifications Halberd Atgeir Skeggöx Dane axe Sword Ulfberht Ingelrii Ring fortress Historical figures Erik the Red Leif Erikson Snorri Sturluson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&oldid=804701676 '' Categories : Viking Age History of colonialism Anglo - Norse England Norse activity in Scotland Viking exploration of North America Human migrations Migration Period Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles containing Old Norse - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Articles containing Georgian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Français Italiano Македонски Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "41": ", a non-profit organization . 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8327771608227586862	what is the minimum dollar amount for federal court	[ "$75,000", "$75,000", "$75,000" ]	{ "0": "Amount in controversy - wikipedia Amount in controversy Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Amount in controversy ( sometimes called jurisdictional amount ) is a term used in civil procedure to denote the amount at stake in a lawsuit , in particular in connection with a requirement that persons seeking to bring a lawsuit in a particular court must be suing for a certain minimum amount ( or below a certain maximum amount ) before that court may hear the case . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 In federal courts 1.1. 1 Diversity jurisdiction 1.1. 2 Federal question jurisdiction 1.1. 3 Aggregation of claims 1.1. 4 Legal certainty test 1.2 In state courts 2 References United states ( edit ) United States Federal Civil Procedure doctrines Justiciability Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Jurisdiction Subject - matter Federal - question Diversity Amount in controversy Supplemental Removal Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 Personal In personam In rem Quasi in rem Federalism Erie doctrine Abstention Sovereign immunity Abrogation Rooker -- Feldman doctrine Adequate and independent state ground In federal courts ( edit ) Diversity jurisdiction ( edit ) In United States federal courts , the term currently applies only to cases brought under diversity jurisdiction , meaning that the court is able to hear the case only because it is between citizens of different states . In such cases , the U.S. Congress has decreed in 28 U.S.C. § 1332 ( a ) that the court may hear such suits only where `` the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000 . '' This amount represents a significant increase from earlier years . Congress first established the amount in controversy requirement when it created diversity jurisdiction in the Judiciary Act of 1789 , pursuant to its powers under Article III of the U.S.", "1": "Constitution , the amount being $500 . It was raised to $2,000 in 1887 , to $3,000 in 1911 , to $10,000 in 1958 , to $50,000 in 1988 , and finally to the current $75,000 in 1996 . The use of the word `` exceeds '' in Section 1332 implies that the amount in controversy must be more than $75,000 ; a case removed from state court to federal court must be remanded back to state court if the amount in controversy is exactly $75,000.00 . Federal question jurisdiction ( edit ) Congress did not create a consistent federal question jurisdiction , which allows federal courts to hear any case alleging a violation of the Constitution , laws , and treaties of the United States , until 1875 , when Congress created the statute which is now found at 28 U.S.C. § 1331 : `` The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution , laws , or treaties of the United States . '' At that time , such cases had the same amount in controversy requirement as the diversity cases . Congress eliminated this requirement in actions against the United States in 1976 and in all federal question cases in 1980 . Aggregation of claims ( edit ) Where a single plaintiff has multiple unrelated claims against a single defendant , that plaintiff can aggregate those claims -- that is , add the amounts together -- to satisfy the amount in controversy requirement . In cases involving more than one defendant , a plaintiff may aggregate the amount claimed against multiple defendants `` only if the defendants are jointly liable . '' Middle Tennessee News Co. , Inc. v. Charnel of Cincinnati , Inc. , 250 F. 3d 1077 , 1081 ( 7th Cir. 2001 ) . However , `` if the defendants are severally liable , plaintiff must satisfy the amount in controversy requirement against each individual defendant . '' The 5 - 4 decision in Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Services , Inc. , 545 U.S. 546 ( 2005 ) , held that a federal court has supplemental jurisdiction over claims of other plaintiffs who do not meet the jurisdictional amount for a diversity action , when at least one plaintiff in the action does satisfy the jurisdictional amount .", "2": "Legal certainty test ( edit ) The standard for dismissing a complaint for lack of meeting the amount in controversy is a rather high one in federal court . In 1938 , Justice Owen Roberts set forth the `` legal - certainty test '' , which is still used today : It must appear to a legal certainty that the claim is really for less than the jurisdictional amount to justify dismissal . The inability of plaintiff to recover an amount adequate to give the court jurisdiction does not show his bad faith or oust the jurisdiction . Nor does the fact that the complaint discloses the existence of a valid defense to the claim . But if , from the face of the pleadings , it is apparent to a legal certainty that the plaintiff can not recover the amount claimed or if , from the proofs , the court is satisfied to a like certainty that the plaintiff never was entitled to recover that amount , and that his claim was therefore colorable for the purpose of conferring jurisdiction , the suit will be dismissed . The validity of the amount of damages claimed is considered a threshold issue of law for a judge to decide at the commencement of the case . The legal certainty test is often heavily litigated in personal injury or wrongful death cases , in the situation where they are removed by a defendant to federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction , and then the plaintiff moves to remand to state court . Since the 1970s , many states have prohibited plaintiffs in such cases from demanding a specific amount of money in the ad damnum section of their complaints , because of serious problems with unscrupulous attorneys gaining undue publicity by simply demanding outrageous and unrealistic damage amounts like $1 trillion . Therefore , many such complaints can not and do not state an amount in controversy on their face , which puts defendants in the awkward position of having to submit evidence to the federal court that plaintiffs could theoretically recover a sum in excess of $75,000 , while simultaneously maintaining that plaintiffs are not entitled to anything at all . In state courts ( edit ) Each state has the power to set its own amount in controversy requirements for its own courts , but every state must offer some outlet for citizens to sue for violations of their rights , even if they are seeking no money . Most states have several levels of trial courts , with different amount - in - controversy requirements which must be met to gain access to higher levels of courts .", "3": "For example , in the state of Virginia , the lowest level of court , the Virginia General District Court has exclusive jurisdiction to hear cases where the amount in controversy is $4,500 or less , and shares authority with the Virginia Circuit Court to try cases involving sums above $4,500 and up to $25,000 . The Virginia Circuit Court , in turn , has exclusive jurisdiction where the amount in controversy is greater than $25,000 . A few states like California have decided that it is more efficient to unify all trial courts so that judges and support staff can be more easily reassigned where needed . However , in California , nearly all lawsuits involving an amount in controversy up to $25,000 are classified as `` limited civil actions , '' which are subject to special simplified procedural rules intended to hold down litigation costs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Freeland v. Liberty Mutual Fire . Ins. Co. , 632 F. 3d 250 ( 6th Cir. 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Subrin , Stephen N. ; Minow , Martha L. ; Brodin , Mark S. ; and Main , Thomas O. Civil Procedure : Doctrine , Practice , and Context , Second Edition . p. 698 . Aspen Publishers , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7355 - 4086 - 1 Jump up ^ St. Paul Mercury Indemnity Co. v. Red Cab Co. , 303 U.S. 283 , 289 ( 1938 ) ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Thomson - Gale Encyclopedia of American Law , courtesy of Jrank Jump up ^ Singer v. State Farm Mut . Ins. Co. , 116 F. 3d 373 ( 9th Cir. 1997 ) . The court explained : `` The parties to this case were caught between the California statute prohibiting statement of an ad damnum , and the traditional federal removal framework , which bases removal on the amount stated in the ad damnum . '' Jump up ^ See California Code of Civil Procedure Section 85 .", "4": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amount_in_controversy&oldid=790429913 '' Categories : Civil procedure Jurisdiction Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2015 USA - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 18 : 15 . 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5239772721292332989	where would the group bacteroids likely be found	[ "human colon", "human colon", "the human colon", "human colon" ]	{ "0": "Bacteroides fragilis - wikipedia Bacteroides fragilis Jump to : navigation , search Bacteroides fragilis Scientific classification Kingdom : Bacteria Phylum : Bacteroidetes Class : Bacteroidia Order : Bacteroidales Family : Bacteroidaceae Genus : Bacteroides Species : Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides fragilis is an obligately anaerobic , Gram - negative , rod - shaped bacterium . It is part of the normal flora of the human colon and is generally commensal , but can cause infection if displaced into the bloodstream or surrounding tissue following surgery , disease , or trauma . Contents ( hide ) 1 Epidemiology and pathogenesis 2 Treatment 3 Environmental research 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Epidemiology and pathogenesis ( edit ) The B. fragilis group is the most commonly isolated Bacteroidaceae in anaerobic infections , especially those that originate from the gastrointestinal flora . B. fragilis is the most prevalent organism in the B. fragilis group , accounting for 41 % to 78 % of the isolates of the group . These organisms are resistant to penicillin by virtue of production of beta - lactamase , and by other unknown factors . This group was formerly classified as subspecies of B. fragilis ( i.e. B. f. ssp . fragilis , B. f. ssp . distasonis , B. f. ssp . ovatus , B. f. ssp . thetaiotaomicron , and B. f. ssp . vulgatus ) . They have been reclassified into distinct species on the basis of DNA homology studies . B. fragilis ( formerly known as B. f. ssp . fragilis ) is often recovered from blood , pleural fluid , peritoneal fluid , wounds , and brain abscesses . Although the B. fragilis group is the most common species found in clinical specimens , it is the least common Bacteroides present in fecal flora , comprising only 0.5 % of the bacteria present in stool .", "1": "Their pathogenicity partly results from their ability to produce capsular polysaccharide , which is protective against phagocytosis and stimulates abscess formation . B. fragilis is involved in 90 % of anaerobic peritoneal infections . It also causes bacteremia associated with intraabdominal infections , peritonitis and abscesses following rupture of viscus , and subcutaneous abscesses or burns near the anus . Though it is gram negative , it has an altered LPS and does not cause endotoxic shock . Bacteroides fragilis Classification and external resources MeSH D001442 ( edit on Wikidata ) Treatment ( edit ) In general , B. fragilis is susceptible to metronidazole , carbapenems , tigecycline , beta - lactam / beta - lactamase inhibitor combinations ( e.g. , Unasyn , Zosyn ) , and certain antimicrobials of the cephalosporin class , including cefoxitin . The bacteria have inherent high - level resistance to penicillin . Production of beta lactamase appears to be the main mechanism of antibiotic resistance in B. fragilis . Clindamycin is no longer recommended as the first - line agent for B. fragilis due to emerging high - level resistance ( > 30 % in some reports ) . Environmental Research ( edit ) B. fragilis bacteriophages are commonly used as tracers of human faecal material . See also ( edit ) List of oncogenic bacteria Infectious causes of cancer Pathogenic bacteria References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kuwahara T , Yamashita A , Hirakawa H , et al. ( October 2004 ) . `` Genomic analysis of Bacteroides fragilis reveals extensive DNA inversions regulating cell surface adaptation '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 ( 41 ) : 14919 -- 24 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0404172101 . PMC 522005 . PMID 15466707 .", "2": "Jump up ^ http://prod.hopkins-abxguide.org/pathogens/bacteria/anaerobic_gram-neg._bacilli/bacteroides_fragilis.html?contentInstanceId=255919 ^ Jump up to : Levinson , W. ( 2010 ) . Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology ( 11th ed . ) . Jump up ^ Snydman DR , Jacobus NV , McDermott LA , et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` Lessons learned from the anaerobe survey : historical perspective and review of the most recent data ( 2005 -- 2007 ) '' . Clin. Infect . Dis. 50 ( Suppl 1 ) : S26 -- 33 . doi : 10.1086 / 647940 . PMID 20067390 . Jump up ^ Baron EJ , Allen SD ( June 1993 ) . `` Should clinical laboratories adopt new taxonomic changes ? If so , when ? '' . Clin. Infect . Dis. 16 ( Suppl 4 ) : S449 -- 50 . doi : 10.1093 / clinids / 16. Supplement_4. S449 . PMID 8324167 . Jump up ^ Wexler HM ( October 2007 ) . `` Bacteroides : the good , the bad , and the nitty - gritty '' . Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20 ( 4 ) : 593 -- 621 . doi : 10.1128 / CMR. 00008 - 07 . PMC 2176045 . PMID 17934076 . Jump up ^ Bacteroides infections at eMedicine Jump up ^ Brook I ( June 2010 ) . `` The role of anaerobic bacteria in bacteremia '' . Anaerobe. 16 ( 3 ) : 183 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anaerobe. 2009.12. 001 . PMID 20025984 . Jump up ^ Brook I ( October 2008 ) . `` Microbiology and management of abdominal infections '' . Dig . Dis . Sci.", "3": "53 ( 10 ) : 2585 -- 91 . doi : 10.1007 / s10620 - 007 - 0194 - 6 . PMID 18288616 . Jump up ^ Ayala , J. ; Quesada , A. ; Vadillo , S. ; Criado , J.N. ; Píriz , S. ( 2005 ) . `` Penicillin - binding proteins of Bacteroides fragilis and their role in the resistance to imipenem of clinical isolates '' . Journal of Medical Microbiology. 54 ( 11 ) : 1055 . doi : 10.1099 / jmm. 0.45930 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mandell GL , Bennett JE , Dolin R ( 2004 ) . Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases ( 6th ed . ) . Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06643 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brook I ( December 2007 ) . `` Treatment of anaerobic infection '' . Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 5 ( 6 ) : 991 -- 1006 . doi : 10.1586 / 14787210.5. 6.991 . PMID 18039083 . Jump up ^ `` Environment and Public Health Research Unit ( EPHRU ) '' . University of Brighton . Archived from the original on 15 May 2009 . External links ( edit ) Bacteroides references in Baron 's Medical Microbiology ( online at the NCBI bookshelf ) . Type strain of Bacteroides fragilis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase ( hide ) Infectious diseases Bacterial diseases : BV4 non-proteobacterial G - ( primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 ,", "4": "080 -- 109 ) Spirochaete Spirochaetaceae Treponema Treponema pallidum Syphilis / bejel Yaws Treponema carateum ( Pinta ) Treponema denticola Borrelia Borrelia burgdorferi / Borrelia afzelii Lyme disease Erythema chronicum migrans Neuroborreliosis Borrelia recurrentis ( Louse borne relapsing fever ) Borrelia hermsii / Borrelia duttoni / Borrelia parkeri ( Tick borne relapsing fever ) Leptospiraceae Leptospira Leptospira interrogans ( Leptospirosis ) Chlamydiaceae Chlamydophila Chlamydophila psittaci ( Psittacosis ) Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydia Lymphogranuloma venereum Trachoma Bacteroidetes Bacteroides fragilis Tannerella forsythia Capnocytophaga canimorsus Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia Fusobacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum ( Lemierre 's syndrome ) Fusobacterium nucleatum Fusobacterium polymorphum Streptobacillus moniliformis ( Rat - bite fever / Haverhill fever ) Biology portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q221817 BacDive : 1585 EoL : 995259 EPPO : BTROFR GBIF : 3228366 ITIS : 707771 NCBI : 817 NZOR : 9b9ba55c - c095 - 4cda - 8d19 - 482f53c6c519 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "5": "php?title=Bacteroides_fragilis&oldid=831950800 '' Categories : Bacteroidetes Gram - negative bacteria Medically important anaerobes Gut flora bacteria Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Deutsch فارسی Galego Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 00 : 06 . 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-6982838549793641839	who sings i wanna rock'n'roll all night	[ "Kiss", "Kiss", "Kiss", "Kiss", "Kiss" ]	{ "0": "Rock and Roll All Nite - wikipedia Rock and Roll All Nite Jump to : navigation , search `` I Wanna Rock & Roll All Night '' redirects here . For the episode of the 2008 TV series Knight Rider , see I Wanna Rock & Roll All Knight . `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' Single by Kiss from the album Dressed to Kill Released April 2 , 1975 ( US ) Format 7 '' Recorded Electric Lady Studios , New York City : February 1975 Genre Rock Length 2 : 49 ( Album version ) 3 : 20 ( 7 '' Live version ) 2 : 34 ( Studio version ) Label Casablanca NB - 829 ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Paul Stanley , Gene Simmons Producer ( s ) Neil Bogart & Kiss Kiss singles chronology `` Let Me Go , Rock ' n ' Roll '' / `` Hotter Than Hell '' ( 1974 ) `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' / `` Getaway '' ( 1975 ) `` C'mon and Love Me '' / `` Getaway '' ( 1975 ) `` Let Me Go ,", "1": "Rock ' n ' Roll '' / `` Hotter Than Hell '' ( 1974 ) `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' / `` Getaway '' ( 1975 ) `` C'mon and Love Me '' / `` Getaway '' ( 1975 ) `` C'mon and Love Me '' / `` Getaway '' ( 1975 ) C'mon and Love Me Getaway1975 `` Rock and Roll All Nite ( Live ) '' / `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' ( 1975 ) Rock and Roll All Nite ( Live ) Rock and Roll All Nite1975 `` Shout It Out Loud '' / `` Sweet Pain '' ( 1976 ) Shout It Out Loud Sweet Pain1976 `` I Love It Loud ( Live ) '' / `` Unholy ( Live ) '' ( 1993 ) I Love It Loud ( Live ) Unholy ( Live ) 1993 `` Rock and Roll All Nite ( Unplugged ) '' / `` Every Time I Look at You ( Unplugged ) '' ( 1996 ) Rock and Roll All Nite ( Unplugged ) Every Time I Look at You ( Unplugged ) 1996 `` Jungle ( Radio Edit ) '' / `` Jungle '' ( 1997 ) Jungle ( Radio Edit ) Jungle1997 Music video `` Rock & Roll All Nite '' on YouTube `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' is a song by Kiss , originally released on their 1975 album Dressed to Kill . It was released as the A-side of their fifth single , with the album track `` Getaway . '' The studio version of the song peaked at No. 68 on the Billboard singles chart , besting the band 's previous charting single , `` Kissin ' Time '' ( # 89 ) . A subsequent live version , released as a single in October 1975 , eventually reached No. 12 in early 1976 , the first of six Top 20 songs for Kiss in the 1970s . `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' became Kiss 's signature song and has served as the group 's closing concert number in almost every concert since 1976 . In 2008 it was named the 16th greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1 .", "2": "The members of Kiss were under intense pressure to put together their third album , 1975 's Dressed to Kill . They were abruptly called off tour to work on a follow - up to 1974 's Hotter Than Hell when the album began to die on the charts , even though they had no new songs ready . The sessions were being produced by the head of their label , Neil Bogart , who was upset that the band had yet to successfully capture the excitement of their live act on record and wanted to correct the problem himself . Rushed to come up with material , the band dipped into their backlog of older songs , as well as writing new ones and then recording them immediately . Bogart suggested that head songwriters Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons come up with an anthem that would serve as a rallying cry for Kiss and their fans , suggesting something akin to Sly & the Family Stone 's `` I Want to Take You Higher . '' While writing back at the hotel , Stanley came up with the line `` I want to rock and roll all night , and party every day . '' After showing the new line to Simmons , he added parts from an older song , reportedly titled `` Drive Me Wild . '' When the song was issued as a single a few months later , it did not storm up the charts . With record label Casablanca in deep financial trouble , Kiss was thinking of leaving for another label , but decided to issue a live album , Alive ! , later in 1975 . The live version of the song was longer than the studio take ( including an Ace Frehley guitar solo that was absent from the original ) , but , as Bogart hoped , it became a number 12 hit , driving straight up the charts the album from which it was taken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Live performances 3 Other versions 4 Appearances 5 Personnel 6 Chart performance 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Poison version 7.1 Personnel 8 Notes and references 9 External links Recording ( Edit ) `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' was written by Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons while Kiss was still in Los Angeles , as part of their Hotter than Hell Tour tour .", "3": "However , during the group 's concert at Cobo Hall in Detroit on January 26 , 1976 , Stanley introduced it as a song that was written in and for Detroit . The tour ended early ( February 1975 ) , when Casablanca Records founder and president Neil Bogart ordered Kiss to return to the studio to record a follow up to Hotter Than Hell , which had stalled on the charts and failed to meet Casablanca 's sales expectations . One of Bogart 's instructions to the band was to compose an anthem , something he felt the band needed . The song itself was inspired by the Slade song `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' . They wrote the pre-chorus , Stanley wrote the chorus , and Simmons wrote the verses , borrowing parts of a song he had previously written , entitled `` Drive Me Wild . '' The song was one of two the group recorded toward the end of the Hotter than Hell Tour prior to returning to Electric Lady Studios for the proper Dressed to Kill recording sessions . For the choruses , the band and Bogart brought in a large group of outside contributors to sing and clap , including members of the Kiss road crew , studio musicians , and Peter Criss 's wife Lydia . Some of the road crew used their jacket zippers to create sound . Live performances ( Edit ) While `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' would eventually become a fixture in Kiss 's live performances , it was not inserted into the band 's setlist immediately . Nor did it immediately replace `` Let Me Go , Rock ' n ' Roll '' as the closing number . Kiss performed the song during the closing ceremonies for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City which proved to be Ace Frehley 's final performance with Kiss to date . They also performed the song live with Adam Lambert during the season 8 finale of American Idol , on May 20 , 2009 at the Nokia Theater in Los Angeles . Other versions ( Edit ) The original version of the song , as it appears on Dressed To Kill , does not have a guitar solo , while many later versions do have one . The Kiss Unplugged version features Ace Frehley and Bruce Kulick sharing the solo . The Unplugged version was released as a single and reached number 13 on Billboard 's Mainstream Rock Tracks .", "4": "The original version also ends while fading away ; all live versions end with the last notes of another Dressed to Kill song , `` Getaway '' . The chorus of the Alive ! version of the song is played at the beginning of `` Detroit Rock City , '' from 1976 's Destroyer . Appearances ( Edit ) `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' has appeared on the following Kiss albums : Dressed to Kill ( 1975 ) -- Original studio version Alive ! ( 1975 ) -- Live version The Originals ( 1976 ) - Studio version Double Platinum ( 1978 ) -- Studio version Killers ( 1982 ) -- Live version Smashes , Thrashes & Hits ( 1988 ) -- Remixed studio version Chikara ( 1988 ) Alive III ( 1993 ) -- Live version Kiss Unplugged ( 1996 ) -- Acoustic live version You Wanted the Best , You Got the Best ! ! ( 1996 ) -- Live version from Alive ! Greatest Kiss ( 1997 ) -- Studio version The Box Set ( 2001 ) -- Studio version and Live version The Very Best of Kiss ( 2002 ) -- Live version from Alive ! Kiss Symphony : Alive IV ( 2003 ) -- Live version with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra The Best of Kiss : The Millennium Collection ( 2003 ) -- Live version from Alive ! ( album re-released in 2010 as ICON ) Gold ( 2005 ) -- Live version from Alive ! Kiss Chronicles : 3 Classic Albums ( 2006 ) - Studio version Kiss Alive ! 1975 -- 2000 ( 2006 ) -- Live version from The Box Set Kiss Chronicles -- Original studio version ( as part of repackaging of Dressed To Kill ) Alive IIm 3 - release of Alive ! , Alive II , Alive III , plus Alive !", "5": "The Millennium Concert -- Single Edit Version Kiss Klassics ( 2008 ) -- re-recorded version included on a bonus CD with Sonic Boom Ikons ( 2008 ) - Studio version Kiss Alive 35 ( 2009 ) -- Live album produced at each of the venues Kiss Sonic Boom Over Europe ( 2010 ) - Live versions Kiss 40 ( 2014 ) -- Live version from Alive ! `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' has appeared on the following movies : Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery - Studio version The song is featured in a 2017 TV commercial for Walmart to promote a Cyber Monday promotion . The song is featured in video game Madden NFL 11 Personnel ( edit ) Gene Simmons -- lead vocals , bass guitar Ace Frehley -- lead guitar , backing vocals Paul Stanley -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals Peter Criss -- drums , backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Canada RPM 74 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 68 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 57 Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Australia KMR 18 Canada RPM 13 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 60 Canada 126 U.S.", "6": "Billboard Hot 100 96 Poison version ( Edit ) `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' Single by Poison from the album Less Than Zero Released October 12 , 1987 Recorded Genre Glam metal , heavy metal Label Enigma / Capitol Records Songwriter ( s ) Stanley / Simmons Producer ( s ) Rick Rubin Poison singles chronology `` I Wo n't Forget You '' ( 1987 ) `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' ( 1987 ) `` Nothin ' but a Good Time '' ( 1988 ) `` I Wo n't Forget You '' ( 1987 ) `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' ( 1987 ) `` Nothin ' but a Good Time '' ( 1988 ) `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' was covered and released as a single by the American rock band Poison from the soundtrack album Less Than Zero ( released in 1987 ) . It was released on a Poison album The Best of Poison : 20 Years of Rock in 2006 and again on the cover album Poison 'd in 2007 . At the start of `` Nothin ' But a Good Time '' music video , Poison 's rendition of `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' is heard on the radio . Personnel ( edit ) Bret Michaels -- lead vocals ; rhythm guitar Bobby Dall -- bass guitar Rikki Rockett -- drums ; percussion C.C. DeVille -- lead guitar Notes and references ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Complete KISS Singles Chart Action , 1974 -- '' . The KISSFAQ . Retrieved July 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Gooch , Curt and Jeff Suhs . KISS Alive Forever : The Complete Touring History . Billboard Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8322 - 5 Jump up ^ Prato , Greg . `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vh1 Top 100 Hard Rock Songs '' . SpreadIt . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Julian .", "7": "The KISS Album Focus , Volume 1 ( 3rd ed . ) Xlibris Corporation , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 4134 - 8547 - 2 Jump up ^ Leaf , David and Ken Sharp . KISS : Behind the Mask : The Official Authorized Biography , Warner Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 53073 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Billboard singles chart history - Kiss '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart Cyber Monday TV Commercial , Rock This Christmas '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19750614.html Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19760124.html Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com External links ( Edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Kiss Paul Stanley Gene Simmons Tommy Thayer Eric Singer Ace Frehley Peter Criss Eric Carr Vinnie Vincent Mark St. John Bruce Kulick Studio albums Kiss Hotter Than Hell Dressed to Kill Destroyer Rock and Roll Over Love Gun Dynasty Unmasked Music from `` The Elder '' Creatures of the Night Lick It Up Animalize Asylum Crazy Nights Hot in the Shade Revenge Carnival of Souls : The Final Sessions Psycho Circus Sonic Boom Monster ' 78 solo albums Ace Frehley Gene Simmons Paul Stanley Peter Criss Live albums Alive ! Alive II Alive III Kiss Unplugged You Wanted the Best , You Got the Best ! ! Kiss Symphony : Alive IV Kiss Instant Live Alive !", "8": "The Millennium Concert Kiss Alive 35 Kiss Sonic Boom Over Europe Kiss Rocks Vegas Compilations Double Platinum Killers Chikara Smashes , Thrashes & Hits Greatest Kiss The Very Best of Kiss 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Kiss The Best of Kiss , Volume 2 : The Millennium Collection Gold The Best of Kiss , Volume 3 : The Millennium Collection Jigoku - Retsuden Kiss 40 Kissworld Box sets The Originals The Box Set Kiss Chronicles : 3 Classic Albums Kiss Alive ! 1975 -- 2000 Ikons Video albums Animalize Live Uncensored Exposed Crazy Nights X-treme Close - Up Kiss Konfidential Kiss My Ass : The Video Kiss Unplugged Psycho Circus 3 - D Video The Second Coming Kiss Symphony : The DVD Rock the Nation Live ! Kissology Volume One : 1974 -- 1977 Kissology Volume Two : 1978 -- 1991 Kissology Volume Three : 1992 -- 2000 Kiss Rocks Vegas Tribute albums Hard to Believe : A Kiss Covers Compilation Kiss My Ass : Classic Kiss Regrooved A Tribute to the Creatures of the Night Kiss My Grass : A Hillbilly Tribute to Kiss Spin the Bottle : An All - Star Tribute to Kiss Gods of Thunder : A Norwegian Tribute to Kiss Lick It Up -- A Millennium Tribute to Kiss Kiss My Ankh Sheep in KISS Make Up Concert tours The Early Days of Kiss Kiss Tour Hotter than Hell Tour Dressed to Kill Tour Alive !", "9": "Tour Destroyer Tour Rock & Roll Over Tour Love Gun Tour Alive II Tour Dynasty Tour Unmasked Tour Creatures of the Night Tour Lick It Up World Tour Animalize World Tour Asylum Tour Crazy Nights World Tour Hot in the Shade Tour Revenge Tour Kiss My Ass Tour Alive / Worldwide Tour Psycho Circus World Tour Kiss Farewell Tour World Domination Tour Rock the Nation World Tour Rising Sun Tour Hit ' n Run Tour Alive 35 World Tour Sonic Boom Over Europe Tour The Hottest Show on Earth Tour The Tour Monster World Tour The KISS 40th Anniversary World Tour Freedom to Rock Tour The KISSWORLD 2017 Tour Films Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park Detroit Rock City Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery Why Him ? Merchandising Action figures Comics Kiss : Psycho Circus Pinball Pinball video game Kiss : Psycho Circus : The Nightmare Child Kiss Kasket Los Angeles Kiss Bibliography Related Articles Discography Videography Band members Awards Kiss Army Rock School Gene Simmons Family Jewels Operation Payback The Elder Bands Black ' n Blue Black Sabbath Chelsea Eric Singer Project Frehley 's Comet Grand Funk Railroad Mini Kiss Union Vinnie Vincent Invasion White Tiger Wicked Lester Albums Asshole Live to Win One Live Kiss Origins , Vol. 1 Rockology Unfinished Business People Bill Aucoin Neil Bogart Stephen Coronel Bob Ezrin Anton Fig Eddie Kramer Bob Kulick Doc McGhee Vini Poncia Nick Simmons Shannon Tweed Kevin Valentine Book : Kiss Category : Kiss Kiss singles discography Kiss `` Nothin ' to Lose '' `` Kissin ' Time '' `` Strutter '' Hotter Than Hell `` Let Me Go , Rock ' n ' Roll '' Dressed to Kill `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' `` C'mon and Love Me '' Alive !", "10": "`` Rock and Roll All Nite '' ( Live ) Destroyer `` Shout It Out Loud '' `` Flaming Youth '' / `` God of Thunder '' `` Detroit Rock City '' / `` Beth '' Rock and Roll Over `` Hard Luck Woman '' `` Calling Dr. Love '' Love Gun `` Christine Sixteen '' `` Love Gun '' Alive II `` Shout It Out Loud '' ( Live ) `` Rocket Ride '' Double Platinum `` Strutter ' 78 '' Solo albums Gene Simmons `` Radioactive '' Ace Frehley `` New York Groove '' Peter Criss `` Do n't You Let Me Down '' `` You Matter to Me '' Paul Stanley `` Hold Me , Touch Me ( Think of Me When We 're Apart ) '' Dynasty `` I Was Made for Lovin ' You '' `` Sure Know Something '' Unmasked `` Shandi '' `` Talk to Me '' ( except US ) `` Tomorrow '' Music from `` The Elder '' `` A World Without Heroes '' `` I '' `` The Oath '' ( Japan only ) Creatures of the Night `` I Love It Loud '' ( US ) `` Killer '' ( UK ) `` Creatures of the Night '' ( UK ) Lick It Up `` Lick It Up '' `` All Hell 's Breakin ' Loose '' Animalize `` Heaven 's on Fire '' `` Thrills in the Night '' Asylum `` Tears Are Falling '' Crazy Nights `` Crazy Crazy Nights '' `` Reason to Live '' `` Turn On the Night '' Smashes ,", "11": "Thrashes & Hits `` Let 's Put the X in Sex '' `` ( You Make Me ) Rock Hard '' Hot in the Shade `` Hide Your Heart '' `` Forever '' `` Rise to It '' Revenge `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' `` Unholy '' `` Domino '' `` I Just Wanna '' `` Every Time I Look at You '' Alive III `` I Love It Loud '' ( Live ) Kiss Unplugged `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' ( Unplugged ) Carnival of Souls `` Jungle '' Psycho Circus `` Psycho Circus '' `` We Are One '' `` I Finally Found My Way '' `` You Wanted the Best '' Sonic Boom `` Modern Day Delilah '' `` Say Yeah '' `` Never Enough '' Monster `` Hell or Hallelujah '' `` Long Way Down '' Best of Kiss 40 `` Yume no Ukiyo ni Saite Mi na '' ( with Momoiro Clover Z , Japan only ) Poison Bret Michaels Rikki Rockett Bobby Dall C.C. DeVille Matt Smith Richie Kotzen Blues Saraceno Studio albums Look What the Cat Dragged In Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! Flesh & Blood Native Tongue Crack a Smile ... and More ! Power to the People Hollyweird Poison 'd ! Live albums Swallow This Live Great Big Hits Live ! Bootleg Seven Days Live ( CD ) Live , Raw & Uncut ( CD ) Compilations Poison 's Greatest Hits : 1986 -- 1996 Poison -- Rock Champions Best of Ballads & Blues The Best of Poison : 20 Years of Rock Poison -- Box Set ( Collector 's Edition ) Double Dose : Ultimate Hits Videos Sight for Sore Ears Flesh , Blood , & Videotape Swallow This Live : Flesh & Blood World Tour Seven Days Live Poison Greatest Video Hits Nothing but a Good Time ! Unauthorized Poison Video Hits The Best of Poison : 20 Years of Rock ( DVD ) Live ,", "12": "Raw & Uncut ( DVD ) Singles `` Cry Tough '' `` Talk Dirty to Me '' `` I Want Action '' `` I Wo n't Forget You '' `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' `` Nothin ' but a Good Time '' `` Fallen Angel '' `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' `` Unskinny Bop '' `` Something to Believe In '' `` Ride the Wind '' `` Life Goes On '' `` ( Flesh & Blood ) Sacrifice '' `` So Tell Me Why '' `` Stand '' `` Until You Suffer Some ( Fire and Ice ) '' `` Body Talk '' `` Shut Up , Make Love '' `` Be the One '' `` Power to the People '' `` The Last Song '' `` Rockstar '' `` Squeeze Box '' `` Shooting Star '' `` We 're an American Band '' `` What I Like About You '' `` SexyBack '' Solo albums A Letter from Death Row Glitter 4 Your Soul Songs of Life Freedom of Sound Rock My World Custom Built Jammin ' with Friends True Grit Related articles Discography Bret Michaels discography Samantha 7 Devil City Angels A Letter from Death Row ( film ) The Surreal Life Rock of Love Season 1 Celebrity Apprentice 3 Bret Michaels : Life as I Know It Celebrity Apprentice : All - Stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "13": "php?title=Rock_and_Roll_All_Nite&oldid=820894766 '' Categories : Kiss ( band ) songs 1975 singles 1996 singles 1987 singles Poison ( American band ) songs Songs about music Songs written by Paul Stanley Songs written by Gene Simmons Capitol Records singles Casablanca Records singles Live singles Enigma Records singles 1975 songs Hidden categories : All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Use mdy dates from September 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 06 : 32 . 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-7919701986808486506	what is it called when you believe in greek gods	[ "Hellenic Polytheism", "Hellenic polytheist", "Hellenism", "Hellenism", "Hellenism (Greek: Ἑλληνισμός), the Hellenic ethnic religion (Ἑλληνικὴ ἐθνική θρησκεία), also commonly known as Hellenismos, Hellenic Polytheism, Dodekatheism (Δωδεκαθεϊσμός), or Olympianism (Ὀλυμπιανισμός)" ]	{ "0": "Hellenism ( religion ) - wikipedia Hellenism ( religion ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about modern Greek polytheism . For the historical Hellenistic religion , see Hellenistic religion . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Zeus Hera Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hermes Hestia Poseidon Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Aura Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios", "1": "Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal Hellenism ( Greek : Ἑλληνισμός ) , the Hellenic ethnic religion ( Ἑλληνικὴ ἐθνική θρησκεία ) ,", "2": "also commonly known as Hellenismos , Hellenic Polytheism , Dodekatheism ( Δωδεκαθεϊσμός ) , or Olympianism ( Ὀλυμπιανισμός ) , refers to various religious movements that revive or reconstruct ancient Greek religious practices , publicly , emerging since the 1990s . The Hellenic religion is a traditional religion and way of life , revolving around the Greek Gods , primarily focused on the Twelve Olympians , and embracing ancient Hellenic values and virtues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Groups and self - designations 1.1 In Greece 1.2 Outside Greece 2 Beliefs and practices 3 Reconstructionism 4 Revivalism 5 Claims of continuity 6 Political controversy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Groups and self - designations ( edit ) Ritual performed by members of the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes . Dodekatheism originated in and is practiced in Greece and in other countries . Leaders of the movement claimed in 2005 that there are as many as 2,000 adherents to the Hellenic tradition in Greece , with an additional 100,000 who have `` some sort of interest '' . No official estimates exist for devotees worldwide . There are no official naming practices for this religion , but there does seem to be an informal naming convention , based on academically accepted descriptive definitions , adhered to by groups and most individual believers . Hellenism is the most common term , used chiefly as an identifier for the modern polytheistic religion by its adherents today but it can also refer to the ancient Greek religion and culture . The term originally stems from a systematization and revival of Greek religion done by the Roman Emperor Julian . Julian used the term to describe traditional religion of the Greeks ( the word can also have other unrelated meanings in modern Greek ) . Additionally , subgroups use a variety of names to distinguish branches focusing on specific schools of thought , or modern traditions focusing on the public practices of individual city - states . These subgroups can be described as denominations .", "3": "Hellenic religion , and Hellenic polytheism can be said to be used interchangeably to refer to the religion , and are synonymous . The phrase Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism refers more to the methodology used by some practitioners to revive a version of the religion , than the religion itself . Not all Hellenic Polytheists are reconstructionists . Dodekatheism and Olympianism are other names , though less commonly used . Julian the Apostate . In Greece ( edit ) Modern Hellenic temple built on private land of Aristoteles Kakogeorgiou , in Thessaloniki . Priest performing ritual . The first Greek organization to openly support the religious revival of Hellenic religion was Ύπατο Συμβούλιο των Ελλήνων Εθνικών ( Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes or YSEE ) , established in 1997 , and is publicly active . YSEE is a founding member of the World Congress of Ethnic Religions ( now European Congress of Ethnic Religions ) and hosted the seventh annual WCER Congress in June 2004 . YSEE is also a member of the European Union 's action programme to combat discrimination . The organization primarily refers to the religion as the `` Ethnic Polytheistic '' or `` genuine Hellenism '' and its practitioners as Ethnikoi Hellenes , `` Ethnic ( National ) Hellenes '' . Another very active organization since its founding at 2008 is Labrys religious community . Labrys has focused primarily on the religious aspects of Hellenism or Hellenic ( Greek ) polytheism , avoiding anti-Christian rhetoric and politics , establishing weekly public rituals and engaging in other aspects of practical promotion of polytheism like theater and music . Labrys has also promoted among Hellenes worldwide the need to actively practice household worship and the idea that family and community should be the starting points of religious practice . The community has been organizing since 2008 the largest festival in Athens and also actively participates and supports the religious aspects of the oldest Hellenic festival in Greece , Promitheia which is held every year on Mount Olympus . Labrys religious community has published the book about Hellenic Polytheism : Household Worship . Createspace.", "4": "2014 - 11 - 20 . ISBN 9781503121881 ... Other Greek organizations , such as Dodekatheon ( Δωδεκάθεον , Dōdekátheon , Of the Twelve Gods ) , the Helliniki Hetaireia Archaiophilon ( Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum ) , and the Thyrsos use a combination of terms interchangeably , including ἑλληνικὴ θρησκεία ( hellēnikē thrēskeîa , translated as `` Hellenic religion '' ) , Hellenic polytheistic religion , and Hellenism . Dodecatheon and YSEE both use the terms `` traditional '' , `` ethnic '' , and `` genuine '' to refer to their religious practices . Greek polytheist author Vlassis Rassias has written a popular series of books on `` Christian persecutions against the Hellenes , '' and the `` Church of the Hellenes '' organization goes so far as to call for the wholesale extermination of Christianity , while the Athens - based group Ellinais emphasizes `` world peace and the brotherhood of man . '' Outside Greece ( edit ) Outside Greece , Hellenic religious organizations began to emerge around 1998 , with some individuals claiming to have been engaging in some form of traditional practice since the 1970s . In the United States , the Hellenic polytheist organization Hellenion also identifies its practices as `` Hellenic Pagan Reconstructionism '' and emphasizes historical accuracy in its mission statement . The group uses the term `` Hellenismos '' ( Ἑλληνισμός , Hellēnismós ) to describe the religion . Hellenion does not provide official membership numbers to the public , but an unofficial estimate of 43 members can be determined for 2007 , though this number can only give the roughest approximation , as Hellenion offers hardship waivers to those who can not afford the typical membership fees .", "5": "In early 2010 , the organization reported 1 demos ( fully chartered local congregation ) and 6 proto - demoi ( start - up congregations not fully chartered with less than 3 members ) established , which offer rituals and other events for members and frequently for the public as well . Two of the six proto - demoi can not be independently verified to exist . Hellenion offers legal clergy training , basic adult religious education classes , and other educational / training courses for its members . Another American group , Elaion , uses the term `` Dodekatheism '' ( Greek : δώδεκα , dodeka , `` twelve '' + θεϊσμός , theïsmós , `` belief in the gods '' ) to describe their approach to the Hellenic religion . No reported numbers for current membership levels are known to exist . Other terms in common usage by Hellenic polytheists include `` Greek reconstructionism '' and `` Hellenic Traditionalism '' , but the two are not synonymous . In Brazil , in Portuguese language , there 's the website of RHB - Reconstrucionismo Helênico no Brasil , built since 2003 by Brazilian members of Hellenion and other international groups , such as the American Neokoroi and the Greek Thyrsos . Beliefs and practices ( edit ) Further information : Ancient Greek religion Hellenic polytheists worship the ancient Greek Gods , including the Olympians , nature divinities , underworld deities ( chthonic gods ) and heroes . Both physical and spiritual ancestors are honored . It is primarily a devotional or votive religion , based on the exchange of gifts ( offerings ) for the gods ' blessings . The ethical convictions of modern Hellenic polytheists are often inspired by ancient Greek virtues such as reciprocity , hospitality , self - control and moderation . The Delphic maxims , Tenets of Solon , the Golden Verses of Pythagoras , or even Aristotle 's Ethics each function as complete moral codes that a Hellenic Polytheist may observe . Key to most ethical systems is the idea of kharis ( or `` charis '' , grace ) , to establish reciprocity between humanity and the gods , between individuals , and among community members .", "6": "Another key value in Hellenic Polytheism is eusebeia , often translated as piety . This implies a commitment to the worship of the Hellenic gods and action to back this up . There is no central `` ecclesia '' ( church / assembly ) or hierarchical clergy , though some groups ( i.e. , Hellenion ) do offer training in that capacity . Individual worshipers are generally expected to perform their own rituals and learn about the religion and the gods by reference to primary and secondary sources on ancient Greek religion and through personal experience of the gods . Information gained from such personal experiences is often referred to in Hellenic groups as `` UPG '' ( Unverified Personal Gnosis ) , a term borrowed from Ásatrú , though now commonly used among many pagan religions . Reconstructionism ( edit ) Further information : Polytheistic reconstructionism In polytheism , Reconstructionism is a methodology which attempts to accurately base modern religious practice on culturally and historically genuine examples of ancient religious practices . The term is frequently used in the United States to differentiate between syncretic and eclectic Neopagan movements , and those based on the traditions , writings , history , and mythology of a specific ancient polytheistic culture . In contrast to the eclectic traditions , Reconstructionists are very culturally oriented and attempt to reconstruct historical forms of religion and spirituality , in a modern context . Therefore , Kemetic , Canaanite , Hellenic , Roman , Celtic , Germanic , Baltic and Slavic Reconstructionists aim for the revival of historical practices and beliefs of Ancient Egypt , Ancient Canaan and Phoenicia , Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , the Celts , the Germanic peoples , the Balts and the Slavs , respectively . Most Hellenic polytheist groups unequivocally state that reconstructionism is not the only correct method of practicing the ancient Greek religion , but do identify a practice as Hellenic only when it embraces the humanistic values and ethical virtues of the ancient Greeks , demonstrates loyalty and reverence toward the Greek gods , and uses a religious structure that would be recognizable to an ancient Greek . These groups make a clear distinction between themselves and the Neopagan movement , and identify some ' Hellenic ' groups as `` simply disguised as ' Hellenes ' for reasons that exist hidden within the depths of their own minds . ''", "7": "Revivalism ( edit ) Revivalism focuses more on Hellenic Polytheism as a living , changing religion . Hellenic Revivalism allows more room for practitioners to decide what feels right to them . Most modern Hellenic Polytheists exist somewhere on a Reconstructionist to Revivalist spectrum . Claims of continuity ( edit ) Modern Hellenic polytheist organizations are `` revivalist '' or `` reconstructionist '' for the most part , but many adherents like Panagiotis Marinis from the group Dodecatheon in Greece , has stated that the religion of ancient Greece has survived throughout the intervening centuries , and that he , himself , was raised in a family that practiced this religion . Whether or not they believe that the Hellenic polytheist religious tradition is continuous , there is evidence that Greek Hellenic polytheists within the modern country of Greece see the movement as an expression of Greek cultural heritage , in opposition to the Orthodox Christianity that is overwhelmingly dominant . Political controversy ( edit ) Further information : Discrimination against Neopagans The 2004 Summer Olympics stirred up several disputes concerning Hellenic polytheistic religion . Professor Giorgos Dontas , president of the Archaeological Society of Athens expressed public outrage at the destruction of ancient archaeological sites around the Parthenon and Acropolis in preparation for the Games . Prior to the Olympic Games , MSNBC correspondent Rehema Ellis in a story called It 's Greek to Me : Group Tries to Restore Pagan Worship documented the vandalism and arson of a bookstore in Athens which sold books promoting ancient Greek religion . She also interviewed several adherents who were upset about the current state of affairs in Greece . Ellis said : `` A contrast in this place where the Olympic Games were created to honour Zeus - now those praying to the ancient gods are criticized for putting too much faith in the past . '' The Greek Society of the Friends of the Ancients objected to the commercial use of Athena and Phevos as the official mascots of the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens . They felt that the caricatured representations of the Greek Gods Athena and Phoebus were disrespectful and culturally insensitive . In a BBC Radio interview on June 26 , 2004 , Dr. Pan .", "8": "Marinis President of the Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum said that the mascots : `` mock the spiritual values of the Hellenic Civilization by degrading these same holy personalities that were revered during the ancient Olympic Games . For these reasons we have proceeded to legal action demanding the punishment of those responsible . '' In May 2006 an Athens court granted official recognition to the veneration of the Ancient Greek pantheon . Referring to the ruling , Father Eustathios Kollas , who presides over a community of Greek Orthodox priests , said : `` They are a handful of miserable resuscitators of a degenerate dead religion who wish to return to the monstrous dark delusions of the past . '' See also ( edit ) Hellenismos portal Ellinais Greek mythology Hellenistic religion Gemistus Pletho Religion in modern Greece European Congress of Ethnic Religions Twelve Olympians Italo - Roman neopaganism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Letter From Greece : The Gods Return to Olympus '' . Archaeology.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` HELLENISMOS - ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΣ - www.HellenicGods.org '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenismos FAQ ( The Cauldron : A Pagan Forum ) '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes '' . Ysee.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ See YSEE website . With branches also in the United States , Canada , Australia , and Germany , their level of real world public activity , and actual membership levels , the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes can be argued to be the defining lead organization for the public revival movement . Jump up ^ `` The organizational and operating structure of the YSEE '' . Ysee.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heliodete weekly ritual '' . Labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 .", "9": "Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2009 '' . Labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2010 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2011 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2012 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2013 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2014 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kabeiros musical group '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenic Household Worship '' . Labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Prometheia '' . Prometheia.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Δωδεκάθεον - Πύλη '' . Dwdekatheon.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum - Helliniki Hetaireia Archaiophilon '' . Web.archive.org. 2009 - 10 - 27 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Thyrsos - Hellenes Gentiles '' . Thyrsos.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ifikratis . `` Who we are - Hellenic Religion . Church of Hellenes '' .", "10": "Hellenicreligion.gr . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ayiomamitis , Paris ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` Modern Pagans Honor Zeus in Athens '' . Associated Press . Retrieved February 2007 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` There 's a reason why Zeus is king of the gods and Hermes is n't - The House of Vines '' . The House of Vines . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenion '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Mission Statement '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ and approximately 100 members in 2017 . Estimate based on annual membership dues reported in the Hellenion , Inc . Statement of Activities For the Year Ended December 31 , 2007 compared to the $10 required membership dues stated on their Member Application Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Demoi and Proto Demoi '' . Hellenion. 2014 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Clergy Program '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Adult Education '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenion 's Approved Programs '' . Hellenion.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Elaion.org '' . Elaion.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Living Hellenic Reconstructionism '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` Hellenic Reconstructionism in Brazil '' . Helenos.com.br . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Neokoroi '' . Neokoroi . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Thrysos '' . Thyrsos.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ta Hiera ( The Cauldron : A Pagan Forum ) '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Winter , Sarah Kate Istra ( 2008 ) . KHARIS : Hellenic Polytheism Explored . CreateSpace . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4382 - 3192 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Sequential Tart : We Give to the Gods , They Give to Us ( vol XI / iss 10 / October 2008 ) '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the Ethnic Hellenic religion and tradition : What do you think you will achieve by returning to the Ancient Ways in today 's society ? '' . Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` On Orthopraxy '' . Hellenismos.us . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenic Ethics : Living Virtues in Community '' . The Cauldron : A Pagan Forum . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The centrality of ethics in Dodekathiesm '' . Elaion . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wojciech Jan Rudny interviews a constitutional member of the Supreme Council of the Ethnikoi Hellenes ( YSEE ) on behalf of the polish `` GNIAZDO '' magazine `` . YSEE . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jamil Said ( 2004 ) .", "12": "I Still Worship Zeus ( DVD ) . Jamil Said Productions . Jump up ^ The periodic revival of aspects of the religion , such as in the arts , philosophy & etc is also an expression of a general European fascination with claccisism & Hellenism . International Religious Freedom Report US State Dept . investigation into religious freedom in Greece ( 2004 ) and ( 2005 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Brunwasser , Matthew ( January -- February 2005 ) . `` Letter From Greece : The Gods Return to Olympus '' . Archaeology Magazine . 58 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Helena Smith ( 15 July 2002 ) . `` Drills and axes ravage ancient Greek site '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Extrajudicial protest - denunciation - statement of Greek Citizens , concerning the 2004 Olympics ' `` mascot '' choice Archived 2006 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ancient Greek gods ' new believers . Retrieved February 10 , 2007 , from BBC News ( 2 ) References ( edit ) Greek Folk Religion by Martin P. Nilsson ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1034 - 4 ( 1998 ) Athenian Religion : A History by Robert Parker ISBN 0 - 19 - 815240 - X ( 1998 ) Greek Religion by Walter Burkert ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0 ( 1987 ) Demolish Them by Vlassis Rassias ISBN 960 - 85311 - 3 - 6 ( 1994 ) `` Some still put faith in gods of the past '' by Kimberly Winston , Chicago Tribune Aug. 20 , 2004 Further reading ( edit ) Panopoulos , Christos ( 2014 ) . Hellenic Polytheism - Household Worship . CreateSpace . ISBN 978 - 1503121881 . Addey , Tim ( 2000 ) . The Seven Myths of the Soul . Prometheus Trust . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898910 - 37 - 4 .", "13": "Addey , Tim ( 2003 ) . The Unfolding Wings : The Way of Perfection in the Platonic Tradition . Prometheus Trust . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898910 - 41 - 1 . Mikalson , Jon D ( 2004 ) . Ancient Greek Religion ( Blackwell Ancient Religions ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23223 - 0 . Stone , Tom ( 2008 ) . Zeus : A Journey Through Greece in the Footsteps of a God . Bloomsbury USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 518 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Hellenic polytheist organizations Sodalitas Graecia ( English and Greek ) Thyrsos - Hellenes Ethnikoi ( Greek and English ) Labrys ( available in Greek only with some text in English ) Elaion Hellenion Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum ( English version ) Orphic Platonism Orphism Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes ( YSEE ) ( English version ) Australian Ethnikoi Hellenes ( branch of YSEE ) Hellenes Ethnikoi in Canada ( branch of YSEE ) Supreme Council of National Greeks America ( branch of YSEE ) FAQs and articles Hellenic Household Worship by Christos Pandion Panopoulos for LABRYS polytheistic community The Cauldron Hellenic polytheism FAQ by Andrew Campbell Hellenismos.us - a Hellenic Polytheist community portal with articles , blogs , and a forum . Kalash : The Lost Tribe of Alexander the Great - a possible continuous Hellenic Polytheistic tradition . Tropaion : researching ancient Greek religion - an academic - based weblog studying and researching Hellenic polytheism . Frequently asked questions about the Ethnic Hellenic religion and tradition by YSEE Hellenic polytheism in the news Pagans fight for divine rights of old Greek gods ( Scotland on Sunday , September 21 , 2003 ) International Religious Freedom Report US State Dept . investigation into religious freedom in Greece ( 2004 ) International Religious Freedom Report US State Dept .", "14": "investigation into religious freedom in Greece ( 2005 ) NPR reports on `` Return of the Hellenes '' movement ( with audio ) ( August 5 , 2004 ) Letter From Greece : The Gods Return to Olympus ( Archaeology Magazine , January / February 2005 ) Group tries to restore pagan worship MS - NBC ( August 2004 , interview with YSEE members during the event of `` Olympic '' Games in Athens ) Ancient Greek gods ' new believers ( BBC ) Paganism ( historical and modern ) Animism Pantheism Polytheism Historical polytheism Altaic Tungusic Turkic - Mongolic Ancient Near Eastern : Mesopotamian Canaanite Egyptian Semitic Finno - Ugric ( Uralic ) : Finnish - Estonian Caucasian : Georgian Vainakh Indo - European : Armenian Celtic Germanic Anglo - Saxon Continental Norse Greek Sacred mysteries Hero cult Persian Roman Imperial cult Scythian Slavic Vedic Mesoamerican : Aztec Maya Olmec Myth and ritual Animal worship Ethos Folklore Magic and religion Myth and ritual Mythology Orthopraxy Religion and mythology Ritual Sacrifice animal human Sorcery Veneration of the dead Virtue Witchcraft Christianization Christianization of saints and feasts Christianity and Paganism Constantinian shift Hellenistic religion Iconoclasm Neoplatonism Religio licita Virtuous pagan Modern pagan movements Contemporary witchcraft : Cochranianism Feri Stregheria Wicca Ethnic / Reconstructionist : Armenian Baltic Dievturība", "15": "Druwi Romuva Canarian Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Turkic Chuvash Altai Germanic Hellenism Hungarian Italo - Roman Kemetic Ossetian Romanian Semitic Slavic Uralic Estonian Finnish Mari Mordvin Udmurt European Congress of Ethnic Religions Goddess movement Neo-Druidism Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Hellenistic religion Magic Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mystery religions and Sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Paganism Paradoxography Monism Polytheism Mythology Theism Mythical beings Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus", "16": "Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Lelantos Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Olympians Zeus Hera Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hermes Hestia Poseidon Aquatic deities Poseidon Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus Nereus Phorcys Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Styx Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos", "17": "Kydoimos Makhai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Other major deities Asclepius Circe Eileithyia Harmonia Hebe Iris Momus Morpheus Nemesis Paean Pan Zelus Heroes / Heroines Achilles Actaeon Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Cadmus Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Peleus Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Storage containers / Cups Amphora Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalathos Kalpis Kylix Kantharos Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Apotropaic magic Baptes Curse tablet", "18": "Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / Feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Sacred places Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus Cretea Delphi Delos Dodona Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Texts / Epic poems", "19": "Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Telegony Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Oracles / Seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Elatus Ennomus Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Mythical realms Atlantis Hyperborea Panchaea Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / Swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards", "20": "Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermes Thanatos Hades / Pluto Persephone Achlys Angelos Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Symbols - Objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals - Daemons / Spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and Religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Argo Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Xoanon Symbols Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers", "21": "Anthropomorphism Divination Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture Greek deities series Primordial deities Titan deities Aquatic deities Chthonic deities Mycenaean deities Twelve Olympians Zeus Hera Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hermes Hestia Poseidon Modern Paganism Movements Syncretic Adonism Christianity and Neopaganism Church of All Worlds Church of Aphrodite Goddess movement Neo-Druidism Ringing Cedars ' Anastasianism Wicca Zuism Ethnic Indo - European : Armenian Baltic Dievturi Druwi Romuva Celtic Neo-Druidism Reconstructionist Germanic Hellenic Italo - Roman Ossetian Daco - Thracian ( Romanian ) Scythian Slavic Afro - Asiatic : Canarian ( Berber ) Egyptian Semitic Caucasian : Caucasian : Abkhaz Circassian Uralic : Hungarian Uralic Estonian Finnish Mari Mordvin", "22": "Udmurt Turkic : Chuvash Altaian Approaches Ethnic religion Traditionalism Reconstructionism Nature religion Neoshamanism Neotribalism Neo-völkisch movements Reclaiming Traditionalist School Western esotericism Western philosophy By region Australia German - speaking Europe Greece Hungary Ireland Latin Europe Scandinavia South Africa Slavic Europe United Kingdom United States Related articles European Congress of Ethnic Religions Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes Ariosophy Gnosticism Hermeticism Radical Faeries Rosicrucianism Technopaganism Thelema Theosophy Mexicayotl Toltecayotl Kabbalah Hermetic Qabalah Koshintō Discrimination against Neopagans Shamanism in Siberia Tengrism Witchcraft Cochranianism Feri Stregheria Wicca European witchcraft Ancient Greek deities by affiliation Primordial deities Achlys Aether Aion / Chronos Ananke Chaos Erebus Eros / Phanes Gaia Hemera Nyx Pontus / Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Fates Atropos Clotho Lachesis Titan deities Titanes ( male ) Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Ophion Titanides ( female ) Dione Eurybia Mnemosyne Phoebe", "23": "Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Hyperionides Eos Helios Selene Koionides Asteria Lelantos Leto Krionides Astraeus Pallas Perses Iapetionides Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Okeanides Clymene Eurynome Metis Styx Olympian deities Dodekatheon Zeus Hera Ares Aphrodite Apollo Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hermes Hestia Poseidon Theoi Olympioi Asclepius Deimos Ganymede Eileithyia Enyo Eris Eros Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Phobos Mousai ( Muses ) Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Charites ( Graces ) Aglaea Euphrosyne Thalia Horae ( Hours ) Dike Eirene Eunomia Styktides Bia Kratos Nike Zelos Oceanic deities Theoi Halioi Poseidon Amphitrite Ceto Glaucus Nereus Oceanus", "24": "Phorcys Pontus / Thalassa Proteus Tethys Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Asia Dione Doris Eurynome Metis Nemesis Pleione Tyche Nereides Amphitrite Galatea Thetis Potamoi Achelous Asopus Enipeus Scamander Chthonic deities Theoi Khthonioi Hades Persephone Angelos Demeter Gaia Hecate Melinoe Erinyes ( Furies ) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telkhines Typhon Apotheothenai Trophonius Triptolemus Orpheus Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Personifications Children of Nyx Achlys Apate Dolos Eleos Elpis Epiphron Eris Geras Hesperides Hybris Hypnos Ker Keres Moirai Aisa Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Oizys Oneiroi Epiales Morpheus Phantasos Phobetor Nemesis Philotes Sophrosyne Thanatos Children of Eris Algos Amphillogiai Ate Androktasiai Dysnomia", "25": "Horkos Hysminai Lethe Limos Makhai Phonoi Ponos Neikea Pseudea Logoi Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Arete Bia Caerus Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Horae Dike Eirene Eunomia Kratos The Litae Homonoia Nike Phobos Tyche Zelos Others Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia Aporia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Kalokagathia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa Mania Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Philotes Phrike Phthonus Pistis Poine Polemos Poros Praxidike Proioxis Prophasis Roma Soter Soteria Techne Thrasos Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization", "26": "Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai", "27": "Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon", "28": "Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing", "29": "Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Category Portal Religion Major religious groups and religious denominations Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Christianity Catholicism Eastern Catholic Churches Eastern Christianity Church of the East Assyrian Church of the East Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Ethiopian Orthodoxy Independent Catholicism Old Catholicism Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Presbyterianism Congregationalism Continental Reformed Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Evangelicalism Nontrinitarianism Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Jesuism Nondenominational Islam Sunni Hanafi Maliki Hanbali Shafi'i Shia Twelver Isma'ilism Zaidiyyah Ahmadi Ibadi Non-denominational Quranism Zahirism Salafism Wahhabism Ahl al - Hadith Mahdavia European Islam Nation of Islam Others Bábism Azáli Bábism Bahá'í Faith", "30": "Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Dharmic Hinduism Vaishnavism Shaktism Shaivism Ayyavazhi Smartism Balinese Buddhism Mahayana Chan Zen Thiền Seon Pure Land Nichiren Madhyamaka Tiantai Theravada Vajrayana Tibetan Shingon Newar Bon Navayana Others Jainism Digambara Śvētāmbara Sikhism Gurung shamanism Bon Lamaism Kirant Mundhum Iranian Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Ishikism Ali - Illahism Yarsanism Zoroastrianism European Armenian Baltic Dievturība Druwi Romuva Caucasian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism Italo - Roman Romanian Slavic Uralic Finnish Hungarian Uralic Mari Mordvin Udmurt Central and Northern Asian Burkhanism Chuvash Manchu Mongolian Siberian Tengrism East Asian Benzhuism Bimoism Bon Cheondoism Confucianism Dongbaism Faism Hmongism Jeungsanism Luoism Meishanism Mileism Muism Neo-Confucianism Ryukyuan religion Shenism", "31": "Shigongism Shinto Taoism Tenrikyo Wuism Yiguandao Southeast Asian Burmese Caodaism Satsana Phi Malaysian Marapu ( Sumba ) Indonesian Kaharingan Hoahaoism Javanism Philippine Vietnamese Đạo Mẫu African Traditional Akan Akamba Baluba Bantu Berber Bushongo Cushitic Dinka Efik Fon and Ewe Guanche Igbo Isoko Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti San Serer Tumbuka Waaq Yoruba Zulu Diasporic Candomblé Kumina Obeah Quimbanda Palo Santería Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other groups Bathouism Bongthingism Donyi - Polo Dravidian Kiratism Sanamahism Sarnaism Aboriginal Australian Native American Mesoamerican Hawaiian Polynesian Recent Discordianism Eckankar Jediism New Age New Thought Pastafarianism Raëlism Satanism Scientology Thelema Unitarian Universalism Wicca Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Near East Arabian Egyptian Mesopotamian Semitic Indo - European Asia Proto - Indo - Iranian Armenian", "32": "Ossetian Vedic Zoroastrianism Mithraism Zurvanism Gnosticism Manichaeism Europe Celtic Germanic Anglo - Saxon Continental Norse Greek Gnosticism Neoplatonism Manichaeism Balkan Roman Slavic Topics Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Clergy Conversion Deities Entheogens Ethnic religion Denomination Faith Fire Folk religion God Meditation Monasticism monk nun Mysticism Mythology Nature Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Prayer Religious experience Ritual liturgy sacrifice Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Truth Water Worship Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religious studies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Development Evolutionary origin Evolutionary psychology History Philosophy Neurotheology Psychology Sociology Theology Theories Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clergy monasticism ordination Conversion evangelism missionary proselytism Education Fanaticism Freedom 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-8498847464685915036	who won french open 2017 tennis tournament in men's double category	[ "Ryan Harrison", "Michael Venus", "Ryan Harrison", "Michael Venus" ]	{ "0": "2017 French Open - wikipedia 2017 French Open Jump to : navigation , search 2017 French Open Date 28 May -- 11 June Edition 121st Grand Slam tournament Draw 128S / 64D / 32X Prize money € 36,000,000 Surface Clay Location Paris ( XVI ) , France Venue Roland Garros Stadium Champions Men 's Singles Rafael Nadal Women 's Singles Jeļena Ostapenko Men 's Doubles Ryan Harrison / Michael Venus Women 's Doubles Bethanie Mattek - Sands / Lucie Šafářová Mixed Doubles Gabriela Dabrowski / Rohan Bopanna Boys ' Singles Alexei Popyrin Girls ' Singles Whitney Osuigwe Boys ' Doubles Nicola Kuhn / Zsombor Piros Girls ' Doubles Bianca Andreescu / Carson Branstine Legends Under 45 Doubles Sébastien Grosjean / Michaël Llodra Women 's Legends Doubles Tracy Austin / Kim Clijsters Legends Over 45 Doubles Mansour Bahrami / Fabrice Santoro Wheelchair Men 's Singles Alfie Hewett Wheelchair Women 's Singles Yui Kamiji Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Stéphane Houdet / Nicolas Peifer Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Marjolein Buis / Yui Kamiji ← 2016 French Open 2018 → The 2017 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 121st edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of the year . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros from 28 May to 11 June and consisted of events for players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players also took part in singles and doubles events . Novak Djokovic was the defending champion in the Men 's Singles , but he lost in the quarter - finals to Dominic Thiem .", "1": "Garbiñe Muguruza was the defending champion in the Women 's Singles , but she lost in the 4th Round to Kristina Mladenovic . For the first time in French Open history , both reigning champions of the Australian Open ( Serena Williams and Roger Federer ) withdrew before the tournament began . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament 2 Points and prize money 2.1 Points distribution 2.1. 1 Senior points 2.1. 2 Wheelchair points 2.1. 3 Junior points 2.2 Prize money 3 Singles players 4 Day - by - day summaries 5 Singles seeds 5.1 Men 's Singles 5.1. 1 Withdrawn players 5.2 Women 's Singles 5.2. 1 Withdrawn players 6 Doubles seeds 6.1 Men 's Doubles 6.2 Women 's Doubles 6.3 Mixed Doubles 7 Main draw wildcard entries 7.1 Men 's Singles 7.2 Women 's Singles 7.3 Men 's Doubles 7.4 Women 's Doubles 7.5 Mixed Doubles 8 Main draw qualifiers 8.1 Men 's Singles 8.2 Women 's Singles 9 Protected ranking 10 Champions 10.1 Seniors 10.1. 1 Men 's singles 10.1. 2 Women 's singles 10.1. 3 Men 's doubles 10.1. 4 Women 's doubles 10.1. 5 Mixed doubles 10.2 Juniors 10.2. 1 Boys ' Singles 10.2. 2 Girls ' Singles 10.2. 3 Boys ' Doubles 10.2. 4 Girls ' Doubles 10.3 Wheelchair events 10.3. 1 Wheelchair Men 's Singles 10.3. 2 Wheelchair Women 's Singles 10.3. 3 Wheelchair Men 's Doubles 10.3.", "2": "4 Wheelchair Women 's Doubles 10.4 Other events 10.4. 1 Legends Under 45 Doubles 10.4. 2 Legends Over 45 Doubles 10.4. 3 Women 's Legends Doubles 11 Withdrawals 12 Retirements 13 References 14 External links Tournament ( edit ) Court Philippe Chatrier where the Finals of the French Open took place . The 2017 French Open was the 116th edition of the French Open and was held at Stade Roland Garros in Paris . The tournament is an event run by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and is part of the 2017 ATP World Tour and the 2017 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category . The tournament will consist of both men 's and women 's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event . There is a singles and doubles events for both boys and girls ( players under 18 ) , which is part of the Grade A category of tournaments , and singles and doubles events for men 's and women 's wheelchair tennis players under the Grand Slam category . The tournament will be played on clay courts and will take place over a series of 22 courts , including the three main showcourts , Court Philippe Chatrier , Court Suzanne Lenglen and Court 1 . Points and prize money ( edit ) Points distribution ( edit ) Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event .", "3": "Senior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Men 's Singles 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0 Men 's Doubles 0 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Women 's Singles 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 Women 's Doubles 10 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Wheelchair points ( edit ) Event SF / 3rd QF / 4th Singles 800 500 375 100 Doubles 800 500 100 N / A Quad Singles 800 500 100 N / A Quad Doubles 800 100 N / A N / A Junior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q3 Boys ' Singles 375 270 180 120 75 30 25 20 Girls ' Singles Boys ' Doubles 270 180 120 75 45 N / A N / A N / A Girls ' Doubles N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) The total prize money for the 2017 edition is € 36,000,000 , a 12 % increase compared to 2016 . The winners of the men 's and women 's singles title receive € 2,100,000 , an increase of € 100,000 compared to 2016 . Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles € 2,100,000 € 1,", "4": "060,000 € 530,000 € 340,000 € 200,000 € 118,000 € 70,000 € 35,000 € 18,000 € 9,000 € 5,000 Doubles * € 540,000 € 270,000 € 132,000 € 72,000 € 39,000 € 21,000 € 10,500 N / A N / A N / A N / A Mixed Doubles * € 140,000 € 70,500 € 37,750 € 17,000 € 8,500 € 4,500 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Wheelchair Singles € 35,000 € 17,500 € 8,500 € 4,500 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Wheelchair Doubles * € 10,000 € 5,000 € 3,000 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Singles players ( edit ) 2017 French Open -- Men 's Singles ( show ) Champion Runner - up Rafael Nadal ( 4 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 3 ) Semifinals out Andy Murray ( 1 ) Dominic Thiem ( 6 ) Quarterfinals out Kei Nishikori ( 8 ) Marin Čilić ( 7 ) Pablo Carreño Busta ( 20 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2 ) 4th round out Karen Khachanov Fernando Verdasco Gaël Monfils ( 15 ) Kevin Anderson Milos Raonic ( 5 ) Roberto Bautista", "5": "Agut ( 17 ) Horacio Zeballos Albert Ramos Viñolas ( 19 ) 3rd round out Juan Martín Del Potro ( 29 ) John Isner ( 21 ) Pablo Cuevas ( 22 ) Chung Hyeon Fabio Fognini ( 28 ) Richard Gasquet ( 24 ) Kyle Edmund Feliciano López Guillermo García López Grigor Dimitrov ( 11 ) Jiří Veselý Nikoloz Basilashvili Steve Johnson ( 25 ) David Goffin ( 10 ) Lucas Pouille ( 16 ) Diego Schwartzman 2nd round out Martin Kližan Nicolás Almagro Paolo Lorenzi Tomáš Berdych ( 13 ) Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolás Kicker Denis Istomin Jérémy Chardy Alexandr Dolgopolov Andreas Seppi Víctor Estrella Burgos Thiago Monteiro Renzo Olivo Nick Kyrgios ( 18 ) David Ferrer ( 30 ) Konstantin Kravchuk Rogério Dutra Silva Marco Trungelliti ( Q ) Taro Daniel ( Q ) Tommy Robredo ( PR ) Aljaž Bedene Mikhail Kukushkin Viktor Troicki Robin Haase Simone Bolelli ( Q ) Borna Ćorić Ivo Karlović ( 23 ) Sergiy Stakhovsky ( Q ) Thomaz Bellucci Benjamin Bonzi ( WC ) Stefano Napolitano ( Q ) João Sousa 1st round out Andrey Kuznetsov Laurent Lokoli ( WC ) Marcos Baghdatis Guido Pella ( Q ) Jordan Thompson Ričardas", "6": "Berankis ( PR ) Nicolás Jarry ( Q ) Jan - Lennard Struff Alexander Zverev ( 9 ) Jared Donaldson Damir Džumhur Maxime Hamou ( Q ) Sam Querrey ( 27 ) Ernesto Escobedo Radu Albot Thanasi Kokkinakis ( PR ) Jozef Kovalík ( Q ) Carlos Berlocq Santiago Giraldo ( Q ) Frances Tiafoe Arthur De Greef ( Q ) Teymuraz Gabashvili ( Q ) Alexandre Müller ( WC ) Dustin Brown Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( 12 ) Gastão Elias Malek Jaziri Philipp Kohlschreiber Donald Young Bjorn Fratangelo ( Q ) Federico Delbonis Ernests Gulbis ( PR ) Steve Darcis Mikhail Youzhny Quentin Halys ( WC ) Gilles Müller ( 26 ) Florian Mayer Jerzy Janowicz ( PR ) Dan Evans Stéphane Robert Jack Sock ( 14 ) Ryan Harrison Tennys Sandgren ( WC ) John Millman ( PR ) Gilles Simon ( 31 ) Evgeny Donskoy Alex De Minaur ( WC ) Benoît Paire Bernard Tomic Nicolas Mahut Mathias Bourgue ( WC ) Yūichi Sugita Stefanos Tsitsipas ( Q ) Adrian Mannarino Lu Yen - hsun Paul - Henri Mathieu ( Q ) Julien Benneteau ( WC ) Dušan Lajović Daniil Medvedev Marius Copil ( Q ) Mischa Zverev ( 32 ) Andrey Rublev ( LL ) Janko Tipsarević Marcel Granollers", "7": "2017 French Open -- Women 's Singles ( show ) Champion Runner - up Jeļena Ostapenko Simona Halep ( 3 ) Semifinals out Timea Bacsinszky ( 30 ) Karolína Plíšková ( 2 ) Quarterfinals out Caroline Wozniacki ( 11 ) Kristina Mladenovic ( 13 ) Elina Svitolina ( 5 ) Caroline Garcia ( 28 ) 4th round out Samantha Stosur ( 23 ) Svetlana Kuznetsova ( 8 ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 4 ) Venus Williams ( 10 ) Carla Suárez Navarro ( 21 ) Petra Martić ( Q ) Alizé Cornet Verónica Cepede Royg 3rd round out Lesia Tsurenko Bethanie Mattek - Sands ( Q ) Catherine Bellis Zhang Shuai ( 32 ) Yulia Putintseva ( 27 ) Shelby Rogers Elise Mertens Ons Jabeur ( LL ) Magda Linette Anastasija Sevastova ( 17 ) Elena Vesnina ( 14 ) Daria Kasatkina ( 26 ) Hsieh Su - wei Agnieszka Radwańska ( 9 ) Mariana Duque Mariño Carina Witthöft 2nd round out Ekaterina Makarova Monica Puig Kirsten Flipkens Petra Kvitová ( 15 ) Françoise Abanda ( Q ) Kiki Bertens ( 18 ) Aliaksandra Sasnovich Océane Dodin Anett Kontaveit Johanna Larsson Çağla Büyükakçay Sara", "8": "Errani ( Q ) Kurumi Nara Richèl Hogenkamp ( Q ) Madison Brengle Dominika Cibulková ( 6 ) Tsvetana Pironkova Ana Konjuh ( 29 ) Eugenie Bouchard Madison Keys ( 12 ) Varvara Lepchenko Sorana Cîrstea Markéta Vondroušová ( Q ) Tatjana Maria Taylor Townsend Chloé Paquet ( WC ) Barbora Strýcová ( 20 ) Alison Van Uytvanck ( Q ) Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( 16 ) Magdaléna Rybáriková ( PR ) Pauline Parmentier Ekaterina Alexandrova 1st round out Angelique Kerber ( 1 ) Kateryna Kozlova ( Q ) Louisa Chirico Roberta Vinci ( 31 ) Kristína Kučová Mandy Minella Evgeniya Rodina Julia Boserup Jaimee Fourlis ( WC ) Tessah Andrianjafitrimo ( WC ) Quirine Lemoine ( Q ) Ajla Tomljanović ( PR ) Donna Vekić Viktorija Golubic Camila Giorgi Christina McHale Francesca Schiavone Monica Niculescu Natalia Vikhlyantseva Myrtille Georges ( WC ) Mirjana Lučić - Baroni ( 22 ) Marina Erakovic Misaki Doi Jennifer Brady Wang Qiang Amanda Anisimova ( WC ) Jelena Janković Daria Gavrilova ( 24 ) Sara Sorribes Tormo Julia Görges Ana Bogdan ( Q ) Lara Arruabarrena", "9": "Yaroslava Shvedova Mona Barthel Alizé Lim ( WC ) Danka Kovinić Annika Beck Risa Ozaki Kateryna Bondarenko Ashleigh Barty Beatriz Haddad Maia ( Q ) Andrea Petkovic Peng Shuai Maria Sakkari Yanina Wickmayer Amandine Hesse ( WC ) Duan Yingying Jana Čepelová Johanna Konta ( 7 ) Miyu Kato ( Q ) Kristýna Plíšková Nao Hibino Alison Riske Tímea Babos Naomi Osaka Fiona Ferro ( WC ) Patricia Maria Țig Lucie Šafářová Irina - Camelia Begu Coco Vandeweghe ( 19 ) Lauren Davis ( 25 ) Irina Khromacheva Kateřina Siniaková Zheng Saisai Day - by - day summaries ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Day - by - day Summaries Singles seeds ( edit ) The following are the seeded players and notable players who withdrew from the event . Seedings are based on ATP and WTA rankings as of 22 May 2017 . Rank and points before are as of 29 May 2017 . Men 's singles ( edit ) Because the tournament takes place one week later than in 2016 , points defending includes results from both the 2016 French Open and tournaments from the week of 6 June 2016 ( Stuttgart and ' s - Hertogenbosch ) . ( hide ) Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Andy Murray 10,370 1,200 720 9,890 Semifinals lost to Stan Wawrinka ( 3 ) Novak Djokovic 7,445 2,000 360 5,", "10": "805 Quarterfinals lost to Dominic Thiem ( 6 ) Stan Wawrinka 5,695 720 1,200 6,175 Runner up , lost to Rafael Nadal ( 4 ) Rafael Nadal 5,375 90 2,000 7,285 Champion , won against Stan Wawrinka ( 3 ) 5 6 Milos Raonic 4,450 180 180 4,450 Fourth round lost to Pablo Carreño Busta ( 20 ) 6 7 Dominic Thiem 4,145 720 + 250 720 + 90 3,985 Semifinals lost to Rafael Nadal ( 4 ) 7 8 Marin Čilić 3,765 10 360 4,115 Quarterfinals lost to Stan Wawrinka ( 3 ) 8 9 Kei Nishikori 3,650 180 360 3,830 Quarterfinals lost to Andy Murray ( 1 ) 9 10 Alexander Zverev 3,150 90 10 3,070 First round lost to Fernando Verdasco 10 12 David Goffin 3,055 360 90 2,785 Third round retired against Horacio Zeballos 11 13 Grigor Dimitrov 2,900 10 90 2,980 Third round lost to Pablo Carreño Busta ( 20 ) 12 11 Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 3,120 90 10 3,040 First round lost to Renzo Olivo 13 14 Tomáš Berdych 2,885 360 45 2,570 Second round lost to Karen Khachanov 14 15 Jack Sock 2,415 90 10 2,", "11": "335 First round lost to Jiří Veselý 15 16 Gaël Monfils 2,365 0 180 2,545 Fourth round lost to Stan Wawrinka ( 3 ) 16 17 Lucas Pouille 2,320 45 90 2,365 Third round lost to Albert Ramos Viñolas ( 19 ) 17 18 Roberto Bautista Agut 2,155 180 180 2,155 Fourth round lost to Rafael Nadal ( 4 ) 18 19 Nick Kyrgios 2,155 90 45 2,110 Second round lost to Kevin Anderson 19 20 Albert Ramos Viñolas 2,065 360 180 1,885 Fourth round lost to Novak Djokovic ( 2 ) 20 21 Pablo Carreño Busta 2,045 45 360 2,360 Quarterfinals retired against Rafael Nadal ( 4 ) 21 22 John Isner 2,020 180 90 1,930 Third round lost to Karen Khachanov 22 23 Pablo Cuevas 1,865 90 90 1,865 Third round lost to Fernando Verdasco 23 24 Ivo Karlović 1,820 90 + 90 45 + 45 1,730 Second round lost to Horacio Zeballos 24 25 Richard Gasquet 1,605 360 90 1,335 Third round retired against Gaël Monfils ( 15 ) 25 26 Steve Johnson 1,565 10 90 1,645 Third round lost to Dominic Thiem ( 6 ) 26 27 Gilles Müller 1,530 10 + 150 10 + 45 1,", "12": "425 First round lost to Guillermo García López 27 28 Sam Querrey 1,495 10 + 90 10 + 20 1,425 First round lost to Chung Hyeon 28 29 Fabio Fognini 1,350 10 90 1,430 Third round lost to Stan Wawrinka ( 3 ) 29 30 Juan Martín del Potro 1,325 0 + 90 90 + 0 1,325 Third round lost to Andy Murray ( 1 ) 30 33 David Ferrer 1,185 180 + 45 45 + 0 1,005 Second round lost to Feliciano López 31 32 Gilles Simon 1,200 90 + 45 10 + 20 1,095 First round lost to Nikoloz Basilashvili 32 31 Mischa Zverev 1,311 ( 20 ) 10 1,301 First round lost to Stefano Napolitano ( Q ) Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Withdrawal reason 5 Roger Federer 5,035 0 + 90 0 4,945 Change of schedule Women 's singles ( edit ) Because the tournament takes place one week later than in 2016 , points defending includes results from both the 2016 French Open and tournaments from the week of 6 June 2016 ( Nottingham and ' s - Hertogenbosch ) . ( hide ) Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Angelique Kerber 7,035 10 10 7,035 First round lost to Ekaterina Makarova Karolína Plíšková 6,100 10 + 280 780 + 100 6,690 Semifinals lost to Simona Halep ( 3 ) Simona Halep 5,", "13": "790 240 1,300 6,850 Runner - up , lost to Jeļena Ostapenko 5 Garbiñe Muguruza 4,636 2,000 240 2,876 Fourth round lost to Kristina Mladenovic ( 13 ) 5 6 Elina Svitolina 4,575 240 430 4,765 Quarterfinals lost to Simona Halep ( 3 ) 6 7 Dominika Cibulková 4,480 130 70 4,420 Second round lost to Ons Jabeur ( LL ) 7 8 Johanna Konta 4,330 10 10 4,330 First round lost to Hsieh Su - wei 8 9 Svetlana Kuznetsova 4,310 240 240 4,310 Fourth round lost to Caroline Wozniacki ( 11 ) 9 10 Agnieszka Radwańska 4,095 240 130 3,985 Third round lost to Alizé Cornet 10 11 Venus Williams 3,941 240 240 3,941 Fourth round lost to Timea Bacsinszky ( 30 ) 11 12 Caroline Wozniacki 3,915 0 430 4,345 Quarterfinals lost to Jeļena Ostapenko 12 13 Madison Keys 3,163 240 70 2,993 Second round lost to Petra Martić ( Q ) 13 14 Kristina Mladenovic 2,915 130 + 180 430 + 60 3,095 Quarterfinals lost to Timea Bacsinszky ( 30 ) 14 15 Elena Vesnina 2,816 70 130 2,", "14": "876 Third round lost to Carla Suárez Navarro ( 21 ) 15 16 Petra Kvitová 2,780 130 70 2,720 Second round lost to Bethanie Mattek - Sands ( Q ) 16 17 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 2,640 130 70 2,580 Second round lost to Verónica Cepede Royg 17 19 Anastasija Sevastova 2,165 70 130 2,225 Third round lost to Petra Martić ( Q ) 18 18 Kiki Bertens 2,395 780 70 1,685 Second round lost to Catherine Bellis 19 20 Coco Vandeweghe 2,082 70 + 280 10 + 1 1,743 First round lost to Magdaléna Rybáriková ( PR ) 20 21 Barbora Strýcová 2,050 130 70 1,990 Second round lost to Alizé Cornet 21 23 Carla Suárez Navarro 1,800 240 240 1,800 Fourth round lost to Simona Halep ( 3 ) 22 25 Mirjana Lučić - Baroni 1,746 70 10 1,686 First round lost to Çağla Büyükakçay 23 22 Samantha Stosur 1,945 780 240 1,405 Fourth round lost to Jeļena Ostapenko 24 24 Daria Gavrilova 1,755 10 10 1,755 First round lost to Elise Mertens 25 26 Lauren Davis 1,611 10 10 1,611 First round lost to Carina Witthöft 26 28 Daria Kasatkina 1,580 130 130 1,", "15": "580 Third round lost to Simona Halep ( 3 ) 27 29 Yulia Putintseva 1,550 430 130 1,250 Third round lost to Garbiñe Muguruza ( 4 ) 28 27 Caroline Garcia 1,595 70 430 1,955 Quarterfinals lost to Karolína Plíšková ( 2 ) 29 30 Ana Konjuh 1,527 70 + 57 70 + 20 1,490 Second round lost to Magda Linette 30 31 Timea Bacsinszky 1,523 430 780 1,873 Semifinals lost to Jeļena Ostapenko 31 33 Roberta Vinci 1,490 10 10 1,490 First round lost to Monica Puig 32 34 Zhang Shuai 1,490 70 130 1,550 Third round lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova ( 8 ) Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points Before Points defending Points won Points after Withdrawal reason Serena Williams 6,110 1,300 0 4,810 Pregnancy 32 Laura Siegemund 1,510 10 0 1,", "16": "500 Knee injury ( cruciate ligament rupture ) Doubles seeds ( edit ) Men 's Doubles ( edit ) ( hide ) Team Rank Seed Henri Kontinen John Peers Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 8 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 12 Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 14 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 17 5 Feliciano López Marc López 26 6 Ivan Dodig Marcel Granollers 27 7 Raven Klaasen Rajeev Ram 28 8 Rohan Bopanna Pablo Cuevas 45 9 Pablo Carreño Busta Guillermo García López 46 10 Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău 47 11 Marcin Matkowski Édouard Roger - Vasselin 49 12 Florin Mergea Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi 52 13 Fabrice Martin Daniel Nestor 53 14 Oliver Marach Mate Pavić 66 15 Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 72 16 Rankings were as of 22 May 2017 .", "17": "Women 's Doubles ( edit ) ( hide ) Team Rank Seed Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucie Šafářová Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina 6 Chan Yung - jan Martina Hingis 15 Sania Mirza Yaroslava Shvedova 22 Tímea Babos Andrea Hlaváčková 22 5 Lucie Hradecká Kateřina Siniaková 32 6 Julia Görges Barbora Strýcová 37 7 Abigail Spears Katarina Srebotnik 39 8 Gabriela Dabrowski Xu Yifan 43 9 Raquel Atawo Jeļena Ostapenko 53 10 Anna - Lena Grönefeld Květa Peschke 54 11 Chan Hao - ching Barbora Krejčíková 56 12 Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 58 13 Svetlana Kuznetsova Kristina Mladenovic 63 14 Andreja Klepač María José Martínez Sánchez 64 15 Christina McHale Monica Niculescu 65 16 Darija Jurak Anastasia Rodionova 70 17 Eri Hozumi Miyu Kato 75 18 Rankings were as of 22 May 2017 .", "18": "Mixed Doubles ( edit ) ( hide ) Team Rank Seed Chan Yung - jan John Peers 11 Sania Mirza Ivan Dodig 19 Andrea Hlaváčková Édouard Roger - Vasselin 27 Katarina Srebotnik Raven Klaasen 34 Yaroslava Shvedova Alexander Peya 39 5 Chan Hao - ching Jean - Julien Rojer 42 6 Gabriela Dabrowski Rohan Bopanna 42 7 Jeļena Ostapenko Bruno Soares 43 8 Rankings were as of 22 May 2017 . Main draw wildcard entries ( edit ) The following players were given wildcards to the main draw based on internal selection and recent performances . Men 's Singles ( edit ) Julien Benneteau Benjamin Bonzi Mathias Bourgue Alex De Minaur Quentin Halys Laurent Lokoli Alexandre Müller Tennys Sandgren Women 's Singles ( edit ) Tessah Andrianjafitrimo Amanda Anisimova Fiona Ferro Jaimee Fourlis Myrtille Georges Amandine Hesse Alizé Lim Chloé Paquet Men 's Doubles ( edit ) Grégoire Barrère / Albano Olivetti Mathias Bourgue / Paul - Henri Mathieu Kenny de Schepper / Vincent Millot Jonathan Eysseric / Tristan Lamasine Quentin Halys / Adrian Mannarino Grégoire Jacq / Hugo Nys Constant Lestienne / Corentin Moutet Women 's Doubles ( edit ) Audrey Albié / Harmony Tan Tessah Andrianjafitrimo / Amandine Hesse Manon Arcangioli / Alizé Lim Fiona Ferro / Margot Yerolymos Myrtille Georges / Chloé Paquet Giulia Morlet / Diane Parry", "19": "Marine Partaud / Virginie Razzano Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Alizé Cornet / Jonathan Eysseric Myrtille Georges / Geoffrey Blancaneaux Jessica Moore / Matt Reid Chloé Paquet / Benoît Paire Pauline Parmentier / Mathias Bourgue Virginie Razzano / Vincent Millot Main draw qualifiers ( edit ) Men 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Men 's Singles Qualifiers Marius Copil Arthur De Greef Nicolás Jarry Taro Daniel Jozef Kovalík Stefanos Tsitsipas Maxime Hamou Simone Bolelli Santiago Giraldo Marco Trungelliti Teymuraz Gabashvili Sergiy Stakhovsky Guido Pella Stefano Napolitano Bjorn Fratangelo Paul - Henri Mathieu Lucky Losers Andrey Rublev Women 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Women 's Singles Qualifiers Sara Errani Markéta Vondroušová Beatriz Haddad Maia Richèl Hogenkamp Ana Bogdan Quirine Lemoine Françoise Abanda Petra Martić Alison Van Uytvanck Miyu Kato Kateryna Kozlova Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucky Losers Ons Jabeur Protected ranking ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking : Men 's Singles Ričardas Berankis Ernests Gulbis Jerzy Janowicz Thanasi Kokkinakis John Millman Tommy Robredo Dmitry Tursunov Women 's Singles", "20": "Magdaléna Rybáriková Ajla Tomljanović Champions ( edit ) Seniors ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Men 's Singles Rafael Nadal def . Stan Wawrinka , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 Women 's singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Women 's Singles Jeļena Ostapenko def . Simona Halep , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Men 's Doubles Ryan Harrison / Michael Venus def . Santiago González / Donald Young , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 Women 's doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Women 's Doubles Bethanie Mattek - Sands / Lucie Šafářová def . Ashleigh Barty / Casey Dellacqua , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 Mixed doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Mixed Doubles Gabriela Dabrowski / Rohan Bopanna def . Anna - Lena Grönefeld / Robert Farah , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , ( 12 -- 10 ) Juniors ( edit ) Boys ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Boys ' Singles Alexei Popyrin def . Nicola Kuhn , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Girls ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Girls ' Singles Whitney Osuigwe def . Claire Liu , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 Boys ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Boys ' Doubles Nicola Kuhn / Zsombor Piros def .", "21": "Vasil Kirkov / Danny Thomas , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Girls ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Girls ' Doubles Bianca Andreescu / Carson Branstine def . Olesya Pervushina / Anastasia Potapova , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair events ( edit ) Wheelchair Men 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Wheelchair Men 's Singles Alfie Hewett def . Gustavo Fernández , 0 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Wheelchair Women 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Wheelchair Women 's Singles Yui Kamiji def . Sabine Ellerbrock , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 Wheelchair Men 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Stéphane Houdet / Nicolas Peifer def . Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair Women 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Marjolein Buis / Yui Kamiji def . Jiske Griffioen / Aniek van Koot , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 Other events ( edit ) Legends Under 45 Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Legends Under 45 Doubles Sébastien Grosjean / Michaël Llodra def . Paul Haarhuis / Andriy Medvedev , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 8 ) Legends Over 45 Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Legends Over 45 Doubles Mansour Bahrami / Fabrice Santoro def . Pat Cash / Michael Chang , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Women 's Legends Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Women 's Legends Doubles Tracy Austin / Kim Clijsters def .", "22": "Lindsay Davenport / Martina Navratilova , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 5 ) Withdrawals ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament , but withdrew with injuries or personal reasons . Before the tournament Men 's Singles Roger Federer → replaced by Ernests Gulbis Yoshihito Nishioka → replaced by Konstantin Kravchuk Radek Štěpánek → replaced by Guillermo García López Dmitry Tursunov → replaced by Andrey Rublev Women 's Singles Vania King → replaced by Magdaléna Rybáriková Laura Siegemund → replaced by Ons Jabeur Serena Williams → replaced by Verónica Cepede Royg Retirements ( edit ) Men 's Singles Nicolás Almagro Kevin Anderson Pablo Carreño Busta Guillermo García López Richard Gasquet David Goffin Daniil Medvedev Women 's Singles Patricia Maria Țig References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic loses to Dominic Thiem in quarter - finals '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Defending champion Garbine Muguruza upset at French Open '' . USA Today . 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roland Garros '' . International Tennis Federation . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roland Garros Junior French Championships '' . International Tennis Federation . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit Info '' . International Tennis Federation . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Courts '' . Roland Garros . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French Open increases prize money pot '' . WTA. 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Coulson , Kevin ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Roger Federer to skip French Open '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 20 May 2017 .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` French Open 2017 : Petra Kvitova says she has ' a chance ' of returning at Roland Garros '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Serena Williams 's Pregnancy Is Confirmed After Day of Speculation '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kurz vor French Open : Siegemund mit Kreuzbandriss '' . Focus ( in German ) . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . 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6434358870603591101	whos jack the ripper in gotham by gaslight	[ "Jacob Packer", "Jacob Packer", "Jacob Packer" ]	{ "0": "Gotham by Gaslight - wikipedia Gotham by Gaslight Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gotham by Gaslight Gotham by Gaslight ( February 1989 ) . Art by Mike Mignola . Publication information Publisher DC Comics Format One - shot Genre Steampunk , superhero Publication date February 1989 No. of issues Main character ( s ) Batman Jack the Ripper Creative team Written by Brian Augustyn Artist ( s ) Mike Mignola Inker ( s ) P. Craig Russell Editor ( s ) Mark Waid Collected editions Gotham by Gaslight ISBN 0 - 930289 - 67 - 6 Gotham by Gaslight ( inc . Master of the Future ) ISBN 1 - 4012 - 1153 - 4 Gotham by Gaslight is a DC Comics one - shot by Brian Augustyn and Mike Mignola , with inks by P. Craig Russell . It spawned a sequel , Master of the Future ( 1991 ) , also written by Augustyn , with art by Eduardo Barreto . Gotham by Gaslight is considered to be the first Elseworlds story , where DC Comics heroes are taken out of their usual setting and put into alternate timelines or realities . And although it was not originally labelled as such , subsequent printings include the `` Elseworlds '' logo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot Summaries 1.1 Gotham by Gaslight 1.2 Master of the Future 2 Publication history 2.1 Collected editions 3 Reception 4 Spin - offs 5 In other media 5.1 Film 5.2 Video games 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot summaries ( edit ) Gotham by Gaslight ( edit ) In 1889 , Bruce Wayne is on a tour of Europe which ends in Vienna . There he is studying under Dr. Freud .", "1": "Bruce tells Freud that he has a recurring dream in which he recalls the murder of his parents and decides he must return to Gotham City . On the return trip , Bruce meets Jacob Packer , an old family friend whom he calls Uncle Jake , who also returned from a trip to Europe . Shortly after arriving , Inspector Gordon informs Wayne about criminal gangs currently operating in Gotham . Gordon also shows Bruce the case of a man who poisoned his wife and tried to commit suicide with the poison , which left him alive with a permanent grin . Bruce takes up the mantle of Batman to fight criminals on the street . At the same time , a series of murders of women take place and some people begin to suspect that Batman is the murderer . It is soon discovered that Jack the Ripper has come to Gotham , as the murders in Gotham City seem to resemble the Ripper murders . After a search of Wayne Manor , a bloody knife is found under Bruce 's bed and Bruce is arrested . A trial is held in which Uncle Jake is Bruce 's defense attorney . After the trial , Bruce is convicted of being the Ripper and sentenced to be hanged for his crimes . Bruce is imprisoned in Arkham Asylum . Once Bruce is in prison , Gordon gives him all the documentation on the crimes . Bruce toils day and night to try to figure out how he can get the Ripper . Just one day before the execution , Bruce learns the identity of the Ripper by discovering he had the skill of a surgeon and used a knife that belonged to the medical group who worked with his father . Bruce escapes from prison with the help of Alfred and heads straight for the Ripper . Batman interrupts the Ripper as he is about to claim his next victim . Batman chases the Ripper throughout Gotham and the two eventually come to a stop at the grave of Thomas and Martha Wayne , where it is revealed that Jacob Packer is the Ripper . Packer had been trained in medicine and law with the money of Thomas Wayne , but he was driven insane by Martha Wayne 's rejection of his advances . Since then he was killing women who resemble Martha to silence the laughter of Martha he heard in his head . Packer reveals that he hired an assassin to kill Bruce 's parents . Gordon appears at this time with the police and Batman tells them to arrest Packer .", "2": "Packer confesses that he is the Ripper and tries to kill Batman , but Gordon shoots Packer dead at the last minute . Batman disappears into the shadows , leaving Gordon to take in the body of Jack the Ripper . Master of the Future ( edit ) In 1892 , three years later , Bruce has `` retired '' his alter - ego and is engaged to be married . Having brought his parents ' murderer to justice , he has come to regard being Batman as a childish fancy , and intends to devote his life to more serious pursuits . Others believe that Gotham City needs Batman more than ever , namely now - Commissioner Gordon and Bruce 's own fiancée , Julie ( whom Batman rescued from a late - night assault ) . At a City Council meeting , Mayor Tolliver ( the former Police Commissioner who aggressively prosecuted Bruce as the suspected Ripper ) is promoting Gotham 's hosting of the `` American Discovery Exposition '' to market Gotham as the `` City of the Future '' . The meeting is interrupted by the flamboyant Alexandre LeRoi , who demands that he be proclaimed master of the city , or else he will burn it to the ground . He leaps out the window before he can be arrested , and Tolliver insists that the fair proceed . While the fairgrounds are being erected , a Maxim Gun on an automated carriage rolls in and opens fire . Bruce , in attendance , pushes Tolliver out of the line of fire and disables the machine . On the opening day of the fair , LeRoi kidnaps Tolliver from his mansion and takes him aboard an airship , forcing him to watch as LeRoi focuses a giant burning glass on the fair 's main pavilion , before LeRoi throws Tolliver over the side to his death . Bruce is desperate to act , when Alfred arrives with his costume . With the police fully occupied , Julie runs into the burning pavilion to rescue a small girl , but both of them are trapped by falling debris . Batman saves them , then fashions an improvised glider and takes off after LeRoi 's airship . The two men engage in a brutal rapier duel that disables LeRoi 's robotic pilot `` Antonio '' , causing the airship to drift off course and become unstable . Noticing this , Batman urges LeRoi to surrender and abandon ship , but LeRoi refuses to believe him .", "3": "Batman jumps overboard , but LeRoi is trapped as the airship crashes into the ocean and explodes . More than a hundred people are killed by LeRoi 's fires , but further fatalities and destruction are prevented by the Gotham Police and firefighters . LeRoi is presumed dead , although he is shown to have survived the crash . Batman confronts Councilman Franklin Claypool , who confesses to being LeRoi 's accomplice and providing him with information for his attack . Claypool secretly owns a large portion of Gotham City 's slum housing , which he expected to sell profitably through his proposed redevelopment program , but the program was pushed aside by Tolliver in favor of the fair . LeRoi agreed to target Claypool 's properties , allowing Claypool to collect a lucrative insurance payout , but Claypool never intended the deaths LeRoi 's actions caused , and so does not resist when Gordon arrives to arrest him . Bruce and Julie are walking along a hilltop overlooking the city , when she reveals that she recognized him at the fair , even through his mask . Apprehensively , he asks her what she plans to do , and she replies , what she has always done : continue to love and encourage him , especially now that they both agree that Gotham still needs Batman . Publication history ( edit ) Gotham by Gaslight , which retroactively became the first official Elseworlds publication , was initially released as a 52 - page one - shot in February 1989 . It was written by Brian Augustyn and pencilled by Mike Mignola , with inks by P. Craig Russell . Two years later , the 68 - page sequel Batman : Master of the Future -- also written by Augustyn , but with art by Eduardo Barreto -- was released , this time officially labelled an Elseworlds publication . In 2006 , in the wake of the DC event Infinite Crisis ( which reshuffled the DC Multiverse ) , the Gotham by Gaslight world was identified as `` Earth - 19 '' . Prior to its appearance in Countdown Presents : The Search for Ray Palmer : Gotham by Gaslight ( January 2008 ) , the two one - shot issues were collected into one 112 - page trade paperback volume ( which was released under the same name , and with the same Mignola cover as the one - shot release ) .", "4": "Collected editions ( edit ) The two stories have been collected into a trade paperback . Gotham by Gaslight , August 2006 , DC Comics , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 1153 - 4 ( Titan Books , ISBN 1 - 84576 - 403 - X ) , collects : Gotham by Gaslight , 48 pages , DC Comics , November 1989 , ISBN 0 - 930289 - 67 - 6 ( Titan Books , December 1989 , ISBN 1 - 85286 - 265 - 3 ) Master of the Future , 63 pages , DC Comics , December 1991 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 015 - 1 Reception ( edit ) IGN Comics ranked Gotham by Gaslight # 11 on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels , saying that the comic is `` as taut and well - conceived a graphic novel as you can find -- Elseworlds or otherwise , '' they add , `` quite simply , no other Elseworlds tale has managed such a brilliant concept nor executed it so perfectly . '' Gotham by Gaslight was not the highest - ranking Elseworlds story on the list , as Batman & Dracula : Red Rain ranked higher at # 9 . Spin - offs ( edit ) Main article : Countdown to Final Crisis After the events of Identity Crisis , the Atom spent DC 's missing year out of the limelight . In the weekly - sequel to the weekly event 52 , Countdown , the Source Wall names Palmer as a key figure in impending DC Universe events . The search for Ray Palmer began in the Wildstorm Universe , and soon crossed onto the new 52 worlds created during the course of Infinite Crisis . The first of these was called Countdown Presents : The Search for Ray Palmer : Gotham by Gaslight ( January 2008 ) and was written by Gotham by Gaslight 's original author , Brian Augustyn , relishing his chance to return to the world he had created . The story saw Bob the Monitor accompany Jason Todd , Donna Troy , and Kyle Rayner ( the latter three inhabitants of `` New Earth '' ) through the multiverse in search of multiuniversal counterparts to Ray Palmer .", "5": "The group arrived on Earth - 19 , the Earth where the Batman of the earlier two Elseworlds storylines acted , there , they also encountered this Earth 's counterpart of Blue Beetle and Man - Bat before they went to the next Earth for their continuing search . Their search would take them to worlds populated by characters from other Elseworlds stories , including those seen in the Batman & Dracula trilogy ( Earth - 43 ) and Superman : Red Son ( Earth - 30 ) . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight is an animated adaptation released in 2018 . It features Bruce Greenwood as Batman and Jennifer Carpenter as Selina Kyle . The adaptation differs significantly from the original comic , and includes elements from both books . Video games ( edit ) A video game based on the comic book was planned for release by Day 1 Studios ( who also developed Fear 3 ) . After THQ failed to secure the rights to the property , the game was canceled . The developers released some concept illustration which revealed the game had a steampunk feel to it while being set in Victorian England and also test footage was released which revealed the misty Gothic settings and the character model for Batman . Reception to the leaked footage and concept illustration was positive , with viewers praising the setting , the cape physics and the different approach the developers were trying to achieve . Season pass holders for Batman : Arkham Origins , released in 2013 , were awarded a special costume for Batman that was based on Gotham By Gaslight . The Gotham by Gaslight version of Batman was also introduced as a playable character in an update to the mobile version of Injustice : Gods Among Us in early 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of Elseworlds publications List of steampunk works From Hell , Alan Moore 's Ripper - based graphic novel . The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Moore 's Victorian - era tales of derring - do . Robur the Conqueror , a character created by Jules Verne that LeRoi appears to have been based on . Other Elseworlds that involve Jack the Ripper : Batman : Two Faces JLA : The Island of Dr.", "6": "Moreau Wonder Woman : Amazonia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yehl , Josuha ; Goldstein , Hilary ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Batman Graphic Novels '' . IGN . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Contino , Jennifer M. ( November 12 , 2007 ) . `` Augustyn by Gaslight ! Brian returns to Gotham '' . ComicCon.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` DC Animation 's Next Movie Revealed '' . Comic Book.com . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham By Gaslight Video Shows Canceled Elseworlds Batman Game '' . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cummins , Chris ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` This Gotham by Gaslight Game Looks Great , Does n't Exist '' . Toplessrobot.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit . `` Batman : Arkham Origins season pass available for $19.99 '' . Polygon . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Musgrave , Shawn . `` Best iPhone Game Updates : ' Vainglory ' , ' Marvel Avengers Academy ' , ' Portal Knights ' , ' Dashy Crashy ' , and More '' . TouchArcade . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Gotham by Gaslight trade paperback details at DC Comics.", "7": "com Batman publications and storylines Current series Batgirl Batman Batman Beyond Batwoman Detective Comics Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Completed ongoing series Azrael Batman : Arkham Unhinged Batman : The Dark Knight Batman : Gotham Knights Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight Batman : Shadow of the Bat Batman : Streets of Gotham The Batman Adventures Batman and Robin Batman and The Outsiders The Batman Chronicles Batman Confidential Batman Family Batman Incorporated Batman / Superman Batwing Birds of Prey The Brave and the Bold Gotham Academy Gotham by Midnight Gotham Central Gotham City Sirens The Huntress The Joker Man - Bat Red Hood / Arsenal Red Robin Robin Robin : Son of Batman Superman / Batman We Are .", "8": "Robin World 's Finest Comics Completed limited series Anarky Batgirl : Year One Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Batman : Arkham City Batman : Battle for the Cowl Batman : Cacophony Batman : The Cult Bat - Mite The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Batman : Dark Victory Batman Eternal Batman : Gates of Gotham Batman : GCPD Batman : Gotham County Line Batman : The Long Halloween Batman : Nosferatu Batman : Orpheus Rising Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne Batman : Turning Points Batman : The Widening Gyre Batman : Year 100 Batman and the Mad Monk Batman and the Monster Men Batman and Robin Eternal Batman Black and White First Wave Gotham Underground Man - Bat Robin : Year One Section 8 Superman & Batman : Generations Trinity The Untold Legend of the Batman One - shots Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth The 12 Cent Adventure Castle of the Bat Dark Knight Dynasty Dark Night : A True Batman Story Digital Justice Earth One Holy Terror In Darkest Knight The Killing Joke Knight Gallery Death of Innocents The Man Who Laughs Nine Lives Noël Son of the Demon Two Faces Batman / Houdini : The Devil 's Workshop The Batman Adventures : Mad Love Batman & Dracula trilogy Leatherwing The Berlin Batman Gotham by Gaslight Joker Batman : Thrillkiller Batman : Gotham Noir Storylines `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' `` Dark Moon Rising '' `` The Man Behind the Red Hood ! ''", "9": "`` Joker 's Millions '' `` Year One '' `` Year Two '' `` A Death in the Family '' `` Year Three '' `` The Man Who Falls '' `` Anarky in Gotham City '' `` Gothic '' `` The Return of the Joker '' `` Prey '' `` The Last Arkham '' `` Knightfall '' `` Contagion '' `` Legacy '' `` Cataclysm '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Joker : Last Laugh '' `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive '' `` Hush '' `` Broken City '' `` War Games '' `` City of Crime '' `` Under the Hood '' `` War Crimes '' `` Face the Face '' `` Batman and Son '' `` The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' `` Batman R.I.P. '' `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' `` Batwoman : Elegy '' `` Bruce Wayne : The Road Home '' `` Night of the Owls '' `` Death of the Family '' `` Zero Year '' `` Endgame '' `` Robin War '' Inter-company crossovers Batman / Aliens Batman / Hellboy / Starman Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Batman / Judge Dredd : Judgment on Gotham Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman / The Spirit Batman versus Predator Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Spawn / Batman Batman - Spawn : War Devil Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds Incomplete All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder Batman : The Dark Prince Charming Batman : White Knight Related topics Batman : Anarky Batman : Child of Dreams Batman : Haunted Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Legends Elseworlds Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles . Storylines are listed in publication order . Compiled without respect for canon or `` current '' continuity .", "10": "Jack the Ripper in fiction Seminal works The Lodger Jack the Ripper : The Final Solution Letters `` Dear Boss '' letter `` From Hell '' letter `` Saucy Jacky '' postcard Film Waxworks ( 1924 ) The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ) Pandora 's Box ( 1929 ) The Lodger ( 1932 ) The Lodger ( 1944 ) Room to Let ( 1950 ) Man in the Attic ( 1953 ) Jack the Ripper ( 1959 ) Lulu ( 1962 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) Hands of the Ripper ( 1971 ) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) The Ruling Class ( 1972 ) What the Swedish Butler Saw ( 1975 ) Jack the Ripper ( 1976 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Time After Time ( 1979 ) Jack 's Back ( 1988 ) Edge of Sanity ( 1989 ) Deadly Advice ( 1994 ) Ripper ( 2001 ) From Hell ( 2001 ) Bad Karma ( 2002 ) Case Closed : The Phantom of Baker Street ( 2002 ) The Lodger ( 2009 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight ( 2018 ) Parody Bizarre , Bizarre ( 1937 ) Amazon Women on the Moon ( 1987 ) Music `` Jack the Ripper '' ( 1963 ) `` The Ripper '' ( 1976 ) `` Killer on the Loose '' ( 1980 ) The Somatic Defilement ( 2007 ) Stage Earth Spirit ( 1895 play ) Pandora 's Box ( 1904 play ) Lulu ( 1937 opera ) The Lodger ( 1960 opera ) The Ruling Class ( 1968 play ) Comics From Hell Blood of the Innocent Gotham by Gaslight Wonder Woman : Amazonia Martin Mystère The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ,", "11": "Volume III : Century Literature Sherlock Holmes The Last Sherlock Holmes Story The Whitechapel Horrors Sherlock Holmes : The Unauthorized Biography Dust and Shadow The Ripper Legacy Short stories `` A Toy for Juliette '' `` The Prowler in the City at the Edge of the World '' Other A Feast Unknown Anno Dracula Blood and Fog I , Ripper Matrix A Night in the Lonesome October Jack the Ripper , Light - Hearted Friend Portrait of a Killer : Jack the Ripper -- Case Closed Time After Time Phantom Blood Night of the Ripper Darkside Lifeblood Lost The Witches of Chiswick Broken Dracula the Un-dead Television Series Jack the Ripper ( 1973 ) The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town ( 1976 ) Jack the Ripper ( 1988 ) Sanctuary ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Whitechapel ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Ripper Street ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Time After Time ( 2017 ) Episodes `` Wolf in the Fold '' ( 1967 ) `` Comes the Inquisitor '' ( 1995 ) `` Ripper '' ( 1999 ) `` Sanctuary for All '' ( 2008 ) Other Bridge Across Time ( 1985 TV film ) Video games Jack the Ripper ( 1987 ) Ripper ( 1996 ) Duke Nukem : Zero Hour ( 1999 ) Shadow Man ( 1999 ) MediEvil 2 ( 2000 ) Jack the Ripper ( 2003 ) Mystery in London : On the Trail of Jack the Ripper ( 2007 ) Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper ( 2009 ) The Ripper ( canceled ) Jack the Ripper ( 2015 ) Other Casebook : Jack the Ripper Blood !", "12": ": The Life and Future Times of Jack the Ripper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gotham_by_Gaslight&oldid=833015857 '' Categories : Batman titles Elseworlds titles One - shot comic titles Steampunk comics Superhero comics Alternate history comics Comics about Jack the Ripper Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Title pop Redundant infobox title param Infobox comic book title param ( addpubcat ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 06 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5778837082213981907	what can be a visual or mathematical representation of an object or a process	[ "3D modeling (or three-dimensional modeling)", "3D modeling (or three-dimensional modeling)", "3D modeling (or three-dimensional modeling)" ]	{ "0": "3D modeling - wikipedia 3D modeling Jump to : navigation , search This article is about computer modeling within an artistic medium . For scientific usage , see Computer simulation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Three - dimensional ( 3D ) computer graphics Fundamentals Modeling Scanning Rendering Printing Software Primary uses 3D models Computer - aided design Graphic design Video games Visual effects Visualization Virtual engineering Virtual reality Virtual cinematography Related topics Computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wireframe model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowd simulation Global illumination Volume rendering In 3D computer graphics , 3D modeling ( or three - dimensional modeling ) is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object ( either inanimate or living ) in three dimensions via specialized software . The product is called a 3D model . Someone who works with 3D models may be referred to as a 3D artist . It can be displayed as a two - dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena . The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices . Models may be created automatically or manually . The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting . 3D modeling software is a class of 3D computer graphics software used to produce 3D models . Individual programs of this class are called modeling applications or modelers .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Models 1.1 Representation 2 Modeling process 2.1 Human models 2.2 3D Clothing 3 Compared to 2D methods 4 3D model market 5 3D printing 6 Uses 7 See also 8 References Models ( edit ) Three - dimensional model of a spectrograph Three - dimensional ( 3D ) models represent a physical body using a collection of points in 3D space , connected by various geometric entities such as triangles , lines , curved surfaces , etc . Being a collection of data ( points and other information ) , 3D models can be created by hand , algorithmically ( procedural modeling ) , or scanned . Their surfaces may be further defined with texture mapping . 3D models are widely used anywhere in 3D graphics and CAD . Their use predates the widespread use of 3D graphics on personal computers . Many computer games used pre-rendered images of 3D models as sprites before computers could render them in real - time . Today , 3D models are used in a wide variety of fields . The medical industry uses detailed models of organs ; these may be created with multiple 2 - D image slices from an MRI or CT scan . The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and real - life motion pictures . The video game industry uses them as assets for computer and video games . The science sector uses them as highly detailed models of chemical compounds . The architecture industry uses them to demonstrate proposed buildings and landscapes in lieu of traditional , physical architectural models . The engineering community uses them as designs of new devices , vehicles and structures as well as a host of other uses . In recent decades the earth science community has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice . 3D models can also be the basis for physical devices that are built with 3D printers or CNC machines . Representation ( edit ) A modern render of the iconic Utah teapot model developed by Martin Newell ( 1975 ) . The Utah teapot is one of the most common models used in 3D graphics education . Almost all 3D models can be divided into two categories . Solid -- These models define the volume of the object they represent ( like a rock ) .", "2": "Solid models are mostly used for engineering and medical simulations , and are usually built with constructive solid geometry Shell / boundary -- these models represent the surface , e.g. the boundary of the object , not its volume ( like an infinitesimally thin eggshell ) . Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models . Solid and shell modeling can create functionally identical objects . Differences between them are mostly variations in the way they are created and edited and conventions of use in various fields and differences in types of approximations between the model and reality . Shell models must be manifold ( having no holes or cracks in the shell ) to be meaningful as a real object . Polygonal meshes ( and to a lesser extent subdivision surfaces ) are by far the most common representation . Level sets are a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes such as fluids . The process of transforming representations of objects , such as the middle point coordinate of a sphere and a point on its circumference into a polygon representation of a sphere , is called tessellation . This step is used in polygon - based rendering , where objects are broken down from abstract representations ( `` primitives '' ) such as spheres , cones etc. , to so - called meshes , which are nets of interconnected triangles . Meshes of triangles ( instead of e.g. squares ) are popular as they have proven to be easy to rasterise ( the surface described by each triangle is planar , so the projection is always convex ) ; . Polygon representations are not used in all rendering techniques , and in these cases the tessellation step is not included in the transition from abstract representation to rendered scene . Modeling process ( edit ) 3D polygonal modelling of a human face . There are three popular ways to represent a model : Polygonal modeling -- Points in 3D space , called vertices , are connected by line segments to form a polygon mesh . The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal models , because they are flexible and because computers can render them so quickly . However , polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons . Curve modeling -- Surfaces are defined by curves , which are influenced by weighted control points . The curve follows ( but does not necessarily interpolate ) the points . Increasing the weight for a point will pull the curve closer to that point .", "3": "Curve types include nonuniform rational B - spline ( NURBS ) , splines , patches , and geometric primitives Digital sculpting -- Still a fairly new method of modeling , 3D sculpting has become very popular in the few years it has been around . There are currently three types of digital sculpting : Displacement , which is the most widely used among applications at this moment , uses a dense model ( often generated by subdivision surfaces of a polygon control mesh ) and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of an image map that stores the adjusted locations . Volumetric , loosely based on voxels , has similar capabilities as displacement but does not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a deformation . Dynamic tessellation is similar to voxel but divides the surface using triangulation to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details . These methods allow for very artistic exploration as the model will have a new topology created over it once the models form and possibly details have been sculpted . The new mesh will usually have the original high resolution mesh information transferred into displacement data or normal map data if for a game engine . A 3D fantasy fish composed of organic surfaces generated using LAI4D . The modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene . There are a number of modeling techniques , including : Constructive solid geometry Implicit surfaces Subdivision surfaces Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program ( e.g. , Cinema 4D , Maya , 3ds Max , Blender , LightWave , Modo ) or an application component ( Shaper , Lofter in 3ds Max ) or some scene description language ( as in POV - Ray ) . In some cases , there is no strict distinction between these phases ; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process ( this is the case , for example , with Caligari trueSpace and Realsoft 3D ) . Complex materials such as blowing sand , clouds , and liquid sprays are modeled with particle systems , and are a mass of 3D coordinates which have either points , polygons , texture splats , or sprites assigned to them . Human models ( edit ) Main article : Virtual actor The first widely available commercial application of human virtual models appeared in 1998 on the Lands ' End web site .", "4": "The human virtual models were created by the company My Virtual Mode Inc. and enabled users to create a model of themselves and try on 3D clothing . There are several modern programs that allow for the creation of virtual human models ( Poser being one example ) . 3D clothing ( edit ) Dynamic 3D Clothing Model made in Marvelous Designer The development of cloth simulation software such as Marvelous Designer , CLO3D and Optitex , has enabled artists and fashion designers to model dynamic 3D clothing on the computer . Dynamic 3D clothing is used for virtual fashion catalogs , as well as for dressing 3D characters for video games , 3D animation movies , for digital doubles in movies as well as for making clothes for avatars in virtual worlds such as SecondLife . Compared to 2D methods ( edit ) A fully textured and lit rendering of a 3D model . 3D photorealistic effects are often achieved without wireframe modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form . Some graphic art software includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers . Advantages of wireframe 3D modeling over exclusively 2D methods include : Flexibility , ability to change angles or animate images with quicker rendering of the changes ; Ease of rendering , automatic calculation and rendering photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating ; Accurate photorealism , less chance of human error in misplacing , overdoing , or forgetting to include a visual effect . Disadvantages compare to 2D photorealistic rendering may include a software learning curve and difficulty achieving certain photorealistic effects . Some photorealistic effects may be achieved with special rendering filters included in the 3D modeling software . For the best of both worlds , some artists use a combination of 3D modeling followed by editing the 2D computer - rendered images from the 3D model . 3D model market ( edit ) A large market for 3D models ( as well as 3D - related content , such as textures , scripts , etc . ) still exists -- either for individual models or large collections . Several online marketplaces for 3D content allow individual artists to sell content that they have created , including TurboSquid , CGStudio , CreativeMarket and CGTrader .", "5": "Often , the artists ' goal is to get additional value out of assets they have previously created for projects . By doing so , artists can earn more money out of their old content , and companies can save money by buying pre-made models instead of paying an employee to create one from scratch . These marketplaces typically split the sale between themselves and the artist that created the asset , artists get 40 % to 95 % of the sales according to the marketplace . In most cases , the artist retains ownership of the 3d model ; the customer only buys the right to use and present the model . Some artists sell their products directly in its own stores offering their products at a lower price by not using intermediaries . Over the last several years numerous marketplaces specialized in 3D printing models have emerged . Some of the 3D printing marketplaces are combination of models sharing sites , with or without a built in e-com capability . Some of those platforms also offer 3D printing services on demand , software for model rendering and dynamic viewing of items , etc . 3D printing file sharing platforms include Shapeways , Pinshape , Thingiverse , TurboSquid , CGTrader , Threeding , MyMiniFactory , and GrabCAD . 3D printing ( edit ) Main articles : 3D printing and Rapid prototyping 3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down or build from successive layers of material . In recent years , there has been an upsurge in the number of companies offering personalized 3D printed models of objects that have been scanned , designed in CAD software , and then printed to the customer 's requirements . As previously mentioned , 3D models can be purchased from online marketplaces and printed by individuals or companies using commercially available 3D printers , enabling the home - production of objects such as spare parts , mathematical models , and even medical equipment . Uses ( edit ) Steps of forensic facial reconstruction of a mummy made in Blender by the Brazilian 3D designer Cícero Moraes . 3D modeling is used in various industries like films , animation and gaming , interior designing and architecture . They are also used in the medical industry for the interactive representations of anatomy . A wide number of 3D software are also used in constructing digital representation of mechanical models or parts before they are actually manufactured .", "6": "CAD / CAM related software are used in such fields , and with these software , not only can you construct the parts , but also assemble them , and observe their functionality . 3D modelling is also used in the field of Industrial Design , wherein products are 3D modeled before representing them to the clients . In Media and Event industries , 3D modelling is used in Stage / Set Design . The OWL 2 translation of the vocabulary of X3D can be used to provide semantic descriptions for 3D models , which is suitable for indexing and retrieval of 3D models by features such as geometry , dimensions , material , texture , diffuse reflection , transmission spectra , transparency , reflectivity , opalescence , glazes , varnishes , and enamels ( as opposed to unstructured textual descriptions or 2.5 D virtual museums and exhibitions using Google Street View on Google Arts & Culture , for example ) . The RDF representation of 3D models can be used in reasoning , which enables intelligent 3D applications which , for example , can automatically compare two 3D models by volume . See also ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( November 2016 ) 3CT List of 3D modeling software List of common 3D test models 3D computer graphics software 3D printing 3D scanner Additive Manufacturing File Format Building information modeling Cloth modeling Computer facial animation Digimation 's Library example Digital geometry Edge loop Evolver is a portal , 3D modeler and market place for 3D characters Geological modeling Industrial CT scanning Marching cubes Open CASCADE Polygon mesh Polygonal modeling Scaling ( geometry ) SIGGRAPH Stanford Bunny Triangle mesh Utah teapot Voxel B - rep References ( edit ) Look up modeler in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ `` ERIS Project Starts '' . ESO Announcement . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Scanning Advancements in Medical Science '' . Konica Minolta . Retrieved 24 October 2011 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Jon Radoff , Anatomy of an MMORPG Archived 2009 - 12 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , August 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Lands ' End First With New ' My Virtual Model ' Technology : Takes Guesswork Out of Web Shopping for Clothes That Fit '' . PRNewswire . Lands ' End . February 12 , 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` All About Virtual Fashion and the Creation of 3D Clothing '' . CGElves . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Clothes made for The Hobbit using Marvelous Designer '' . 3DArtist . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Printing Toys '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Printout3D -- Wolfram Language Documentation '' . reference.wolfram.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New Trends in 3D Printing -- Customized Medical Devices '' . Envisiontec . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sikos , L.F. ( 2016 ) . Rich Semantics for Interactive 3D Models of Cultural Artifacts . Communications in Computer and Information Science . 672 . Springer International Publishing . pp. 169 -- 180 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 49157 - 8_14 . Jump up ^ Yu , D. ; Hunter , J. ( 2014 ) . `` X3D Fragment Identifiers -- Extending the Open Annotation Model to Support Semantic Annotation of 3D Cultural Heritage Objects over the Web '' . International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era . 3 ( 3 ) : 579 -- 596 . doi : 10.1260 / 2047 - 4970.3. 3.579 .", "8": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D_modeling&oldid=807230271 '' Categories : 3D computer graphics 3D imaging Visual effects Video game design Computer - aided engineering Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles needing cleanup from November 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português සිංහල Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 18 : 39 . 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3971673296421984133	who killed barry allen's mom tv show	[ "Professor Eobard Thawne", "the Reverse-Flash", "Professor Eobard Thawne" ]	{ "0": "Eobard Thawne - wikipedia Eobard Thawne Jump to : navigation , search Eobard Thawne Textless cover of Batman vol. 3 , # 22 ( July 2017 ) . Art by Jason Fabok . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance The Flash # 139 ( September 1963 ) Created by John Broome Carmine Infantino In - story information Full name Eobard Thawne Team affiliations Secret Society of Super Villains Injustice League Black Lantern Corps The Rogues The Acolytes of Zoom Legion of Doom Notable aliases Professor Zoom Reverse - Flash Black Flash Harrison Wells Abilities Genius - level intellect Skilled hand - to - hand combatant Negative Speed Force grants : Superhuman speed , agility , stamina , and reflexes Rapid cellular regeneration Time travel & chronokinesis Dimensional travel Intangibility Speed mirage creation Electrokinesis Sonic shockwave projection Vortex generation Memory and speed absorption Age alteration Immortality Eobard Thawne , otherwise known as Professor Zoom and the Reverse - Flash , is a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics . He is the archenemy of Barry Allen ( the second superhero to be called the Flash ) , a descendant of Malcolm Thawne , and a maternal forefather of Bart Allen , Thaddeus Thawne , and Owen Mercer . He has been established as one of the fastest speedsters in the DC Universe . IGN ranked Eobard Thawne as the 31st Greatest Comic Book Villain Of All Time in 2009 and # 2 on their Top 5 Flash Villains list in 2015 . Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher have portrayed the character on various television series set within The CW 's live - action Arrowverse .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Post-Crisis and Zero Hour origin 2.2 The Flash : Rebirth 2.3 Blackest Night 2.4 Post-Infinite Crisis origin 2.5 Flashpoint 2.6 The New 52 2.7 DC Rebirth 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 Impulse 5 In other media 5.1 Fan Series 5.2 Television 5.2. 1 Arrowverse 5.3 Film 5.4 Video games 5.4. 1 Injustice 5.5 Parodies 5.6 Merchandise 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) Created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino , Eobard Thawne made his debut in The Flash # 139 ( September 1963 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Cover of The Flash # 139 ( September 1963 ) , featuring Eobard Thawne 's debut as the Reverse - Flash . In Thawne 's first appearance , he found a time capsule in the 25th Century containing Barry Allen 's Flash costume , and was able to use a Tachyon device to amplify the suit 's speed energy , giving himself speedster abilities as long as he wore the costume . Reversing the costume 's colors , Thawne adopted the moniker of `` Professor Zoom '' aka the `` Reverse - Flash '' , and went on a crime spree . However , the time capsule also contained an atomic clock , which a scientist from Allen 's time discovered would eventually cause a nuclear explosion upon being removed from the time capsule containing it . To prevent that disaster , The Flash traveled forward in time to find the clock . Encountering Zoom , Flash pursued and defeated him in the hope Zoom knew where the clock was . Unfortunately , that was not the case and the Flash later barely found the clock and brought it to an isolated area before it exploded in time and subsequently destroyed Thawne 's costume .", "2": "Blaming the Flash for his defeat , Thawne became obsessed with `` replacing '' the man and began travelling back in time to exact his revenge , using his knowledge of history to his advantage . When Iris West ( Barry 's wife ) rejected his romantic pursuits , Thawne apparently killed Iris by vibrating his hand through the woman 's skull . Shortly after Barry had found love again , Thawne returned and threatened to kill Fiona Webb ( Allen 's new fiancée ) on their wedding day . Fearful that history was repeating itself , Allen inadvertently killed Thawne by breaking his neck . Post-Crisis and Zero Hour origin ( edit ) In a post-Crisis extended origin , the storyline `` The Return of Barry Allen '' in The Flash # 74 - 79 revealed that Eobard was once a scientist from the 25th Century who was obsessed with the Flash , even undergoing cosmetic surgery to resemble his hero . After obtaining the Cosmic Treadmill from an antique shop , Thawne gained all of the Flash 's powers after replicating the electrochemical accident that created the hero , seeking to use the Treadmill to travel back in time and meet his idol . But due to a malfunction , Thawne arrived at the Flash Museum several years after Barry 's death , where he discovered that he was destined to become `` Professor Zoom '' ( the `` Reverse - Flash '' ) and die at the hands of his idol . As a result , the unstable Thawne convinced himself that he was Barry , and subsequently attacked Central City for `` forgetting him '' . Wally West ( the current Flash ) ultimately tricked Thawne into returning to the 25th century with no memory of the incident . Despite this , Thawne still managed to bring the remains of his older self 's costume with him , cluing him further into his destiny . After the events of Zero Hour : Crisis in Time , it is revealed that Malcolm Thawne is Eobard 's ancestor and Barry 's long - lost twin brother , meaning that Barry is Eobard 's great uncle . The Flash : Rebirth ( edit ) Main article : The Flash : Rebirth In 2009 , Eobard was re-imagined as a major villain in the DC Universe by writer Geoff Johns in The Flash : Rebirth .", "3": "His resurrection is foreshadowed to occur in a near - future event , after which he would be responsible for Barry Allen 's return and transformation into the Black Flash . It is later revealed that because Thawne recreated the accident behind Barry 's powers , he was able to lure Barry out of the Speed Force during the Final Crisis and temporarily turn his nemesis into the Black Flash . When Thawne reappears , he murders the revived Johnny Quick , before proceeding to trap Barry and the revived Max Mercury inside the negative Speed Force . Thawne then attempts to kill Wally West 's children through their connection to the Speed Force in front of Linda Park - West , only to be stopped by Jay Garrick and Bart Allen . Thawne defeats Jay and prepares to kill Bart , but Barry , Max , Wally , Jesse Quick and Impulse arrive to prevent the villain from doing so . In the ensuing fight , Thawne reveals that he is responsible for every tragedy that has occurred in Barry 's life , including the death of Nora Allen ( Barry 's mother ) . Thawne then decides to destroy everything the Flash holds dear by killing Iris before they even met . As Barry chases after Thawne , Wally joins in the time barrier . They reach him and in doing so , they become the lightning bolt that turns Barry into the Flash as they are able to stop Thawne from killing Iris . The Flashes push Thawne back through time , showing his past and future . They return to the present , where the Justice League , the Justice Society , and the Outsiders have built a device originally intended to disconnect Barry from the Speed Force as the Black Flash . Barry tosses Thawne in and Jay activates the device , severing his connection to the negative Speed Force . As the Flashes tie him up to stop him from running , back in the past Iris discovers Thawne 's weapon and keeps it . In the present , he is imprisoned in the Iron Heights . Hunter Zolomon speaks to him , saying they can help each other be better . In Gorilla City , one of the apes warns that Professor Zoom has done something horrible to their jungles , something even they do not know .", "4": "Blackest Night ( edit ) In the 2009 -- 2010 storyline `` Blackest Night '' , Thawne 's broken - necked corpse is reanimated as a member of the Black Lantern Corps . The black power ring downloaded the corpse 's memories , resulting in it not knowing of Barry 's death and resurrection . Declaring itself the new `` Black Flash '' , the Black Lantern Zoom attacks Barry who manages to elude for the moment . When Black Lantern Rogues attack Iron Heights , they encounter the living Thawne , their rings strangely malfunctioning , and displaying a strange symbol . When the Black Lantern Zoom approaches his living counterpart , he stops moving , and is then frozen by Captain Cold 's `` cold grenade '' . In the final issue , future Black Lantern Zoom is brought back to life by the white light of creation , and manages to escape . In the follow - up `` Brightest Day '' storyline , the present Professor Zoom is still imprisoned in Iron Heights . When Deadman activates the White Power Battery , the Entity speaks to the twelve heroes and villains resurrected at the climax of the `` Blackest Night '' and tells each of them of their mission that must be accomplished in order to restore ' life ' to the universe and prevent the Blackest Night from ever recurring . Zoom becomes the first to inadvertently fulfill his mission , which occurred in the events of The Flash : Rebirth when he freed Allen from the Speed Force following the resurrection . The Entity proclaims Zoom has completed his task , and his life is restored to him , later revealing that Zoom , having fulfilled his task , is now fully purged of all trace remnants of his Black Lantern ties -- both present and future . Zoom is released from Iron Heights by Captain Boomerang , who had hoped to better understand his version of the Entity 's message . Zoom does not answer him directly , giving a cryptic response and eventually escaping as Captain Boomerang is confronted by the rest of the Rogues . Post-infinite Crisis origin ( edit ) Eobard uses his powers to completely rewrite his history ; he erases his younger brother from existence and kills his parents when they try to interfere with his research . Eobard later falls in love with a reporter who had been hired to interview him , and his future self wipes all of the reporter 's romantic interests from existence .", "5": "After finding out she did not return his affections , Eobard 's future self traumatized the reporter when she was a child , causing her to be mute and institutionalized for the rest of her life so that he never met her . He later had his younger self find the time capsule containing Barry Allen 's costume to make himself the 25th century Flash . As the altered Eobard Thawne runs past him , he sheds a tear for his past self , saying `` It wo n't last long . You will never find love . You will never be the Flash . Barry Allen destroyed my future . It 's time I destroyed his '' . Flashpoint ( edit ) In the 2011 Flashpoint storyline , a new timeline is created through the alteration of history . The Reverse - Flash reveals that his body is permanently connected to the Speed Force , enabling him to create the negative version of it , with which he escaped prison . He was unable to alter Barry 's transformation into the Flash , however , as that would effectively erase himself from existence . Instead , Thawne decides to ruin Barry 's life during the latter 's childhood , erasing his best friend from existence to result in greater introversion on Barry 's part , and various other torments such as killing his mother . Thawne later reveals that the new timeline was created by Barry himself , who went back in time to stop the Reverse - Flash from killing his mother . After Thawne is killed by the Batman of this reality with an Amazonian sword , the Flash travels back in time to stop his younger self from altering history but instead , under the manipulations of Pandora , a third , new timeline is created , in which DC Comics ' continuity takes place from 2011 onwards . The new 52 ( edit ) Flashpoint results in The New 52 reboot of DC 's continuity . In this new timeline , Thawne 's origin is re-established as hailing from the Central City of a 25th - century devoted to the Flash . As a child , Eobard witnessed his father murder his mother , and subsequently get arrested . One day , he is struck by lightning and gains the ability to control the flow of time around him making it appear as if he is moving at superhuman speeds similar to Zolomon 's powers .", "6": "Believing himself to have been `` chosen '' by the Speed Force to replace the Flash , Eobard dons a costume similar to the hero 's and begins to terrorize the Gem Cities as `` Zoom '' , demanding the citizens accept him as King . However , he is enraged when people rebel against him in the name of the Flash . Jealous and bitter that , despite their similar powers , the Flash is worshiped and loved by the people , Eobard uses Rip Hunter 's notes to travel back in time , where he starts recruiting four individuals `` touched by the lightning '' ( Speed Force ) across history , after `` saving '' them from situations he himself put them into , under the false pretense that he requires their help in order to vanquish the `` evil menace '' , Flash . Thawne then makes an acquaintance with Dr. Henry Allen ( the Flash 's father ) , funding the research of Henry 's research lab . But when Henry refuses to help him with an unknown cause , Zoom subsequently murders Nora in order to make the Flash endure what he had to and give them both an `` equal start '' , and forces Henry to take the blame for his deed , with the threat of Barry 's life . Laying low for many years , Professor Zoom reemerges following the defeat of William Selkirk , recruiting as an `` acolyte '' of his . Zoom and his acolytes then cause havoc in the city and put the blame on the Flash , desiring to destroy his nemesis 's legacy . Eobard then kidnaps Henry when the man escapes from prison with some inmates in order to divert Thawne 's attention away from Barry , and forces Henry to construct a power - stealing glove . However , when his closest `` ally '' Magali ( who has been keeping Eobard alive for centuries via powers ) discover the truth about him , he uses the glove to steal her abilities of affecting the age of organic and inorganic matter , leading to his true nature being exposed to the rest of his acolytes who join forces with the Flash to destroy the device . After the failure of his plan to become a god , Zoom then takes Henry to the Allen house , with Barry in pursuit .", "7": "Revealing his backstory to Barry , Eobard proceeds to best Barry in combat , and is about to kill until the Flash realizes how Thawne 's powers work , and then proceeds to counter them by moving time forward - finally defeating him . After talking Henry out of killing Thawne , Barry has him arrested and imprisoned at Iron Heights Penitentiary . DC Rebirth ( edit ) In the DC Rebirth relaunch , Eobard first appears in Barry Allen 's Speed Force vision , where the latter snaps Thawne 's neck as he once did Pre-Crisis . He is subsequently featured in another vision where he taunts Barry about his future . The serial - killing speedster Godspeed later attempts to kill Eobard and every other inmate at Iron Heights , only to be stopped by the Flash . Thawne is reverted to his pre-New 52 self after a wave of energy strikes him , and he recalls being killed by Batman ( Thomas Wayne ) during Flashpoint . Seeking to teach the Dark Knight 's son a lesson , Thawne attacks Bruce Wayne in the Batcave and destroys Thomas ' letter as retribution . Thawne brutally beats Bruce and verbally taunts him before picking up the Button , which teleports him away to an unknown location . Thawne is then teleported back to the Batcave , having been bathed in radiation by a mysterious entity . As he collapses , Thawne says `` God ... I saw ... God . '' In the following issue , Batman and the Flash come across Thawne in possession of the Button shortly before his apparent death , and follow him in an attempt to prevent it . As he follows the traces leading to the entity , Thawne muses that he may go back in time to raise his nemesis as a `` family friend '' after killing his mother , but he is seemingly killed and teleported back to the Batcave . Eobard 's corpse is subsequently taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for further examination , but it is revealed that he was able to survive his near - death experience via his connection to the negative Speed Force , the energy of which grants him accelerated regeneration and healing . He is present at Iris West 's house when she arrives with her nephew following Multiplex 's attack at Barry 's birthday party , shocking and terrifying the pair .", "8": "Eobard brutally beats Wally West II , denouncing him as a fake , and then brings Iris to the future while Barry pursues them . Eobard shows the couple their future , and attempts to imprison Barry in the Negative Speed Force . This backfires as it leads to Barry absorbing the power of the Negative Speed Force and using it to strip Thawne of his speed . Barry declares that their rivalry is done , but Eobard vows that he will get back his powers and keep coming back to torment Barry , before being seemingly killed by Iris . Eobard later returns ( possibly resurrected after regaining his connection to the Negative Speed Force ) as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains that kidnapped Deathstroke . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Even prior to gaining his metahuman abilities , Eobard Thawne already possessed genius - level intellect by the standards of the 25th Century . In The Flash : Rebirth , it is discovered that when he duplicated the accident that gave Barry Allen his powers , he created a negative Speed Force by corrupting the positive version of it . The Reverse - Flash is therefore able to travel at superhuman speeds faster than the speed of light , deliver blows of extreme force , run on water , generate vacuums , create after - images ( `` speed mirages '' ) of himself , and vibrate his molecules to pass through solid objects . Unlike users of the original Speed Force , Thawne has the ability to travel through and manipulate time , being able to drastically alter history and completely erase people from existence ( other speedsters can not change the past without dramatic consequences ) . Thawne developed numerous new powers in the events leading up to Flashpoint , including the ability to cross over to other dimensions , create shockwaves across time and space at the snap of his fingers , absorb another 's memories via physical contact , and alter the age of anyone or anything . Thawne has also displayed low levels of superhuman strength , as well as electrokinetic abilities . The presence of his lightning is able to disrupt and fry nearby electronics , in addition to allowing him to manipulate magnetism . During the New 52 reboot , Thawne gained the ability to slow down time . He retained his pre-New 52 counterpart 's age altering abilities .", "9": "In the DC Rebirth relaunch , however , Thawne regained his connection to the negative Speed Force and therefore all of his original powers . Other versions ( edit ) Impulse ( edit ) In an alternate timeline created when Impulse kills an insect in the Devonian Age , most super-villains are government bureaucrats . Professor Zoom is the National Science Advisor to President - for - Life Julian Tremain . In subsequent changes to the timeline , Zoom defected to the rebellion against Tremain led by Gorilla Grodd ; turned into a gorilla fighting against an army of flying turtles led by Grodd , now a flying turtle himself ; and was a gorilla in a modern society identical to that of ancient Egypt . In other media ( edit ) Fan series ( edit ) This character is seen in the YouTube fan series Reverse Flash : Origins Colin K. Bass portrays Eobard Thawne / Reverse Flash . This is a series that is currently airing on the Nerdbot YouTube channel . Television ( edit ) The character is alluded to in the episode `` Done With Mirrors '' of the 1990 live - action series The Flash , when Barry Allen temporarily takes the pseudonym ' Professor Zoom ' while investigating the Mirror Master . Professor Zoom appears in Batman : The Brave and the Bold , voiced by John Wesley Shipp . In the episode `` Requiem for a Scarlet Speedster ! '' , Zoom has conquered the 25th Century and captured the Flash ( Barry Allen ) . Batman , Jay Garrick and Wally West later arrive to free Barry , who then engages Zoom in a fight around the world . The battle ends when the Flash glazes some sand to form a wall of glass to trip Zoom . Arrowverse ( edit ) Tom Cavanagh as Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash in The CW 's Superhero Fight Club promotional video . Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher portray Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash in The CW 's live - action Arrowverse as Dr. Harrison Wells and in his original likeness , respectively . Professor Eobard Thawne is introduced on The Flash as a scientist from the future who duplicated the reaction that gave Barry Allen / The Flash his powers and became the hero 's archenemy , the Reverse - Flash .", "10": "Eobard travelled back in time to the year 2000 to kill his nemesis as a child . When the 2024 Flash intervened , the Reverse - Flash murdered Barry 's mother and framed his father instead , thus erasing this Flash from existence while unintentionally severing his own connection to the Speed Force , leaving him stranded in the 21st Century . Knowing that Dr. Harrison Wells would be responsible for creating metahumans in 2020 , Eobard killed the scientist and assumed his identity . He then founded S.T.A.R. Labs and created a particle accelerator to turn Barry into the Flash and regain his own link to the Speed Force . Faking paralysis , `` Dr. Wells '' pushes Barry to run faster in hopes of using the latter 's pure Speed Force connection to travel back to his time . After Eobard 's secret is discovered , he is captured by the Flash , the Arrow , and Firestorm . Eobard then offers Barry a chance to travel back in time to save his mother in exchange for a time sphere to return to the future , but Barry ultimately chooses not to do so and returns to destroy Eobard 's machine . As the Reverse - Flash prepares to kill the Flash , his ancestor Detective Eddie Thawne kills himself and seemingly erases Eobard from existence . A year later , Barry temporarily creates a new reality and restores a time remnant of Eobard to the timeline in the process . Letscher plays Thawne 's time remnant in season two of Legends of Tomorrow . Victor Garber and Sean MacLean briefly play the character disguised as Professor Martin Stein and NASA astronaut John Swigert , respectively . Eobard forms his own legion of supervillains ( composed of Damien Darhk , Malcolm Merlyn and Leonard Snart ) to obtain the mystical Spear of Destiny to alter reality , but is ultimately erased from existence by the Black Flash due to his nature as a `` time aberration '' . Cavanagh reprises his role as Thawne in the 2017 four - part crossover event `` Crisis on Earth - X '' .", "11": "Somehow surviving his erasure from existence at the end of The Flash 's first season , Eobard travelled to Earth - X , a parallel universe where the Axis powers won World War II , and formed an alliance with the Nazi versions of Oliver Queen , Kara Zor - El and Tommy Merlyn there in an attempt to conquer Earth - 1 . When his allies are killed during the final battle , Thawne escapes and vows to return . Film ( edit ) Professor Zoom appears as the main antagonist in Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) , voiced by C. Thomas Howell . He hires the Rogues to ambush the Flash ( Barry Allen ) at the Flash Museum before betraying them by placing explosives on their belts to destroy the museum . However , the Justice League arrive to disarm the bombs and apprehend Zoom . When Barry travels back in time to prevent Nora Allen 's murder , all of reality is altered , and Aquaman 's Atlantean army is at war with Wonder Woman 's Amazonian forces . Zoom enters this reality via the Speed Force and saves Lois Lane from the Amazonians to alert Barry of his presence . While Cyborg 's metahuman team tries to put an end to the war , Zoom appears and beats Barry . As the Atlanteans ' doomsday device destroys the world , Zoom is shot in the head by this reality 's Batman . The Flash then taps into the Speed Force once more to stop his past self from altering time , effectively creating a new reality similar to the original . The Reverse - Flash appears as the main antagonist in the film Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash , voiced by Dwight Schultz . Professor Zoom returns as the main antagonist in Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay with C. Thomas Howell reprising his role . In the course of the film , it is revealed that Thawne is barely keeping himself alive after being fatally shot by the Flashpoint Batman , consolidating his speed to draw out the moment of his death , keeping himself alive despite having a large hole in his head . However , this leaves him with only a limited amount of speed force energy to use before he will exhaust the last of his power , which will kill him for good .", "12": "He attempts to acquire a ' Get Out of Hell Free ' card that would allow him to ascend to Heaven and escape his fate , but Bronze Tiger and Deadshot are able to take the card from him as Deadshot attracts his attention before Bronze Tiger cuts off Thawne 's fingers as he holds the card as Deadshot fires multiple shoots at Zoom ( forming an `` X '' in the villain 's body ) and shoots his head , killing him once and for all . Video games ( edit ) Professor Zoom appears in various storylines in DC Universe Online . Professor Zoom is one of the villains recruited by Brainiac to collect Starites in Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure . He teams up with Doppelgänger to compete against the Flash and Maxwell . The Reverse - Flash appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham , voiced by Liam O'Brien . Injustice ( edit ) Eobard Thawne is featured in Injustice : Gods Among Us . His Black Lantern design was a playable alternate skin for the Flash as part of a limited exclusive challenge . The 2.6 update for the iOS and Android mobile app introduced a Reverse - Flash card ( based on Tom Cavanagh 's portrayal and likeness on the TV series The Flash ) that can be purchased in the Most Wanted Pack . The Reverse - Flash appears as a playable character in Injustice 2 via `` premier skins '' , voiced again by Liam O'Brien . After being trapped in a paradox when the Regime kills one of his ancestors , Reverse - Flash is left stranded in the 21st Century and joins Gorilla Grodd 's `` Society '' . He attempts to kill the Flash with Captain Cold and Deadshot , before being defeated by Wonder Woman at a bar in Metropolis . Parodies ( edit ) Eobard Thawne has made multiple appearances on Robot Chicken . Seth Green voices him in `` Losin ' the Wobble '' , where he robs a bank while the Flash , Superman and Wonder Woman stand idly by , commenting on how lame they think opposite - themed villains like the Reverse - Flash , Bizarro Superman and Negative Wonder Woman are . Matthew Senreich voices him in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise , where he is seen with the Legion of Doom .", "13": "He makes a non-speaking cameo while fighting the Flash in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship . Tom Cavanagh reprises his role from the TV series The Flash in the episode `` Ants on a Hamburger '' , where he appears as Harrison Wells . Merchandise ( edit ) A DC Universe Action League mini figure of Professor Zoom was released in a two - pack with the Flash . A Reverse - Flash collectible statue was included in the Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Blu - ray combo pack . A Professor Zoom mini figure was released in DC Direct 's Blammoids line . A Reverse - Flash mini figure was released in Funko Mystery Minis ' DC Comics wave . Funko has released three POP ! vinyl figures of Eobard Thawne . The first being based on his appearance in the comic books , the second a Black Lantern exclusive , and the third a The Flash television series version . A 2 - inch keychain of the Reverse - Flash was released in series 2 of the DC Comics Figural Keychain line . DC Collectibles has released a 6.75 - inch action figure of the Reverse - Flash as part of the Amazon exclusive Blu - ray edition of the complete first season of the TV series The Flash in December 2015 . A GameStop exclusive vinyl collectible of the Reverse - Flash has been released in Dorbz 's The Flash wave . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time : 31 . Professor Zoom '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 5 Flash Villains '' . IGN . Jump up ^ The Flash 139 ( September 1963 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Flash ( vol. 1 ) # 324 ( August 1983 ) Jump up ^ Flash : Rebirth outline in the hardcover collection of the story Jump up ^ The Flash : Rebirth # 1 ( April 2009 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ The Flash : Rebirth # 2 ( May 2009 ) . DC Comics ^ Jump up to : The Flash : Rebirth # 4 ( August 2009 ) .", "14": "DC Comics Jump up ^ The Flash : Rebirth # 3 ( June 2009 ) . DC Comics ^ Jump up to : The Flash : Rebirth # 5 ( November 2009 ) . DC Comics ^ Jump up to : The Flash : Rebirth # 6 ( February 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Blackest Night : The Flash # 1 ( December 2009 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Blackest Night : The Flash # 2 ( January 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Blackest Night : The Flash # 3 ( February 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) . Reis , Ivan ( p ) , Albert , Oclair ( i ) . Blackest Night # 8 ( March 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Brightest Day # 0 ( April 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Brightest Day # 7 ( August 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 3 ) # 7 ( December 2010 ) . DC Comics ^ Jump up to : The Flash ( vol. 3 ) # 8 ( February 2011 ) . DC Comcics Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) . `` Flashpoint '' , The Flash ( vol. 3 ) # 10 -- 12 ( April -- May 2011 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Flashpoint : Reverse - Flash one - shot ( June 2011 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) . Flashpoint # 5 ( August 2011 ) . DC Comics . ^ Jump up to : The Flash ( vol. 4 ) # 47 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 4 ) Annual # 4 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 4 ) # 40 Jump up ^ DC Universe : Rebirth one - shot ( May 2016 ) Jump up ^ The Flash : Rebirth one - shot ( June 2016 ) Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 5 ) # 9 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 5 ) # 8 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol.", "15": "5 ) # 19 Jump up ^ Batman ( vol. 3 ) # 21 Jump up ^ Batman ( vol. 3 ) # 22 Jump up ^ The Flash # 22 Jump up ^ The Flash # 23 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 3 ) # 12 ( May 2011 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 4 ) # 45 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 5 ) # 19 Jump up ^ Impulse # 35 . DC Comics . Jump up ^ Allstetter , Rob ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` Kate Jewell interviews Michael Jelenic '' . Comics Continuum . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' & ' Arrow ' Stars Battle in ' Superhero Fight Club ' Promo '' . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( 2015 ) . `` The Flash : Dr. Wells Just Revealed His Biggest Secrets '' . Cinemablend . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Eobard Thawne : ' The Flash 's Best Twist , or Its Worst ? '' . Screenrant . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : First Set Photos of Reverse - Flash in Costume '' . Screenrant . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Legends of Tomorrow ' to Tackle Legion of Doom Villain Team In Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Greg Berlanti Interview : How TV 's Superhero Guru is Managing Crossovers , ' Supergirl 's Move and New Inspirations '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Flashpoint Paradox spins an alternative tale '' . IGN . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 .", "16": "Jump up ^ Parungo , Nicolo ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Injustice mobile game update adds Reverse Flash , Arkham Knight , Survival Mode and more '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Injustice 2 story trailer , Darkseid pre-order DLC and special editions announced '' . Gematsu . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Injustice 2 : 3 Extra DC Characters Added as Alternate Skins in Special Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` DC Universe Action League Mini Figure 2Pack Professor Zoom The Flash '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` DC Blammoids Series 4 : Zoom '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Funko Mystery Minis Vinyl Figure - DC Comics Series 2 - Justice League Super Heroes - REVERSE FLASH '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Funko Pop Heroes Reverse Flash Pop Vinyl Figure '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Funko POP ! The Black Flash # 22 Fugitive Toys Exclusive '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Funko Pop Tv : The Flash - Reverse Flash Action Figure '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` DC Series 2 Collectible Blind Bag Key Chains '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com. 2015 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Funko Dorbz : DC Comics - The Flash Reverse Flash # 192 ( Gamestop Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 .", "17": "External links ( edit ) Professor Zoom at the DC Database Reverse - Flash at dccomics.com Professor Zoom at Those Who Ride the Lightning Professor Zoom at the DCU Guide ( hide ) The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Argus David Singh Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Paul Gambi Patty Spivot Más y Menos Pied Piper Red Trinity Solovar Tina McGee Valerie Perez Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Inertia ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R.", "18": "Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 DC Unchained Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eobard_Thawne&oldid=837988578 '' Categories : DC Comics supervillains Characters created by Carmine Infantino Characters created by John Broome Comics characters introduced in 1963 DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds DC Comics characters with accelerated healing DC Comics metahumans DC Comics television characters Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional mass murderers Fictional physicists Fictional scientists Fictional serial killers Fictional shapeshifters Time travelers Video game bosses Psychopathy in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Português Русский Suomi Tagalog 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 07 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "19": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6053488055478960702	who won first ancient olympic 200 yard race	[ "Coroebus of Elis" ]	{ "0": "Stadion ( running race ) - wikipedia Stadion ( running race ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the ancient running event and building . For other uses , see Stadion ( disambiguation ) . The stadion of ancient Nemea , Greece . Stadion or stade ( Ancient Greek : στάδιον ) was an ancient running event , part of the Ancient Olympic Games and the other Panhellenic Games . It was one of the five major Pentathlon events . It was the premier event of the gymnikos agon ( nude competition ) . From the years 776 to 724 BC , the stadion was the only event that took place at the Olympic Games . The victor gave his name to the entire four - year Olympiad , which has allowed scholars to know the names of nearly every ancient Olympic stadion winner . The stadion was named after the building in which it took place , also called the stadion . This word became stadium in Latin , which became the English word stadium . There were other types of running events , but the stadion was the most prestigious ; the winner was often considered to be the winner of an entire Games . Though a separate event , the stadion was also part of the ancient Pentathlon . At the Olympic Games , the stadion ( building ) was big enough for 20 competitors , and the race was a 200 yd ( 180 m ) sprint , but the original stadion track in Olympia measures approximately 210 yd ( 190 m ) . The race began with a trumpet blow , with officials ( the agonothetai - ἀγωνοθέται ) at the starting blocks to make sure there were no false starts . There were also officials at the end to decide on a winner and to make sure no one had cheated . If the officials decided there was a tie , the race would be re-run . Runners started the race from a standing position , probably with their arms stretched out in front of them , instead of starting in a crouch like modern runners . They ran naked on a packed earth track . By the fifth century , the track was marked by a stone - starting line , the balbis .", "1": "Advancements in this stone starting block led to it having a set of double grooves ( 10 -- 12 cm ( 3.9 -- 4.7 in ) apart ) in which the runner placed his toes . The design of these grooves were intended to give the runner leverage for his start . The winner of the stadion in the first Olympic Games was Coroebus of Elis . The race gave its name to the unit of length , the Stadion . See also ( edit ) Running in Ancient Greece Olympic winners of the Stadion race References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Miller , Stephen G. ( 2004 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , H.A. ( 1964 ) . Greek Athletes and Athletics . London : Hutchinson . pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Miller , p. 35 Ancient Olympic Games Sports Foot races Diaulos Dolichos Hoplitodromos Stadion Horse races Apene Chariot of polos Decapolon Kalpe Keles Perfect chariot Polos Synoris Synoris of polos Tethrippon Tethrippon of polos Combat Boxing Pankration Wrestling Special Herald and Trumpet contest Pentathlon Winners Acanthus of Sparta Agasias of Arcadia Agesarchus of Tritaea Alcibiades of Athens Alexander I of Macedon Anaxilas of Messenia Aratus of Sicyon Archelaus I of Macedon Arrhichion of Phigalia Arsinoe II Astylos of Croton Berenice I of Egypt Bilistiche Chaeron of Pellene", "2": "Chilon of Patras Chionis of Sparta Cimon Coalemos Coroebus of Elis Cylon of Athens Cynisca of Sparta Damarchus Demaratus of Sparta Desmon of Corinth Diagoras of Rhodes Diocles of Corinth Ergoteles of Himera Euryleonis Herodorus of Megara Hiero I of Syracuse Hypenus of Elis Hysmon of Elis Iccus of Taranto Leonidas of Rhodes Leophron Milo of Croton Nero Caesar Augustus Oebotas of Dyme Onomastus of Smyrna Orsippus of Megara Peisistratos of Athens Phanas of Pellene Philinus of Cos Philip II of Macedon Philippus of Croton Phrynon of Athens Polydamas of Skotoussa Pythagoras of Laconia Pythagoras of Samos Sostratus of Pellene Theagenes of Thasos Theron of Acragas Tiberius Caesar Augustus Timasitheus of Delphi Troilus of Elis Varazdat of Armenia Xenophon of Aegium Xenophon of Corinth Lists of winners Ancient Olympic victors Stadion race Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period Roman period Olympia Archaeological Museum of Olympia Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Zeus at Olympia Modern Olympic Games Ancient Greek Olympic festivals Ancient Olympic sports Boxing Chariot racing Diaulos Dolichos Hoplitodromos Pankration Pentathlon Stadion Wrestling Athletics events Track and field Road running", "3": "Racewalking Racerunning Cross country running Multi-day race Ultramarathon Wheelchair racing Backward running Track Sprints 50 m 55 m 60 m 100 y 100 m 150 m 200 m ( straight ) 300 m 400 m 500 m 600 m Hurdles 50 m 55 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 110 m 200 m ( low ) 300 m 400 m Middle - distance 800 m 1000 m 1500 m One mile 2000 m 2000 m steeplechase 3000 m 3000 m steeplechase Two miles Long - distance 5000 m 10,000 m One hour run Relays 4 × 100 m 4 × 200 m 4 × 400 m 4 × 800 m 4 × 1500 m Distance medley relay Sprint medley relay Swedish relay Walking Mile 3000 m 5000 m 10,000 m 15,000 m 20,000 m Field Throws Discus Hammer Javelin Shot put Weight throw Softball throw Jumps High jump ( standing ) Long jump ( standing ) Triple jump ( standing ) Pole vault Combined Decathlon Heptathlon Athletics pentathlon Women 's pentathlon Throws pentathlon Road Running 5 km 10 km 15 km 10 mi 20 km Half marathon 25 km 30 km Marathon Ekiden Ultramarathon Walking 10 km 20 km 50 km 50 mi 100 km Current Olympic events shown in italics Retrieved from `` https://en.", "4": "wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stadion_(running_race)&oldid=807149632 '' Categories : Ancient Olympic sports Running competitions Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 06 : 02 . 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-426239886608637831	who was selected for the 2018 football hall of fame	[ "Bobby Beathard", "Robert Brazile", "Brian Dawkins", "Jerry Kramer", "Ray Lewis", "Randy Moss", "Terrell Owens", "Brian Urlacher", "Terrell Owens", "Bobby Beathard", "Robert Brazile", "Brian Dawkins", "Jerry Kramer", "Ray Lewis", "Randy Moss", "Terrell Owens", "Brian Urlacher" ]	{ "0": "Pro Football Hall of Fame - wikipedia Pro Football Hall of Fame Jump to : navigation , search Pro Football Hall of Fame Location of Pro Football Hall of Fame Established 1963 Location 2121 George Halas Dr NW , Canton , Ohio Coordinates 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W / 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Coordinates : 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W / 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Type Professional sports hall of fame Visitors 191,943 ( 2010 ) President C. David Baker Website profootballhof.com The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football , located in Canton , Ohio . Opened in 1963 , the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football , including players , coaches , franchise owners , and front - office personnel , almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League ( NFL ) ; the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year . The Hall of Fame 's Mission is to `` Honor the Heroes of the Game , Preserve its History , Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE . '' With the election of the Class of 2018 -- Bobby Beathard , Robert Brazile , Brian Dawkins , Jerry Kramer , Ray Lewis , Randy Moss , Terrell Owens , and Brian Urlacher -- there are a total of 318 members of the Hall of Fame .", "1": "Part of the American football series on History of American football Origins of American football Early history of American football First game Walter Camp First pro player First pro league Modern history of American football Close relations : Medieval football Old division football Rugby football Association football Canadian football Black players in professional American football Homosexuality in American football Concussions in American football Rugby union comparison Rugby league comparison Canadian football comparison Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame Years in American football NFL season - by - season College football season - by - season Glossary of American football American football Portal Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Executive Directors / Presidents of Hall of Fame 2 Inductees 2.1 Selection process 2.1. 1 Selection Committee 2.1. 2 Voting procedure 2.2 Enshrinement ceremony 3 Hall of Fame Game 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Old entrance to The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio The community of Canton , Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons : first , the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 ( at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association ) ; second , the now - defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league . Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11 , 1962 . The original building contained just two rooms , and 19,000 square feet ( 1,800 m ) of interior space . In April 1970 , ground was broken for the first of many expansions . This first expansion cost $ 620,000 , and was completed in May 1971 . The size was increased to 34,000 square feet ( 3,200 m ) by adding another room . The pro shop opened with this expansion . This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame , as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time .", "2": "This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL - NFL World Championship games . Inside the original structure in 2008 . In November 1977 , work began on another expansion project , costing US $1,200,000 . It was completed in November 1978 , enlarging the gift shop and research library , while doubling the size of the theater . The total size of the hall was now 50,500 square feet ( 4,690 m ) , more than 2.5 times the original size . The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993 . The Hall then announced yet another expansion , costing US $9,200,000 , and adding a fifth room . This expansion was completed in October 1995 . The building 's size was increased to 82,307 square feet ( 7,647 m ) . The most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium , which shows an NFL Films production on a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) by 42 - foot ( 13 m ) Cinemascope screen . In 2013 , the Hall of Fame completed its largest expansion and renovation today . Currently , the Hall of Fame consists of 118,000 square feet . An $800 million expansion project , Johnson Controls Hall of Fame Village , is underway and will be completed to coincide with the NFL 's Centennial in 2020 . Executive Directors / Presidents of Hall of Fame ( edit ) Dick McCann ( April 4 , 1962 - November 1967 ) Dick Gallagher ( April 1968 - December 31 , 1975 ) Pete Elliott ( February 1979 - October 31 , 1996 ) John Bankert ( November 1 , 1996 - December 31 , 2005 ) Steve Perry ( April 24 , 2006 - January 2014 ) David Baker ( January 6 , 2014 - present ) Inductees ( edit ) The Hall is made up of several sections , at heart is the display of inductees .", "3": "Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Through 2017 , all inductees except one , played some part of their professional career in the NFL ( the lone exception is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw , who played his entire career in the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) . Though several Hall of Famers have had AFL , Canadian Football League , World Football League , United States Football League , Arena Football League and / or Indoor Football League experience , and there is a division of the Hall devoted to alternative leagues such as this , to this point no players have made the Hall without having made significant contributions to either the NFL , AFL or All - America Football Conference . For CFL stars , there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame ; only one player ( Warren Moon ) and one coach ( Bud Grant ) are in both halls . The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers among the league 's franchises with either 34 or 28 enshrinees depending on whether you count players that only played a small portion of their careers with the team . Selection process ( edit ) Selection committee ( edit ) www.profootballhof.com/heroes-of-the-game/becoming-a-hall-of-famer/ Enshrinees are selected by a 48 - person committee , largely made up of media members , officially known as the Selection Committee . Each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee . A city with more than one franchise sends a representative for each franchise . There are also 15 at - large delegates including one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association . Except for the PFWA representative , who is appointed to a two - year term , all other appointments are open - ended and terminated only by death , incapacitation , retirement , or resignation . Voting procedure ( edit ) Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium with the Hall of Fame in lower right To be eligible for the nominating process , a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years . Any other contributor such as a team owner or executive can be voted in at any time . Fans may nominate any player , coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email .", "4": "The Selection Committee is then polled three times by mail to eventually narrow the list to 25 semifinalists : once in March , once in September , and once in October . In November , the committee then selects 15 finalists by mail balloting . A Seniors and Contributors Committee , subcommittees of the overall Selection Committee , nominate Seniors ( those players who completed their careers more than 25 years ago ) and Contributors ( individuals who made contributions to the game in areas other than playing or coaching ) . The Seniors Committee and Contributors Committee add two or one finalist ( s ) on alternating years which makes a final ballot of 18 finalists under consideration by the full committee each year . Committee members are instructed to only consider a candidate 's professional football contributions and to disregard all other factors . The Selection Committee then meets on `` Selection Saturday , '' the day before each Super Bowl game to elect a new class . To be elected , a finalist must receive at least 80 percent support from the Board , with at least four , but no more than eight , candidates being elected annually . Once a contributor is inducted into the Hall , they can not be banished and remain an inductee forever . Enshrinement ceremony ( edit ) A football signed by the 1974 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinement class The enshrinement ceremony is usually held during the first full weekend in August . An enshrinement celebration is held throughout the week in Canton surrounding the enshrinement ceremony . Enshrinees do not go into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of a certain team . Rather , all of an enshrinee 's affiliations are listed equally . While the Baseball Hall of Fame plaques generally depict each of their inductees wearing a particular club 's cap ( with a few exceptions , such as Catfish Hunter and Greg Maddux ) , the bust sculptures of each Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee make no reference to any specific team . In addition to the bust that goes on permanent display at the Hall of Fame , inductees receive a distinctive Gold Jacket and previous inductees nearly always wear theirs when participating at new inductee ceremonies .", "5": "Previous induction ceremonies were held during the next day ( Sunday from 1999 -- 2005 , Saturday in 2006 ) , situated on the steps of the Hall of Fame building . Starting in 2002 , the ceremony was moved to Fawcett Stadium , where it was held from 1963 to 1965 . Since 2007 , the enshrinement ceremony has been held on the Saturday night . Hall of Fame game ( edit ) Main article : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Hall of Fame Game , the annual NFL preseason opener , is played in Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton , Ohio . In 2017 , the Hall of Fame Game was held for the first time on Thursday night . The preseason classic kicks off Enshrinement Week Powered by Johnson Controls and officially kicks off the NFL preseason . Criticism ( edit ) The `` Other Leagues '' display includes the USFL ; inductee Jim Kelly 's jersey is in the foreground . The Pro Football Hall of Fame uses only media representatives to select inductees . This , along with its policy of inducting only a maximum of seven players a year ( six in certain years past ) , with a current maximum of two `` senior '' candidates and five `` non-seniors , '' has been criticized by sports columnists , former players , and football fans . Such critics would like to see solutions such as expanding the number of selectors , rotating panel members on and off the selection committee , and allowing former players to participate in the voting . The small number of candidates elected each year has helped foster what some perceive as an inequality of representation at certain positions or in certain categories of player , with defensive players in general and defensive backs and outside linebackers in particular , special teams players , wide receivers , deserving players who primarily played on bad teams , and those from the `` seniors '' category , being slighted . This has included a 2009 New York Times article which criticized the Hall for not including punter Ray Guy on its ballot , also noting that the Hall did not have an inductee at the time representing the position . ( At least two inductees , Sammy Baugh and Yale Lary , punted in addition to playing other positions . ) Guy was eventually inducted as part of the 2014 class for the Hall of Fame .", "6": "There has also been criticism that certain players get overlooked because their team underproduced during their careers . The Pro Football Hall of Fame is unique among North American major league sports halls of fame in that officials have generally been excluded from the Hall ; only one , 1966 inductee Hugh `` Shorty '' Ray , has been enshrined . The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Hockey Hall of Fame have each inducted game officials as members . In part to rectify the lack of officials and other off - field contributors , the Hall of Fame added a `` Contributors '' committee beginning with the class of 2015 , which will nominate officials , general managers , owners and other positions that have historically been overlooked by the committee at large . Another prominent absence from the Hall is sports - journalist Howard Cosell , who has yet to be awarded the Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award despite his well - known association with Monday Night Football . An August 2010 Sports Illustrated article hints that Cosell may have even been `` blacklisted '' by the NFL . In 2015 , the exclusion of Marvin Harrison from the yearly induction caused some to question the effect politics has on the induction process . Harrison ranks 3rd all - time in receptions , was selected to the Pro Bowl eight times among many other individual records . He was also named as the hardest receiver to cover by veteran cornerbacks Champ Bailey and Charles Tillman . The duo of Harrison and quarterback Peyton Manning also hold the record for most receptions , touchdowns , and yards between any quarterback and wide receiver combo . Critics argue the induction committee is allowing age and wait time to overshadow production . Harrison was inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2016 . As the late 2010s approached , a number of controversial and polarizing figures began to reach eligibility for the Hall . Terrell Owens 's exclusion from the Hall in his first two years of eligibility despite his strong individual statistics was a subject of public debate . Owens was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2018 . Pro Football Hall of Fame ( old entrance ) .", "7": "See also ( edit ) Touchdown Club Charities Hall of Fame Canadian Football Hall of Fame Arena Football Hall of Fame Dick McCann Memorial Award -- sometimes referred to as the `` writer 's wing '' of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2018 Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` List of Hall of Fame members '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pro Football Hall of Fame : Then and Now '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tendler , Alexandra . `` $800 million ' Disneyland ' for football will open in 2020 , NFL Hall of Fame pres. says '' . FoxBusiness.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears : Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process FAQ '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canton welcome mat still out for O.J. Simpson '' . ESPN.com .", "8": "July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Pro Football Hall of Fame Enshrinement Festival Schedule '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2007 Presenters '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . July 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Joyner , KC ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Case for Ray Guy Belonging in Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barall , Andy ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` How to Fix Football 's Hall of Fame Voting System '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( October 21 , 2014 ) . Behind the HOF 's New Contributor Committee . SI.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billson , Marky ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` As strange as it sounds , Howard Cosell has never won Rozelle award '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Researcher , NFL ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Cronyism on the part of the NFL and the Pro Football Hall of Fame ? '' . NFL Sports Blog . Jump up ^ `` Marvin Harrison was snubbed simply because he has n't waited long enough '' . Stampede Blue . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` One Hall of Fame voter sheds light on why Terrell Owens did n't make it in '' .", "9": "External links ( edit ) Official website Media related to Pro Football Hall of Fame at Wikimedia Commons National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S.", "10": "Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterbacks Pre-modern era Baugh Clark Conzelman Driscoll Friedman Herber Luckman A. Parker Modern era Aikman Blanda Bradshaw L. Dawson Elway Favre Fouts Graham Griese Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Marino Montana Moon Namath Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield Young Running backs Pre-modern era Battles Canadeo Dudley Grange Guyon Hinkle Lambeau Leemans McAfee McNally Nagurski Nevers Pollard Strong Thorpe Van Buren Modern era M. Allen Bettis J. Brown Campbell Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Faulk Gifford Harris Hornung J.H.", "11": "Johnson L. Kelly F. Little Martin Matson McElhenny Moore Motley Payton Perry Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Jim Taylor T. Thomas Tomlinson Trippi Walker Wide receivers / ends Pre-modern era Badgro Chamberlin Flaherty Halas Hewitt Hutson Millner Modern era Alworth Berry Biletnikoff T. Brown Carter Fears Harrison Hayes Hirsch Irvin Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Mitchell Monk Moss Owens Pihos Reed Rice Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen B. Brown R. Brown Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson S. Jones W. Jones Kramer Langer L. Little Mack Matthews McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw Shell Shields Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two - way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Kennedy Lilly Long Marchetti Nomellini Olsen Page Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon B. Smith Stautner Strahan Ja .", "12": "Taylor Weinmeister Ra . White Re . White Willis Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo . Bell Brazile Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Lewis Nitschke Richter Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Tippett Urlacher Wilcox Defensive backs Adderley Barney Blount W. Brown Butler Christiansen Dawkins Easley Green Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary LeBeau Lott Renfro D. Sanders E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood Woodson Placekickers and punters Andersen Groza Guy Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Walsh Contributors Beathard Be .", "13": "Bell Bidwill Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle Sabol Schramm R. Wilson Wolf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=835417983 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame American football museums and halls of fame Buildings and structures in Canton , Ohio Halls of fame in Ohio History of American football American national museums in Ohio Museums in Stark County , Ohio Sports museums in Ohio Tourist attractions in Canton , Ohio Awards established in 1963 1963 establishments in Ohio Halls of fame in the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 16 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1904757966771983046	what type of speed does a speedometer measure	[ "the instantaneous speed of a vehicle", "instantaneous speed", "the instantaneous speed of a vehicle", "speed of a vehicle", "the instantaneous speed of a vehicle" ]	{ "0": "Speedometer - Wikipedia Speedometer Jump to : navigation , search An animation of an electronic Aston Martin speedometer 's self - test routine , showing how an analogue speedometer needle may indicate the vehicle 's speed . A Ford speedometer A modern Toyota Corolla Speedometer Dashboard_Speedometers of a jeep A speedometer or a speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a vehicle . Now universally fitted to motor vehicles , they started to be available as options in the 1900s , and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards . Speedometers for other vehicles have specific names and use other means of sensing speed . For a boat , this is a pit log . For an aircraft , this is an airspeed indicator . Charles Babbage is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer , which were usually fitted to locomotives . The electric speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888 , and was originally called a velocimeter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 1.1 Electronic 1.1. 1 Bicycle speedometers 2 Error 2.1 International agreements 2.2 Australia 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 United States 3 Regulation in the US 4 GPS 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Operation ( edit ) Originally patented by Otto Schultze on October 7 , 1902 , it uses a rotating flexible cable usually driven by gearing linked to the output of the vehicle 's transmission . The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles , however , use a cable driven from a front wheel . When the vehicle is in motion , a speedometer gear assembly turns a speedometer cable , which then turns the speedometer mechanism itself . A small permanent magnet affixed to the speedometer cable interacts with a small aluminum cup ( called a speedcup ) attached to the shaft of the pointer on the analogue speedometer instrument . As the magnet rotates near the cup , the changing magnetic field produces eddy currents in the cup , which themselves produce another magnetic field . The effect is that the magnet exerts a torque on the cup , `` dragging '' it , and thus the speedometer pointer , in the direction of its rotation with no mechanical connection between them .", "1": "The pointer shaft is held toward zero by a fine torsion spring . The torque on the cup increases with the speed of rotation of the magnet . Thus an increase in the speed of the car will twist the cup and speedometer pointer against the spring . The cup and pointer will turn until the torque of the eddy currents on the cup is balanced by the opposing torque of the spring , and then stop . Given the torque on the cup is proportional to the car 's speed , and the spring 's deflection is proportional to the torque , the angle of the pointer is also proportional to the speed , so that equally spaced markers on the dial can be used for gaps in speed . At a given speed the pointer will remain motionless and pointing to the appropriate number on the speedometer 's dial . The return spring is calibrated such that a given revolution speed of the cable corresponds to a specific speed indication on the speedometer . This calibration must take into account several factors , including ratios of the tailshaft gears that drive the flexible cable , the final drive ratio in the differential , and the diameter of the driven tires . One of the key disadvantages of the eddy current speedometer is that it can not show the vehicle speed when running in reverse gear since the cup would turn in the opposite direction - in this scenario the needle would be driven against its mechanical stop pin on the zero position . Electronic ( edit ) See also : Vehicle speed sensor Many modern speedometers are electronic . In designs derived from earlier eddy - current models , a rotation sensor mounted in the transmission delivers a series of electronic pulses whose frequency corresponds to the ( average ) rotational speed of the driveshaft , and therefore the vehicle 's speed , assuming the wheels have full traction . The sensor is typically a set of one or more magnets mounted on the output shaft or ( in transaxles ) differential crownwheel , or a toothed metal disk positioned between a magnet and a magnetic field sensor . As the part in question turns , the magnets or teeth pass beneath the sensor , each time producing a pulse in the sensor as they affect the strength of the magnetic field it is measuring . Alternatively , in more recent designs , some manufactures rely on pulses coming from the ABS wheel sensors . Most modern electronic speedometers have the additional ability over the eddy current type to show the vehicle speed when moving in reverse gear .", "2": "A computer converts the pulses to a speed and displays this speed on an electronically controlled , analog - style needle or a digital display . Pulse information is also used for a variety of other purposes by the ECU or full - vehicle control system , e.g. triggering ABS or traction control , calculating average trip speed , or to increment the odometer in place of it being turned directly by the speedometer cable . Another early form of electronic speedometer relies upon the interaction between a precision watch mechanism and a mechanical pulsator driven by the car 's wheel or transmission . The watch mechanism endeavors to push the speedometer pointer toward zero , while the vehicle - driven pulsator tries to push it toward infinity . The position of the speedometer pointer reflects the relative magnitudes of the outputs of the two mechanisms . Bicycle speedometers ( edit ) Main article : Cyclocomputer Typical bicycle speedometers measure the time between each wheel revolution , and give a readout on a small , handlebar - mounted digital display . The sensor is mounted on the bike at a fixed location , pulsing when the spoke - mounted magnet passes by . In this way , it is analogous to an electronic car speedometer using pulses from an ABS sensor , but with a much cruder time / distance resolution - typically one pulse / display update per revolution , or as seldom as once every 2 -- 3 seconds at low speed with a 26 - inch ( 2.07 m circumference , without tire ) wheel . However , this is rarely a critical problem , and the system provides frequent updates at higher road speeds where the information is of more importance . The low pulse frequency also has little impact on measurement accuracy , as these digital devices can be programmed by wheel size , or additionally by wheel or tire circumference in order to make distance measurements more accurate and precise than a typical motor vehicle gauge . However these devices carry some minor disadvantage in requiring power from batteries that must be replaced every so often in the receiver ( AND sensor , for wireless models ) , and , in wired models , the signal being carried by a thin cable that is much less robust than that used for brakes , gears , or cabled speedometers . Other , usually older bicycle speedometers are cable driven from one or other wheel , as in the motorcycle speedometers described above . These do not require battery power , but can be relatively bulky and heavy , and may be less accurate .", "3": "The turning force at the wheel may be provided either from a gearing system at the hub ( making use of the presence of e.g. a hub brake , cylinder gear or dynamo ) as per a typical motorcycle , or with a friction wheel device that pushes against the outer edge of the rim ( same position as rim brakes , but on the opposite edge of the fork ) or the sidewall of the tyre itself . The former type are quite reliable and low maintenance but need a gauge and hub gearing properly matched to the rim and tyre size , whereas the latter require little or no calibration for a moderately accurate readout ( with standard tyres , the `` distance '' covered in each wheel rotation by a friction wheel set against the rim should scale fairly linearly with wheel size , almost as if it were rolling along the ground itself ) but are unsuitable for off - road use , and must be kept properly tensioned and clean of road dirt to avoid slipping or jamming . Error ( edit ) Most speedometers have tolerances of some ± 10 % , mainly due to variations in tire diameter . Sources of error due to tire diameter variations are wear , temperature , pressure , vehicle load , and nominal tire size . Vehicle manufacturers usually calibrate speedometers to read high by an amount equal to the average error , to ensure that their speedometers never indicate a lower speed than the actual speed of the vehicle , to ensure they are not liable for drivers violating speed limits .", "4": "Excessive speedometer error after manufacture can come from several causes but most commonly is due to nonstandard tire diameter , in which case the error is Percentage error = 100 × ( 1 − new diameter / standard diameter ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mbox ( Percentage error ) ) = 100 \\ times ( 1 - ( \\ mbox ( new diameter ) ) / ( \\ mbox ( standard diameter ) ) ) ) Nearly all tires now have their size shown as `` T / A_W '' on the side of the tire ( See : Tire code ) , and the tire 's Diameter in millimetres = 2 × T × A / 100 + W × 25.4 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mbox ( Diameter in millimetres ) ) = 2 \\ times T \\ times A / 100 + W \\ times 25.4 ) Diameter in inches = T × A / 1270 + W ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mbox ( Diameter in inches ) ) = T \\ times A / 1270 + W ) For example , a standard tire is `` 185 / 70R14 '' with diameter = 2 * 185 * ( 70 / 100 ) + ( 14 * 25.4 ) = 614.6 mm ( 185x70 / 1270 + 14 = 24.20 in ) . Another is `` 195 / 50R15 '' with 2 * 195 * ( 50 / 100 ) + ( 15 * 25.4 ) = 576.0 mm ( 195x50 / 1270 + 15 = 22.68 in ) . Replacing the first tire ( and wheels ) with the second ( on 15 '' = 381 mm wheels ) , a speedometer reads 100 * ( 1 - ( 576 / 614.6 ) ) = 100 * ( 1 - 22.68 / 24.20 ) = 6.28 % higher than the actual speed . At an actual speed of 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) , the speedometer will indicate 100 x 1.0628 = 106.28 km / h ( 60 * 1.0628 = 63.77 mph ) , approximately .", "5": "In the case of wear , a new `` 185 / 70R14 '' tyre of 620 mm ( 24.4 inch ) diameter will have ~ 8 mm tread depth , at legal limit this reduces to 1.6 mm , the difference being 12.8 mm in diameter or 0.5 inches which is 2 % in 620 mm ( 24.4 inches ) . International agreements ( edit ) In many countries the legislated error in speedometer readings is ultimately governed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ( UNECE ) Regulation 39 , which covers those aspects of vehicle type approval that relate to speedometers . The main purpose of the UNECE regulations is to facilitate trade in motor vehicles by agreeing uniform type approval standards rather than requiring a vehicle model to undergo different approval processes in each country where it is sold . European Union member states must also grant type approval to vehicles meeting similar EU standards . The ones covering speedometers are similar to the UNECE regulation in that they specify that : The indicated speed must never be less than the actual speed , i.e. it should not be possible to inadvertently speed because of an incorrect speedometer reading . The indicated speed must not be more than 110 percent of the true speed plus 4 km / h at specified test speeds . For example , at 80 km / h , the indicated speed must be no more than 92 km / h . The standards specify both the limits on accuracy and many of the details of how it should be measured during the approvals process , for example that the test measurements should be made ( for most vehicles ) at 40 , 80 and 120 km / h , and at a particular ambient temperature and road surface . There are slight differences between the different standards , for example in the minimum accuracy of the equipment measuring the true speed of the vehicle . The UNECE regulation relaxes the requirements for vehicles mass - produced following type approval . At Conformity of Production Audits the upper limit on indicated speed is increased to 110 percent plus 6 km / h for cars , buses , trucks and similar vehicles , and 110 percent plus 8 km / h for two - or three - wheeled vehicles that have a maximum speed above 50 km / h ( or a cylinder capacity , if powered by a heat engine , of more than 50 cm3 ) .", "6": "European Union Directive 2000 / 7 / EC , which relates to two - and three - wheeled vehicles , provides similar slightly relaxed limits in production . Australia ( edit ) There were no Australian Design Rules in place for speedometers in Australia prior to July 1988 . They had to be introduced when speed cameras were first used . This means there are no legally accurate speedometers for these older vehicles . All vehicles manufactured on or after 1 July 2007 , and all models of vehicle introduced on or after 1 July 2006 , must conform to UNECE Regulation 39 . The speedometers in vehicles manufactured before these dates but after 1 July 1995 ( or 1 January 1995 for forward control passenger vehicles and off - road passenger vehicles ) must conform to the previous Australian design rule . This specifies that they need only display the speed to an accuracy of + / - 10 % at speeds above 40 km / h , and there is no specified accuracy at all for speeds below 40 km / h . All vehicles manufactured in Australia or imported for supply to the Australian market must comply with the Australian Design Rules . The state and territory governments may set policies for the tolerance of speed over the posted speed limits that may be lower than the 10 % in the earlier versions of the Australian Design Rules permitted , such as in Victoria . This has caused some controversy since it would be possible for a driver to be unaware that he is speeding should his vehicle be fitted with an under - reading speedometer . United kingdom ( edit ) A speedometer showing mph and km / h along with an odometer and a separate `` trip '' odometer ( both showing distance traveled in miles ) . The amended Road Vehicles ( Construction and Use ) Regulations 1986 permits the use of speedometers that meet either the requirements of EC Council Directive 75 / 443 ( as amended by Directive 97 / 39 ) or UNECE Regulation 39 . The Motor Vehicles ( Approval ) Regulations 2001 permits single vehicles to be approved . As with the UNECE regulation and the EC Directives , the speedometer must never show an indicated speed less than the actual speed .", "7": "However it differs slightly from them in specifying that for all actual speeds between 25 mph and 70 mph ( or the vehicles ' maximum speed if it is lower than this ) , the indicated speed must not exceed 110 % of the actual speed , plus 6.25 mph . For example , if the vehicle is actually travelling at 50 mph , the speedometer must not show more than 61.25 mph or less than 50 mph . United states ( edit ) Federal standards in the United States allow a maximum 5 mph error at a speed of 50 mph on speedometer readings for commercial vehicles . Aftermarket modifications , such as different tire and wheel sizes or different differential gearing , can cause speedometer inaccuracy . This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) Regulation in the us ( edit ) On September 1 , 1979 the NHTSA required speedometers to have special emphasis on 55 mph and display no more than a maximum speed of 85 mph . On March 25 , 1982 the NHTSA revoked the rule because no `` significant safety benefits '' could come from maintaining the standard . GPS ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Speedometer . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Automotive navigation system GPS devices are positional speedometers , based on how far the receiver has moved since the last measurement . Its speed calculations are not subject to the same sources of error as the vehicle 's speedometer ( wheel size , transmission / drive ratios ) . Instead , the GPS 's positional accuracy , and therefore the accuracy of its calculated speed , is dependent on the satellite signal quality at the time . Speed calculations will be more accurate at higher speeds , when the ratio of positional error to positional change is lower . The GPS software may also use a moving average calculation to reduce error . Some GPS devices do not take into account the vertical position of the car so will under report the speed by the road 's gradient .", "8": "As mentioned in the satnav article , GPS data has been used to overturn a speeding ticket ; the GPS logs showed the defendant traveling below the speed limit when they were ticketed . That the data came from a GPS device was likely less important than the fact that it was logged ; logs from the vehicle 's speedometer could likely have been used instead , had they existed . See also ( edit ) GM Instrument Cluster Settlement Hubometer List of vehicle instruments Taximeter References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , William ( 10 July 2007 ) . `` How Speedometers Work '' . How stuff works . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Babbage and the Difference Engine - NewMyths.com '' . google.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Udini → Flow '' . proquest.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sobey , Ed ( 2009 ) . A Field Guide to Automotive Technology . Chicago Review Press . p. 78 . ISBN 9781556528125 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Speedometer '' . Siemens . 26 April 2005 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNECE Transport Division - Vehicle Regulations - Addenda to 1958 agreement - Regulations 21 - 40 '' . UN Economic Commission for Europe . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation No 39 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations ( UN / ECE ) -- Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the speedometer equipment including its installation '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Directive 97 / 39 / EC of 24 June 1997 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 75 / 443 / EEC of 26 June 1975 relating to the reverse and speedometer equipment of motor vehicles '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 2000 / 7 / EC - speedometers for two - or three - wheel motor vehicles '' . European Commission .", "9": "Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Design Rule 18 / 03 - Instrumentation '' ( PDF ) . Road Vehicle Certification System . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Design Rule 18 / 02 - Instrumentation '' . Commonwealth of Australia Law . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Leslie Felix ( 2004 ) . `` Vehicle Speed Measurement II '' . National Motorists Association Australia . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 3.6 Accuracy of speedometers '' . Victoria Road Safety Committee , Inquiry Into the Demerit Points Scheme . November 1994 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Speedometer Accuracy '' . Written Answers , Hansard ( UK Parliament proceedings ) Monday , 12th March 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Motor Vehicles ( Approval ) Regulations 2001 : Schedule 3 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` eCFR -- Code of Federal Regulations '' . gpoaccess.gov . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1705.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Speedometer ( category ) Look up speedometer in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "10": "Autoblog : Gauging changes Car interior Part of a series of articles on cars Interior equipment Instruments Automotive navigation system Global Positioning System Automotive night vision Backup camera Blind spot monitor Boost gauge Buzzer Carputer Check engine light Electronic instrument cluster Fuel gauge Head - up display Lidar detector Odometer Parking sensor Radar detector Speedometer Tachometer Telematics Idiot light Trip computer Controls Bowden cable Brake Cruise control Electronic throttle control Gear stick Manettino dial Parking brake Power steering Steering wheel Throttle Anti-theft Automatic vehicle location Car alarm Immobiliser Power door locks Remote keyless system Smart key VIN etching Safety Seating Airbag Armrest Automatic seat belts Bench seat Bucket seat Child safety lock Rear - view mirror Rumble seat Seat belt Other elements Air conditioning Automobile accessory power Center console Dashboard Glove compartment Sun visor Convenience Car phone Cigarette lighter receptacle Cup holder Vehicle audio Commons Portal Sensors Acoustic , sound , vibration Geophone Hydrophone Microphone Seismometer Automotive ,", "11": "transportation Air -- fuel ratio meter Blind spot monitor Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector Engine coolant temperature sensor Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology Oxygen sensor Parking sensors Radar gun Speed sensor Speedometer Throttle position sensor Tire - pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric , magnetic , radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment , weather , moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow , fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation ,", "12": "subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - rate sensor Position , angle , displacement Accelerometer Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing Gravimeter Inclinometer Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor Laser rangefinder Laser surface velocimeter Lidar Linear encoder Linear variable differential transformer Liquid capacitive inclinometers Odometer Photoelectric sensor Piezoelectric accelerometer Position sensor Rotary encoder Rotary variable differential transformer Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor Tachometer Tilt sensor Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver Optical , light , imaging Charge - coupled device Contact image sensor Electro - optical sensor Flame detector Infrared Kinetic inductance detector LED as light sensor Light - addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer Optical fiber Photodetector Photodiode Photoelectric sensor Photoionization detector Photomultiplier Photoresistor Photoswitch Phototransistor Phototube Position sensitive device Scintillometer Shack -- Hartmann wavefront sensor Single - photon avalanche diode Superconducting nanowire single - photon detector Transition edge sensor Tristimulus colorimeter Visible - light photon counter Wavefront sensor Pressure Barograph Barometer Boost gauge Bourdon gauge Hot - filament ionization gauge Ionization gauge McLeod gauge Oscillating U-tube Permanent Downhole Gauge Piezometer Pirani gauge Pressure gauge Pressure sensor Tactile sensor Time pressure gauge Force , density ,", "13": "level Bhangmeter Force gauge Hydrometer Level sensor Load cell Magnetic level gauge Nuclear density gauge Piezoelectric sensor Strain gauge Torque sensor Viscometer Thermal , heat , temperature Bimetallic strip Bolometer Calorimeter Exhaust gas temperature gauge Flame detection Gardon gauge Golay cell Heat flux sensor Infrared thermometer Microbolometer Microwave radiometer Net radiometer Quartz thermometer Resistance thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Special sensor microwave / imager Thermistor Thermocouple Thermometer Proximity , presence Alarm sensor Doppler radar Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor Proximity sensor Reed switch Stud finder Touch switch Triangulation sensor Wired glove Sensor technology Active pixel sensor Back - illuminated sensor Biochip Biosensor Capacitance probe Carbon paste electrode Catadioptric sensor Digital sensors Displacement receiver Electromechanical film Electro - optical sensor Fabry -- Pérot interferometer Fisheries acoustics Image sensor Image sensor format Inductive sensor Intelligent sensor Lab - on - a-chip Leaf sensor Machine vision Microelectromechanical systems Photoelasticity Quantum sensor Radar Ground - penetrating radar Synthetic aperture radar Radar tracker Sensor array Sensor fusion Sensor grid Sensor node Soft sensor Sonar Staring array Transducer Ultrasonic sensor Video sensor technology Visual sensor network Wheatstone bridge Wireless sensor network Related List of sensors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "14": "php?title=Speedometer&oldid=803371050 '' Categories : Measuring instruments Speed sensors Vehicle parts Vehicle technology German inventions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with obsolete information from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Accuracy disputes from September 2015 All accuracy disputes Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 03 : 07 . 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-2937923533751095941	what is the name of the lymphatic vessels located in the small intestine	[ "A lacteal", "lacteal", "lacteal", "lacteals", "lacteal" ]	{ "0": "Lacteal - wikipedia Lacteal Jump to : navigation , search Lacteal Transverse section of a villus , from the human intestine . X 350 . a . Basement membrane , here somewhat shrunken away from the epithelium . b . Lacteal . c . Columnar epithelium . d . Its striated border . e . Goblet cells . f . Leucocytes in epithelium . f ' . Leucocytes below epithelium . g . Bloodvessels . h . Muscle cells cut across . Villi of small intestine , showing bloodvessels and lymphatic vessels . Dorlands / Elsevier l_01 / 12474659 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine . Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase , resulting in a mixture of fatty acids , di - and monoglycerides . These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte , where they are re-esterified to form triacylglycerol . The triacylglycerol is then combined with phospholipids , cholesterol ester , and apolipoprotein B48 to form chylomicrons . These chylomicrons then pass into the lacteals , forming a milky substance known as chyle . The lacteals merge to form larger lymphatic vessels that transport the chyle to the thoracic duct where it is emptied into the bloodstream at the subclavian vein . At this point , the fats are in the bloodstream in the form of chylomicrons . Once in the blood , chylomicrons are subject to delipidation by lipoprotein lipase . Eventually , enough lipid has been lost and additional apolipoproteins gained , that the resulting particle ( now referred to as a chylomicron remnant ) can be taken up by the liver . From the liver , the fat released from chylomicron remnants can be re-exported to the blood as the triglyceride component of very low - density lipoproteins .", "1": "Very low - density lipoproteins , also subject to delipidation by vascular lipoprotein lipase , delivers fats to tissues throughout the body and , in particular , the released fatty acids can be stored in adipose cells as triglycerides . As triglycerides are lost from very low - density lipoproteins , the lipoprotein particle becomes smaller and denser ( since protein is denser than lipid ) and ultimately becomes low - density lipoproteins . A great deal has been written about low - density lipoproteins because they are thought to be atherogenic . Note that in contrast to any other route of absorption from the small intestine , the lymphatic system avoids first pass metabolism . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Young , Barbara & Wheater , Paul , eds. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06850 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Newsholme , Eric & Leech , Anthony ( 2009 ) . Functional Biochemistry in Health and Disease . John Wiley & Sons . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 98820 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Montague , Susan E. et al , eds. ( 2005 ) . Physiology for nursing practice . Elsevier . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 2676 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Histology image : 11705loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University - `` 117 .", "2": "Digestive System : Alimentary Canal jejunum , central lacteals '' Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacteal&oldid=791841316 '' Categories : Digestive system Lymphatic system Lymphatic tissue Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2017 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-443991868383137604	the inner sanctuary of the parthenon where the statue of athena is located in known as the	[ "naos", "cella", "cella", "cella" ]	{ "0": "Parthenon - wikipedia Parthenon Jump to : navigation , search `` Temple of Athena '' redirects here . For other uses , see Parthenon ( disambiguation ) and Temple of Athena ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Pantheon , Rome . Coordinates : 37 ° 58 ′ 17 '' N 23 ° 43 ′ 35 '' E / 37.9714 ° N 23.7265 ° E / 37.9714 ; 23.7265 Parthenon Παρθενώνας The Parthenon General information Type Temple Architectural style Classical Location Athens , Greece Construction started 447 BC Completed 432 BC Destroyed Partially on 26 September 1687 Height 13.72 m ( 45.0 ft ) Other dimensions Cella : 29.8 by 19.2 m ( 98 by 63 ft ) Technical details Size 69.5 by 30.9 m ( 228 by 101 ft ) Design and construction Architect Iktinos , Callicrates Other designers Phidias ( sculptor ) Reconstruction of the Acropolis and Areus Pagus in Athens , Leo von Klenze , 1846 The Parthenon ( / ˈpɑːrθəˌnɒn , - nən / ; Ancient Greek : Παρθενών ; Greek : Παρθενώνας , Parthenónas ) is a former temple , on the Athenian Acropolis , Greece , dedicated to the goddess Athena , whom the people of Athens considered their patron . Construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power . It was completed in 438 BC although decoration of the building continued until 432 BC . It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece , generally considered the zenith of the Doric order . Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art . The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece , Athenian democracy and western civilization , and one of the world 's greatest cultural monuments .", "1": "To the Athenians who built it , the Parthenon and other Periclean monuments of the Acropolis , were seen fundamentally as a celebration of Hellenic victory over the Persian invaders and as a thanksgiving to the gods for that victory . The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure . The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena , which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon , that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BC . The temple is archaeoastronomically aligned to the Hyades . Like most Greek temples , the Parthenon served a practical purpose as the city treasury . For a time , it served as the treasury of the Delian League , which later became the Athenian Empire . In the final decade of the sixth century AD , the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary . After the Ottoman conquest , it was turned into a mosque in the early 1460s . On 26 September 1687 , an Ottoman ammunition dump inside the building was ignited by Venetian bombardment . The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon and its sculptures . From 1800 to 1803 , Thomas Bruce , 7th Earl of Elgin removed some of the surviving sculptures with the alleged permission of the Ottoman Empire . These sculptures , now known as the Elgin Marbles or the Parthenon Marbles , were sold in 1816 to the British Museum in London , where they are now displayed . Since 1983 ( on the initiative of Culture Minister Melina Mercouri ) , the Greek government has been committed to the return of the sculptures to Greece . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Function 2.1 Older Parthenon 2.2 Present building 3 Architecture 4 Sculpture 4.1 Metopes 4.2 Frieze 4.3 Pediments 4.3. 1 East pediment 4.3.", "2": "2 West pediment 4.4 Athena Parthenos 5 Later history 5.1 Late antiquity 5.2 Christian church 5.3 Islamic mosque 5.4 Destruction 5.5 Independent Greece 5.6 Dispute over the marbles 6 Restoration 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Printed sources 9.2 Online sources 10 Further reading 11 External links 11.1 Videos Etymology ( edit ) The origin of the Parthenon 's name is from the Greek word παρθενών ( parthenon ) , which referred to the `` unmarried women 's apartments '' in a house and in the Parthenon 's case seems to have been used at first only for a particular room of the temple ; it is debated which room this is and how the room acquired its name . The Liddell -- Scott -- Jones Greek -- English Lexicon states that this room was the western cella of the Parthenon , as does J.B. Bury . Jamauri D. Green holds that the parthenon was the room in which the peplos presented to Athena at the Panathenaic Festival was woven by the arrephoroi , a group of four young girls chosen to serve Athena each year . Christopher Pelling asserts that Athena Parthenos may have constituted a discrete cult of Athena , intimately connected with , but not identical to , that of Athena Polias . According to this theory , the name of the Parthenon means the `` temple of the virgin goddess '' and refers to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple . The epithet parthénos ( παρθένος ) meant `` maiden , girl '' , but also `` virgin , unmarried woman '' and was especially used for Artemis , the goddess of wild animals , the hunt , and vegetation , and for Athena , the goddess of strategy and tactics , handicraft , and practical reason . It has also been suggested that the name of the temple alludes to the maidens ( parthenoi ) , whose supreme sacrifice guaranteed the safety of the city .", "3": "Parthénos has also been applied to the Virgin Mary , Parthénos Maria , and the Parthenon had been converted to a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the final decade of the sixth century . The first instance in which Parthenon definitely refers to the entire building is found in the writings of the 4th century BC orator Demosthenes . In 5th - century building accounts , the structure is simply called ho naos ( `` the temple '' ) . The architects Iktinos and Callicrates are said to have called the building Hekatompedos ( `` the hundred footer '' ) in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture , and , in the 4th century and later , the building was referred to as the Hekatompedos or the Hekatompedon as well as the Parthenon ; the 1st - century - AD writer Plutarch referred to the building as the Hekatompedos Parthenon . Because the Parthenon was dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena , it has sometimes been referred to as the Temple of Minerva , the Roman name for Athena , particularly during the 19th century . Function ( edit ) The Doric order of the Parthenon Although the Parthenon is architecturally a temple and is usually called so , it is not really one in the conventional sense of the word . A small shrine has been excavated within the building , on the site of an older sanctuary probably dedicated to Athena as a way to get closer to the goddess , but the Parthenon never hosted the cult of Athena Polias , patron of Athens : the cult image , which was bathed in the sea and to which was presented the peplos , was an olivewood xoanon , located at an older altar on the northern side of the Acropolis . The colossal statue of Athena by Phidias was not related to any cult and is not known to have inspired any religious fervour . It did not seem to have any priestess , altar or cult name . According to Thucydides , Pericles once referred to the statue as a gold reserve , stressing that it `` contained forty talents of pure gold and it was all removable '' . The Athenian statesman thus implies that the metal , obtained from contemporary coinage , could be used again without any impiety .", "4": "The Parthenon should then be viewed as a grand setting for Phidias ' votive statue rather than a cult site . It is said in many writings of the Greeks that there were many treasures stored inside the temple , such as Persian swords and small statue figures made of precious metals . Archaeologist Joan Breton Connelly has recently argued for the coherency of the Parthenon 's sculptural programme in presenting a succession of genealogical narratives that track Athenian identity back through the ages : from the birth of Athena , through cosmic and epic battles , to the final great event of the Athenian Bronze Age , the war of Erechtheus and Eumolpos . She argues a pedagogical function for the Parthenon 's sculptured decoration , one that establishes and perpetuates Athenian foundation myth , memory , values and identity . While some classicists , including Mary Beard , Peter Green , and Garry Wills have doubted or rejected Connelly 's thesis , an increasing number of historians , archaeologists , and classical scholars support her work . They include : J.J. Pollitt , Brunilde Ridgway , Nigel Spivey , Caroline Alexander , A.E. Stallings . Older Parthenon ( edit ) Main article : Older Parthenon The first endeavour to build a sanctuary for Athena Parthenos on the site of the present Parthenon was begun shortly after the Battle of Marathon ( c. 490 -- 488 BC ) upon a solid limestone foundation that extended and levelled the southern part of the Acropolis summit . This building replaced a hekatompedon ( meaning `` hundred - footer '' ) and would have stood beside the archaic temple dedicated to Athena Polias ( `` of the city '' ) . The Older or Pre-Parthenon , as it is frequently referred to , was still under construction when the Persians sacked the city in 480 BC and razed the Acropolis . The existence of both the proto - Parthenon and its destruction were known from Herodotus , and the drums of its columns were plainly visible built into the curtain wall north of the Erechtheon . Further physical evidence of this structure was revealed with the excavations of Panagiotis Kavvadias of 1885 -- 90 .", "5": "The findings of this dig allowed Wilhelm Dörpfeld , then director of the German Archaeological Institute , to assert that there existed a distinct substructure to the original Parthenon , called Parthenon I by Dörpfeld , not immediately below the present edifice as had been previously assumed . Dörpfeld 's observation was that the three steps of the first Parthenon consisted of two steps of Poros limestone , the same as the foundations , and a top step of Karrha limestone that was covered by the lowest step of the Periclean Parthenon . This platform was smaller and slightly to the north of the final Parthenon , indicating that it was built for a wholly different building , now completely covered over . This picture was somewhat complicated by the publication of the final report on the 1885 -- 90 excavations , indicating that the substructure was contemporary with the Kimonian walls , and implying a later date for the first temple . If the original Parthenon was indeed destroyed in 480 , it invites the question of why the site was left a ruin for thirty - three years . One argument involves the oath sworn by the Greek allies before the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC declaring that the sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians would not be rebuilt , an oath from which the Athenians were only absolved with the Peace of Callias in 450 . The mundane fact of the cost of reconstructing Athens after the Persian sack is at least as likely a cause . However , the excavations of Bert Hodge Hill led him to propose the existence of a second Parthenon , begun in the period of Kimon after 468 BC . Hill claimed that the Karrha limestone step Dörpfeld thought was the highest of Parthenon I was in fact the lowest of the three steps of Parthenon II , whose stylobate dimensions Hill calculated at 23.51 by 66.888 metres ( 77.13 ft × 219.45 ft ) . One difficulty in dating the proto - Parthenon is that at the time of the 1885 excavation the archaeological method of seriation was not fully developed ; the careless digging and refilling of the site led to a loss of much valuable information .", "6": "An attempt to discuss and make sense of the potsherds found on the Acropolis came with the two - volume study by Graef and Langlotz published in 1925 -- 33 . This inspired American archaeologist William Bell Dinsmoor to attempt to supply limiting dates for the temple platform and the five walls hidden under the re-terracing of the Acropolis . Dinsmoor concluded that the latest possible date for Parthenon I was no earlier than 495 BC , contradicting the early date given by Dörpfeld . Further , Dinsmoor denied that there were two proto - Parthenons , and held that the only pre-Periclean temple was what Dörpfeld referred to as Parthenon II . Dinsmoor and Dörpfeld exchanged views in the American Journal of Archaeology in 1935 . Present building ( edit ) Parthenon today and as it probably appeared in ancient times In the mid-5th century BC , when the Athenian Acropolis became the seat of the Delian League and Athens was the greatest cultural centre of its time , Pericles initiated an ambitious building project that lasted the entire second half of the century . The most important buildings visible on the Acropolis today -- the Parthenon , the Propylaia , the Erechtheion and the temple of Athena Nike -- were erected during this period . The Parthenon was built under the general supervision of the artist Phidias , who also had charge of the sculptural decoration . The architects Ictinos and Callicrates began their work in 447 BC , and the building was substantially completed by 432 , but work on the decorations continued until at least 431 . Architecture ( edit ) Floor plan of the Parthenon The Parthenon is a peripteral octastyle Doric temple with Ionic architectural features . It stands on a platform or stylobate of three steps . In common with other Greek temples , it is of post and lintel construction and is surrounded by columns ( `` peripteral '' ) carrying an entablature . There are eight columns at either end ( `` octastyle '' ) and seventeen on the sides . There is a double row of columns at either end . The colonnade surrounds an inner masonry structure , the cella , which is divided into two compartments .", "7": "At either end of the building the gable is finished with a triangular pediment originally occupied by sculpted figures . The columns are of the Doric order , with simple capitals , fluted shafts and no bases . Above the architrave of the entablature is a frieze of carved pictorial panels ( metopes ) , separated by formal architectural triglyphs , typical of the Doric order . Around the cella and across the lintels of the inner columns runs a continuous sculptured frieze in low relief . This element of the architecture is Ionic in style rather than Doric . Measured at the stylobate , the dimensions of the base of the Parthenon are 69.5 by 30.9 metres ( 228 by 101 ft ) . The cella was 29.8 metres long by 19.2 metres wide ( 97.8 × 63.0 ft ) . On the exterior , the Doric columns measure 1.9 metres ( 6.2 ft ) in diameter and are 10.4 metres ( 34 ft ) high . The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter . The Parthenon had 46 outer columns and 23 inner columns in total , each column containing 20 flutes . ( A flute is the concave shaft carved into the column form . ) The roof was covered with large overlapping marble tiles known as imbrices and tegulae . The Parthenon is regarded as the finest example of Greek architecture . The temple , wrote John Julius Cooper , `` enjoys the reputation of being the most perfect Doric temple ever built . Even in antiquity , its architectural refinements were legendary , especially the subtle correspondence between the curvature of the stylobate , the taper of the naos walls and the entasis of the columns . '' Entasis refers to the slight swelling , of 1 / 8 inch , in the centre of the columns to counteract the appearance of columns having a waist , as the swelling makes them look straight from a distance . The stylobate is the platform on which the columns stand . As in many other classical Greek temples , it has a slight parabolic upward curvature intended to shed rainwater and reinforce the building against earthquakes .", "8": "The columns might therefore be supposed to lean outwards , but they actually lean slightly inwards so that if they carried on , they would meet almost exactly a mile above the centre of the Parthenon ; since they are all the same height , the curvature of the outer stylobate edge is transmitted to the architrave and roof above : `` All follow the rule of being built to delicate curves '' , Gorham Stevens observed when pointing out that , in addition , the west front was built at a slightly higher level than that of the east front . It is not universally agreed what the intended effect of these `` optical refinements '' was ; they may serve as a sort of `` reverse optical illusion '' . As the Greeks may have been aware , two parallel lines appear to bow , or curve outward , when intersected by converging lines . In this case , the ceiling and floor of the temple may seem to bow in the presence of the surrounding angles of the building . Striving for perfection , the designers may have added these curves , compensating for the illusion by creating their own curves , thus negating this effect and allowing the temple to be seen as they intended . It is also suggested that it was to enliven what might have appeared an inert mass in the case of a building without curves , but the comparison ought to be , according to Smithsonian historian Evan Hadingham , with the Parthenon 's more obviously curved predecessors than with a notional rectilinear temple . Some studies of the Acropolis , including the Parthenon , conclude that many of its proportions approximate the golden ratio . The Parthenon 's façade as well as elements of its façade and elsewhere can be circumscribed by golden rectangles . This view that the golden ratio was employed in the design has been disputed in more recent studies . Sculpture ( edit ) Group from the east pediment , British Museum . The cella of the Parthenon housed the chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos sculpted by Phidias and dedicated in 439 or 438 BC . The appearance of this is known from other images . The decorative stonework was originally highly coloured . The temple was dedicated to Athena at that time , though construction continued until almost the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 432 .", "9": "By the year 438 , the sculptural decoration of the Doric metopes on the frieze above the exterior colonnade , and of the Ionic frieze around the upper portion of the walls of the cella , had been completed . In the opisthodomus ( the back room of the cella ) were stored the monetary contributions of the Delian League , of which Athens was the leading member . Only a very small number of the sculptures remain in situ ; most of the surviving sculptures are today ( controversially ) in the British Museum in London as the Elgin Marbles , and the Athens Acropolis Museum , but a few pieces are also in the Louvre , and museums in Rome , Vienna and Palermo . Metopes ( edit ) Main article : Metopes of the Parthenon Detail of the West metopes The frieze of the Parthenon 's entablature contained ninety - two metopes , fourteen each on the east and west sides , thirty - two each on the north and south sides . They were carved in high relief , a practice employed until then only in treasuries ( buildings used to keep votive gifts to the gods ) . According to the building records , the metope sculptures date to the years 446 -- 440 BC . The metopes of the east side of the Parthenon , above the main entrance , depict the Gigantomachy ( mythical battles between the Olympian gods and the Giants ) . The metopes of the west end show Amazonomachy ( mythical battle of the Athenians against the Amazons ) . The metopes of the south side show the Thessalian Centauromachy ( battle of the Lapiths aided by Theseus against the half - man , half - horse Centaurs ) . Metopes 13 -- 21 are missing , but drawings from 1674 attributed to Jaques Carrey indicate a series of humans ; these have been variously interpreted as scenes from the Lapith wedding , scenes from the early history of Athens and various myths . On the north side of the Parthenon , the metopes are poorly preserved , but the subject seems to be the sack of Troy .", "10": "The metopes present examples of the Severe Style in the anatomy of the figures ' heads , in the limitation of the corporal movements to the contours and not to the muscles , and in the presence of pronounced veins in the figures of the Centauromachy . Several of the metopes still remain on the building , but , with the exception of those on the northern side , they are severely damaged . Some of them are located at the Acropolis Museum , others are in the British Museum , and one is at the Louvre museum . In March 2011 , archaeologists announced that they had discovered five metopes of the Parthenon in the south wall of the Acropolis , which had been extended when the Acropolis was used as a fortress . According to Eleftherotypia daily , the archaeologists claimed the metopes had been placed there in the 18th century when the Acropolis wall was being repaired . The experts discovered the metopes while processing 2,250 photos with modern photographic methods , as the white Pentelic marble they are made of differed from the other stone of the wall . It was previously presumed that the missing metopes were destroyed during the Morosini explosion of the Parthenon in 1687 . Frieze ( edit ) Main article : Parthenon Frieze Phidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friends , 1868 painting by Lawrence Alma - Tadema The most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple is the Ionic frieze running around the exterior walls of the cella , which is the inside structure of the Parthenon . The bas - relief frieze was carved in situ ; it is dated to 442 BC - 438 BC . One interpretation is that it depicts an idealized version of the Panathenaic procession from the Dipylon Gate in the Kerameikos to the Acropolis . In this procession held every year , with a special procession taking place every four years , Athenians and foreigners were participating to honour the goddess Athena , offering sacrifices and a new peplos ( dress woven by selected noble Athenian girls called ergastines ) .", "11": "Joan Breton Connelly offers a mythological interpretation for the frieze , one that is in harmony with the rest of the temple 's sculptural programme which shows Athenian genealogy through a series of succession myths set in the remote past . She identifies the central panel above the door of the Parthenon as the pre-battle sacrifice of the daughter of King Erechtheus , a sacrifice that ensured Athenian victory over Eumolpos and his Thracian army . The great procession marching toward the east end of the Parthenon shows the post-battle thanksgiving sacrifice of cattle and sheep , honey and water , followed by the triumphant army of Erechtheus returning from their victory . This represents the very first Panathenaia set in mythical times , the model on which historic Panathenaic processions was based . Pediments ( edit ) The traveller Pausanias , when he visited the Acropolis at the end of the 2nd century AD , only mentioned briefly the sculptures of the pediments ( gable ends ) of the temple , reserving the majority of his description for the gold and ivory statue of the goddess inside . East pediment ( edit ) Part of the east pediment still found on the Parthenon ( although part of it , like Dionysos , is a copy ) The figures on the corners of the pediment depict the passage of time over the course of a full day . Tethrippa of Helios and Selene are located on the left and right corners of the pediment respectively . The horses of Helios 's chariot are shown with livid expressions as they ascend into the sky at the start of the day ; whereas the Selene 's horses struggle to stay on the pediment scene as the day comes to an end . West pediment ( edit ) The supporters of Athena are extensively illustrated at the back of the left chariot , while the defenders of Poseidon are shown trailing behind the right chariot . It is believed that the corners of the pediment are filled by Athenian water deities , such as Kephisos river , Ilissos river and nymph Callirhoe . This belief merges from the fluid character of the sculptures ' body position which represents the effort of the artist to give the impression of a flowing river.", "12": ", Next to the left river god , there are the sculptures of the mythical king of Athens ( Kekrops ) with his daughters ( Aglauros , Pandrosos , Herse ) . The statue of Poseidon was the largest sculpture in the pediment until it broke into pieces during Francesco Morosini 's effort to remove it in 1688 . The posterior piece of the torso was found by Lusieri in the groundwork of a Turkish house in 1801 and is currently held in British Museum . The anterior portion was revealed by Ross in 1835 and is now held in the Acropolis Museum of Athens . Every statue in the west pediment has a fully completed back , which would have been impossible to see when the sculpture was on the temple ; this indicates that the sculptors put great effort into accurately portraying the human body . Athena Parthenos ( edit ) Main article : Athena Parthenos The only piece of sculpture from the Parthenon known to be from the hand of Phidias was the statue of Athena housed in the naos . This massive chryselephantine sculpture is now lost and known only from copies , vase painting , gems , literary descriptions and coins . Later History ( edit ) Late Antiquity ( edit ) The Parthenon 's position on the Acropolis dominates the city skyline of Athens . Image of Parthenon at night A major fire broke out in the Parthenon shortly after the middle of the third century AD which destroyed the Parthenon 's roof and much of the sanctuary 's interior . Heruli pirates are also credited with sacking Athens in 276 , and destroying most of the public buildings there , including the Parthenon . Repairs were made in the fourth century AD , possibly during the reign of Julian the Apostate . A new wooden roof overlaid with clay tiles was installed to cover the sanctuary . It sloped at a greater incline than the original roof and left the building 's wings exposed . The Parthenon survived as a temple dedicated to Athena for nearly one thousand years until Theodosius II decreed in 435 AD that all pagan temples in the Byzantine Empire be closed .", "13": "At some point in the fifth century , Athena 's great cult image was looted by one of the emperors and taken to Constantinople , where it was later destroyed , possibly during the siege and sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 AD . Christian church ( edit ) The Parthenon was converted into a Christian church in the final decade of the sixth century AD to become the Church of the Parthenos Maria ( Virgin Mary ) , or the Church of the Theotokos ( Mother of God ) . The orientation of the building was changed to face towards the east ; the main entrance was placed at the building 's western end , and the Christian altar and iconostasis were situated towards the building 's eastern side adjacent to an apse built where the temple 's pronaos was formerly located . A large central portal with surrounding side - doors was made in the wall dividing the cella , which became the church 's nave , from the rear chamber , the church 's narthex . The spaces between the columns of the opisthodomus and the peristyle were walled up , though a number of doorways still permitted access . Icons were painted on the walls and many Christian inscriptions were carved into the Parthenon 's columns . These renovations inevitably led to the removal and dispersal of some of the sculptures . Those depicting gods were either possibly re-interpreted according to a Christian theme , or removed and destroyed . The Parthenon became the fourth most important Christian pilgrimage destination in the Eastern Roman Empire after Constantinople , Ephesos , and Thessalonica . In 1018 , the emperor Basil II went on a pilgrimage to Athens directly after his final victory over the Bulgarians for the sole purpose of worshipping at the Parthenon . In medieval Greek accounts it is called the Temple of Theotokos Atheniotissa and often indirectly referred to as famous without explaining exactly which temple they were referring to , thus establishing that it was indeed well known . At the time of the Latin occupation , it became for about 250 years a Roman Catholic church of Our Lady . During this period a tower , used either as a watchtower or bell tower and containing a spiral staircase , was constructed at the southwest corner of the cella , and vaulted tombs were built beneath the Parthenon 's floor .", "14": "Islamic mosque ( edit ) Painting of the ruins of the Parthenon and the Ottoman mosque built after 1715 , in the early 1830s by Pierre Peytier . In 1456 , Ottoman Turkish forces invaded Athens and laid siege to a Florentine army defending the Acropolis until June 1458 , when it surrendered to the Turks . The Turks may have briefly restored the Parthenon to the Greek Orthodox Christians for continued use as a church . Some time before the close of the fifteenth century , the Parthenon became a mosque . The precise circumstances under which the Turks appropriated it for use as a mosque are unclear ; one account states that Mehmed II ordered its conversion as punishment for an Athenian plot against Ottoman rule . The apse became a mihrab , the tower previously constructed during the Roman Catholic occupation of the Parthenon was extended upwards to become a minaret , a minbar was installed , the Christian altar and iconostasis were removed , and the walls were whitewashed to cover icons of Christian saints and other Christian imagery . Despite the alterations accompanying the Parthenon 's conversion into a church and subsequently a mosque , its structure had remained basically intact . In 1667 the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi expressed marvel at the Parthenon 's sculptures and figuratively described the building as `` like some impregnable fortress not made by human agency '' . He composed a poetic supplication that it , as `` a work less of human hands than of Heaven itself , should remain standing for all time '' . The French artist Jacques Carrey in 1674 visited the Acropolis and sketched the Parthenon 's sculptural decorations . Early in 1687 , an engineer named Plantier sketched the Parthenon for the Frenchman Graviers d'Ortières . These depictions , particularly those made by Carrey , provide important , and sometimes the only , evidence of the condition of the Parthenon and its various sculptures prior to the devastation it suffered in late 1687 and the subsequent looting of its art objects . Destruction ( edit ) Parthenon illustration , published in 1688 , depicting the structure in its entirety , by Vincenzo Coronelli In 1687 , the Parthenon was extensively damaged in the greatest catastrophe to befall it in its long history .", "15": "As part of the Great Turkish War ( 1683 -- 1699 ) , the Venetians sent an expedition led by Francesco Morosini to attack Athens and capture the Acropolis . The Ottoman Turks fortified the Acropolis and used the Parthenon as a gunpowder magazine -- despite having been forewarned of the dangers of this use by the 1656 explosion that severely damaged the Propylaea -- and as a shelter for members of the local Turkish community . On 26 September a Venetian mortar round , fired from the Hill of Philopappus , blew up the magazine , and the building was partly destroyed . The explosion blew out the building 's central portion and caused the cella 's walls to crumble into rubble . Greek architect and archaeologist Kornilia Chatziaslani writes that `` ... three of the sanctuary 's four walls nearly collapsed and three - fifths of the sculptures from the frieze fell . Nothing of the roof apparently remained in place . Six columns from the south side fell , eight from the north , as well as whatever remained from eastern porch , except for one column . The columns brought down with them the enormous marble architraves , triglyphs and metopes . '' About three hundred people were killed in the explosion , which showered marble fragments over nearby Turkish defenders and caused large fires that burned until the following day and consumed many homes . Fragment of an exploded shell found on top of a wall in the Parthenon , thought to originate from the time of the Venetian siege Accounts written at the time conflict over whether this destruction was deliberate or accidental ; one such account , written by the German officer Sobievolski , states that a Turkish deserter revealed to Morosini the use to which the Turks had put the Parthenon ; expecting that the Venetians would not target a building of such historic importance . Morosini was said to have responded by directing his artillery to aim at the Parthenon . Subsequently , Morosini sought to loot sculptures from the ruin and caused further damage in the process . Sculptures of Poseidon and Athena 's horses fell to the ground and smashed as his soldiers tried to detach them from the building 's west pediment .", "16": "`` View of the Parthenon from the Propylea '' , Edward Dodwell , Views in Greece , London 1821 , depicting buildings of the time within the Acropolis The following year , the Venetians abandoned Athens to avoid a confrontation with a large force the Turks had assembled at Chalcis ; at that time , the Venetians had considered blowing up what remained of the Parthenon along with the rest of the Acropolis to deny its further use as a fortification to the Turks , but that idea was not pursued . After the Turks had recaptured the Acropolis they used some of the rubble produced by this explosion to erect a smaller mosque within the shell of the ruined Parthenon . For the next century and a half , portions of the remaining structure were looted for building material and any remaining objects of value . The 18th century was a period of Ottoman stagnation ; as a result , many more Europeans found access to Athens , and the picturesque ruins of the Parthenon were much drawn and painted , spurring a rise in philhellenism and helping to arouse sympathy in Britain and France for Greek independence . Amongst those early travellers and archaeologists were James Stuart and Nicholas Revett , who were commissioned by the Society of Dilettanti to survey the ruins of classical Athens . What they produced was the first measured drawings of the Parthenon published in 1787 in the second volume of Antiquities of Athens Measured and Delineated . In 1801 , the British Ambassador at Constantinople , the Earl of Elgin , obtained a questionable firman ( edict ) from the Sultan , whose existence or legitimacy has not been proved until today , to make casts and drawings of the antiquities on the Acropolis , to demolish recent buildings if this was necessary to view the antiquities , and to remove sculptures from them . Independent Greece ( edit ) The first known photograph of the Parthenon was taken by Joly de Lotbinière in October 1839 . This is an engraving made after the original daguerreotype . The southern side of the Parthenon , which sustained considerable damage in the 1687 explosion When independent Greece gained control of Athens in 1832 , the visible section of the minaret was demolished ; only its base and spiral staircase up to the level of the architrave remain intact .", "17": "Soon all the medieval and Ottoman buildings on the Acropolis were destroyed . However , the image of the small mosque within the Parthenon 's cella has been preserved in Joly de Lotbinière 's photograph , published in Lerebours 's Excursions Daguerriennes in 1842 : the first photograph of the Acropolis . The area became a historical precinct controlled by the Greek government . Today it attracts millions of tourists every year , who travel up the path at the western end of the Acropolis , through the restored Propylaea , and up the Panathenaic Way to the Parthenon , which is surrounded by a low fence to prevent damage . Dispute over the Marbles ( edit ) Main article : Elgin Marbles Life - size pediment sculptures from the Parthenon in the British Museum The dispute centres around the Parthenon Marbles removed by Thomas Bruce , 7th Earl of Elgin , from 1801 to 1803 , which are in the British Museum . A few sculptures from the Parthenon are also in the Louvre in Paris , in Copenhagen , and elsewhere , but more than half are in the Acropolis Museum in Athens . A few can still be seen on the building itself . The Greek government has campaigned since 1983 for the British Museum to return the sculptures to Greece . The British Museum has steadfastly refused to return the sculptures , and successive British governments have been unwilling to force the Museum to do so ( which would require legislation ) . Nevertheless , talks between senior representatives from Greek and British cultural ministries and their legal advisors took place in London on 4 May 2007 . These were the first serious negotiations for several years , and there were hopes that the two sides may move a step closer to a resolution . Restoration ( edit ) In 1975 , the Greek government began a concerted effort to restore the Parthenon and other Acropolis structures . After some delay , a Committee for the Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments was established in 1983 . The project later attracted funding and technical assistance from the European Union . An archaeological committee thoroughly documented every artifact remaining on the site , and architects assisted with computer models to determine their original locations . Particularly important and fragile sculptures were transferred to the Acropolis Museum .", "18": "A crane was installed for moving marble blocks ; the crane was designed to fold away beneath the roofline when not in use . In some cases , prior re-constructions were found to be incorrect . These were dismantled , and a careful process of restoration began . Originally , various blocks were held together by elongated iron H pins that were completely coated in lead , which protected the iron from corrosion . Stabilizing pins added in the 19th century were not so coated , and corroded . Since the corrosion product ( rust ) is expansive , the expansion caused further damage by cracking the marble . Restoration works in 2002 . Work in progress in 2007 . A reconstructed architrave block . Wide - scale restoration in 2010 . Western side works in 2014 . External video Sculpture from the Parthenon 's East Pediment , Smarthistory The Parthenon from the south . In the foreground of the image , a reconstruction of the marble imbrices and tegulae ( roof tiles ) forming the roof is visible , resting on wooden supports . See also ( edit ) Palermo Fragment Ancient Greek architecture Ancient Greek temple List of Ancient Greek temples List of megalithic sites National Monument of Scotland , Edinburgh Walhalla temple Regensburg -- Exterior modelled on the Parthenon , but interior is a hall of fame for distinguished Germans Parthenon , Nashville -- Full - scale replica Temple of Hephaestus Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Parthenon . Academic.reed.edu . Retrieved on 4 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Parthenon . Ancientgreece.com . Retrieved on 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Penprase , Bryan E. ( 2010 ) . The Power of Stars : How Celestial Observations Have Shaped Civilization . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 6803 - 6 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Barletta , Barbara A. ( 2005 ) . `` The Architecture and Architects of the Classical Parthenon '' . In Jenifer Neils .", "19": "The Parthenon : From Antiquity to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82093 - 6 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . The Parthenon ( Plate 1 , Fig. 17 ) is probably the most celebrated of all Greek temples . Jump up ^ Hambidge , Jay ; Yale University . Rutherford Trowbridge Memorial Publication Fund ( 1924 ) . The Parthenon and other Greek temples : their dynamic symmetry . Yale university press . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ( 2010 ) . The Parthenon . Profile Books . p. 118 . ISBN 1 - 84765 - 063 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Bury , J.B. ; Meiggs , Russell ( 1956 ) . A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great , 3rd ed . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 367 -- 369 . ^ Jump up to : Ioanna Venieri . `` Acropolis of Athens '' . Hellenic Ministry of Culture . Retrieved 4 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Boutsikas , Efrosyni ; Hannah , Robert ( 2012 ) . `` Aitia , Astronomy and the timing of the Arrhēphoria '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 107 : 233 -- 245 . doi : 10.1017 / S0068245411000141 . ISSN 0068 - 2454 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Miriam ( 1981 ) . A Shorter History of Greek Art . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28084 - 6 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Davison , Claire Cullen ; Lundgreen , Birte ( 2009 ) . Pheidias : The Sculptures and Ancient Sources . 105 . London , England : Institute of Classical Studies , University of London . p. 209 . ISBN 9781905670215 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 .", "20": "Jump up ^ `` Lord Elgin and the Parthenon Sculptures '' . British Museum . Archived from the original on 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greece urges Britain to return sculptures '' . UPI.com. 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ παρθενών , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Hurwit 200 , pp. 161 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Research has revealed a shrine with altar pre-dating the Older Parthenon , respected by , incorporated and rebuilt in the north pteron of the Parthenon ( Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , 169 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Parthenon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ παρθένος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Frazer , The Golden Bough , 18 Jump up ^ Whitley , The Archaeology of Ancient Greece , 352 ^ Jump up to : Freely 2004 , p. 69 `` Some modern writers maintain that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian sanctuary during the reign of Justinian ( 527 -- 65 ) ... But there is no evidence to support this in the ancient sources . The existing evidence suggests that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian basilica in the last decade of the sixth century . '' Jump up ^ Harpocration . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Pericles 13.4 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , 1878 ^ Jump up to : S. Deacy , Athena , Routledge , 2008 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Burkert , Greek Religion , Blackwell , 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ MC . Hellmann , L'Architecture grecque . Architecture religieuse et funéraire , Picard , 2006 , p. 118 .", "21": "^ Jump up to : B. Nagy , `` Athenian Officials on the Parthenon Frieze '' , AJA , Vol. 96 , No. 1 ( January 1992 ) , pp. 55 . Jump up ^ Thucydides 2.13. 5 . Retrieved 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ S. Eddy , `` The Gold in the Athena Parthenos '' , AJA , Vol. 81 , No. 1 ( Winter , 1977 ) , pp. 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ B. Holtzmann and A. Pasquier , Histoire de l'art antique : l'art grec , École du Louvre , Réunion des musées nationaux and Documentation française , 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Joan Breton ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) . The Parthenon Enigma : a New Understanding of the West 's Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It . New York : Vintage . ISBN 9780307476593 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Joan Breton Connelly '' . Welcome to Joan Breton Connelly . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Joan Breton Connelly , The Parthenon Enigma , `` ( 1 ) '' New York , Knopf , 2014 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Daniel Mendelsohn , `` Deep Frieze '' , The New Yorker , 14 April 2014 Jump up ^ Mary Beard , `` The Latest Scheme for the Parthenon '' , The New York Review of Books , 6 March 2014 Jump up ^ Mary Beard , Peter Green , Garry Wills `` ' The Parthenon Enigma ' -- An Exchange '' , The New York Review of Books , 22 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Decoding the Parthenon by J.J. Pollitt -- The New Criterion '' . www.newcriterion.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking the West 's Most Iconic Building -- Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin '' . bulletin.brynmawr.edu .", "22": "Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Spivey , Nigel ( October 2014 ) . `` Art and Archaeology '' ( PDF ) . Greece & Rome . 61 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 290 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017383514000138 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Caroline ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` ' The Parthenon Enigma , ' by Joan Breton Connelly '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Frieze Meaning '' . www.weeklystandard.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hurwit 2005 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Herodotus Histories , 8.53 Jump up ^ W. Dörpfeld , `` Der aeltere Parthenon '' , Ath . Mitteilungen , XVII , 1892 , p. 158 - 89 and W. Dörpfeld , `` Die Zeit des alteren Parthenon '' , AM 27 , 1902 , 379 -- 416 Jump up ^ P. Kavvadis , G. Kawerau , Die Ausgabung der Acropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890 , 1906 Jump up ^ NM Tod , A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions II , 1948 , no . 204 , lines 46 -- 51 , The authenticity of this is disputed , however ; see also P. Siewert , Der Eid von Plataia ( Munich 1972 ) 98 -- 102 Jump up ^ Kerr , Minott ( 23 October 1995 ) . `` ' The Sole Witness ' : The Periclean Parthenon '' . Reed College Portland , Oregon USA . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ B.H.", "23": "Hill , `` The Older Parthenon '' , AJA ' , XVI , 1912 , 535 -- 58 Jump up ^ B. Graef , E. Langlotz , Die Antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen , Berlin 1925 -- 33 Jump up ^ W. Dinsmoor , `` The Date of the Older Parthenon '' , AJA , XXXVIII , 1934 , 408 -- 48 Jump up ^ W. Dörpfeld , `` Parthenon I , II , III '' , AJA , XXXIX , 1935 , 497 -- 507 , and W. Dinsmoor , AJA , XXXIX , 1935 , 508 -- 9 Jump up ^ Banister Fletcher , History of architecture on the Comparative Method , pp 119 -- 123 Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Great Architecture of the World , 2001 , p. 63 Jump up ^ And in the surviving foundations of the preceding Older Parthenon ( Penrose , Principles of Athenian Architecture 2nd ed. ch. II. 3 , plate 9 ) . Jump up ^ Penrose op . cit . pp 32 -- 34 , found the difference motivated by economies of labour ; Gorham P. Stevens , `` Concerning the Impressiveness of the Parthenon '' American Journal of Archaeology 66. 3 ( July 1962 : 337 -- 338 ) . Jump up ^ Archeologists discuss similarly curved architecture and offer the theory . Nova , `` Secrets of the Parthenon '' , PBS . http://video.yahoo.com/watch/1849622/6070405 Jump up ^ Hadingham , Evan ( February 2008 ) , Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon , Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Magazine , p. 42 Jump up ^ Van Mersbergen , Audrey M. , `` Rhetorical Prototypes in Architecture : Measuring the Acropolis '' , Philosophical Polemic Communication Quarterly , Vol. 46 , 1998 . Jump up ^ See e.g. George Markowsky ( January 1992 ) . `` Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio '' ( PDF ) . The College Mathematics Journal . 23 ( 1 ) .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` Tarbell , F.B. A History of Ancient Greek Art . ( online book ) '' . Ellopos.net . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ For comprehensive drawings showing the location of each piece today , see : `` The Parthenon '' , in Strolling Through Athens , City of Athens , 2004 , pp. 112 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Barringer , Judith M ( 2008 ) . Art , myth , and ritual in classical Greece . Cambridge . p. 78 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64647 - 2 . Jump up ^ of Five Metopes Jump up ^ Connelly , Parthenon and Parthenoi , 53 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Connelly , The Parthenon Enigma , chapters 4 , 5 , and 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Parthenon Sculptures by Mark Cartwright 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` The British Museum : The Parthenon sculptures '' . Jump up ^ `` ATHENIANS AND ELEUSINIANS IN THE WEST PEDIMENT OF THE PARTHENON '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Parthenon Sculptures , The British Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` The Pediments of the Prthenon by Olga Palagia '' . Jump up ^ Lapatin , Kenneth D.S. ( 2001 ) . Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World . Oxford : OUP . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 815311 - 5 . Jump up ^ N. Leipen , Athena Parthenos : a huge reconstruction , 1972 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Parthenon Frieze '' . National Documentation Centre ( Greek Ministry of Culture ) . Archived from the original on 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Freely 2004 , p. 69 . `` According to one authority , John Travlos , this occurred when Athens was sacked by the Heruli in AD 267 , at which time the two - tiered colonnade in the cella was destroyed . ''", "25": "^ Jump up to : Chatziaslani , Kornilia . `` Morosini in Athens '' . Archaeology of the City of Athens . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Donovan , Connell . `` Pirates , marauders , and homos , oh my ! '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Parthenon '' . Acropolis Restoration Service . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Freely 2004 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 170 . ISBN 9780711228221 . ^ Jump up to : Freely 2004 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Hollis 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 , p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Kaldellis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . `` A Heretical ( Orthodox ) History of the Parthenon '' ( PDF ) . University of Michigan . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 , p. 295 Jump up ^ Babinger , Franz ( 1992 ) . Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time . Princeton University Press . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 9780691010786 . Jump up ^ Tomkinson , John L. `` Ottoman Athens I : Early Ottoman Athens ( 1456 -- 1689 ) '' . Anagnosis Books . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . `` In 1466 the Parthenon was referred to as a church , so it seems likely that for some time at least , it continued to function as a cathedral , being restored to the use of the Greek archbishop . '' Jump up ^ Tomkinson , John L. `` Ottoman Athens I : Early Ottoman Athens ( 1456 -- 1689 ) '' . Anagnosis Books . Retrieved 14 August 2012 .", "26": "`` Some time later -- we do not know exactly when -- the Parthenon was itself converted into a mosque . '' Jump up ^ D'Ooge 1909 , p. 317 . `` The conversion of the Parthenon into a mosque is first mentioned by another anonymous writer , the Paris Anonymous , whose manuscript dating from the latter half of the fifteenth century was discovered in the library of Paris in 1862 . '' Jump up ^ Miller , Walter ( 1893 ) . `` A History of the Akropolis of Athens '' . The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts . Archaeological Institute of America . 8 : 546 -- 547 . Jump up ^ Hollis 2009 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Vincent J. ( 1974 ) . The Parthenon . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 172 . ISBN 9780393314403 . Jump up ^ D'Ooge 1909 , p. 317 . ^ Jump up to : Fichner - Rathus , Lois ( 2012 ) . Understanding Art ( 10 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 305 . ISBN 9781111836955 . Jump up ^ Stoneman , Richard ( 2004 ) . A Traveller 's History of Athens . Interlink Books . p. 209 . ISBN 9781566565332 . Jump up ^ Holt , Frank L. ( November -- December 2008 ) . `` I , Marble Maiden '' . Saudi Aramco World . Saudi Aramco. 59 ( 6 ) : 36 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : T. Bowie , D. Thimme , The Carrey Drawings of the Parthenon Sculptures , 1971 ^ Jump up to : Tomkinson , John L. `` Venetian Athens : Venetian Interlude ( 1684 -- 1689 ) '' . Anagnosis Books . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Theodor E. Mommsen , The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687 , American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 45 , No.", "27": "4 ( October -- December 1941 ) , pp. 544 -- 556 Jump up ^ Palagia , Olga ( 1998 ) . The Pediments of the Parthenon ( 2 ed . ) . BRILL . ISBN 9789004111981 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomkinson , John L. `` Ottoman Athens II : Later Ottoman Athens ( 1689 -- 1821 ) '' . Anagnosis Books . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Grafton , Anthony ; Glenn W. Most ; Salvatore Settis ( 2010 ) . The Classical Tradition . Harvard University Press . p. 693 . ISBN 9780674035720 . Jump up ^ Murray , John ( 1884 ) . Handbook for travellers in Greece , Volume 2 . Oxford University Press . p. 317 . Jump up ^ Neils , The Parthenon : From Antiquity to the Present , 336 -- the picture was taken in October 1839 ^ Jump up to : Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures , International Herald Tribune Jump up ^ `` The Parthenon Sculptures : The Position of the British Museum Truistees and Common Misconceptions '' . The British Museum . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Talks Due on Elgin Marbles Return , BBC News Jump up ^ Lina Lambrinou , `` State of the Art : ' Parthenon of Athens : A Challenge Throughout History '' ( pdf file ) with bibliography of interim conservation reports ; Jump up ^ `` The Surface Conservation Project '' ( pdf file ) . Once they had been conserved , the West Frieze blocks were moved to the museum , and copies cast in artificial stone were reinstalled in their places . Jump up ^ Hadingham , Evan ( 2008 ) . `` Unlocking the Mysteries of the Parthenon '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sculpture from the Parthenon 's East Pediment '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved 18 March 2013 .", "28": "References ( edit ) Printed sources ( edit ) Burkert , Walter ( 1985 ) . Greek Religion . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0 . Connelly , Joan Breton ( 1 January 1996 ) . `` Parthenon and Parthenoi : A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 100 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 506297 . JSTOR 506297 . Connelly , Joan Breton ( 2014 ) . The Parthenon Enigma : A New Understanding of the West 's Most Iconic Building and the People who Made It . Random House . ISBN 0307476596 . D'Ooge , Martin Luther ( 1909 ) . The Acropolis of Athens . Macmillan . Frazer , Sir James George ( 1998 ) . `` The King of the Woods '' . The Golden Bough : A Study in Magic and Religion . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283541 - 6 . Freely , John ( 2004 ) . Strolling Through Athens : Fourteen Unforgettable Walks through Europe 's Oldest City ( 2 ed . ) . Tauris Parke Paperbacks . ISBN 9781850435952 . Hollis , Edward ( 2009 ) . The Secret Lives of Buildings : From the Ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in Thirteen Stories . Macmillan . ISBN 9780805087857 . Hurwit , Jeffrey M. ( 2000 ) . The Athenian Acropolis : History , Mythology , and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42834 - 3 . Hurwit , Jeffrey M. ( 2005 ) . `` The Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia '' . In Judith M. Barringer ; Jeffrey M. Hurwit ; Jerome Jordan Pollitt . Periklean Athens and Its Legacy : Problems and Perspectives . University of Texas Press .", "29": "ISBN 0 - 292 - 70622 - 7 . Neils , Jenifer ( 2005 ) . The Parthenon : From Antiquity to the Present . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82093 - 6 . `` Parthenon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002 . Pelling , Christopher ( 1997 ) . `` Tragedy and Religion : Constructs and Readings '' . Greek Tragedy and the Historian . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814987 - 5 . Tarbell , F.B. A History of Ancient Greek Art . online . Whitley , James ( 2001 ) . `` The Archaeology of Democracy : Classical Athens '' . The Archaeology of Ancient Greece . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62733 - 8 . Online sources ( edit ) `` Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures '' . International Herald Tribune . 9 October 2006 . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . `` Parthenon '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . Ioanna Venieri . `` Acropolis of Athens -- History '' . Acropolis of Athens . Οδυσσεύς . Retrieved 4 May 2007 . Nova -- PBS . `` Secrets of the Parthenon -- History '' . Acropolis of Athens . PBS . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Beard , Mary . The Parthenon . Harvard University : 2003 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01085 - X . Connelly , Joan Breton Connelly . `` The Parthenon Enigma : A New Understanding of the West 's Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It . '' Knopf : 2014 . ISBN 0307476596 . Cosmopoulos , Michael ( editor ) . The Parthenon and its Sculptures . Cambridge University : 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83673 - 5 .", "30": "Holtzman , Bernard ( 2003 ) . L'Acropole d'Athènes : Monuments , Cultes et Histoire du sanctuaire d'Athèna Polias ( in French ) . Paris : Picard . ISBN 2 - 7084 - 0687 - 6 . King , Dorothy `` The Elgin Marbles '' Hutchinson / Random House , January 2006 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 180013 - 7 Osada , T. ( ed . ) The Parthenon Frieze . The Ritual Communication between the Goddess and the Polis . Parthenon Project Japan 2011 -- 2014 Phoibos Verlag , Wien 2016 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 85161 - 124 - 3 . Queyrel , François ( 2008 ) . Le Parthénon : un monument dans l'histoire . Bartillat . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84100 - 435 - 5 ... Papachatzis , Nikolaos D. Pausaniou Ellados Periegesis - Attika Athens , 1974 . Tournikio , Panayotis . Parthenon . Abrams : 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 6314 - 0 . Traulos , Ioannis N. I Poleodomike ekselikses ton Athinon Athens , 1960 ISBN 960 - 7254 - 01 - 5 Woodford , Susan . The Parthenon . Cambridge University : 1981 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22629 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parthenon . Look up parthenon in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Parthenon .", "31": "The Acropolis of Athens : The Parthenon ( official site with a schedule of its opening hours , tickets and contact information ) ( Hellenic Ministry of Culture ) The Acropolis Restoration Project ( Hellenic Ministry of Culture ) The Parthenon Frieze ( in Greek ) UNESCO World Heritage Centre -- Acropolis , Athens Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County -- The Parthenon The Athenian Acropolis by Livio C. Stecchini ( Takes the heterodox view of the date of the proto - Parthenon , but a useful summary of the scholarship . ) The Friends of the Acropolis Illustrated Parthenon Marbles -- Dr. Janice Siegel , Department of Classics , Hampden -- Sydney College , Virginia Parthenon : description , photo album Videos ( edit ) A Wikimedia video of the main sights of the Athenian Acropolis Secrets of the Parthenon video by Public Broadcasting Service , on YouTube Parthenon by Costas Gavras The history of Acropolis and Parthenon from the Greek tv show Η Μηχανή του Χρόνου ( Time machine ) ( in Greek ) , on YouTube The Acropolis of Athens in ancient Greece -- Dimensions and proportions of Parthenon on Youtube Institute for Advanced Study : The Parthenon Sculptures Acropolis of Athens Extant structures Parthenon Erechtheion Propylaea Temple of Athena Nike Odeon of Herodes Atticus Stoa of Eumenes Sanctuary of Asclepius Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus Aglaureion Former structures Pelasgic wall Hekatompedon temple Older Parthenon Old Temple of Athena Perserschutt Statue of Athena Promachos Statue of Athena Parthenos Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia Chalkotheke Pandroseion Arrephorion Altar of Athena Eleusinion Nike of Callimachus Sanctuary of Pandion Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus", "32": "Odeon of Pericles Frankish Tower People Creation Pericles Phidias Ictinus Callicrates Mnesikles Destruction Francesco Morosini Lord Elgin Giovanni Battista Lusieri Reverend Philip Hunt Museums Acropolis Museum Old Acropolis Museum Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies Elgin Marbles at the British Museum Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian", "33": "Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer", "34": "Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places", "35": "Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Portal GND : 4068909 - 8 Jump up ^ http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/201691/the-parthenon-enigma-by-joan-breton-connelly/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parthenon&oldid=822131188 '' Categories : 438 BC Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century BC Temples of Athena Acropolis of Athens Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens Landmarks in Athens Temples in ancient Athens Sculptures by Phidias Greek temples Conversion of non-Christian places of worship into churches Places of worship converted into mosques Former mosques in Greece Ruins in Greece World Heritage Sites in Europe World Heritage Sites in Greece World Heritage Sites Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from August 2014 EngvarB from September 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Ancient Greek - 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6648988122325673079	which meridian is fixed as the standard meridian of india	[ "82.30' E longitude, in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh", "82.30' E longitude, in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh" ]	{ "0": "Indian Standard time - Wikipedia Indian Standard time Jump to : navigation , search IST in relation with the bordering nations Indian Standard Time ( IST ) is the time observed throughout India , with a time offset of UTC + 05 : 30 . India does not observe daylight saving time ( DSTu ) or other seasonal adjustments . In military and aviation time IST is designated E * ( `` Echo - Star '' ) . Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.30 ' E longitude , in Mirzapur , Uttar Pradesh , which is nearly on the corresponding longitude reference line . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Criticism and proposals 3 Time signals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Time in India After independence in 1947 , the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country , although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time ( known as Calcutta Time and Bombay Time ) until 1948 and 1955 , respectively . The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location at Shankargarh Fort in Allahabad district , so that it would be as close to UTC + 5 : 30 as possible approved by Himanshu Sharma . Daylight Saving Time ( DST ) was used briefly during the China -- Indian War of 1962 and the Indo -- Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971 . Criticism and proposals ( edit ) The country 's east -- west distance of more than 2,933 kilometres ( 1,822 mi ) covers over 29 degrees of longitude , resulting in the sun rising and setting almost two hours earlier on India 's eastern border than in the Rann of Kutch in the far west . Inhabitants of the northeastern states have to advance their clocks with the early sunrise and avoid the extra consumption of energy after daylight hours . In the late 1980s , a team of researchers proposed separating the country into two or three time zones to conserve energy . The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British -- era time zones ; the recommendations were not adopted . In 2001 , the government established a four -- member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving .", "1": "The findings of the committee , which were presented to Parliament in 2004 by the Minister for Science and Technology , Kapil Sibal , did not recommend changes to the unified system , stating that `` the prime meridian was chosen with reference to a central station , and that the expanse of the Indian State was not large . '' Though the government has consistently refused to split the country into multiple time zones , provisions in labour laws such as the Plantations Labour Act , 1951 allow the Central and State governments to define and set the local time for a particular industrial area . In Assam , tea gardens follow a separate time zone , known as the Chaibagaan or Bagan time ( ' Tea Garden Time ' ) , which is one hour ahead of IST . Still Indian Standard Time remains the only officially used time . The filmmaker Jahnu Barua has been campaigning for a separate time zone ( daylight saving time ) for the past 25 years . In 2010 , he suggested creating a separate time zone for the Development of Northeastern Region . In 2014 , Chief Minister of Assam Tarun Gogoi started campaigning for another time zone for Assam and other northeastern states of India . However , the proposal would need to be cleared by the Central Government of India . In June 2017 , Department of Science and Technology ( DST ) indicated that they are once again studying feasibility of two time - zones for India . A proposal for both creating an additional Eastern India Timezone ( EIT @ UTC + 6 : 00 ) shifting default IST to UTC + 5 : 00 and Day - light saving ( IDT for IST and EID for EIT ) starting on 14 April ( Ambedkar Jayanti ) and ending on 2 October ( Gandhi Jayanti ) was submitted to DST for consideration . Time signals ( edit ) Official time signals are generated by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi , for both commercial and official use . The signals are based on atomic clocks and are synchronised with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time .", "2": "Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory include : High frequency broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ATA to synchronise the user clock within a millisecond ; Indian National Satellite System satellite - based standard time and frequency broadcast service , which offers IST correct to ± 10 microsecond and frequency calibration of up to ± 10 ; and Time and frequency calibrations made with the help of pico - and nanoseconds time interval frequency counters and phase recorders . IST is taken as the standard time as it passes through almost the centre of India . To communicate the exact time to the people , the exact time is broadcast over the national All India Radio and Doordarshan television network . Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time . Another increasingly popular means of obtaining the time is through Global Positioning System ( GPS ) receivers . See also ( edit ) Equation of time International Atomic Time Terrestrial Time Time zone ( lists ) Zoneinfo Time in India Bombay Time Calcutta Time Madras Time Port Blair mean time Railway time of India Sri Lanka Standard Time Time in Afghanistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Military and Civilian Time Designations '' . Greenwich Mean Time . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Two - timing India '' . Hindustan Times . 4 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Odds and Ends '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` India Time Zones '' . Greenwich Mean Time . Archived from the original on 19 May 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Ayanjit ( 2001 - 08 - 21 ) . `` India investigates different time zones '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ S. Muthiah ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) . `` A matter of time '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` Standard Time for Different Regions '' . Department of Science and Technology . 22 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A matter of time '' . National Resource Centre for Women . Archived from the original on 19 March 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar ( 24 September 2012 ) . `` Change clock to bagantime '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-02/india/45797966_1_jahnu-barua-tarun-gogoi-separate-time-zone Jump up ^ http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-could-get-second-time-zone-with-assam-one-hour-ahead-466326?curl=1388743528 Jump up ^ `` Government assessing feasibility of different time zones in India '' . The Economic Times . 2017 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Satellites for Navigation '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . External links ( edit ) National Physical Laboratory Evaluating two timezones and Daylight Saving Time for India , by Viral Shah & Vikram Aggarwal .", "4": "( hide ) Time in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "5": "php?title=Indian_Standard_Time&oldid=836714854 '' Categories : Time in India Geography of India Time zones Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use Indian English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 12 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7686691121046294763	what is the emblematic rhythm of dominican republic	[ "merengue", "bachata" ]	{ "0": "Music of the Dominican Republic - wikipedia Music of the Dominican Republic Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Music of The Dominican Republic General topics Related articles Genres Atabales Bachata La Mangulina Merengue Palos Pambiche Salves Son Dominicano Típico Media and performance Music festivals Carnival Nationalistic and patriotic songs National anthem Quisqueyanos Valientes Regional music Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba and the Dutch Antilles Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bonaire Cayman Islands Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Louisiana Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Virgin Islands The music of the Dominican Republic is primarily influenced by West African traditions , with some minor European , and native Taino influences . The Dominican Republic is mainly known for its merengue and bachata music , both of which are the most popular forms of music in the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dominican music 1.1 Music 1.2 Música Congos del Espíritu Santo 1.3 Salves 1.4 Palo 1.5 Bachata 2 Popular music 2.1 Dominican rock 2.2 Hip hop 2.3 Reggaeton 3 Art music 3.1 Jazz 3.2 Classical music 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Dominican music ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Main articles : music , Merengue típico , Pambiche , and Merenrap Merengue is a musical genre native to the Dominican Republic .", "1": "It has a moderate to very fast 2 / 4 rhythm played on güira ( metal scraper ) and the double - headed tambora . The accordion is also common . Traditional , accordion - based merengue is usually termed merengue típico and is still played by living accordionists like Francisco Ulloa , Fefita la Grande , El Ciego de Nagua , and Rafaelito Román . More modern merengues incorporate electric instruments and influences from salsa , and rock and roll . Choruses are often sung in a call and response form by two or three back - up singers , or more traditionally , by the musicians playing tambora or güira . Beginning in the 1960s , dancing became a part of the singers ' work with Johnny Ventura 's Combo Show format , and is now a staple of many of the genre 's biggest stars . Lyrically , irony and double entendres are common Merengue continued to be limited in popularity to the lower classes , especially in the Cibao area , in the early 20th century . Artists like Juan F. García , Juan Espínola and Julio Alberto Hernández tried to move merengue into the mainstream , but failed , largely due to social prejudices . Some success occurred after nationalistic feelings arose among the Cibao elite who resented the U.S. occupation of the country from 1916 -- 1924 . Legend has it that at this time the faster ( merengue típico cibaeño ) was slowed down to accommodate American soldiers who could n't dance the difficult steps of the merengue ; this mid-tempo version was called pambiche . Major mainstream acceptance started with Rafael Trujillo 's rise to power in the early 1930s . Dictator Rafael Trujillo , who seized the presidency of the Dominican Republic in 1930 , helped merengue to become a national symbol of the island up until his assassination in 1961 . Being that he was of humble origins , he had been barred from elite social clubs . He was therefore resentful of these elite sophisticates and began promoting the Cibao - style merengue , forcing all social classes to participate in the low - class dance .", "2": "At Trujillo 's command , virtually all musical groups had to compose merengues praising Trujillo 's dictatorship , its guidelines and actions of his party . Trujillo even made it mandatory for urban dance bands to include merengue in their repertoire . Also , piano and brass instruments were added in merengue - oriented big bands , a trend towards upward mobility popularizing by Luis Alberti 's group in Santiago de los Caballeros . On the other hand , merengue that continued to use an accordion became known ( rather disrespectfully ) as perico ripiao ( ripped parrot ) . It was because of all this that merengue became and still is the Dominican Republic 's national music and dance . In the 1960s , a new group of artists ( most famously Johnny Ventura ) incorporated American R&B and rock and roll influences , along with Cuban salsa music . The instrumentation changed , with accordion replaced with electric guitars or synthesizers , or occasionally sampled , and the saxophone 's role totally redefined . In spite of the changes , merengue remained the most popular form of music in the Dominican Republic . Ventura , for example , was so adulated that he became a massively popular and influential politician on his return from a time in the United States , and was seen as a national symbol . The 1980s saw increasing Dominican emigration to Europe and the United States , especially to New York City and Miami . Merengue came with them , bringing images of glitzy pop singers and idols . At the same time , Juan Luis Guerra slowed down the merengue rhythm , and added more lyrical depth and entrenched social commentary . He also incorporated bachata and Western musical influences with albums like 1990 's critically acclaimed Bachata Rosa . Música congos del espíritu Santo ( edit ) Congo Music of the Holy Spirit can be heard in the village of Villa Mella . This music is highly African in origin and associated with the Afro - Christian sect . It is basically tambores / drum music . The drums are all different sizes from very large to the smallest drum known as Alcahuete . Other instruments used are the maracas , canoas or sticks .", "3": "This music has maintained its original form and is still sung in call and response , one person sings out a line and all others reply in song also . Salves ( edit ) Salve is a call - and - response type of singing that uses güira , panderos , at yales and other African instruments . Salves are highly ceremonial and are used in pilgrimages and at parties dedicated to voodoo saints . Salve is a ritual inspired by religion and music with roots in both African and Hispanic cultures . Salve is related to palo that is played in a lot of the same contexts and rhythm , but with different instruments . The name comes from the Salve Regina , a catholic psalm , and many still sing a sacred , a cappella salve that preserves the medieval modes of old Spanish hymns . The ecstatic salve played at religious parties however , is all about percussion -- featuring large numbers of tambourines playing interlocking rhythms and a melodic drum called the balsie , whose player alters the pitch by applying pressure with his foot . Salve may be played in fewer parts of the country but it 's one of the best - known sounds , largely because it 's the sound of choice in Villa Mella , a poor suburb of the capital often thought of as the epicenter of Afro - Dominican traditions . The salve group of Enerolisa Nuñez , from Villa Mella , is one of the most widely listened to - thanks to her inclusion in merengue - star Kinito Méndez 's salve - merengue fusion album A Palo Limpio as well as an excellent recording of her group by the Bayahonda Cultural Foundation . Palo ( edit ) Main article : Palo music Palo , also known as Atabales is a Dominican sacred music that can be found throughout the island . The drum and human voice are the principal instruments . Palo is played at religious ceremonies - usually coinciding with saint 's days - as well as for secular parties and special occasions . Its roots are in the Congo region of central - west Africa , but it is mixed with European influences in the melodies .", "4": "Palos are related to Dominican folk Catholicism , which includes a pantheon of deities / saints ( here termed misterios ) much like those found in the Afro - American syncretic religious traditions of Cuba , Brazil , Haiti , and elsewhere . Palos are usually associated with the lower class , black and mixed populations . They can be seen in different regions of Dominican Republic , but with variations . Palo music is played on long drums termed palos. The word palos means trees , and therefore all Dominican palos drums are instruments made from hollowed out logs . The head of the drum is made of cowhide and it is attached to the log portion with hoops and pegs in the Eastern region , or with nails in the Southwest . There is a master drum ( palo mayor ) which is the large , wide drum played with slimmer drums ( alcahuetes ) alongside : two in the East or three elsewhere . Palos are usually played with guiras , which are metal scrapers . They may also be played with maracas , or a little stick used to hit the master drum , called the catá . The Dominican region in which the palos are played determines the form , the number of the instruments , and how they are played . Palos are associated with the Afro - Dominican brotherhoods called cofradías . Originally , the brotherhoods were composed solely of males . As time progressed , females and family inheritance maintained the brotherhoods ' sanctity . Each brotherhood is devoted to a particular saint . Therefore , it is the responsibility of the brotherhood is to honor the saint with a festival . Historically , cofradías were established on principals similar to those of the Mediterranean guild - based societies and those founded by Africans that inhabited southern Spain . Through colonization and the slave trade , these traditions were brought to the Dominican Republic . However , the cofradías are not limited to the Dominican Republic , they are found in other parts of the Americas as well , where they may be adapted to Native - American folk Catholicism , particularly in Mexico and Central America . Palo music is generally played at festivals honoring saints ( velaciones ) or during other religious events . The configuration of instruments present depends on the region in which these events take place .", "5": "Palo drums are played with the hands , held between the legs , and tied to the palero 's waist by a rope . The three paleros each play a distinct beat on their palos , which ultimately blend together . These rhythms vary depending on the region as well . For example , in the East , the `` palo corrido '' rhythm is popular , while in San Cristóbal , one may be more likely to find the `` palo abajo '' rhythm . While they play their drums , one of the paleros simultaneously sings verses of a song . The surrounding audience often invokes spirits of ancestors or saints , and it is not unusual to encounter participants becoming possessed at these events . Bachata ( edit ) Main article : Bachata ( music ) Bachata is a style of music that inhabitants of shantytowns call their own to own , meaning they call it theirs before anyone else gets it . Though this may seem like a negative connotation , one should remember that bachata has been widely accepted through many , though not all , classes of Dominican society . Bachata evolved from bolero , a Pan-American style said to have originated in Cuba . The guitars ( lead , rhythm , and bass ) are the principal instruments in bachata . They are accompanied by the bongo and güira ( which has replaced the maracas ) . The Dominican bourgeoisie at first dismissed bachata as worthless and it was therefore given the name bachata , meaning a rowdy lower - class fiesta ( party ) . Until fairly recently , bachata was informally banned from Dominican radio and television . Despite this , bachata flourished and has now gained wide acceptance , not only in the Dominican Republic , but worldwide . One of the most popular bands making bachata music was the former band Aventura , which split in 2011 . Popular music ( edit ) Dominican rock ( edit ) Main article : Dominican rock Dominican rock is also popular among younger and older crowds of the Dominican Republic . Dominican rock is influenced by British and American rock , but also has its own sense of unique style . The rock scene in the Dominican Republic has been very vibrant in recent years , spanning many genres of rock such as pop rock , reggae / rock , punk , metal .", "6": "Dominican rock had started its scene in the early 1980s , when Luis Días & Transporte Urbano , ( who is considered to be the father of Dominican rock ) , came onto the scene and created this genre . Since then , there have been hundreds of Dominican rock bands , with the most successful being Toque Profundo , Tabu Tek , Al - Jadaqui Tribu del Sol , Top 40 , TKR , Poket , La Siembra , La Reforma and others . Rita Indiana y los Misterios are a musical group known for their blend of traditional merengue music with rock . Bocatabu , Dronk , Futuros Divorciados and 42 - 01 are new Dominican rock groups who are also on the rise . There are also several underground Metal concerts occurring occasionally mainly in the cities of Santo Domingo and Santiago , where teenagers and young adults usually not satisfied with the other genres express themselves . Hip hop ( edit ) Main articles : Hip hop , Latin rap , Latin trap , and Dominican hip hop Hip hop is a cultural movement developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily by African Americans and Afro - Latinos . Since first emerging in The Bronx and Harlem , the lifestyle of hip hop culture has today spread around the world . One of the places hip hop spread to was the Dominican Republic . The four historic elements of hip hop are : MCing ( rapping ) , DJing , urban inspired art / tagging ( graffiti ) , and b - boying ( or breakdancing ) . The most known extended elements are beatboxing , hip hop fashion , and hip hop slang . All these elements have been carried on into the Dominican Republic since the mid 80s by young immigrants who returned to their mother land , usually from Puerto Rico , New York , Boston and Florida . Dominican hip hop started to gain national popularity in the years 2006 and 2007 . Reggaeton ( edit ) Main articles : Reggaeton and Dembow Reggaeton came to the Dominican Republic from Puerto Rico in the 90 's . Dominican reggaeton is called by its original name dem - bow . Dominican dem - bow uses old reggae and reggaeton beats from mainly Jamaica , Panama , and Puerto Rico .", "7": "The dem - bow is utiliz making the dem - dow rhythm faster and louder . Artists playing reggaeton include Don Miguelo , Engel Garcia , La Fabrica , , Juancho , Chimbala , El ALfa , and Reychesta of Tres Coronas , El Lapiz , Mozart La Para . Art music ( edit ) Jazz ( edit ) The most renowned exponent is Michel Camilo . Classical music ( edit ) Conservatorio Nacional de Música is the academy of music of the Dominican Republic . It was founded by José de Jesús Ravelo ( Don Chuchú ) , one of the main Dominican composers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kanellos , Nicolás ( 1993 ) . Handbook of Hispanic Culture - Literature . Houston , Texas : Arte Publico Press . p. 305 . ISBN 9781611921632 . Bibliography ( edit ) Larrazábal Blanco , Carlos . 1967 . `` Los negros y la esclavitud en Santo Domingo '' . Santo Domingo : Postigo . Colección `` Pensamiento Dominicano , '' No. 35 . Davis , Martha Ellen . `` Afro - Dominican Religious Brotherhoods : Structure , Ritual , and Music . '' 1976 . Ph. D. dissertation in anthropology , University of Illinois Díaz Díaz , Edgardo. 2008 . `` Danza antillana , conjuntos militares , nacionalismo musical e identidad dominicana : retomando los pasos perdidos del merengue . '' Latin American Music Review 29 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 259 . Manuel , Peter , Kenneth M. Bilby , and Michael D. Largey . Caribbean Currents : Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae . Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 1995 . Harvey , Sean and Sue Steward . `` Merengue Attacks '' . 2000 . In Broughton , Simon and Ellingham , Mark with McConnachie , James and Duane , Orla ( Ed . ) , World Music , Vol. 2 : Latin & North America , Caribbean , India , Asia and Pacific , pp 414 -- 420 . Rough Guides Ltd , Penguin Books .", "8": "ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0 External links ( edit ) Dominican Republic portal Latin music portal www.iasorecords.com - Dominican Music , articles , music & video clips - bachata , merengue , Afro - Dominican , and more . www.BachataRadio.com - Bachata , Merengue y mas ! Musica en Demanda y en Vivo , Listen to the Music of the Dominican Republic . All about Merengue Típico / Perico Ripiao Popular Afro - Dominican Group in the United States Dominican Republic articles History Cacicazgo Santo Domingo Colonial governors Slave trade Maroons Era de Francia Spanish Haiti Spanish reconquest España Boba Unification of Hispaniola La Trinitaria War of Independence Dominican Restoration War U.S. occupation 1916 -- 24 Trujillo Era ( Rafael and Héctor Trujillo ) Parsley Massacre Dominican Civil War Geography Cities Ciudad Colonial Hispaniola Islands Mountains Municipalities Protected areas Provinces Regions Rivers Wildlife Politics Cabinet Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Politics Political parties President Economy Peso ( currency ) Banks Central Bank Companies Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health Language Religion Water and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music People Sports Outline Index Category Portal", "9": "Music of the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Music of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy", "10": "Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Music of the Caribbean Bahamas Bermuda Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Lesser Antilles Puerto Rico Turks and Caicos Islands Music of Latin America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Martinique Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico United States : Tejano Uruguay Venezuela Andean Central America Category WikiProject Hispanophone music Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Spain Uruguay Venezuela Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic&oldid=815909335 '' Categories : Dominican Republic music Caribbean music genres Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "11": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4268051341343650948	who voiced mewtwo in pokemon the first movie	[ "Philip Bartlett", "Masachika Ichimura", "Fujiko Takimoto", "Showtaro Morikubo", "Philip Bartlett", "Philip Bartlett" ]	{ "0": "Pokémon : the First Movie - wikipedia Pokémon : the First Movie Jump to : navigation , search Pokémon : The First Movie Japanese film poster Japanese 劇場版ポケットモンスターミュウツーの逆襲 Hepburn Gekijōban Poketto Monsutā : Myūtsū no Gyakushū Literally Pocket Monsters the Movie : Mewtwo Strikes Back Directed by Kunihiko Yuyama Produced by Choji Yoshikawa Tomoyuki Igarashi Takemoto Mori Written by Takeshi Shudo Starring Rica Matsumoto Ikue Ōtani Mayumi Iizuka Yūji Ueda Satomi Kōrogi Megumi Hayashibara Shin - ichiro Miki Inuko Inuyama Masachika Ichimura Kōichi Yamadera Narrated by Unshō Ishizuka Music by Shinji Miyazaki Cinematography Hisao Shirai Edited by Toshio Henmi Yutaka Itō Production company OLM Nintendo Distributed by Toho Release date July 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 18 ) ( Japan ) Running time 75 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Budget ¥ 3 billion ( US $30 million ) Box office $163.6 million Pokémon : The First Movie : Mewtwo Strikes Back , commonly referred to as Pokémon : The First Movie , originally released as Pocket Monsters the Movie : Mewtwo Strikes Back ( 劇場版ポケットモンスターミュウツーの逆襲 , Gekijōban Poketto Monsutā : Myūtsū no Gyakushū ) , is a 1998 Japanese anime film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama , the chief director of the Pokémon television series . It is the first theatrical release in the Pokémon franchise . It was first released in Japan on July 18 , 1998 .", "1": "On July 8 , 1999 , a Complete Version ( 完全版 kanzenban ) of the film was aired in Japanese television . In addition to an added prologue , the updated version included new animation and CGI graphics . The English - language adaptation , produced by Nintendo and 4Kids Entertainment and licensed by Warner Bros. , was released in North America on November 10 , 1999 . The film primarily consists of three segments : Pikachu 's Vacation , a 21 - minute feature focusing on the series mascot Pikachu ; Origin of Mewtwo , the 10 - minute prologue added to the Complete Version of the film ; and Mewtwo Strikes Back , the main 75 - minute film feature . Overseas , the prologue can only be seen as a bonus short in DVD versions of Pokémon : Mewtwo Returns . Although Pokémon was extremely popular when the film was released , the English - language version received negative reviews from film critics . Despite the reviews , it was a box office success worldwide , topping the box office charts in its opening weekend , and eventually grossing US $ 163.6 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Pikachu 's Vacation 1.2 Origin of Mewtwo 1.3 Mewtwo Strikes Back 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Marketing campaign 5 Release 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Home media 6 Soundtrack 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Pikachu 's Vacation ( edit ) The Pokémon of Ash Ketchum , Misty , and Brock are sent to spend a day at a theme park built for Pokémon . Pikachu , Togepi , Bulbasaur , and Squirtle cross paths with a group of bullies consisting of a Raichu , Cubone , Marill , and a Snubbull . The two groups compete against each other in sports , but it leads to Ash 's Charizard getting its head stuck in a pipe . Pikachu , his friends , and the bullies work together and successfully free Charizard and rebuild the park , spending the rest of the day playing before parting ways when their trainers return . Origin of Mewtwo ( edit ) Scientist Dr.", "2": "Fuji is hired by Giovanni , leader of Team Rocket , to utilize his expertise in cloning in order to create a living weapon based on an eyelash from legendary Pokémon Mew . Fuji is revealed to be allying with Giovanni as a means to fund his side project : the resurrection of his deceased daughter Amber . In a laboratory , the weapon eventually gains sentience and is named Mewtwo . Mewtwo befriends the salvaged consciousness of Amber , named Ambertwo , as well as the clones of other Pokemon in the laboratory . However , Mewtwo is left deeply traumatized after Ambertwo and the rest of the clones decompose and die . In order to stabilize him , Fuji tranquilizes Mewtwo , causing him to forget the time he spent with his friends . Mewtwo Strikes Back ( edit ) After Mewtwo fully matures and awakens from a long slumber in a laboratory on New Island , he learns of his origin as Mew 's clone from Dr. Fuji . Infuriated that Fuji and his colleagues see him as nothing more than an experiment , he unleashes his psychic powers and destroys the laboratory . Giovanni , witnessing the carnage afar , approaches and convinces Mewtwo to work with him to hone his powers . However , after Mewtwo learns of his purpose to be a weapon for Giovanni 's benefit , he escapes back to New Island where he plots revenge against humanity . After Mewtwo rebuilds the laboratory and establishes base there , he invites several trainers with hologram messages to battle the world 's greatest Pokémon trainer at New Island . Ash , Misty , and Brock receive a message and accept the invitation , but when they arrive at the port city , Old Shore Wharf , Mewtwo creates a storm , causing the boats on the wharf to be closed off for safety . As a result , Ash 's group are picked up by Team Rocket disguised as Vikings on a boat . After the storm sinks their vessel in the middle of the ocean , and Ash and his friends use their Pokémon instead to reach New Island . Escorted into the island 's palace by the woman who appeared on the hologram , Ash and the other trainers who were able to reach the island encounter Mewtwo .", "3": "The woman is revealed to be a brainwashed Nurse Joy after she is released from Mewtwo 's mind control . After describing his plot to use the storm to wipe out humanity and Pokémon loyal to humans , Mewtwo challenges the trainers using cloned Pokémon coincidentally modeled after the deceased friends from his childhood . Meanwhile , Team Rocket also reach New Island and explore its inner sanctum with a Mew innocuously following them . After Mewtwo 's clones effortlessly defeat the challengers ' Pokémon , he confiscates them and expands his clone army . Ash chases after his captured Pikachu down the cloning lab , where Team Rocket 's Meowth is also cloned . Ash destroys the cloning machine , frees the captured Pokémon , and leads them to confront Mewtwo and his clones . Mew then reveals itself and Mewtwo challenges it in order to prove his superiority . All of the Pokémon originals battle their clones save for a defiant Pikachu and Meowth , who makes peace with his own clone after realizing the senselessness of their fighting . Horrified at the pain and anguish felt on both sides of the battle , Ash puts himself in between a psychic blast caused by Mewtwo and Mew 's fighting , leading to Ash to become petrified . Pikachu tries to revive Ash with his thunderbolt but it fails . However , the tears of the Pokémon , as per a legend mentioned earlier in the movie , are able to heal and revive Ash . Moved by Ash 's sacrifice , Mewtwo realizes that he should not have to be judged by his origins but rather his choices in life . Departing with Mew and the clones , Mewtwo erases everyone 's memories of the event . Ash , Misty , and Brock find themselves back in Old Shore Wharf unsure how they got there . The storm outside clears up , Ash spotting Mew flying through the clouds and tells his friends of how he saw another legendary Pokémon the day he left Pallet Town . Meanwhile , Team Rocket find themselves stranded on New Island but enjoy their time there .", "4": "Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of characters in the Pokémon anime series Character name Japanese voice actor English voice actor Ash Ketchum ( Satoshi ) Rica Matsumoto Veronica Taylor Pikachu Ikue Ōtani Misty ( Kasumi ) Mayumi Iizuka Rachael Lillis Brock ( Takeshi ) Yūji Ueda Eric Stuart Narrator Unshō Ishizuka Ken Gates Togepi Satomi Kōrogi Jessie ( Musashi ) Megumi Hayashibara Rachael Lillis James ( Kojirō ) Shin - ichiro Miki Eric Stuart Meowth ( Nyarth ) Inuko Inuyama Maddie Blaustein Bulbasaur ( Fushigidane ) Megumi Hayashibara Tara Jayne Charizard ( Lizardon ) Shin - ichiro Miki Squirtle ( Zenigame ) Rikako Aikawa Eric Stuart Fergus ( Umio ) Wataru Takagi Jimmy Zoppi Corey ( Sorao ) Tōru Furuya Ed Paul Neesha ( Sweet ) Aiko Satō Lisa Ortiz Miranda ( Voyager ) Sachiko Kobayashi Kayzie Rogers Pirate Trainer Raymond Johnson Maddie Blaustein Mewtwo Masachika Ichimura Fujiko Takimoto ( young ; radio drama ) Showtaro Morikubo ( young ; anime ) Philip Bartlett Mew Kōichi Yamadera Giovanni ( Sakaki ) Hirotaka Suzuoki Ed Paul Officer Jenny ( Junsar ) Chinami Nishimura Lee Quick Nurse Joy ( Joi ) Ayako Shiraishi Megan Hollingshead Dr.", "5": "Fuji Yōsuke Akimoto Philip Bartlett Ambertwo ( Aitwo ) Kyōko Hikami Kerry Williams Characters that appear only in the radio drama Character name Japanese voice actor Doctor Fuji 's wife Shinobu Adachi Scientists Katsuyuki Konishi Chiyako Shibahara Investigators Shinpachi Tsuji Tomohisa Asō Researchers Hidenari Ugaki Takuma Suzuki Akio Suyama Madame Boss Hiromi Tsuru Miyamoto Yumi Tōma Production ( edit ) Kunihiko Yuyama directed the original Japanese version of the film , while Choji Yoshikawa and Takeshi Shudo served as producer and script writer respectively . Shudo explained in his blog that Mewtwo being torn over his life purpose reflects the film 's theme of existentialism . In the Japanese script , for instance , the moment Mewtwo realizes he has a right to be in the world just as much as any other living creature represents the central message of accepting one 's existence . According to Shudo , certain episodes in the anime were intended to tie - in with the movie prior to its release in Japan and provide background behind the events in the film . However , the controversy surrounding the Dennō Senshi Porygon episode delayed the tie - in episodes , causing Shudo to expand the beginning of the movie and , thus , the length of the film . Norman J. Grossfeld , former president of 4Kids Productions , served as the film 's producer for the English - language North American version . Grossfeld , Michael Haigney , and John Touhey wrote the English adaptation , and Haigney served as the English version 's voice director . The English script was heavily edited from the original Japanese one ; along with various content edits , Mewtwo was portrayed more maliciously because Grossfeld felt American audiences needed to see a `` clearly evil '' villain rather than a morally ambiguous one . As such , the existentialist themes seen in the Japanese version were significantly toned - down . The English version editors translated various Japanese texts , including those on signs and on buildings , into English . The Shogakukan Production Co. also altered various background from the original version of the film in order to enhance its presentation overseas .", "6": "In the English dub , three Pokémon are referred to by the wrong name . Pidgeot was called Pidgeotto , Scyther was called Alakazam , and Sandslash was called Sandshrew . 4Kids said that they decided to leave the Alakazam and Sandshrew errors when they noticed it as something for the children watching to notice and because they felt it was plausible in context that Team Rocket could make a mistake . Grossfeld also had new music re-recorded for the film 's release , citing that it `` would better reflect what American kids would respond to '' . John Loeffler of Rave Music produced the English - language music and composed the film score with Ralph Schuckett . Loeffler also collaborated with John Lissauer and Manny Corallo to produce the English - language `` Pikachu 's Vacation '' score . Grossfeld also revealed that the English version of the film `` combines the visual sense of the best Japanese animation with the musical sensibility of Western pop culture '' . Marketing campaign ( edit ) Toshihiro Ono , author of Pokémon : The Electric Tale of Pikachu , created a manga version of the film . Asked by editors to draw Mewtwo 's birth , he received the source material to base the manga off of in April 1998 and finished the manga in May . In July of that year , a five episode radio drama titled The Birth of Mewtwo was broadcast over the five Sundays leading up to the premiere of the movie in Japan . Written by Takeshi Shudo , the drama delves into Mewtwo 's origin prior to the start of the film . It also explores the leadership of Team Rocket under Madame Boss , Giovanni 's mother , and the last known whereabouts of Miyamoto ( ミヤモト ) , Jesse 's mother . Due to its mature themes , it was never dubbed in English . The drama eventually served the basis for the Origin of Mewtwo prologue that would appear in the Complete Version of the film . Since the drama was conceived a few months after the manga , the events depicted in the drama do not match up with the events portrayed in the manga . Ono has even stated that `` there 's not much connection between the manga and the movie '' .", "7": "In the United States , the first trailer was released in August 1999 and was shown before The Iron Giant and Mystery Men . The second trailer was released in the fall of 1999 and was attached to The Bachelor . In addition , select theaters gave away exclusive Pokémon trading cards , to capitalize on the success of the trading card game . The cards featured likenesses of Electabuzz , Pikachu , Mewtwo , and Dragonite , and were dispensed in random order for each week it was in that particular theater . The subsequent releases of Pokémon : The Movie 2000 and Pokémon 3 : The Movie featured a similar marketing campaign . For the 2000 home video release of The First Movie , a limited edition Mewtwo card ( different from that used for the theatrical release ) was packaged with the video . Release ( edit ) The Japanese version of the film was first released by Toho on July 18 , 1998 . That following year , the English - dub of film was produced by 4Kids Entertainment and released by Warner Bros. under the Kids ' WB banner in the United States on November 10 , 1999 . The film was theatrically re-released exclusively at Cinemark Theatres in the United States on October 29 and November 1 , 2016 . The re-release included the Pikachu 's Vacation short film from the original release and was intended to commemorate Pokémon 's 20th anniversary . For TV syndication , the movie was digitally remastered for high definition and aired in TV Tokyo , as well as in other stations , beginning May 3 , 2013 . The remastered version also aired in Cartoon Network in the United States on January 4 , 2014 . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film 's English adaptation a 14 % approval rating based on 79 reviews , with the consensus being : `` Audiences other than children will find very little to entertain them '' . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 based on 25 reviews , meaning `` generally unfavorable reviews '' .", "8": "Anime News Network review called the main feature `` contradictory '' , stating that `` the anti-violent message that is pretty much crammed down our throats works directly against the entire point of the franchise '' and criticized Pikachu 's Summer Vacation for being `` incoherent , pointless and fluffy '' . Patrick Butters , of The Washington Times , accused Pokémon : The First Movie of taking ideas from other films such as Star Wars and being `` just another cog in the mighty Nintendo machine '' . Michael Wood , of England 's Coventry Evening Telegraph said that Pikachu 's Summer Vacation `` can only be described as a mind - numbingly tedious piece , with no discernible storyline and lots of trippy images and silly voices '' . Wood did note that the main feature had a `` mildly intriguing premise '' , but said that the rest of the film `` was like a martial arts movie without the thrills '' . Reviews of the Japanese version have generally been more positive , and the film has been called a masterpiece by reviewers due to its emotional impact and exploration of ethical topics such as cloning and genetic modification . However , the philosophical themes were criticized being difficult to pick up on due to their complex presentation , especially for a film aimed at children . Box Office ( edit ) In the U.S. box office , Pokémon : The First Movie was an instant commercial success , debuting at number one and earning $10.1 million on its Wednesday opening day . During its first weekend , it grossed $31 million and went on to generate a total of $50.8 million since its Wednesday launch in 3,043 theaters , averaging to about $10,199 per venue over the three - day span . It also held the record for being the animated feature with the highest opening weekend in November , which would be broken two weeks later by Toy Story 2 . Despite a 59.72 % drop in its second weekend to $12.5 million , the film made $67.4 million within 12 days . It closed on February 27 , 2000 , earning $85.7 million in North America , and $77.9 million in other territories . Worldwide , the film made $163.6 million , making it the highest - grossing anime film in the United States and the fourth highest - grossing animated film based on a television show worldwide .", "9": "It was also the highest - grossing film based on a video game at the time , until 2001 's Lara Croft : Tomb Raider . Commercially , Takeshi Shudo states the film fared better overall in the U.S. than it did in its home country . Home Media ( edit ) The film was included in the Blu - ray compilation titled Pikachu Movie Premium 1998 - 2010 in Japan on November 28 , 2012 . Viz Media has announced that a limited edition Blu - ray Steelbook containing the first three Pokémon films will be released on February 9 , 2016 , along with single releases on DVD ( These are : Pokémon : The First Movie , Pokémon : The Movie 2000 and Pokémon 3 : The Movie ) . In accommodation with the 20th anniversary of the Pokémon franchise , a digitally remastered version of the film was released on iTunes , Amazon and Google Play on February 27 , 2016 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Pokémon : The First Movie ( soundtrack ) Pokémon : The First Movie Music From and Inspired by the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to the first Pokémon film in the United States , It was released on November 10 , 1999 , on Compact Disc and Compact Cassette . `` Do n't Say You Love Me '' by M2M was released as a single from the album . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pokemon : The First Movie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Helen ( 2008 ) . 500 essential Anime Movies . Collins Design . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 147450 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mewtwo Strikes Back : The Kanzenban '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Takeshi Shudo . `` WEB Animation Magazine : 第 183 回『ミュウツーの逆襲』疲れました . '' ( in Japanese ) . STYLE CO ,. LTD . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ YouChew .", "10": "`` Why ' Pokémon : Mewtwo Strikes Back ' Is Much Better Than We Thought '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeshi Shudo . `` WEB Animation Magazine : 第 167 回ポケモン事件前までの『ミュウツーの逆襲』 '' ( in Japanese ) . STYLE CO ,. LTD . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Pokémon '' . Pokémon : The First Movie official website . Warner Bros. 1999 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tobin , Joseph Jay ( 2004 ) . Pikachu 's Global Adventure : The Rise and Fall of Pokémon . Duke University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3287 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Phenomenon '' . Pokémon : The First Movie official website . Warner Bros. 1999 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pokémon : The First Movie DVD Audio Commentary Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Live - Action Movie a Go at Legendary '' . Variety . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Return of Pokémania Bring Us a Pokémon Movie ? '' . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE BIRTH OF MEWTWO CD DRAMA '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Animerica Interview Toshihiro Ono. `` '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . VIZ Media . May 10 , 2000 . Retrieved on May 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon : The First Movie Coming Back to Theaters for Two Days '' . Comicbook.com .", "11": "Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Pokémon : The First Movie On The Big Screen ! '' . pokemon.com . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Pokémon : The First Movie On The Big Screen ! '' . pokemon.com . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Film `` Mewtwo Strikes Back '' to Get Complete HD Remastering ! `` . otakumode.com . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場版ポケモン「ミュウツーの逆襲」完全版が HD リマスターに 5 月 3 日テレビ東京他で初放送 '' . animeanime.jp . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon The First Movie - Mewtwo Strikes Back Special Event ! '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the First Movie - Mewtwo vs. Mew ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon : The First Movie - Mewtwo Strikes Back ! reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon : The First Movie DVD - Review - '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Butters , Patrick . `` Lame Script , Wooden Characters Make Pokémon a Joke , Man ; The Washington Times . November 10 , 1999 . pg 5 . Jump up ^ Michael Wood , `` Cinema : Okay Pokey ; Go2 , '' Coventry Evening Telegraph ( England ) April 14 , 2000 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` 「劇場版ポケットモンスターミュウツーの逆襲」のレビュー感想 / 評価 '' . anikore.jp . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場版ポケットモンスターミュウツーの逆襲 '' . Eiga . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場版ポケットモンスター / ミュウツーの逆襲 '' . Yahoo Japan : Movies . Yahoo Japan . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon : The First Movie ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Video Game Adaptation Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo - Video Game Adaptation . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnesen , Jon ( February 5 , 2000 ) . `` M2M make their name via Atlantic '' . Music & Media . 17 ( 6 ) : 3 . External links ( edit ) Pokémon portal Film portal Pokémon : The First Movie on IMDb Pokémon : The First Movie at AllMovie Pokémon : The First Movie at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Pokémon : The First Movie at Rotten Tomatoes Pokémon : The First Movie at Box Office Mojo Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc .", "13": "The Pokémon Company Video games ( Video games list ) Main series Red & Blue Yellow Gold & Silver ( Crystal ) Ruby & Sapphire Emerald Diamond & Pearl Platinum Black & White Black 2 & White 2 X & Y Sun & Moon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon Remakes FireRed & LeafGreen HeartGold & SoulSilver Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Console games Snap Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD : Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution Pokkén Tournament Other Go Mystery Dungeon TCG Online Shuffle Duel Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) Original Indigo League `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! 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Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Team Rocket Meowth Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . 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-248879071981501725	who wrote the theme song to law and order	[ "Mike Post", "Mike Post", "Mike Post (born Leland Michael Postil", "Mike Post", "Mike Post" ]	{ "0": "Mike Post - wikipedia Mike Post Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mike Post Birth name Leland Michael Postil ( 1944 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1944 ( age 73 ) Berkeley , California , United States Origin Los Angeles , California , United States Genres Rock , pop , soul Occupation ( s ) Producer , songwriter , musician , composer , arranger Instruments Vocals , guitar , bass guitar , keyboard Years active 1970 -- present Associated acts The Murmaids , Mason Williams , the Outcasts , Kenny Rogers , the First Edition , Van Halen Mike Post ( born Leland Michael Postil , September 29 , 1944 ) is an American composer , best known for his TV theme songs for such series as Law & Order , Law & Order : SVU , The A-Team , NYPD Blue , Renegade , The Rockford Files , L.A. Law , Quantum Leap , Magnum , P.I. , and Hill Street Blues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early musical career 2 Television theme music 3 Inventions from the Blue Line 4 In popular culture 5 Discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Hot 100 singles 6 References 7 External links Early musical career ( edit ) Post 's first credited work in music was cutting demos using two singing sisters , Terry and Carol Fischer . With Sally Gordon , they went on to become The Murmaids . Their first single , `` Popsicles and Icicles '' ( written by David Gates ) , was a # 3 hit song in January 1964 . Post also provided early guidance for the garage rock band the Outcasts while in basic training in San Antonio , Texas . He was the songwriter and producer for both songs on the band 's first single , released in 1965 , and also arranged a local concert where they served as the back - up band .", "1": "He won his first Grammy at age 23 for Best Instrumental Arrangement on Mason Williams ' `` Classical Gas '' , a # 2 hit song in 1968 . He is also credited as the producer for Williams ' LP that included this song , The Mason Williams Phonograph Record . Billed as the Mike Post Coalition , their track `` Afternoon of the Rhino '' became a sought - after Northern soul track . The single peaked at # 47 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1975 . Post also worked with Kenny Rogers and produced the first three albums he recorded with his country / rock group the First Edition ( between 1967 and 1969 ) . Post also produced Dolly Parton 's hit album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs in 1981 . Much later , in 1997 , he produced Van Halen 's Van Halen III album . Television theme music ( edit ) One of his first jobs in television started when he was 24 , as the musical director on The Andy Williams Show . Another early job was writing the theme music for the short - lived detective series Toma in 1973 , but his big breakthrough ( together with co-composer Pete Carpenter ) came in the following year with his theme song for The Rockford Files , another series by producer Stephen J. Cannell . The theme also got cross-over Top 40 radio airplay and earned a second Grammy for Post . `` The Rockford Files '' theme became a Top 10 hit in both the U.S. ( # 10 ) and Canada ( # 8 ) . It ranks as the 85th biggest U.S. hit of 1975 , and the 84th biggest Canadian hit of 1975 . Post subsequently won Grammys for Best Instrumental Composition for the themes of the television shows Hill Street Blues in 1981 and L.A. Law in 1988 as well as another Grammy in 1981 for Best Instrumental Performance for the Hill Street Blues theme , which also reached number 10 in the U.S. The Law & Order `` dun , dun '' sound Problems playing this file ? See media help . Post won an Emmy for his Murder One theme music , and had previously been nominated for NYPD Blue , among others . He has won BMI Awards for the music for L.A.", "2": "Law , Hunter , and the various Law & Order series . The theme for The Greatest American Hero ( co-written with Stephen Geyer ) is one of the few television themes to reach as high as # 2 as a single record on the Billboard Hot 100 . The iconic `` dun , dun '' sound effect he created for the Law & Order franchise has entered popular culture . At the peak of his career , Post was the go - to composer for all of the series created by Donald P. Bellisario , Steven Bochco , Stephen J. Cannell and Dick Wolf . Due to the considerable amount of music to be created , Post operated an office with multiple staff composers , among them Walter Murphy , Velton Ray Bunch , Frank Denson , Jerry Grant and Greg Edmonson , all composing side by side in cubicles . Each would write music cues to complement specific scenes from each show in Post 's signature style . Other TV music works include The A-Team , Baa Baa Black Sheep , Blossom , CHiPs , The Commish , Doogie Howser , M.D. , Greatest American Hero , Hardcastle and McCormick , Hooperman , Hunter , Magnum , P.I. , NewsRadio , Profit , Quantum Leap , Renegade , Riptide , Silk Stalkings , Stingray , Tales of the Gold Monkey , Tenspeed and Brown Shoe , The White Shadow , Wiseguy , the BBC series Roughnecks , Law & Order , and Philly . In 1994 , Post scored the Diagnosis : Murder episode `` How To Murder Your Lawyer , '' designed as a backdoor pilot for a lawyer series . In 2014 , Post composed the score for the fake TV plot Caged Heat in the Marvel One - Shot All Hail the King for Marvel Studios . Inventions from the Blue Line ( edit ) In 1994 , Post released a CD , called Inventions from the Blue Line . The CD contained several of his well - known themes , featuring NYPD Blue and also including Law & Order , Silk Stalkings and Renegade . In the liner notes , he discussed his late father , Sam Postil , and the admiration for law enforcement officers that Sam instilled in Mike .", "3": "He also referred to police in the traditional nickname of `` blues '' , as in The Thin Blue Line ( referring to the police in general and to police camaraderie ) . One of the tracks is called `` The Blue Line '' , which Post calls `` the comradery theme '' . In popular culture ( edit ) The Pete Townshend song `` Mike Post Theme '' , which alludes to the ubiquity of Post 's work in television theme music , appears on The Who 's 2006 album , Endless Wire . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) 1969 : Fused ( as The Mike Post Coalition ) ; Warner Bros. - Seven Arts ( LP ) 1975 : Railhead Overture ; MGM ( LP ) 1982 : Television Theme Songs ; Elektra ( LP ) 1988 : Music from L.A. Law and Otherwise ; Polydor ( LP ) 1994 : Inventions from the Blue Line ; American Gramaphone ( CD ) Hot 100 Singles ( edit ) The following singles credited to Mike Post charted on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart : `` The Rockford Files '' ( # 10 , 1975 ) `` Manhattan Spiritual '' ( # 56 , 1975 ) `` Theme From Greatest American Hero ( Believe It or Not ) '' ( # 2 , 1981 ) `` The Theme from Hill Street Blues '' ( # 10 , 1981 ) `` Theme from Magnum P.I. '' ( # 25 , 1982 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Review from Fuzz , Acid and Flowers , partially reproduced on www.dennysguitars.com/outcasts1.html Jump up ^ Maconie , Stuart ( 2004 ) . Cider With Roadies ( 1st ed . ) . London : Random House . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 189115 - 9 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 432 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 .", "4": "^ Jump up to : `` Who is Mike Post , and what were his contributions to music ? - eNotes '' . eNotes . Jump up ^ https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4009a&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=9rcle2uno9iqd7fp29i24m0c30 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4057a&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=9rcle2uno9iqd7fp29i24m0c30 Jump up ^ Dan Gunderman ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Examining the legendary ' dun , dun ' sound from ' Law & Order ' on the anniversary of the pilot episode '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1991 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 1990 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 455 .", "5": "Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1981-08-22 External links ( edit ) Book : Mike Post Mike Post on IMDb Biography at Museum TV website Biography On Enotes.com Mike Post Archive of American Television Interview Mike Post Interview - NAMM Oral History Library ( 2016 ) VIAF : 24794828 LCCN : n91086868 ISNI : 0000 0000 7364 7420 GND : 13448763X BNF : cb13971387j ( data ) MusicBrainz : 8a667f87 - 540c - 4635 - 87bb - a9151693935f SNAC : w6x0768x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Post&oldid=837420185 '' Categories : 1944 births American composers American male composers American record producers American television composers Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people Male television composers Musicians from Berkeley , California Primetime Emmy Award winners Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4166288673192618908	most of new zealands land supports which economic activity	[ "Pastoral farming", "agriculture", "Pastoral farming", "Pastoral farming" ]	{ "0": "Agriculture in New Zealand - Wikipedia Agriculture in New Zealand Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2017 ) A bullock wagon team taking wool from a farm station . The number of sheep in New Zealand peaked in the 1980s and is now reducing due to lower profits . In New Zealand , agriculture is the largest sector of the tradable economy , contributing about two - thirds of exported goods in 2006 - 7 . For the year ended March 2002 , agricultural exports were valued at over $14.8 billion . New Zealand is unique in being the only developed country to be totally exposed to the international markets since subsidies , tax concessions and price supports for the agricultural sector were removed in the 1980s . However , as of 2017 , the New Zealand Government still provides state investment in infrastructure which supports agriculture . Pastoral farming is the major land use but there are increases in land area devoted to horticulture . New Zealand is a member of the Cairns Group , which is seeking to have free trade in agricultural goods . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Sectors 2.1 Pastoral farming 2.2 Forestry 2.3 Horticulture 2.4 Aquaculture 2.5 Beekeeping 3 Organic farming 4 Environmental impacts 5 Agricultural pests 5.1 Animal pests 5.2 Plant pests 6 Biosecurity 7 Tenure review 8 Agricultural organisations 9 Future of New Zealand agriculture 10 Impact on New Zealand culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Early label from a tin of mutton from New Zealand The government offered a number of subsidies during the 1970s to assist farmers after the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community and by the early 1980s government support provided some farmers with 40 percent of their income . In 1984 the Labour government ended all farm subsidies under Rogernomics , and by 1990 the agricultural industry became the most deregulated sector in New Zealand .", "1": "To stay competitive in the heavily subsidised European and US markets New Zealand farmers had to increase the efficiency of their operations . Animal farming is pasture based ; cows and sheep are rarely housed or fed large quantities of grain , with most farmers using grass based supplements such as hay and silage during feed shortages . Pigs are usually kept indoors , either in gestation crates , farrowing crates , fattening pens , or group housing . Sectors ( edit ) Pastoral farming ( edit ) Beef and dairy cattle are important components of New Zealand agriculture See also : Dairy farming in New Zealand In Northland , the major form of pastoral farming is beef cattle . In the Waikato and Taranaki areas , dairy cattle predominate . Through the rest of New Zealand , sheep farming is the major rural activity , with beef cattle farming in the hills and high country , and dairying increasing in Canterbury , Otago and Southland . New Zealand is the world 's eighth largest milk producer , with about 2.2 % of world production . Total production was 1.3 billion kg of milk solids , and NZD 8.38 billion of dairy products were exported in the year ending 30 September 2007 . There are approximately 4.2 million dairy milking cows in New Zealand , and 5.26 million dairy cattle in total at 30 June 2007 , an increase from 3 million in 1982 . In mid-2005 , there were 12,786 dairy farms , with a total area of 2.1 million hectares . Traditional dairy production areas are the wetter areas of the country : Waikato , Taranaki , Southland , Northland , Horowhenua , Manawatu and Westland . Fonterra is the major processor of milk in New Zealand . It processes 94.8 percent of all milk solids from dairy farms . Other large dairy companies are Tatua Co-operative Dairy Company , Westland Milk Products and Synlait . Rural landscape with sheep Livestock is predominantly grass - fed , but hay and silage is used in the winter months to make up for slower pasture growth . There were 38.5 million sheep and 4.39 million beef cattle in New Zealand in June 2007 .", "2": "The number of sheep saw a substantial fall from the 70.3 million in 1982 , while beef cattle numbers declined by about ten percent over the same period . In June 2006 . 573,000 tonnes of sheep meat was produced in 2006 - 7 , and 164,000 tonnes of clean wool . NZD 2.08 billion of lamb , NZD 283 million of mutton , and NZD 938 million of raw wool and wool products was exported in the year ending 30 September 2007 . Production of beef and veal in 2006 - 7 was 623,000 tonnes , with NZD 1.64 billion in exports . There were 13,254 beef farms , 13,905 sheep farms and 1,614 mixed beef / sheep farms in 2005 , with areas of 1.5 million hectares , 8.1 million hectares , and 655,000 hectares respectively . Deer farming has increased dramatically from a herd of 150,000 in 1982 to 1.59 million in 2006 , with 1,617 deer farms occupying 218,000 hectares of land in 2005 . NZD 252 million of venison was exported in the year ending 30 September 2007 . New Zealand is the largest exporter of farmed venison in the world . In the 1970s and 80s there was a huge industry carrying out live deer recovery from forested areas of New Zealand . The deer are a pest animal that has a negative impact on the biodiversity of New Zealand . The deer - farm stock was bred from the recovered wild animals . In 2005 , there were 264 pig farms with a total area of 12,831 hectares . There were also 855 mixed livestock farms and 633 other livestock farms , with areas of 178 and 18,000 hectares , respectively . The 50,000 tonnes of pork produced in 2007 was supplemented by 40,000 tonnes of imported pork products to meet domestic demand . 14.7 million chickens were raised for meat in 2007 , with 145 tonnes of chicken meat produced . No other poultry is raised in significant numbers in New Zealand . Approximately 3.1 million laying hens are kept , producing 900 million eggs in 2006 .", "3": "Goats are also farmed for meat , milk , and mohair , and to control weeds . Forestry ( edit ) Logging tracks in Marlborough Main article : Forestry in New Zealand Milling of New Zealand 's extensive native forests was one of the earliest industries in the settlement of the country . The long , straight hardwood from the kauri was ideal for ship masts and spars . As the new colony was established , timber was the most common building material , and vast areas of native forest were cleared . Rimu , tōtara , matai , and miro were the favoured timbers . The Monterrey Pine , Pinus radiata was introduced to New Zealand in the 1850s . It thrived in the conditions , reaching maturity in 28 years , much faster than in its native California . It was found to grow well in the infertile acidic soil of the volcanic plateau , where attempts at agriculture had failed . The Government initiated planting of exotic forests in 1899 at Whakarewarewa , near Rotorua . This was to address growing timber shortages as slow - growing native forests were exhausted . In the 1930s , vast areas of land were planted in Pinus radiata by relief workers . The largest tract was the 188,000 - hectare Kāingaroa forest , the largest plantation forest in the world . As the major forests matured , processing industries such as the Kinleith Mill at Tokoroa and the Tasman Mill at Kawerau were established . Plantation forests of various sizes can now be found in all regions of New Zealand except Central Otago and Fiordland . In 2006 their total area was 1.8 million hectares , with 89 % in Pinus radiata and 5 % in Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) Log harvesting in 2006 was 18.8 million m , down from 22.5 million m in 2003 . This is projected to rise as high as 30 million m as newer forests mature . The value of all forestry exports ( logs , chips , sawn timber , panels and paper products ) for the year ended 31 March 2006 was $ NZ 3.62 billion . This is projected to rise to $4.65 billion by 2011 .", "4": "Australia accounts for just over 25 % of export value , mostly paper products , followed by Japan , South Korea , China and the United States . Within the New Zealand economy , forestry accounts for approximately 4 % of national GDP . On the global stage , the New Zealand forestry industry is a relatively small contributor in terms of production , accounting for 1 % of global wood supply for industrial purposes . Horticulture ( edit ) Vineyard in Marlborough There are about 400 growers of stone fruit who utilise 3000 hectares of land , mostly in the Hawke 's Bay and Otago regions . Three quarters of the fruit produced is consumed domestically . Peaches , nectarines and plums are produced for domestic consumption , and apricots and cherries , almost all from Otago , are exported . About 30 varieties of apples and pears are exported , with over 16 million tray carton equivalents ( 18 kg ) of apples and 300,000 tce 's of pears exported in 2007 . Most pipfruit is grown in the Hawke 's Bay and Tasman regions , with about 10,000 hectares planted . Kiwifruit is grown in many regions of the North Island and in the north of the South Island , but is most concentrated in the Bay of Plenty . There are 2,700 kiwifruit growers , with over 13,000 hectares planted . Over 80 million trays of kiwifruit were exported in 2006 , about one - quarter of the world 's production . Kiwifruit is New Zealand 's largest horticultural export by value . In 2007 there were over 29 , 0000 hectares planted in grapes ( mostly in Marlborough , Hawke 's Bay and Gisborne ) , 205,000 tonnes of grapes were produced , and there were 543 wineries . Citrus fruit is grown in Gisborne , Northland and Auckland . Blackcurrants and other berry fruits are grown in Tasman , Waikato , Canterbury and Auckland . Avocados and other subtropical fruits are grown in Northland and the Bay of Plenty . Total exports of fresh fruit were worth NZD 1,200 million in 2007 , and NZD 105 million of processed fruit was also exported .", "5": "76 million litres of wine , worth NZD 698 million , was exported . Hay bales in Otago Almost all hay and silage is consumed on the same farm as it is produced . Most supplementary feed crops are grown in the South Island , where the colder climate forces additional feeding of stock during winter . Wheat is mostly grown in the Canterbury region and is used for domestic consumption in bread and biscuits . By - products are bran and pollard , which are used for stock feed . Barley is used for stock feed and for malt . Some barley is exported , depending on international price fluctuations . Maize is grown in the Waikato and Manawatu - Wanganui regions as feed for chickens , pigs and cattle . Oats are grown in Canterbury and Southland for animal feed , and for rolled oats and oatmeal . Vegetable growing occupies more than 50,000 hectares of land and employs 25,000 people . More than 50 different vegetables are grown in New Zealand . Approximately 1,450 growers produce fresh vegetables with a value of over NZD 400 million in 2007 . NZD 260 million of fresh vegetables , mainly onions and squash , were exported in 2007 . 750 growers produce vegetables worth over NZD 100 million for processing , and NZD 297 million of processed and frozen vegetables , mostly potatoes , sweetcorn and peas , were exported in 2007 . NZD 63 million worth of seeds and bulbs , and NZD 43 million of cut flowers and foliage , were exported in 2007 . Aquaculture ( edit ) Mussel long line in Pelorus Sound Main article : Aquaculture in New Zealand Aquaculture started in New Zealand in the late 1960s and is dominated by mussels , oysters and salmon . In 2007 , aquaculture generated about NZ $360 million in sales on an area of 7,700 hectares with a total of $240 million earned in exports . In 2006 , the aquaculture industry in New Zealand developed a strategy aimed at achieving a sustainable annual billion NZ dollar business by 2025 . In 2007 , the government reacted by offering more support to the growing industry .", "6": "Beekeeping ( edit ) Main article : Beekeeping in New Zealand New Zealand had 2,602 beekeepers at the end of 2007 , who owned 313,399 hives . Total honey production was 9700 tonnes . Pollen , beeswax , and propolis are also produced . Beekeepers provide pollination services to horticulturalists , which generates more income than the products of bee culture . Approximately 20 -- 25,000 queen bees , and 20 tonnes of packaged bees ( which include worker bees and a queen ) are exported live each year . Organic farming ( edit ) Main article : Organic farming in New Zealand Organic farming practices began on a commercial scale in the 1980s and is now an increasing segment of the market with some of the larger companies such as Wattie 's becoming involved . Environmental impacts ( edit ) See also : Environmental issues with agriculture , Environmental impact of meat production , and Water pollution in New Zealand Both the original Māori people and the European colonists made huge changes to New Zealand over a relatively short time . Māori burned forest to flush out game and to encourage the growth of bracken fern , which was used as a food source , and practised agriculture using plants they brought from tropical Polynesia . The Europeans logged and burned off a third of the forest cover to convert land to pastoral farming . In 1993 , the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research summarised available data on the quality of water in rivers . They concluded that `` lowland river reaches in agriculturally developed catchments are in poor condition '' reflecting `` agriculturally derived diffuse and point source waste inputs in isolation or in addition to urban or industrial waste inputs '' . The key contaminants identified in lowland rivers were dissolved inorganic nitrogen , dissolved reactive phosphorus and faecal contamination . Small streams in dairy farming areas were identified as being in very poor condition . New Zealand 's rivers and lakes are becoming increasingly nutrient enriched and degraded by nitrogen , animal faecal matter , and eroded sediment . Many waterways are now unsafe for swimming . Fish and Game New Zealand launched a `` dirty dairying '' campaign to highlight the effect of intensive agriculture on waterways .", "7": "Fonterra , the largest dairy company in New Zealand , in conjunction with government agencies responded with the Dairying and Clean Streams Accord . In 2009 , the Crafar Farms group of dairy farms in the North Island became known as the ' poster boys for dirty dairying ' after a string of prosecutions in the Environment Court for unlawful discharges of dairy effluent . In 2004 the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment released a report on the environmental effects of farming in New Zealand . It noted that the trend was towards an increasing pressure on New Zealand 's natural capital . Between 1994 and 2002 the number of dairy cows increased by 34 % and the land area used grew by just 12 % resulting in a more intensive land use . In the same period synthetic fertiliser use across all sectors grew by 21 % and urea use grew by 160 % . Almost half of the greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand are due to the agricultural sector . A portion of this is due to methane from belching ruminants . An agricultural emissions research levy was proposed , quickly becoming known as the `` Fart Tax '' . The proposed levy encountered opposition from the farming sector and the National Party , resulting in plans for the levy being abandoned . The Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium was formed as an alternative to imposing the levy on farmers . Agricultural pests ( edit ) See also : Invasive species in New Zealand A number of plant and animal introductions into New Zealand has reduced the income from farming . Tight border controls to improve biosecurity have been put into place to ensure any new and unwanted pests and diseases do not enter the country . Monitoring is done around sea and airports to check for any incursions . Animal pests ( edit ) The Common Brushtail Possum was introduced from Australia to establish a fur trade . It soon became one of New Zealand 's most problematic invasive species because of the huge effect on the biodiversity of New Zealand as well affecting agricultural production since it is a vector for Bovine tuberculosis . The disease now endemic in possums across approximately 38 per cent of New Zealand ( known as ' vector risk areas ' ) . In these areas , nearly 70 per cent of new herd infections can be traced back to possums or ferrets .", "8": "The Biosecurity Act 1993 , which established a National Pest Management Strategy , is the legislation behind control of the disease in New Zealand . The Animal Health Board ( AHB ) operates a nationwide programme of cattle testing and possum control with the goal of eradicating M. bovis from wild vector species across 2.5 million hectares -- or one quarter -- of New Zealand 's at - risk areas by 2026 and , eventually , eradicating the disease entirely . Possums are controlled through a combination of trapping , ground - baiting and , where other methods are impractical , aerial treament with 1080 poison . From 1979 -- 1984 , possum control was stopped due to lack of funding . In spite of regular and frequent TB testing of cattle herds , the number of infected herds snowballed and continued to increase until 1994 . The area of New Zealand where there were TB wild animals expanded from about 10 to 40 per cent . That possums are such effective transmitters of TB appears to be facilitated by their behaviour once they succumb to the disease . Terminally ill TB possums will show increasingly erratic behaviour , such as venturing out during the daytime to get enough food to eat , and seeking out buildings in which to keep warm . As a consequence they may wander onto paddocks , where they naturally attract the attention of inquisitive cattle and deer . This behaviour has been captured on video . The introduced Canada Geese became prolific and began to adversely affect pastures and crops . In 2011 restrictions on hunting them were dropped to allow them to be culled . Plant pests ( edit ) Gorse was introduced as a hedgerow plant but has become the most expensive agricultural plant pest costing millions of dollars in efforts to control its spread over farmland . Other serious pasture and crop land plant pest are nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans ) , Californian thistle ( Cirsium arvense ) , ragwort ( Senecio jacobaea ) , broom ( Cytisus scoparius ) , giant buttercup ( Ranunculus acris ) , fat - hen ( Chenopodium album ) , willow weed ( Polygonum persicaria ) , and hawkweed ( Hieracium species ) .", "9": "Biosecurity ( edit ) Main article : Biosecurity in New Zealand Because of its geographical isolation New Zealand is free of some pest and diseases that are problematic for agricultural production in other countries . With a high level of international trade and large numbers of inbound tourists biosecurity is of great importance since new any pest or diseases brought into the country could potentially have a huge effect on the economy of New Zealand . There have been no outbreaks of foot - and - mouth disease in New Zealand . If an outbreak did occur there is potential for severe economic losses given that agricultural exports are a large segment of exports . New Zealand has strict biosecurity measures in place to prevent the introduction of unwanted pests and diseases . Tenure review ( edit ) Main article : Tenure review Many areas of the high country of the South Island were set up as large sheep and cattle stations in the late 19th century . Much of this land was leased from The Crown but after the passing of the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998 the leases were reviewed . Environmentalists and academics raised concerns about the process saying that farmers were gaining an advantage and that conservation issues were not being resolved . Agricultural organisations ( edit ) A fixture in many rural towns is the annual Agricultural and Pastoral ( A&P ) shows where competitions are held for the best livestock and farm produce . Carnivals , sideshows , equestrian events and craft competitions are also held as part of the A&P shows . The Ministry for Primary Industries is the government agency responsible for the agricultural sector . It has both policy and operational arms . Federated Farmers is a large and influential lobby group that represents farmers interests . It has a voluntary membership which stands at over 26,000 . The Soil & Health Association of New Zealand , established in 1941 , promotes organic food and farming . The New Zealand Young Farmers is a national organisation formed in 1927 with regional clubs throughout the country . It runs the annual Young Farmer Contest . Irrigation New Zealand is the national body representing farmers who use irrigation and the irrigation industry . It opposes Water conservation orders . Future of New Zealand agriculture ( edit ) There are two main views on the immediate future of New Zealand agriculture .", "10": "One is that , due to fast - rising consumer demand in India and China , the world is entering a golden age for commodities , and New Zealand is well placed to take advantage of this . The other view is that New Zealand will only gain limited rewards from this boom because of increasing production competition from developing countries . For New Zealand to remain competitive , farmers will either have to intensify production to remain commodity producers ( increasing stock and fertiliser per hectare ) or , instead , become producers of higher value , more customised products . AgResearch Ltd ( New Zealand 's largest Crown Research Institute ) believes that new technologies will allow New Zealand farmers to double their output by 2020 , while simultaneously reducing greenhouse - gas emissions and other detrimental environmental impacts associated with farming practices . Impact on New Zealand culture ( edit ) Rural New Zealand has affected the culture of New Zealand . Country Calendar is a factual television programme about farming methods and country life , and is watched by both rural and urban New Zealanders . The show first premièred on 6 March 1966 , and is the country 's longest - running locally - made television series . The gumboot , a waterproof boot commonly used by farmers and others , is a cultural icon with Taihape hosting an annual Gumboot Day . Fred Dagg , a comedy character created by John Clarke , was a stereotypical farmer wearing a black singlet , shorts and gumboots . Number 8 wire is used for fencing and has become part of the cultural lexicon . It is used for all manner of tasks and it describes the do it yourself mentality of New Zealanders . See also ( edit ) Animal welfare in New Zealand Fishing industry in New Zealand Flax in New Zealand Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand Genetic engineering in New Zealand Pesticides in New Zealand Hump and hollow , a pasture improvement technique National Animal Identification and Tracing Station ( New Zealand agriculture ) Crafar Farms Animal Health Board Regulation of animal research in New Zealand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sarah Brazil , ed. ( 2008 ) . New Zealand Official Yearbook . Statistics New Zealand . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86953 - 717 - 3 . The export figure includes agriculture , horticulture and forestry .", "11": "Jump up ^ Brendan Hutching , ed. ( 2006 ) . New Zealand Official Yearbook . Statistics New Zealand . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86953 - 638 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Background '' . Crown Irrigation Investments . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agricultural trade negotiations '' . New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Nightingale , Tony ( March 2009 ) . `` Government and agriculture -- Subsidies and changing markets , 1946 -- 1983 '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Pickford , John ( October 2004 ) . `` New Zealand 's hardy farm spirit '' . BBC news . Jump up ^ Edwards , Chris ; DeHaven , Tad ( March 2002 ) . `` Save the Farms -- End the Subsidies '' . Washington Post . Cato Institute . Jump up ^ Nightingale , Tony ( June 2010 ) . `` Government and agriculture -- Deregulation and environmental regulations , 1984 onwards '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Wayne ( August 2007 ) . `` Surviving Without Subsidies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ St Clair , Tony ( July 2002 ) . `` Farming without subsidies -- a better way : Why New Zealand agriculture is a world leader '' . European Voice . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Welfare '' . NZ Pork Board . June 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 359 Jump up ^ `` Situation and outlook for New Zealand agriculture and forestry ( August 2007 ) '' . Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . August 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 .", "12": "^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 358 ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , pp 360 -- 61 Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 365 ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , pp 368 -- 9 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Official yearbook , 1990 Jump up ^ McKinnon , Malcolm ( 20 December 2010 ) . `` Volcanic Plateau region '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Situation and outlook for New Zealand agriculture and forestry '' . NZ Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . August 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Forestry Industry in New Zealand '' . Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . Archived from the original on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , pp 370 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , pp 372 -- 73 Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 374 Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 370 Jump up ^ Smith , CM ; Vant , WN ; Smith , DG ; Cooper , AB ; Wilcock , RL ( April 1993 ) . `` Freshwater quality in New Zealand and the influence of agriculture '' . Consultancy Report No . MAF056 . National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research . ^ Jump up to : Oram , R. ( 2007 ) . The RMA now and in the future , paper presented at the Beyond the RMA conference , Environmental Defence Society , Auckland , NZ , 30 -- 31 May Jump up ^ Leaman , Aaron ; Neems , Jeff ( 29 August 2009 ) .", "13": "`` Acting ' too late ' costs farmers $90 k '' . Waikato Times . Fairfax Media Ltd . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Kissun , Sudesh ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` Things could have been done better : Crafar '' . Rural News . Rural News Group Limited . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . The Reporoa farmer , used by environmental groups as a poster boy for dirty dairying , is unhappy with some things happening on his farms Jump up ^ PCE ( October 2004 ) . Growing for good : Intensive farming , sustainability and New Zealand 's environment . Wellington : Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Images : Farmers Fart Tax Protest At Parliament '' . scoop.co.nz. 4 September 2003 . Retrieved 1 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBfree New Zealand programme '' . Jump up ^ `` The use of 1080 for pest control -- 3.1 Possums as reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis '' . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Future freedom from bovine TB , Graham Nugent ( Landcare Research ) '' . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Paul Livingstone letter to the editor '' . Gisborne Herald . 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rowan ( 1997 ) . Ian Smith , ed . The State of New Zealand 's Environment 1997 . Wellington : Ministry for the Environment . ISBN 0 - 478 - 09000 - 5 . Jump up ^ Biosecurity New Zealand Foot and mouth disease Jump up ^ http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/enter Jump up ^ Royal Agricultural Society Jump up ^ `` Water Conservation Orders Have No Role In Sustainable Future '' ( Press release ) . Irrigation NZ. 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) A lasting Legacy -- A 125 year history of New Zealand Farming since the first Frozen Meat Shipment , Ed .", "14": "Colin Williscroft PMP , NZ Rural Press Limited , Auckland , 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in New Zealand . Ministry for Primary Industires Statistics New Zealand -- Primary production page MPI Biosecurity New Zealand Organics Aotearoa New Zealand Soil & Health Association of New Zealand Country - Wide magazine -- In - depth information helping farmers make more money ( based in New Zealand ) The Deer Farmer -- The Deer Farmer Business Independent : The world 's premier deer farming journal ( based in New Zealand ) The Farmer in New Zealand ( 1941 Centennial publication ) The TBfree New Zealand programme New Zealand articles History Timeline Military history Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand Wars Women 's suffrage New Zealand and Antarctica Colony Dominion Independence Geography Biodiversity Caves Climate Earthquakes Environment Geology Islands North Island South Island Lakes Marine reserves National parks Rivers Time zones Cities Auckland Christchurch Dunedin Hamilton Invercargill New Plymouth Napier -- Hastings Nelson Palmerston North Rotorua Tauranga Wellington capital Subdivisions Regions Territorial authorities Politics Constitution Elections Electoral system Political parties Foreign relations Human rights Disability Intersex LGBT Transgender Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Law enforcement Military Monarchy Parliament ( House of Representatives ) Government Cabinet Governor - General list", "15": "Ministers Ministries Prime Minister list Economy Agriculture Companies Energy Rogernomics Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Society Citizenship Crime Demographics Education Immigration Languages Māori New Zealand English New Zealand Sign Language People `` Kiwi '' Māori Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Māori culture Media Music National symbols Coat of arms Flag Public holidays Radio Religion Sport Television Outline Book Portal Agriculture in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "16": "php?title=Agriculture_in_New_Zealand&oldid=835801151 '' Categories : Agriculture in New Zealand Hidden categories : Use New Zealand English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Use dmy dates from August 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 21 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3751151608766304585	where did the easter lily get its name	[ "in Christianity, it is a symbol of the resurrection of Christ, which is celebrated during Eastertide", "because in Christianity, it is a symbol of the resurrection of Christ, which is celebrated during Eastertide" ]	{ "0": "Lilium longiflorum - Wikipedia Lilium longiflorum Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese . ( September 2012 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Japanese article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated ja テッポウユリ ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Lilium longiflorum Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) : Angiosperms ( unranked ) : Monocots Order : Liliales Family : Liliaceae Genus : Lilium Species : L. longiflorum Binomial name Lilium longiflorum Thunb . Lilium longiflorum ( Japanese : テッポウユリ , Teppōyuri ) , often called the Easter lily , is a plant endemic to both Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands ( Japan ) . Lilium formosana , a closely related species from Taiwan , has been treated as a variety of Easter lily in the past . It is a stem rooting lily , growing up to 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) high .", "1": "It bears a number of trumpet shaped , white , fragrant , and outward facing flowers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 Cultivation 3 Use in Eastertide 4 History 5 Chemistry 6 Toxicity 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Features ( edit ) Plants tend to grow from about 50 cm ( 20 in ) to 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) tall . They have long oval leaves and the vein enters the horizontal direction . From April to June , the plant 's flowering season , it produces pure white flowers on top of the stem . The stem has a cylindrical shape , with a diameter of about 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) . Cultivation ( edit ) A variety of it , L. longiflorum var . eximium , native to the Ryukyu Islands , is taller and more vigorous . It is extensively cultivated for cut flowers . It has irregular blooming periods in nature , and this is exploited in cultivation , allowing it to be forced for flowering at particular periods , such as Easter . However , it can be induced to flower over a much wider period . This variety is sometimes called the Bermuda lily because it has been much cultivated in Bermuda . Lilium longiflorum ' Pink - Heaven ' Use in Eastertide ( edit ) Lilium longiflorum is known as the Easter lily because in Christianity , it is a symbol of the resurrection of Christ , which is celebrated during Eastertide . The `` lily has always been highly regarded in the Church '' , as Jesus Himself referenced the flower , saying `` Consider the lilies how they grow : they toil not , they spin not ; and yet I say unto you , that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these '' ( Luke 12 : 27 ) . Moreover , according to pious legend , `` after Jesus ' death and resurrection , some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane , where Jesus went to pray the night before His crucifixion . Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus ' sweat fell as he prayed '' . In many Christian churches , the chancel is adorned with Easter lilies throughout the Paschal season .", "2": "A poem of the early 1900s titled Easter Lilies by S.R. Allen , delineates this custom : Somewhere while the Easter lilies Swing their perfumed censers white , Softened rays of sunlight falling In lines aslant , and warm , and bright , Shall gild the altar , nave and chancel ; Rest with tender roseate ray On the font , enwreathed with lilies For baptismal rites today . Another pilgrim on the journey From the cradle to the tomb , Shall receive a name and blessing While the Easter lilies bloom . -- Mrs. S.R. Allen History ( edit ) From the 1890s to the early 1920s , there was a thriving export trade of bulbs from Bermuda to New York . A disease affected the Bermuda lilies : this was identified by Lawrence Ogilvie . In 1903 , USDA Agricultural Research Services ( ARS ) started to distribute disease free plant materials and seeds . The agency also started a breeding program , and released one of the first dwarf cultivars for potted - plant production in 1929 . Prior to USDA 's effort , lily bulbs were mostly imported from Japan before the 1940s . The supply of bulbs was suddenly cut off after the attack on Pearl Harbor and Easter lilies became extremely valuable in the United States . Currently , nearly all Easter lily bulbs used in North America are grown on coastal bottom lands in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon , particularly in the town of Smith River , California , according to the trade association Easter Lily Research Association , as cited in an article on takepart.com Chemistry ( edit ) The Easter lily is a rich source of steroidal glycosides . It also contains bitter principles such as 3 , 6 ′ - diferuloylsucrose . Toxicity ( edit ) Some Lilium species are toxic to cats . This is known to be so especially for L. longiflorum , though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms . The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined , but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium ( composing the substance of the kidney and secreting , collecting , and conducting urine ) , which can cause acute renal failure .", "3": "Veterinary help should be sought , as a matter of urgency , for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily -- including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins , Cynthia ( 19 April 2014 ) . `` Easter Lily Tradition and History '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ . Churches of all denominations , large and small , are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet - like shape on Easter morning . Jump up ^ Schell , Stanley ( 1916 ) . Easter Celebrations . Werner & Company . p. 84 . We associate the lily with Easter , as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Soares , Theodore Gerald ( 1907 ) . The Week of Our Lord 's Passion . Hope Publishing Company . p. 210 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . The lily has always been highly regarding in the Church . Jesus said `` Consider the lilies . '' The white lily is the symbol of purity . There is a peculiar fitness in the choice of this flower as an Easter emblem . Its bulb is hidden in the earth , and waits the coming of the Easter season to spring forth and blossom . Beautiful in itself it is still more beautiful in its sacred significance . Jump up ^ Hafer , Todd ( 2006 ) . Easter A to Z . Hallmark Cards , Incorporated . p. 17 . ISBN 9781595301079 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Easter lilies are , perhaps , the most famous holiday flowers of all time . Sometime after Jesus ' death and resurrection , some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane , where Jesus went to pray the night before His crucifixion . Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus ' sweat fell as he prayed and became very sad about what was happening to Him . Jump up ^ Swenson , Allan A. ( 2002 ) . Flowers of the Bible : And How to Grow Them . Kensington Publishing Corporation . p. 182 .", "4": "ISBN 9780806523149 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Christian tradition also says that lilies were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane after Christ 's agony . Jump up ^ Luther League Review : 1936 - 1937 . Luther League of America . 1936 . There were Easter lilies everywhere , on the platform in Sunday School , and the church was full of them , around the organ , along the chancel rail , inside the chancel , the whole front of the church seemed full of them . Jump up ^ Franklin , Estelle Eva ( 1906 ) . Home Science Magazine . Lore of the Lily : Beautiful Traditions That are Associated With the Easter Flower - Its Universality . Home Science Publishing Company . p. 550 . The Easter lily , the emblem of the Christian church for centuries , is probably more largely used for decoration of altar and shrine throughout the civilized world , in the festival of the Resurrection , than all other flowers combined . Jump up ^ Ludwig , O.C. ; S.R. Allen ( 1906 ) . Pictures and Poems of Arkansas . Easter Lilies . Sketch Book Publishing Co. p. 103 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Easter Lilies and the Role of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center '' ( PDF ) . USDA - ARS . Jump up ^ `` Are Your Easter Lilies Poisoning This California Town ? '' . Participant Media . Jump up ^ Munafo , JP ; Gianfagna , TJ ( 2011 ) . `` Quantitative analysis of steroidal glycosides in different organs of Easter lily ( Lilium longiflorum Thunb . ) by LC - MS / MS '' . J Agric Food Chem. 59 ( 3 ) : 995 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1021 / jf1036454 . PMID 21235207 . Jump up ^ Shoyama , Yukihiro ; Hatano , Koji ; Nishioka , Itsuo ; Yamagishi , Takashi ( 1987 ) . `` Phenolic glycosides from Lilium longiflorum '' . Phytochemistry.", "5": "26 ( 11 ) : 2965 . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9422 ( 00 ) 84572 - 0 . Jump up ^ Langston CE ( January 2002 ) . `` Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats '' . J. Am. Vet . Med . Assoc. 220 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 52 , 36 . doi : 10.2460 / javma. 2002.220. 49 . PMID 12680447 . Jump up ^ Hall J ( 1992 ) . `` Nephrotoxicity of Easter Lily ( Lilium longiflorum ) when ingested by the cat '' . Proc Annu Meet Am Vet Int Med. 6 : 121 . Jump up ^ Volmer P ( April 1999 ) . `` Easter lily toxicosis in cats '' ( PDF ) . Vet Med : 331 . Jump up ^ `` Lily poisoning in cats -- Vet Help Direct Blog '' . Further reading ( edit ) Vidali , Luis ; Hepler , Peter K. ( 1997 ) . `` Characterization and localization of profilin in pollen grains and tubes ofLilium longiflorum '' . Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 36 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 338 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0169 ( 1997 ) 36 : 4 < 323 : : AID - CM3 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 6 . ISSN 0886 - 1544 . PMID 9096955 . Holm , Preben Bach ( 1977 ) . `` Three - dimensional reconstruction of chromosome pairing during the zygotene stage of meiosis in Lilium longiflorum ( thunb . ) '' . Carlsberg Research Communications . 42 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 151 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02906489 . ISSN 0105 - 1938 . Reiss , Hans - Dieter ; Herth , Werner ( 1979 ) .", "6": "`` Calcium ionophore A 23187 affects localized wall secretion infqu hoeegion of pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum '' . Planta. 145 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 232 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00454445 . ISSN 0032 - 0935 . PMID 24317727 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lilium longiflorum . www.", "7": "the - genus - lilium : Lilium longiflorum Lilium longiflorum in Flora of China Taxon identifiers Wd : Q311206 EoL : 1002644 EPPO : LILLO GBIF : 2753336 GRIN : 22176 iNaturalist : 223669 IPNI : 537642 - 1 ITIS : 503456 NCBI : 4690 NZOR : a78d1906 - 6061 - 4de0 - 9255 - d7a090aa0cac Plant List : kew - 280023 PLANTS : LILO3 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 537642 - 1 Tropicos : 18400675 WCSP : 280023 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilium_longiflorum&oldid=837030455 '' Categories : Lilium Flora of Japan Flora of the Ryukyu Islands Garden plants of Asia Easter traditions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from September 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska 日本語 Português Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 08 : 39 . 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4516152596710512476	who owns the biggest house in beverly hills	[ "Anthony Pritzker", "Anthony Pritzker", "Anthony Pritzker", "Anthony Pritzker" ]	{ "0": "List of largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area - wikipedia List of largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area Jump to : navigation , search This List of largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area includes 12 single - family residences that are known to equal or exceed 30,000 square feet of livable space within the main house . The official square footage of the largest houses in Los Angeles excludes ancillary buildings such as guest quarters and pool houses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Proximity 2 Largest houses by floor space 3 See also 4 References Proximity ( edit ) Eleven of the 12 homes lie within what is known as the Platinum Triangle including three in Holmby Hills and four in Beverly Hills . Another four of these houses are situated in Bel Air within a 1000 - foot radius . Largest houses by floor space ( edit ) Rank Square footage Name Acreage Address Neighborhood Private Owner ( birthplace ) Year completed Bedrooms Bathrooms Est . Last Sale Price Est . Price / sqft . References 55,005 The Manor at Holmby Hills 4.7 acres 594 South Mapleton Drive Holmby Hills Petra Stunt ( England ) 7 29 $85,000,000 ( 2011 ) $1,545 51,000 Hacienda De La Paz 7.27 acres 1 Buggy Whip Drive Rolling Hills John Z . Blazevich ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2008 9 25 $2,050,000 ( 1993 ) ( lot only ) - 49,300 The Pritzker Estate 3.11 acres 1261 Angelo Drive Beverly Hills Anthony Pritzker ( United States ) 2012 unknown unknown $14,700,147 ( 2005 ) ( previous home on lot ) - 45,891 457 Bel Air Road 4.01 acres 457 Bel Air Road Bel Air Beny Alagem ( Israel ) 2006 6 10 $870,008 ( 2002 ) ( lot only ) - 5 44,", "1": "925 Le Palais 0.98 acres 904 North Crescent Drive Beverly Hills Lola Karimova - Tillyaeva ( Soviet Union ) 2012 7 11 $5,000,000 ( 2013 ) $111 6 42,877 Fleur de Lys 4.19 acres 350 North Carolwood Drive Holmby Hills none 2002 12 18 $88,300,000 ( 2011 ) $2,059 7 42,831 Château des Fleurs 1.94 acres 620 Stone Canyon Road Bel Air James A. Kaplan ( United States ) 2014 5 6 $2,992,000 ( 1998 ) ( previous home on lot ) - 8 38,000 Billionaire 1.08 acres 924 Bel Air Road Bel Air Bruce Makowsky ( United States ) 2017 12 21 - - 9 35,796 1156 Shadow Hill Way 2.32 acres 1156 Shadow Hill Way Beverly Hills Daniel Mani ( Egypt ) 1991 8 11 $5,000,000 ( 2006 ) $140 10 35,378 Le Belvédère 2.2 acres 630 Nimes Road Bel Air Mohamed Hadid ( Israel ) 2007 10 14 $50,000,000 ( 2010 ) $1413 11 31,335 49 Beverly Park Circle 2.19 acres 49 Beverly Park Circle Beverly Hills Alec Gores ( Israel ) 2007 11 21 - - 12 30,000 301 North Carolwood Drive 2.17 acres 301 North Carolwood Drive Holmby Hills Tom Gores ( Israel ) 2016 10 20 $13,250,000 ( 2014 ) ( previous home on lot ) - 12 30,", "2": "000 454 Cuesta Way 1.88 acres 454 Cuesta Way Bel Air Jay - Z and Beyoncé ( United States ) 2017 8 11 $88,000,000 ( 2017 ) $2,933 See also ( edit ) List of largest houses in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kudler , Adrian Glick ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Here Are the 10 Biggest Single Family Houses in Los Angeles '' . LA.Curbed.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 5 Largest Mansions in Los Angeles '' . LAInsideTours.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cavatore , Alison ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Ten Largest Single - Family Homes in Greater Los Angeles '' . HauteLiving.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 594 S Mapleton Dr , Los Angeles , CA 90024 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1 Buggy Whip Dr , Rolling Hills , CA 90274 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1261 Angelo Dr , Beverly Hills , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cummins , Mary ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Anthony Pritzker 1261 Angelo , Super mansion in Bel Air built quietly 80,000 sf '' . MaryCumminsRealEstateMaryCummins.blogspot.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 457 Bel Air Rd , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 904 N Crescent Dr , Los Angeles , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More Pictures Of The $58 Million Le Palais Mega Mansion In Beverly Hills , CA '' .", "3": "HomesOfTheRich.net . September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 904 North Crescent Drive , Beverly Hills , CA 90210 '' . Estately.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 350 N Carolwood Dr , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 620 Stone Canyon Rd , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schellenbaum , Amy ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` L.A. 's 60K - Square - Foot Chateau Des Fleurs Will Eat Us All '' . Curbed.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Groves , Martha ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` New Bel - Air mansion reflects resurgence of behemoth L.A. homes '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 924 Bel Air Road , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , Peter ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Most Expensive Home : $250 M Los Angeles Mansion Hits the Market '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal J. ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` The U.S. ' priciest house for sale is a Bel - Air mansion that includes 7 staffers and a helicopter '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Grab Your Checkbook ! The Most Expensive Home in America Hits the Market for $250 Million '' . People.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1156 Shadow Hill Way , Los Angeles , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com .", "4": "Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Kevin ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` These are the most expensive homes in Southern California you 'll likely never be able to afford '' . DailyNews.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Jose ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Developer Gives $1 Million for WeHo Library '' . BeverlyPress.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 630 Nimes Rd , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 49 Beverly Park , Beverly Hills , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Which Beverly Park Mega Mansion Would YOU Want To Live In ? '' . HomesOfTheRich.net . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 301 N Carolwood Dr , Los Angeles , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holmby Hills Spec Home with Celebrity Ties Hits Market for $150 Million '' . Forbes.com. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barragan , Bianca ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ridiculous Holmby Hills spec house now belongs to Detroit Pistons owner Tom Gores '' . LA.Curbed.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Mackenzie ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` All About Beyonce and Jay - Z 's New $88 Million Bel Air Mansion '' . People.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Subrina ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` If $90 M deal goes through , Beyoncé and Jay - Z will finally experience the joys of homeownership in LA '' . TheRealDeal.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 .", "5": "Jump up ^ `` 454 Cuesta Way , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_houses_in_the_Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area&oldid=821630804 '' Categories : Lists of largest buildings and structures Houses in the United States Lists of buildings and structures in the United States Buildings and structures in Los Angeles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 17 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1141391488445604324	what was the original purpose of the kremlin	[ "the tsar's Moscow residence" ]	{ "0": "Moscow Kremlin - wikipedia Moscow Kremlin Jump to : navigation , search `` Kremlin '' redirects here . For the type of Russian fortress , see Kremlin ( fortification ) . For other uses , see Kremlin ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Moscow Kremlin Native name Russian : Моско́вский Кремль View of the Kremlin from south - west , from Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge Location Moscow , Russia Coordinates 55 ° 45 ′ 6 '' N 37 ° 37 ′ 4 '' E / 55.75167 ° N 37.61778 ° E / 55.75167 ; 37.61778 Coordinates : 55 ° 45 ′ 6 '' N 37 ° 37 ′ 4 '' E / 55.75167 ° N 37.61778 ° E / 55.75167 ; 37.61778 Area 27.7 hectares ( 0.277 km ) Built 1482 -- 1495 UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name : Kremlin and Red Square , Moscow Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iv , vi Designated 1990 ( 14th session ) Reference no . 545 State Party Russia Region Eastern Europe Location in Central Moscow The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian : Моско́вский Кремль , tr . Moskovskiy Kreml , IPA : ( mɐˈskofskjɪj krjemlj ) ) , usually referred to as the Kremlin , is a fortified complex at the heart of Moscow , overlooking the Moskva River to the south , Saint Basil 's Cathedral and Red Square to the east , and the Alexander Garden to the west . It is the best known of the kremlins ( Russian citadels ) and includes five palaces , four cathedrals , and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers . Also within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace that was formerly the tsar 's Moscow residence .", "1": "The complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation . The name `` Kremlin '' means `` fortress inside a city '' , and is often also used metonymically to refer to the government of the Russian Federation in a similar sense to how `` White House '' is used to refer to the Executive Office of the President of the United States . It had previously been used to refer to the government of the Soviet Union ( 1922 -- 1991 ) and its highest members ( such as general secretaries , premiers , presidents , ministers , and commissars ) . The term `` Kremlinology '' refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Seat of grand dukes 1.3 Residence of the tsars 1.4 Imperial period 1.5 Soviet period and beyond 1.5. 1 State Kremlin Palace 2 Buildings 2.1 Helipad 3 Moscow Metro 4 References 4.1 Specific 4.2 Bibliography 5 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The site has been continuously inhabited by Finno - Ugric peoples since the 2nd century BC . The Slavs occupied the south - western portion of Borovitsky Hill as early as the 11th century , as evidenced by a metropolitan seal from the 1090s which was unearthed by Soviet archaeologists in the area . Vyatichi built a fortified structure ( or `` grad '' ) on the hill where the Neglinnaya River flowed into the Moskva River . Up to the 14th century , the site was known as the ' grad of Moscow ' . The word `` Kremlin '' was first recorded in 1331 ( though etymologist Max Vasmer mentions an earlier appearance in 1320 ) . The grad was greatly extended by Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy in 1156 , destroyed by the Mongols in 1237 and rebuilt in oak in 1339 .", "2": "Seat of Grand dukes ( edit ) Dmitri Donskoi replaced the oak walls with a strong citadel of white limestone in 1366 -- 1368 on the basic foundations of the current walls ; this fortification withstood a siege by Khan Tokhtamysh . Dmitri 's son Vasily I resumed construction of churches and cloisters in the Kremlin . The newly built Cathedral of the Annunciation was painted by Theophanes the Greek , Andrei Rublev , and Prokhor in 1406 . The Chudov Monastery was founded by Dmitri 's tutor , Metropolitan Alexis ; while his widow , Eudoxia , established the Ascension Convent in 1397 . Residence of the tsars ( edit ) Tsar Cannon and Tsar Bell , two of the Kremlin 's visitor attractions Grand Prince Ivan III organised the deconstruction of the Kremlin , inviting a number of skilled architects from Renaissance Italy , including Petrus Antonius Solarius , who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers , and Marcus Ruffus who designed the new palace for the prince . It was during his reign that three extant cathedrals of the Kremlin , the Deposition Church , and the Palace of Facets were constructed . The highest building of the city and Muscovite Russia was the Ivan the Great Bell Tower , built in 1505 -- 08 and augmented to its present height in 1600 . The Kremlin walls as they now appear were built between 1485 and 1495 . Spasskie gates of the wall still bear a dedication in Latin praising Petrus Antonius Solarius for the design . After construction of the new kremlin walls and churches was complete , the monarch decreed that no structures should be built in the immediate vicinity of the citadel . The Kremlin was separated from the walled merchant town ( Kitay - gorod ) by a 30 - meter - wide moat , over which Saint Basil 's Cathedral was constructed during the reign of Ivan the Terrible . The same tsar also renovated some of his grandfather 's palaces , added a new palace and cathedral for his sons , and endowed the Trinity metochion inside the Kremlin . The metochion was administrated by the Trinity Monastery and contained the graceful tower church of St.", "3": "Sergius , which was described by foreigners as one of the finest in the country . During the Time of Troubles , the Kremlin was held by the Polish forces for two years , between 21 September 1610 and 26 October 1612 . The Kremlin 's liberation by the volunteer army of prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin paved the way for the election of Mikhail Romanov as the new tsar . During his reign and that of his son Alexis and grandson Fyodor , the eleven - domed Upper Saviour Cathedral , Armorial Gate , Terem Palace , Amusement Palace and the palace of Patriarch Nikon were built . Following the death of Alexis 's son , Fyodor , and the Moscow Uprising of 1682 , Czar Peter escaped with much difficulty from the Kremlin and as a result developed a dislike for it . Three decades later , Peter abandoned the residence of his forefathers for his new capital , Saint Petersburg . External images Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 18th century Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 19th century Imperial period ( edit ) Grand Kremlin Palace , commissioned 1838 by Czar Nicholas I , constructed 1839 - 49 , today the official residence of the President of Russia Although still used for coronation ceremonies , the Kremlin was abandoned and neglected until 1773 , when Catherine the Great engaged Vasili Bazhenov to build her new residence there . Bazhenov produced a bombastic Neoclassical design on a heroic scale , which involved the demolition of several churches and palaces , as well as a portion of the Kremlin wall . After the preparations were over , construction was delayed due to lack of funds . Several years later the architect Matvey Kazakov supervised the reconstruction of the dismantled sections of the wall and of some structures of the Chudov Monastery , and built the spacious and luxurious Offices of the Senate , since adapted for use as the principal workplace of the President of Russia . During the Imperial period , from the early 18th and until the late 19th century , the Kremlin walls were traditionally painted white , in accordance with fashion . French forces occupied the Kremlin from 2 September to 11 October 1812 , following the French invasion of Russia .", "4": "When Napoleon retreated from Moscow , he ordered the whole Kremlin to be blown up . The Kremlin Arsenal , several portions of the Kremlin Wall and several wall towers were destroyed by explosions and the Faceted Chamber and other churches were damaged by fire . Explosions continued for three days , from 21 to 23 October 1812 . However , rain damaged the fuses , and the damage was less severe than intended . Restoration works were undertaken in 1816 -- 19 , supervised by Osip Bove . During the remainder of the reign of Alexander I , several ancient structures were renovated in a fanciful neo-Gothic style , but many others having been condemned as `` disused '' or `` dilapidated '' , including all the buildings of the Trinity metochion , and were torn down . On visiting Moscow for his coronation festivities , Czar Nicholas I was not satisfied with the Grand Palace ( alias Winter Palace ) , which had been erected in the 1750s to the design of Francesco Rastrelli . The elaborate Baroque structure was demolished , as was the nearby church of St. John the Precursor , built by Aloisio the New in 1508 in place of the first church constructed in Moscow . The architect Konstantin Thon was commissioned to replace them with the Grand Kremlin Palace , which was to rival the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in its dimensions and in the opulence of its interiors . The palace was constructed in 1839 -- 49 , followed by the re-building of the Kremlin Armoury in 1851 . After 1851 the Kremlin changed little until the Russian Revolution of 1917 ; the only new features added during this period were the Monument to Alexander II and a stone cross marking the spot where in 1905 Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia was assassinated by Ivan Kalyayev . These monuments were destroyed by the Bolsheviks in 1918 . Soviet period and beyond ( edit ) The Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow on 12 March 1918 . Vladimir Lenin selected the Kremlin Senate as his residence . Joseph Stalin also had his personal rooms in the Kremlin . He was eager to remove all the `` relics of the tsarist regime '' from his headquarters .", "5": "Golden eagles on the towers were replaced by shining Kremlin stars , while the wall near Lenin 's Mausoleum was turned into the Kremlin Wall Necropolis . The Chudov Monastery and Ascension Convent , with their 16th - century cathedrals , were dismantled to make room for the military school . The Little Nicholas Palace and the old Saviour Cathedral were pulled down as well . The residence of the Soviet government was closed to tourists until 1955 . It was not until the Khrushchev Thaw that the Kremlin was reopened to foreign visitors . The Kremlin Museums were established in 1961 and the complex was among the first Soviet patrimonies inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1990 . Although the current director of the Kremlin Museums , Elena Gagarina ( Yuri Gagarin 's daughter ) advocates a full - scale restoration of the destroyed cloisters , recent developments have been confined to expensive restoration of the original interiors of the Grand Kremlin Palace , which were altered during Stalin 's rule . State Kremlin Palace ( edit ) State Kremlin Palace ( alias Kremlin Palace of Congresses ) , built 1959 - 61 The State Kremlin Palace ( alias Kremlin Palace of Congresses ) , was commissioned by Nikita Khrushchev as a modern arena for Communist Party meetings , and was built within the Kremlin walls 1959 - 61 . Externally the palace is faced with white marble and the windows are tinted and reflective , which makes the ancient architecture in the Kremlin appear particularly picturesque . However , the construction of a large modern public building in an historic neighborhood generated an uproar , especially since the building replaced several heritage buildings including the old neo-classical building of the State Armory and some of the rear parts of the Great Kremlin Palace . Although this was not the first time that the Soviet government had destroyed architectural heritage ( notably the Chudov Monastery and Ascension Cloisters ) in the Kremlin and in the country in general , by the mid 1950s laws were in place effectively considering all pre-Soviet constructions as historical monuments and preventing their demolition , in someways making the construction illegal . Nevertheless , the Palace was integrated into the larger complex of the Great Kremlin Palace with walkways linking it to the Patriarchal Chambers and the Terem Palace .", "6": "Buildings ( edit ) Two of the Kremlin 's numerous historical buildings : Spasskaya Tower with one of the Kremlin stars on top , and Ivan the Great Bell Tower Dormition Cathedral Troitskaya Tower 1495 , 80m The existing Kremlin walls and towers were built by Italian masters over the years 1485 to 1495 . The irregular triangle of the Kremlin wall encloses an area of 275,000 square meters ( 68 acres ) . Its overall length is 2,235 metres ( 2,444 yards ) , but the height ranges from 5 to 19 meters , depending on the terrain . The wall 's thickness is between 3.5 and 6.5 meters . Originally there were eighteen Kremlin towers , but their number increased to twenty in the 17th century . All but three of the towers are square in plan . The highest tower is the Troitskaya , which was built up to its present height of 80 meters in 1495 . Most towers were originally crowned with wooden tents ; the extant brick tents with strips of colored tiles go back to the 1680s . Cathedral Square is the heart of the Kremlin . It is surrounded by six buildings , including three cathedrals . The Cathedral of the Dormition was completed in 1479 to be the main church of Moscow and where all the Tsars were crowned . The massive limestone façade , capped with its five golden cupolas was the design of Aristotele Fioravanti . Several important metropolitans and patriarchs are buried there , including Peter and Makarii . The gilded , three - domed Cathedral of the Annunciation was completed next in 1489 , only to be reconstructed to a nine - domed design a century later . On the south - east of the square is the much larger Cathedral of the Archangel Michael ( 1508 ) , where almost all the Muscovite monarchs from Ivan Kalita to Ivan V of Russia are interred . ( Boris Godunov was originally buried there , but was moved to the Trinity Monastery . )", "7": "There are two domestic churches of the Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow , the Church of the Twelve Apostles ( 1653 -- 56 ) and the exquisite one - domed Church of the Deposition of the Virgin 's Robe , built by Pskov artisans over the years 1484 -- 88 and featuring superb icons and frescoes from 1627 and 1644 . The other notable structure is the Ivan the Great Bell Tower on the north - east corner of the square , which is said to mark the exact centre of Moscow and resemble a burning candle . Completed in 1600 , it is 81 metres ( 266 feet ) high . Until the Russian Revolution , it was the tallest structure in the city , as construction of buildings taller than that was forbidden . Its 21 bells would sound the alarm if any enemy was approaching . The upper part of the structure was destroyed by the French during the Napoleonic Invasion and has been rebuilt . The Tsar bell , the largest bell in the world , stands on a pedestal next to the tower . The oldest secular structure still standing is Ivan III 's Palace of Facets ( 1491 ) , which holds the imperial thrones . The next oldest is the first home of the royal family , the Terem Palace . The original Terem Palace was also commissioned by Ivan III , but most of the existing palace was built in the 17th century . The Terem Palace and the Palace of Facets are linked by the Grand Kremlin Palace . This was commissioned by Nicholas I in 1838 . The largest structure in the Kremlin , it cost an exorbitant sum of eleven million rubles to build and more than one billion dollars to renovate in the 1990s . It contains dazzling reception halls , a ceremonial red staircase , private apartments of the tsars , and the lower storey of the Resurrection of Lazarus church ( 1393 ) , which is the oldest extant structure in the Kremlin and the whole of Moscow . The northern corner of the Kremlin is occupied by the Arsenal , which was originally built for Peter the Great in 1701 . The southwestern section of the Kremlin holds the Armoury building . Built in 1851 to a Renaissance Revival design , it is currently a museum housing Russian state Regalia and Diamond Fund .", "8": "The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylophaga murata was first isolated from deteriorating marble in the Kremlin . Helipad ( edit ) In order to stop the disruptions to Moscow traffic caused by motorcades , President Vladimir Putin authorized the construction of the Kremlin helipad . The helipad was completed in May 2013 . The President will now commute back and forth to the Kremlin using a Mil Mi - 8 helicopter . Careful consideration was taken in choosing the location of the helipad ; the location chosen is said to be of no threat to the architecture of the Kremlin . Moscow Metro ( edit ) The nearest Moscow Metro stations to the Kremlin are : Okhotny Ryad and Biblioteka Imeni Lenina ( Sokolnicheskaya Line ) , Teatralnaya ( Zamoskvoretskaya Line ) , Ploshchad Revolyutsii ( Arbatsko - Pokrovskaya Line ) , Arbatskaya ( Arbatsko - Pokrovskaya Line ) , Alexandrovsky Sad ( Filyovskaya Line ) and Borovitskaya ( Serpukhovsko - Timiryazevskaya Line ) . References ( edit ) Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Кремль '' ( Kremlin ) . Vasmer Etymological dictionary . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Premendra ( 4 February 2012 ) . Silent Assassins Jan 11 , 1966 . Agrawal Overseas . p. 184 . ISBN 9789350878453 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Фасмера , Макс . `` Этимологический Словарь Фасмера '' ( Vasmer 's Etymological Dictionary ) ( in Russian ) . p. 321 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Michael C. ( January 2004 ) . `` The Military Revolution in Russia 1550 -- 1682 '' . The Journal of Military History . 68 ( 1 ) : 31 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2003.0401 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Semenko , Xenia ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` Почему кремлевские стены красили в белый цвет '' ( Why the Kremlin walls painted white ) . Rossiyskaya Gazeta ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Doronina NV ; Li TsD ; Ivanova EG ; Trotsenko IuA. ( 2005 ) . `` Methylophaga murata sp . nov. : a haloalkaliphilic aerobic methylotroph from deteriorating marble '' . Mikrobiologiia. 74 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 9 . PMID 16211855 . Jump up ^ `` Fly me to the Kremlin : Putin to commute to work by chopper '' . RT . 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Steve ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` Vladimir Putin gets Kremlin helipad to ease congestion '' . BBC ( Embedded video ) . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ivanov , Vladimir N. ( 1971 ) . Московский Кремль ( Moscow 's Kremlin ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow . Merridale , Catherine ( 2013 ) . Red Fortress : History and Illusion in the Kremlin . New York : Henry Holt . p. 505 . ISBN 9780805086805 . Nenakormova , Irina S. ( 1987 ) . Государственные музеи Московского Кремля ( Art treasures from the Museums of the Moscow Kremlin ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow : Iskusstvo . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscow Kremlin . Wikivoyage has a listing for the Moscow Kremlin .", "10": "Travel2moscow.com -- Official Moscow Guide History of the Kremlin Moscow Kremlin State Historical and Cultural Museum Sanctuary Open Kremlin Rare access inside the Kremlin , video news report from BBC News Online , 17 January 2013 Putin 's Kremlin helipad cost $6.4 million -- Official , RIA Novosti , 18 May 2013 Cynthia Marsh . `` Kremlin '' . Words of the World . Brady Haran ( University of Nottingham ) . Moscow portal Russia portal Moscow Kremlin and Red Square Kremlin Wall and Towers Borovitskaya Vodovzvodnaya Blagoveshenskaya Tainitskaya Pervaya Bezymyannaya Vtoraya Bezymyannaya Petrovskaya Beklemishevskaya Konstantino - Eleninskaya Nabatnaya Tsarskaya Spasskaya Senatskaya Nikolskaya Uglovaya Arsenalnaya Srednyaya Arsenalnaya Troitskaya Kutafya Komendantskaya Oruzheynaya Administrative buildings Kremlin Senate Kremlin Arsenal Amusement Palace State Kremlin Palace Grand Kremlin Palace Terem Palace The Armory Palace of Facets Tsarina 's Golden Chamber State Historical Museum Churches Cathedral of the Assumption Cathedral of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Archangel Church of Saint Ioann Lestvichnik and Ivan the Great Bell Tower Church of the Deposition of the Virgin 's Robe in Vlachernon Patriarch 's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles Verkhospassky Cathedral and the Terem Churches Cathedral of the Intercession ( of Saint Basil the Blessed ) Kazan Cathedral Squares and gardens Red Square Ivanovskaya Square Cathedral Square Taynitsky Garden", "11": "Grand Kremlin Public Garden Alexander Garden Manezhnaya Square Monuments Kremlin Wall Necropolis Monument to Minin and Pozharsky Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Lobnoye Mesto Tsar Cannon Tsar Bell Other Iberian Gate and Chapel Former Ascension Convent Chudov Monastery Armorial Gate Robespierre Monument Kremlin Presidium ( Building 14 ) Russian imperial palaces and residences Imperial residences Alexander Palace Anichkov Palace Catherine Palace Gatchina Palace Grand Kremlin Palace Kamenny Island Oranienbaum Pavlovsk Palace Peterhof Palace Saint Michael 's Castle Winter Palace Yelagin Palace Grand ducal residences Alexis Palace Beloselsky - Belozersky Palace Constantine Palace Marble Palace Marie Palace Michael Palace New Michael Palace Nicholas Palace Tauride Palace Vladimir Palace In Crimea Dulber Livadia Palace Massandra Palace Outside the Russian Federation Belweder Białowieża Palace Catherinethal Helsingfors Palace Elisabeth Palace Langinkoski Likani Palace Skierniewice Palace Historical Annenhof Catherinehof Kolomenskoye Palace Pella Palace Ropsha Babolovo Summer Garden Palace Summer Palace of Empress Elisabeth World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district Central Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Moscow Kremlin and Red Square Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra", "12": "White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Southern Western Caucasus Northwestern Curonian Spit Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc Far Eastern Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote - Alin Wrangel Island Siberian Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin Volga Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin North Caucasian Citadel , Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent Shared with Lithuania Shared with nine other countries Shared with Mongolia GND : 4074990 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Kremlin&oldid=838359034 '' Categories : Moscow Kremlin Buildings and structures in Moscow Official residences in Russia Palaces in Russia Castles in Russia World Heritage Sites in Russia Tourist attractions in Moscow Royal residences in Russia Presidential residences Kremlins 1495 establishments in Europe 15th - century establishments in Russia Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) EngvarB from September 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk", "13": "Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski /", "14": "српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 14 : 30 . 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-2912534651218543566	when is the opening ceremonies of the olympics 2018	[ "9 February 2018", "9 February 2018", "9 February 2018", "9 February 2018" ]	{ "0": "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony Jump to : navigation , search This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( February 2018 ) 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony Yuna Kim , South Korean Olympic figure skating champion , lights the Olympic cauldron Date 9 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Time 20 : 00 -- 22 : 20 KST ( UTC + 9 ) Location Pyeongchang , South Korea Coordinates 37 ° 40 ′ 03 '' N 128 ° 42 ′ 20 '' E / 37.66750 ° N 128.70556 ° E / 37.66750 ; 128.70556 Coordinates : 37 ° 40 ′ 03 '' N 128 ° 42 ′ 20 '' E / 37.66750 ° N 128.70556 ° E / 37.66750 ; 128.70556 Also known as Peace in Motion Filmed by SBS and OBS Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang , South Korea on 9 February 2018 . It began at 20 : 00 KST and finished at approximately 22 : 20 KST . The Games were officially opened by President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae - in .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparations 2 Ceremony 3 Programme 3.1 Parade of Nations 3.2 Torch lighting 3.3 Wish Fire 3.4 Intel ® Drone Light Show 4 Controversies 4.1 Mike Pence 4.2 Russian hacking 5 Dignitaries in attendance 6 Anthems 7 Ceremony key team 8 References 9 External links Preparations ( edit ) The site of the opening ceremony , Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium , was built specifically for the Games . The pentagonal stadium seats 35,000 . The organizers for the event said the shape was chosen because it is a combination of different shapes , a circle , a square , and a triangle , which represent heaven , earth , and mankind . No Olympic or Paralympic events will be held at the stadium , which will only be used for the opening and closing ceremonies . The venue will be torn down afterwards . The broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games was available in more than 200 countries around the world . Ha Hyun - woo of the band Guckkasten , Ahn Ji - young of the musical duo Bolbbalgan4 , Lee Eun - mi and Jeon In - kwon with his band Deulgukhwa performed and sang John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' at the opening ceremony . The Rainbow Children 's Choir performed an arrangement , with Korean traditional musical instruments , of the national anthem , `` Aegukga '' . The multiethnic children 's choir was formed to educate the Korean public about multicultural families living in Korea . Insooni sang the theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay , `` Let Everyone Shine '' . Ceremony ( edit ) The ceremony 's message centered on peace , passion , harmony , and convergence . Five children from rural Gangwon province led the ceremony , which included one Inmyeonjo ( a mythical creature with a body of a bird and a head of a man , a creature that only appears when the world is at peace ) , four mythical creatures , including a white tiger -- spirit animal protector of Korea and the mascot of these Games , natural floral and fauna , and a cast of 2,000 .", "2": "Five children were used to symbolize the five Olympic rings , and the five names were chosen to represent fire , water , wood , metal , and earth , the five elements that are believed to make up the Earth . Augmented reality and 5G technology were also incorporated in the event . The largest drone show in history , featuring 1,218 Shooting Star drones , was planned for the ceremony but cancelled at the last minute ; television audiences were shown a version that had been recorded the previous December . During the opening ceremony the organizing committee was a victim of a cyber attack , but without major consequences . Programme ( edit ) Parade of Nations ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations The Parade of Nations was led , according to custom due to hosting the original ancient Olympics , by the Greek team , followed by other competing countries in alphabetical order based on their names in the Korean language , with the host country , South Korea , concluding the march . The delegations from both the host nation South Korea and North Korea ( Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics ) marched under the Korean unification flag . South Korean Won Yun - jong and North Korean Hwang Chung - gum both held the flagpole . Even though the temperature in the stadium during the ceremony was very cold , Bermuda 's delegation wore shorts and Tongan Pita Taufatofua repeated his shirtless and oiled up Summer Olympic appearance . Background music for the parade began with an instrumental version of `` Hand in Hand '' by Koreana and included modern dance remixes of songs such as `` 단발 머리 '' by Cho Yong - pil and of traditional Korean music , as well as the following K - pop hits : `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy , `` Likey '' by Twice , `` Fantastic Baby '' by Big Bang , `` DNA '' by BTS , and `` Red Flavor '' by Red Velvet . `` Red Flavor '' was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced . Torch lighting ( edit ) See also : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay Cauldron The Olympic flame was on a 101 - day relay across South Korea . The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece . Apostles Angelis , 24 years old cross-country skier , is selected to be the first torchbearer .", "3": "He said `` It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018 . It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to . I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness . '' Park Ji - Sung , football player in Republic of Korea , was the second person to hold the torch . After the flame touring around Greece for a week , it reached the Acropolis on 30th of October . There were 36 ceremonies held in different cities over a week , then the flame arrived to the PyeongChang Panathenaic Stadium . More than 500 torchbearers participated to follow the rituals of Olympic cycle , and carried the message of peace . In the stadium , Opera soloist Sumi Hwang sang the Olympic anthem during the torch lighting ceremony . The final person to hold the torch was Inbee Park , the golfer from Republic of Korea . Chung Su - hyon from North Korea and Park Jong - ah from South Korea carried the torch and headed up stairs toward the cauldron . As the torch neared the cauldron , an ice skating rink with South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim was revealed . Yuna Kim is the well - known figure skater who won gold medal in 2010 and silver metal in 2014 . The cauldron was designed to represent a full moon when it is not lit . Kim received the torch and lit the cauldron . Wish fire ( edit ) The final segment entitled `` Wish Fire '' featured Korean dance group Just Jerk ( who became known internationally for their participation in the twelfth season of America 's Got Talent ) entered the stage dressed as Dokkaebi , and performers with sparklers on roller blades . This segment in total featured 2,000 fireworks within and out of the stadium , some reaching as high as 1,300 metres ( 4,300 ft ) . Intel ® drone light Show ( edit ) More than 1,200 Intel Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ( UAVs ) or drones flying above Pyeong Chang to celebrate the opening of 2018 Winter Olympic Games . Intel ® drone team now holds the Guinness World Record of flying largest number of drones .", "4": "The drones flew together to form custom animations illustrating snow boarding , skiing , other different sports , as well as the iconic Olympic rings . The Shooting Star drones carried on the symbol of unity and progress from lighting of the torch . Controversies ( edit ) Mike Pence ( edit ) While there is no protocol requiring guests to stand for the host country 's arrival , United States Vice President Mike Pence was criticized for not standing , as North and South Korean athletes entered during the Parade of Athletes . Pence was accused of hypocrisy , with critics drawing parallels to national anthem protests by NFL athletes . Russian hacking ( edit ) On 24 February , the Washington Post reported that U.S. intelligence uncovered Russian spies hacked computers during the Opening Ceremony , an act that was previously speculated to be the work of North Korea . Analysts believed the Russians instigated the February 9 attack as a way to retaliate for the International Olympic Committee 's decision to ban Russia from the 2018 Winter Olympics as punishment for doping violations .", "5": "Dignitaries in attendance ( edit ) Mike Pence , Vice President of the United States Co-Prince of Andorra and President of France Emmanuel Macron Governor General Julie Payette Politburo standing member Han Zheng Vice President Óscar Naranjo President Kersti Kaljulaid Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs Jean - Yves Le Drian and Minister of Sports Laura Flessel President Frank - Walter Steinmeier Sports Minister Luca Lotti Prime Minister Shinzo Abe President of Korea Moon Jae - In President Dalia Grybauskaitė President Hashim Thaçi Grand Duke Henri Prince Albert II King Willem Alexander , Queen Máxima and Prime Minister Mark Rutte President of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly Kim Yong - nam and Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers ' Party of Korea Kim Yo - jong President Andrzej Duda Minister of Youth and Sports Vanja Udovičić President Andrej Kiska President Alain Berset Princess Anne Vice President Mike Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence Secretary - General António Guterres Kim Yo - jong attending the ceremony On 9 February 2018 , Kim Yo - jong -- sister of Kim Jong - un -- attended the ceremony in Pyeongchang , South Korea . This was a first time that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea since the Korean War . Kim Yo - jong shook hands with South Korean president Moon Jae - in before sitting down to watch the ceremony together . Anthems ( edit ) Rainbow Children 's Choir -- South Korean National Anthem Sumi Hwang -- Olympic Hymn Ceremony key team ( edit ) Artistic Director : Yang Jung - woong Executive Director , creative : Song Seung - whan Executive Director , cinematography : Lim Tae - hong , Andrew References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chappell , Bill ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony : Pyeongchang Welcomes The World '' . NPR . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Joe ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` It 's Time for the Pop - Up Olympics '' .", "6": "CITYLAB . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 Opening Ceremony LIVE on 9 February 2018 '' . 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hong , C. ( 30 January 2018 ) . `` Ha Hyun Woo , Bolbbalgan4 's Ahn Ji Young , And More To Perform At Olympics Opening Ceremony '' . Soompi . Viki , Inc . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Maira ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics ? '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Maira ( 10 Feb 2018 ) . `` Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics ? '' . PyeongChang 2018 . Jump up ^ PyeongChang 2018 ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` ( ENG ) Theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay ( ENG sub ) '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Olympics Opening Ceremony World - Record Drone Show '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony -- live ! '' . Guardian . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony review : Pyeongchang unites the world in a blizzard of emotion and effects '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` 2018 Winter Olympics Kick Off With Korean Stars PSY & BTS During Opening Ceremonies '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympia Awaits Flame Lighting Ceremony for PyeongChang 2018 '' . Olympic Games .", "7": "19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Information to the Media - PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Flame - Lighting Ceremony '' . Olympic Games . 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keh , Andrew ( 9 Feb 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics 2018 Opening Ceremony : Highlights and Analysis '' . PyeongChang 2018 . Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of the PyeongChang 2018 Opening Ceremony Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Drones at The Olympic Games '' . intel ® . Jump up ^ `` A Record - Breaking Show at PyeongChang 2018 '' . intel ® . 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Radnofsky , Louise ; Cheng , Jonathan ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Pence Sat During Opening Ceremony . Some Koreans Took Offense '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Banks , Paul M. ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics Verify Mike Pence Hypocrisy on NFL National Anthem Protests '' . ChicagoNow . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Zilber , Ariel ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Mike Pence accused of hypocrisy for refusing to stand for Unified Korea during Winter Olympics opening ceremony -- months after walking out of an NFL game because of kneeling players '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Meeks , David ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` By not standing for Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics , VP Mike Pence embarrassed America '' . USA Today . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Report : Russian spies behind Winter Olympics cyber attack . US Today . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Russian spies reportedly hacked Winter Olympics . CNET . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winter Olympics opening ceremony : Koreans enter under unified flag -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Gen. Julie Payette to attend opening of winter Olympics '' .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` SOUTH KOREA - CHINA - HAN ZHENG - WINTER OLYMPICS - OPENING CEREMONY '' . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korea - Estonia summit to help launch peace through Olympics '' . Korea.net. 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . President Moon Jae - in held a meeting with President Kersti Kaljulaid of Estonia who is on a visit to Korea to attend the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games . Jump up ^ `` 평창 오는 외국 정상 벌써 15 명 ... ' 올림픽 외교 ' 꽃 피운다 '' . 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente de Alemania apoya diálogo entre Coreas '' ( in Spanish ) . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniela Cotto ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Il ministro Lotti a Casa Italia , l'incontro con Lindsey Vonn '' ( in Italian ) . La Stampa . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mandatarios de Japón y Corea del Sur acuerdan continuar ejerciendo presión sobre Corea del Norte '' ( in Spanish ) . NHK World . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Abe y Moon sostuvieron una reunión de aproximadamente una hora en un hotel cerca del Estadio Olímpico de Pyeongchang antes de asistir el viernes a la ceremonia de apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno . Jump up ^ `` Lío de protocolo ante la inauguración de los juegos de invierno de Pyeongchang '' ( in Spanish ) . La Vanguardia . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The President attends the opening ceremony of Winter Olympics '' . President of the Republic of Lithuania. 9 February 2018 .", "9": "Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Alan Crosby ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics Debut A 10th - Anniversary Gift For Kosovo '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Hashim Thaci , president of Kosovo , said on February 5 during a ceremony presenting the official Kosovar flag to Tahiri . Jump up ^ `` Grand Duke Henri to Attend Winter Olympics '' . Chronicle.lu . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Albert II of Monaco ( C ) reacts as he visits the House of Switzerland during the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games , South Korea '' . european pressphoto agency . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Koningspaar en premier Rutte bij openingsceremonie Pyeongchang '' . Jump up ^ Talmadge , Eric ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` At Olympic Games , Kim Jong Un 's sister takes VIP seat '' . ABC News . AP . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Szczerski o rozmowie Dudy z wiceprezydentem USA : od razu wiadomo , że się odbędzie '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Зимске олимпијске игре свечано отворене у Пјончангу -- СПОРТСКИ ЖУРНАЛ '' . Jump up ^ `` 33 개국 정상급 45 명 참석 밝혀 ... 靑 경호 처가 근접 보호 '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JO 2018 : Alain Berset à Pyeongchang pour affirmer la présence de la Suisse '' ( in French ) . La Côte. 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guterres se reunió con el líder norcoreano Kim Yong - nam '' ( in Spanish ) .", "10": "Deutsche Welle. 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . El secretario general de la ONU , Antonio Guterres , se encontró con el presidente nominal de Corea del Norte , Kim Yong - nam , en el marco de la inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno en Pyeongchang . Jump up ^ `` 美 펜스 , 올림픽 대표단 끌고 평창 行 ... 이방 카 참석 은 ' 미정 ' '' . 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 9 February 2018 , Buckingham Palace '' . Court Circular. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . The Princess Royal , Member , International Olympic Committee , and President , British Olympic Association , this evening attended the Opening Reception and Ceremony of the XXIII Winter Olympic Games . Jump up ^ Haas , Benjamin ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` US vice-president skips Olympics dinner in snub to North Korea officials '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics - Pyeongchang picks ' Nanta ' producer for 2018 ceremonies '' . Seoul , South Korea . Reuters. 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 .", "11": "External links ( edit ) Media related to 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Olympic Games ceremonies Opening ceremonies Summer 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 Winter 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 Closing ceremonies Summer 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 Winter 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 Olympics portal South Korea portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.", "12": "org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremony&oldid=836009151 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics Ceremonies in South Korea Olympics opening ceremonies Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles to be expanded from February 2018 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Use British English from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Français 한국어 日本語 ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 03 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8130289504436773028	who sang theme song for dukes of hazard	[ "American country music singer Waylon Jennings", "Waylon Jennings", "American country music singer Waylon Jennings", "Waylon Jennings" ]	{ "0": "Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) - wikipedia Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Single by Waylon Jennings from the album Music Man B - side `` It 's Alright '' Released August 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded 1980 Genre Country Length 2 : 06 Label RCA 12067 Songwriter ( s ) Waylon Jennings Producer ( s ) Richie Albright Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( 1981 ) `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( duet with Jessi Colter ) ( 1981 ) The `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings . It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man . Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard , the song became a # 1 hit on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song history 2 Commercial performance 2.1 Charts 3 Other versions 4 Other artists 5 References 6 Further reading Song History ( edit ) As the narrator for the movie Moonrunners ( 1975 ) , Jennings was tapped to serve in the same capacity for The Dukes of Hazzard which premiered on CBS in 1979 and was based on Moonrunners .", "1": "Jennings wrote the theme song for the show and recorded two versions : the television theme version and a slightly different version made commercially available on both single and album which received radio airplay . The television show version features Larry McNeely 's banjo work which the commercially available version does not . Additionally , the television version 's third verse contains the lyric , `` Fightin ' the system like two modern - day Robin Hoods '' , which is accompanied by a `` Yee - haw ! '' said by characters , Bo Duke ( John Schneider ) and Luke Duke ( Tom Wopat ) , though it is in fact Schneider 's vocal used twice . The commercially available version receiving radio airplay contains a musical bridge which follows the first verse and chorus . Also , following the commercial version 's second chorus , Jennings makes a tongue - in - cheek reference to his faceless appearance in the credits by singing , `` I 'm a good ol ' boy , you know my mama loves me , but she do n't understand why they keep showing my hands and not my face on TV '' ( a statement referring to the opening shot in the television theme version where Jennings is only shown below the neck playing guitar ) . Most of Jennings ' greatest hits albums and various compilation releases containing the `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' feature the commercially available version . Commercial performance ( edit ) In November 1980 , `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' became Jennings ' twelfth # 1 country hit overall ( tenth as a solo recording act ) . The song spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles charts and became his biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 21 . It also appeared on several other music charts . The original 1980 single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales over a million . Subsequent to the 2005 movie , the song was certified platinum in 2007 for a million ringtone sales . Note : the certification sales qualification levels had been changed in 1989 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position New Zealand Singles Chart 26 Canadian RPM Country Tracks US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) U.S.", "2": "Cashbox Top 100 22 Other versions ( edit ) The song was covered by the Swedish Lo - fi - group Loosegoats on their demo For Sale by Owner but has never been featured on any of their full - length albums . Rapper Lil Wyte sampled the song on his song `` Comin ' Yo Direction '' off his album Doubt Me Now . Other Artists ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Waylon Jennings ' son Shooter Jennings is known for singing `` Good ol ' Boys '' at the Dukefests , which honor the series , and his late father . Along with Willie Nelson and Ben L. Jones ( Cooter on the series ) , Waylon Jennings sang the song in an extended version . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song while driving The General Lee for their album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood ( 1982 ) . In 2006 , John Schneider ( Bo Duke ) , Tom Wopat ( Luke Duke ) , and Catherine Bach ( Daisy Duke ) made a music video , as seen on the 7th Season DVD of the series . John Schneider also covered the song . In The Dukes of Hazzard film adaptation ( 2005 ) , a recording of Waylon Jennings was used in one scene , also , as heard on the soundtrack , by Willie Nelson ( Uncle Jesse in the film ) . In the film The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) , country singer John Anderson sings the theme . Rock band Cage9 , performed a cover version of the song was heard in the trailers from the same two films . Nike used the song in an advertising campaign featuring NFL star Randy Moss and NBA star Jason Williams , who were teammates in the same high school in rural Belle , West Virginia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roland , Tom , `` The Billboard of Number One Country Hits '' ( Billboard Watson - Guptill Publications , New York , 1991 ( ISBN 0 - 82 - 307553 - 2 ) ) , p. 426 - 427 Jump up ^ Bruce Eder ( 1996 - 11 - 05 ) .", "3": "`` Television 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 6 - Various Artists Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Certification - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Good Ol ' Boys by John Schneider '' . YouTube . 2013 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 . Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Pop Singles : 1955 - 2006 , '' 2007 . Preceded by `` I Believe in You '' by Don Williams Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single November 1 , 1980 Succeeded by `` On the Road Again '' by Willie Nelson ( hide ) Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters ,", "4": "Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach ,", "5": "Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. ''", "6": "`` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol.", "7": "2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(Good_Ol%27_Boys)&oldid=816261814 '' Categories : 1980 singles Waylon Jennings songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Television theme songs The Dukes of Hazzard Songs written by Waylon Jennings RCA Records singles 1980 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 07 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4800472464940829864	what do the seven stars on the venezuelan flag mean	[ "the seven signatories to the Venezuelan declaration of independence, being the provinces of Caracas, Cumaná, Barcelona, Barinas, Margarita, Mérida, and Trujillo", "the seven signatories to the Venezuelan declaration of independence, being the provinces of Caracas, Cumaná, Barcelona, Barinas, Margarita, Mérida, and Trujillo", "the seven signatories to the Venezuelan declaration of independence, being the provinces of Caracas, Cumaná, Barcelona, Barinas, Margarita, Mérida, and Trujillo" ]	{ "0": "Flag of Venezuela - wikipedia Flag of Venezuela Jump to : navigation , search Venezuela Use Civil flag and ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted March 12 , 2006 Design A horizontal tricolor of yellow , blue and red with the National Coat of Arms on the upper hoist - side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five - pointed stars centered on the blue band . Variant flag of Venezuela Use State and war flag , state and naval ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted March 12 , 2006 Design A horizontal tricolor of yellow , blue and red with an arc of eight white five - pointed stars centered on the blue band . Variant flag of Venezuela Use Naval Jack The current flag of Venezuela was introduced in 2006 . The basic design includes a horizontal tricolor of yellow , blue , and red , dating to the original flag introduced in 1811 , in the Venezuelan War of Independence . Further modifications have involved including a set of stars , multiple changes to the placement and number of stars and inclusion of an optional coat of arms at the upper - left corner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original flag 2 Colors and symbolism 3 19th - century changes 4 1954 changes 5 2006 changes 6 Customs and regulations 6.1 Folding the flag 7 Flag anthem 8 Student Oath to the Flag 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Original flag ( edit ) Detail of The Battle of Carabobo ( 1887 ) by Martín Tovar y Tovar The flag is essentially the one designed by Francisco de Miranda for his unsuccessful 1806 expedition to liberate Venezuela and later adopted by the National Congress of 1811 . It consisted of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow , blue and red . Miranda 's flag is also the inspiration for the flags of Colombia and Ecuador . This original design was first flown on March 12 , 1806 at Jacmel , Haiti as Miranda 's expedition prepared to make the final leg of its voyage to Venezuela . The flag was first flown over Venezuelan soil at La Vela de Coro , on August 3 .", "1": "Until August 3 , 2006 , Flag Day was celebrated in Venezuela on March 12 . Since 2006 it has been celebrated on August 3 . Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag . In a letter written to Count Semyon Vorontsov in 1792 , Miranda stated that the colors were based on a theory of primary colors given to him by the German writer and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Miranda described a late - night conversation he had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785 . Fascinated with Miranda 's account of his exploits in the United States Revolutionary War and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe , Goethe told him that , `` Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colors are not distorted . '' He proceeded to clarify what he meant by this : `` First he explained to me the way the iris transforms light into the three primary colors ( ... ) then he proved to me why yellow is the most warm , noble and closest to ( white ) light ; why blue is that mix of excitement and serenity , a distance that evokes shadows ; and why red is the exaltation of yellow and blue , the synthesis , the vanishing of light into shadow . It is not that the world is made of yellows , blues and reds ; it is that in this manner , as if in an infinite combination of these three colors , we human beings see it . ( ... ) A country starts out from a name and a flag , and it then becomes them , just as a man fulfils his destiny . '' After Miranda later designed his flag based on this conversation , he happily recalled seeing a fresco by Lazzaro Tavarone in the Palazzo Belimbau in Genoa that depicted Christopher Columbus unfurling a similar - colored flag in Veragua during his fourth voyage . In his military diary , Miranda gave another source of inspiration : the yellow , blue and red standard of the Burgers ' Guard ( Bürgerwache ) of Hamburg , which he also saw during his travels in Germany . The idea of the flag is documented in his 1801 plan for an army to liberate Spanish America , which he submitted unsuccessfully to the British cabinet .", "2": "In it Miranda requested the materials for `` ten flags , whose colours shall be red , yellow and blue , in three zones . '' The symbolism traditionally ascribed to the colors are that the yellow band stands for the wealth of the land , the red for courage , and the blue for the independence from Spain , or `` golden '' America separated from bloody Spain by the deep blue sea . Colors and symbolism ( edit ) The official colors Scheme Yellow Blue Red Pantone 116 287 186 RGB ( hex ) 252 - 209 - 22 ( # FFCC00 ) 0 - 56 - 147 ( # 003893 ) 206 - 17 - 38 ( # CE1126 ) CMYK C0 - M17. 1 - Y91. 3 - K0 C100 - M61. 9 - Y0 - K42. 4 C0 - M91. 7 - Y81. 6 - K19. 2 According to the current interpretation , the colors signify : Yellow : Represents the riches of the country , the wealth of Venezuelan soil , gold , sovereignty , harmony , justice and agriculture , as well as the Sun , the source of Light . Blue : represents courage Red : represents independence from Spain . 19th - century changes ( edit ) During the first half of the 19th century , seven stars were added to the flag to represent the seven signatories to the Venezuelan declaration of independence , being the provinces of Caracas , Cumaná , Barcelona , Barinas , Margarita , Mérida , and Trujillo .", "3": "Flag of Venezuela ( 1810 -- 1812 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1817 -- 1819 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1830 -- 1836 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1836 -- 1859 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1859 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1859 -- 1863 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1863 -- 1905 ) Flag of Venezuela ( 1905 -- 1930 ) After the Guayana campaign , Simón Bolívar added an eighth star to the national flag ( the so - called Flag of Angostura ) in representation of the newly freed province . Bolívar issued the following decree : Simón Bolívar . Supreme Leader of the Republic and Captain - in - chief of the Armies of Venezuela and Nueva Granada . Since the number of provinces that compose the Republic of Venezuela has increased with the number of stars on that the Venezuelan national flag has one more star as a symbol of the province of Guayana , in this way , from now on there will be eight stars on the flag . Signed by me , and stamped with the country 's official stamp in the government palace in the city of Angostura , November 20 , 1817 . Simón Bolívar . 1954 changes ( edit ) 7 - star Flag of Venezuela , in use 1930 -- 1954 . The Law of the National Flag , Coat of Arms and Anthem added the Coat of Arms to the flag on February 19 , 1954 . The coat of arms was not incorporated into the Civil or Maritime Flag , which is intended for non-governmental purposes , such as civilian use , merchant craft , and international sports competition . 2006 changes ( edit ) 7 - star Flag of Venezuela with coat of arms , in use 1954 -- 2006 . Since 2006 it has used by some of the opposition parties . In 2006 the President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez announced plans to add an eighth star to the flag of Venezuela to bring about a much belated fulfillment to Bolívar 's 1817 decree .", "4": "The eighth star represents the Guayana Province , one of the Provinces of Venezuela at the time of the declaration of independence . The changes also include a white horse galloping left instead of right , a bow and arrow representing Venezuela 's indigenous people and a machete to represent the labor of workers . Although the new flag was approved by the Venezuelan government , opposition spokesperson Óscar Pérez stated that they would not use the new flag . Customs and regulations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As with most other national flags , the Venezuelan flag should be flown every day by the legally registered public institutions from 7 a.m. until 6 p.m. Private institutions , businesses and citizens should fly the flag on national holidays or on days determined by the National Executive . Institutions which should fly the flag by obligation are : The Federal Legislative Palace , when the National Assembly is in session and buildings in which a legislative council is being held , Public national , state and municipal offices on national holidays and other days determined by special resolution of the relevant authorities , Embassies , legations , consulates and other national agencies abroad , on national holidays or when required by the protocol of the host nation , Miraflores Palace , the building of the office of the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , daily , Buildings of the Armed Forces , fortresses and other military buildings , as determined by law and pertinent regulations , Venezuelan merchant ships , using the civil ensign , since they operate in a civil capacity . There is currently no regulation as to the dimensions of the flag , its use inside private or public institutions or by the public in general , its form and protocol . The conventions that currently exist have been freely determined . Nevertheless , educational institutions currently follow a protocol modeled on the regulations issued for the armed forces for use in raising the flag on special days . Out of respect for the flag , popular culture holds that upon raising the flag , the national anthem should be played and all civilians present should stand still , straight , with closed hands at the sides and without any headgear , while military and police personnel out of formation must salute .", "5": "Folding the flag ( edit ) Although there is no official regulation on the manner in which the flag should be folded , there is , as in other countries , a procedure with widespread acceptance in schools , scout groups and military institutions . Its origins are not known , but there are several possibilities , such as the adoption of the custom from other nations of the region , such as the United States , in which this singular way of folding a flag originated . In the Venezuelan case , there are two ways of folding the flag depending on whether it is a civil or state flag . For the state flag , the flag is lowered and taken to the place where it will be folded . It is then held at all four corners by at least two people . The red stripe is folded over the blue and then the yellow over the red , so that the yellow stripe and the national arms are on top and the blue stripe with stars on the bottom . The flag is then folded under in a triangular manner from the fly to the hoist such that at the end the remaining material is tucked into the last fold and the resulting triangle is all yellow with the national arms . For the civil flag , the flag is also lowered in the same manner as above but the yellow stripe is folded first over the blue one , then the red one over the yellow stripe , with the blue stripe and stars facing down . The flag is then folded over in a triangular manner so that the resulting triangle is only blue with stars . Flag anthem ( edit ) The flag has its own anthem , which was composed in 1889 with music by Francisco Araldi and lyrics by Zolessi Geronimo , which reads : Himno de la Bandera Spanish English Verse I Oh , Bandera del pueblo Caribe vivo foco de luz y de honor en tus pliegues mi patria se exhibe grande en gloria y rica en valor . Oh , flag of the Caribbean people Living focus of light and honor in your folds my homeland is shown great in glory and rich in valour . Verse II Difundiste por cumbres y llanos la epopeya de la libertad y dejaste sobre ambos océanos los relumbres de la heroicidad . You spread throughout peaks and plains the epic of freedom and left on both oceans shining flashes of heroism .", "6": "Verse III Venezuela la hermosa y pujante en sus brazos la gloria te alzó y en tu seno de amor palpitante ocho estrellas de vida encendió . Venezuela , the beautiful and thriving in its arms glory has raised you and in your breast of throbbing love eight stars of life have been lit Student oath to the flag ( edit ) Similarly , a Flag Oath has also been written for students to be said on August 3 , which is as follows : Spanish English ¡ Bandera Mía ! ¡ Mi Patria eres tú ! Y la Patria es la tierra : ¡ Venezuela ! Es el Llano , son los Andes , es el Mar que nos rodea . Es la Selva y sus riquezas . Son sus ríos . Son sus hombres , sus mujeres y sus niños . Es su música . Es la Lengua Castellana en que te hablamos . Es la Historia que es Bolívar . ¡ Son mis padres , mis hermanos , mis amigos , mis maestros ! . Aquí vengo reverente , El cariño , el respeto y la adhesión que te debemos ¡ Porque eres , mi Bandera , todo eso ! Y eres más . Te prometo , cada día , ser mejor : Estudiar con dedicación . Ser honesto y capaz . Contribuir a tu grandeza Y elevar , hasta el cielo , Esas franjas amarilla , azul y roja ¡ Y entregarle ocho estrellas que le faltan ! My Flag ! My Fatherland you are ! And the Fatherland is the land : Venezuela ! It 's the Plains , the Andes , and the sea that surrounds us . It 's the rainforest and its virtues . It 's its rivers . AIt 's their men , women and children . It 's its music . It is the Spanish language with which we speak to you . It is the history that is Bolivar . They are my parents , my brothers , my friends , my teachers ! .", "7": "Here I come in reverence , The love , respect and commitment we owe you Because you 're my banner , all that ! And you are more . I promise you , every day , to be better : Studying with dedication . Being honest and capable . To contribute to your greatness And raise up to the sky , Those stripes of yellow , blue and red And give it the eight stars it 's missing ! This is followed by the following pledge for those in schools : Spanish English Pledge to the National Flag Maestro : ¡ Joven venezolano que de la Bandera has hecho una imagen de la Patria ! ¡ Has hecho una promesa ! ¿ Juras cumplirla ? Estudiantes : ¡ Juramos ! Pledge to the National Flag Teacher : Young Venezuelans , this Flag holds before you an image of the Fatherland ! And it has a promise ! Do you swear to fulfill it ? Students : Yes , we pledge ! Versions of this oath and pledge are used for the National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Policia Nacional Bolivariana , but in this case , only the pledge is used during graduation and passing out parades . See also ( edit ) List of flags of Venezuela Flag of Gran Colombia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Serpa Erazo , Jorge ( summary of Ricardo Silva Romero 's ) , `` La Bandera del Mundo . '' Pañol de la Historia . Part 1 , Section 1 ( July 30 , 2004 ) . ISSN 1900 - 3447 . Retrieved on December 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ Dousdebés , Pedro Julio , `` Las insignias de Colombia , '' Boletín de historia y antigüedades , August 1937 , 462 , cited in Nelson González Ortega , `` Formación de la iconografía nacional en Colombia : una lectura semiótico - social , '' Revista de Estudios Colombianos , No. 16 ( 1996 ) , 20 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Francisco ; Salcedo - Bastardo , Rodríguez de Alonso ( 1978 ) .", "8": "Colombeia : Primera parte : Miranda , súbdito español , 1750 -- 1780 . 1 . Caracas : Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 499 - 5163 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Bandera de Venezuela '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morsbach , Greg ( March 13 , 2006 ) . `` New Venezuela flag divides nation '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Venezuela . Venezuela at Flags of the World Venezuela Historical flag Ley de Bandera , Escudo , e Himno Nacionales -- Law of the National Flag , Coat of Arms and Anthem . BBC Report on change of flag National symbols of Venezuela National flag ( list ) Coat of arms National anthem ( list ) National flower National tree National bird Flags of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "9": "php?title=Flag_of_Venezuela&oldid=830014086 '' Categories : National symbols of Venezuela Flags of Venezuela Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Pangasinan Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 05 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "10": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5389937595677817048	how many us troops does the united states have	[ "1,281,900 servicemembers,[4] with an additional 801,200 people in the seven reserve components" ]	{ "0": "United States Armed Forces - Wikipedia United States Armed Forces Jump to : navigation , search `` US Forces '' redirects here . For the Midnight Oil song , see US Forces ( song ) . United States Armed Forces The seals of each of the service branches of the U.S. Armed Forces Founded 14 June 1775 ( with the establishment of the Continental Army ) ( 242 years , 6 months ) Service branches United States Army United States Marine Corps United States Navy United States Air Force United States Coast Guard Headquarters The Pentagon , Virginia , U.S. Leadership Commander - in - Chief President Donald Trump Secretary of Defense James Mattis Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Joseph Dunford , USMC Manpower Military age 17 with parental consent , 18 for voluntary service . Maximum age for first - time enlistment is 35 for the Army , 28 for the Marine Corps , 34 for the Navy , 39 for the Air Force and 27 for the Coast Guard .", "1": "Active personnel 1,281,900 ( ranked 3rd ) Reserve personnel 811,000 Expenditures Budget US $ 597 billion ( 2015 ) ( ranked 1st ) Percent of GDP 3.3 % ( 2015 ) Industry Domestic suppliers List Related articles History American Revolutionary War Whiskey Rebellion Indian Wars Barbary Wars War of 1812 Patriot War Mexican -- American War Utah War Cortina Troubles Reform War American Civil War New York City draft riots Las Cuevas War Spanish -- American War Banana Wars Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Cold War Puerto Rican Nationalist Revolts Korean War 1958 Lebanon crisis Dominican Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Korean DMZ Conflict Operation Eagle Claw Multinational Force Lebanon Invasion of Grenada Operation Golden Pheasant Invasion of Panama Persian Gulf War Somali Civil War Operation Gothic Serpent Battle of Mogadishu Bosnian War Operation Deliberate Force Operation Deny Flight Kosovo War Operation Allied Force Global War on Terrorism Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan Philippines Horn of Africa Trans Sahara Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Military deployment after Hurricane Katrina Pakistan -- United States skirmishes Intervention against ISIL Other Ranks Army Army officer Army warrant officer Army enlisted Marine Corps Marine Corps officer Marine Corps warrant officer Marine Corps enlisted Navy Navy officer Navy warrant officer Navy enlisted Air Force Air Force officer Air Force enlisted Coast Guard Coast Guard officer Coast Guard warrant officer Coast Guard enlisted The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States of America . It consists of the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force and Coast Guard . The President of the United States is the commander - in - chief of the U.S. Armed Forces and forms military policy with the U.S. Department of Defense ( DoD ) and U.S. Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) , both federal executive departments , acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out . All five armed services are among the seven uniformed services of the United States .", "2": "From the time of its inception , the U.S. Armed Forces played a decisive role in the history of the United States . A sense of national unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War . Even so , the founders of the United States were suspicious of a permanent military force . It played a critical role in the American Civil War , continuing to serve as the armed forces of the United States , although a number of its officers resigned to join the military of the Confederate States . The National Security Act of 1947 , adopted following World War II and during the Cold War 's onset , created the modern U.S. military framework . The Act merged the previously Cabinet - level Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment ( renamed the Department of Defense in 1949 ) , headed by the Secretary of Defense ; and created the Department of the Air Force and the National Security Council . The U.S. Armed Forces are one of the largest militaries in terms of the number of personnel . It draws its personnel from a large pool of paid volunteers . Although conscription has been used in the past in various times of both war and peace , it has not been used since 1972 , but the Selective Service System retains the power to conscript males , and requires that all male citizens and residents residing in the U.S. between the ages of 18 -- 25 register with the service . As of 2016 , the U.S. spends about US $580 billion annually to fund its military forces and Overseas Contingency Operations . Put together , the U.S. constitutes roughly 40 percent of the world 's military expenditures . The U.S. Armed Forces has significant capabilities in both defense and power projection due to its large budget , resulting in advanced and powerful equipment and its widespread deployment of force around the world , including about 800 military bases outside the United States . The U.S. Air Force is the world 's largest air force , and the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps combined are the world 's second largest air arm . Also , the U.S. Navy is the world 's largest navy by tonnage .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Command structure 3 Budget 4 Personnel 4.1 Personnel by service 4.2 Personnel stationing 4.2. 1 Overseas 4.2. 2 Domestic 4.3 Types of personnel 4.3. 1 Enlisted 4.3. 2 Non-commissioned and petty officers 4.3. 3 Warrant officers 4.3. 4 Commissioned officers 4.4 Five - star ranking 4.5 Women in the military 5 Order of precedence 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the United States The history of the U.S. Armed Forces dates to 14 June 1775 , with the creation of the Continental Army , even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States . Continental Navy , established on 13 October 1775 , and Continental Marines , established on 10 November 1775 , were created in close succession afterwards by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War . These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence . The Congress of the Confederation created the current United States Army on 3 June 1784 . The United States Congress created the current United States Navy on 27 March 1794 and the current United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798 . All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army , the Continental Navy , and the Continental Marines . The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave the Congress the power to `` raise and support armies '' , `` provide and maintain a navy '' and to `` make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces '' , as well as the power to declare war . The President is the U.S. Armed Forces ' commander - in - chief . The United States Coast Guard traces its origin to the founding of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790 which merged with the United States Life - Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to establish the Coast Guard .", "4": "The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947 ; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division , U.S. Signal Corps , which was formed 1 August 1907 and was part of the Army before becoming an independent service . Command structure ( edit ) Main article : Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense Structure of the National Command Authority Command over the U.S. Armed Forces is established in the Constitution . The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander - in - Chief . The Constitution also allows for the creation of `` executive Departments '' headed by `` principal officers '' whose opinion the President can require . This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act . The DoD is headed by the Secretary of Defense , who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet . The Defense Secretary is second in the U.S. Armed Forces chain of command , with the exception of the Coast Guard , which is under the Secretary of Homeland Security , and is just below the President and serves as the principal assistant to the President in all defense - related matters . Together , the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority , which by law is the ultimate lawful source of military orders . To coordinate military strategy with political affairs , the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor . The collective body has only advisory power to the President , but several of the members who statutorily comprise the council ( the Secretary of State , the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Defense ) possess executive authority over their own departments . Just as the President , the Secretary of Defense , and the Secretary of Homeland Security , are in charge of the entire military establishment , maintaining civilian control of the military , so too are each of the Defense Department 's constitutive military departments headed by civilians . The four DoD branches are organized into three departments , each with civilian heads . The Department of the Army is headed by the Secretary of the Army , the Department of the Navy is headed by the Secretary of the Navy and the Department of the Air Force is headed by the Secretary of the Air Force . The Marine Corps is organized under the Department of the Navy , however it is still considered a separate and equal service .", "5": "The Coast Guard is under the Department of Homeland Security and receives its operational orders from the Secretary of Homeland Security . However , the Coast Guard may be transferred to the Department of the Navy by the President or Congress during a time of war , thereby placing it within the DoD . The President , Secretary of Defense and other senior executive officials are advised by a seven - member Joint Chiefs of Staff , which is headed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , the highest - ranking officer in the United States military and the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The rest of the body is composed of the heads of each of the DoD 's service branches ( the Chief of Staff of the Army , the Chief of Naval Operations , the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) as well as the Chief of the National Guard Bureau . Although commanding one of the five military branches , the Commandant of the Coast Guard is not a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Despite being composed of the highest - ranking officers in each of the respective branches , the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not possess operational command authority . Rather , the Goldwater - Nichols Act charges them only with advisory power . All of the branches work together during operations and joint missions in Unified Combatant Commands , under the authority of the Secretary of Defense with the typical exception of the Coast Guard . Each of the Unified Combatant Commands is headed by a Combatant Commander , a senior commissioned officer who exercises supreme command authority per 10 U.S.C. § 164 over all of the forces , regardless of branch , within his geographical or functional command . By statute , the chain of command flows from the President to the Secretary of Defense to each of the Combatant Commanders . In practice , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff often acts as an intermediary between the Secretary of Defense and the Combatant Commanders . Budget ( edit ) Main article : Military budget of the United States U.S. military spending from 1910 to 2007 , adjusted for inflation to 2003 dollars ; the large spike represents World War II spending . American defense spending by GDP percentage 1910 to 2007 The United States has the world 's largest military budget .", "6": "In the fiscal year 2016 , $580.3 billion in funding were enacted for the DoD and for `` Overseas Contingency Operations '' in the War on Terrorism . Outside of direct DoD spending , the United States spends another $218 to $262 billion each year on other defense - related programs , such as Veterans Affairs , Homeland Security , nuclear weapons maintenance and DoD . By military department , $146.9 billion was allocated for the Department of the Army , $168.8 billion for the Department of the Navy , $161.8 billion for the Department of the Air Force and $102.8 billion for DoD - wide spending . By function , $138.6 billion was requested for personnel , $244.4 billion for operations and maintenance , $118.9 billion for procurement , $69.0 billion for research and development , $1.3 billion for revolving and management funds , $6.9 billion for military construction and $1.3 billion for family housing . Personnel ( edit ) Active duty U.S. military personnel from 1950 to 2003 ; the two peaks correspond to the Korean War and the Vietnam War . The projected active duty end strength in the armed forces for fiscal year 2017 was 1,281,900 servicemembers , with an additional 801,200 people in the seven reserve components . It is an all - volunteer military , but conscription through the Selective Service System can be enacted at the President 's request and Congress ' approval . All males ages 18 through 25 who are living in the United States are required to register with the Selective Service for a potential future draft . The U.S. Armed Forces is the world 's third largest military , after the Chinese 's People 's Liberation Army and the Indian Armed Forces , and has troops deployed around the globe . As in most militaries , members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank , either that of officer , warrant officer or enlisted , to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion . Those who have served are known as veterans . Rank names may be different between services , but they are matched to each other by their corresponding paygrade .", "7": "Officers who hold the same rank or paygrade are distinguished by their date of rank to determine seniority , while officers who serve in certain positions of office of importance set by law , outrank all other officers in active duty of the same rank and paygrade , regardless of their date of rank . Currently , only one in four persons in the United States of the proper age meet the moral , academic and physical standards for military service . Personnel by service ( edit ) 2010 Demographic Reports and end strengths for reserve components ( should be updated using July 2017 DMDC military personnel data ) . Component Military Enlisted Officer Male Female Civilian United States Army 541,291 438,670 98,126 465,784 75,507 299,644 United States Marine Corps 195,338 173,474 21,864 181,845 13,493 20,484 United States Navy 317,237 260,253 52,546 265,852 51,385 179,293 United States Air Force 333,772 265,519 64,290 270,462 63,310 174,754 United States Coast Guard 42,357 9,752 35,567 6,790 7,057 Total Active 1,429,995 1,137,916 236,826 1,219,510 210,485 681,232 Army National Guard of the United States 342,000 United States Army Reserve 198,000 United States Marine Corps Reserve 38,900 United States Navy Reserve 57,400 Air National Guard of the United States 105,500 United States Air Force Reserve 69,200 United States Coast Guard Reserve 8,100 Total Reserves 818,000 Other DoD personnel 108,833 Personnel stationing ( edit ) Main article : United States military deployments Overseas ( edit ) See also : United States military presence in other countries As of 31 December 2010 , U.S.", "8": "Armed Forces troops were stationed in 150 countries ; the number of non-contingent deployments per country ranges from 1 in Suriname to over 50,000 in Germany . Some of the largest deployments are : 103,700 in Afghanistan , 52,440 in Germany ( see list ) , 35,688 in Japan ( USFJ ) , 28,500 in South Korea ( USFK ) , 9,660 in Italy and 9,015 in the United Kingdom . These numbers change frequently due to the regular recall and deployment of units . U.S. global military presence Altogether , 77,917 military personnel are located in Europe , 141 in the former Soviet Union , 47,236 in East Asia and the Pacific , 3,362 in North Africa , the Near East and South Asia , 1,355 in sub-Saharan Africa and 1,941 in the Western Hemisphere excluding the United States itself . Domestic ( edit ) Including U.S. territories and ships afloat within territorial waters As of 31 December 2009 , a total of 1,137,568 personnel were on active duty within the United States and its territories ( including 84,461 afloat ) . The vast majority ( 941,629 personnel ) were stationed at bases within the contiguous United States . There were an additional 37,245 in Hawaii and 20,450 in Alaska while 84,461 were at sea , 2,972 in Guam and 179 in Puerto Rico . Types of personnel ( edit ) Enlisted ( edit ) Service members of the U.S. Armed Forces at an American football event : ( left to right ) U.S. Marine Corps , U.S. Air Force , U.S. Navy and U.S. Army personnel Prospective service members are often recruited from high school or college , the target age ranges being 18 -- 35 in the Army , 18 -- 28 in the Marine Corps , 18 -- 34 in the Navy , 18 -- 39 in the Air Force and 18 -- 27 ( up to age 32 if qualified for attending guaranteed `` A '' school ) in the Coast Guard .", "9": "With the permission of a parent or guardian , applicants can enlist at age 17 and participate in the Delayed Entry Program ( DEP ) , in which the applicant is given the opportunity to participate in locally sponsored military activities , which can range from sports to competitions led by recruiters or other military liaisons ( each recruiting station 's DEP varies ) . After enlistment , new recruits undergo basic training ( also known as `` boot camp '' in the Marine Corps , Navy and Coast Guard ) , followed by schooling in their primary Military Occupational Specialty ( MOS ) , rating and Air Force Specialty Code ( AFSC ) at any of the numerous training facilities around the United States . Each branch conducts basic training differently . The Marine Corps send all non-infantry MOS 's to an infantry skills course known as Marine Combat Training prior to their technical schools . Air Force Basic Military Training graduates attend Technical Training and are awarded their Air Force Specialty Code ( AFSC ) at the apprentice ( 3 ) skill level . All Army recruits undergo Basic Combat Training ( BCT ) , followed by Advanced Individual Training ( AIT ) , with the exceptions of cavalry scouts , infantry , armor , combat engineers and military police recruits who go to One Station Unit Training ( OSUT ) , which combines BCT and AIT . The Navy sends its recruits to Recruit Training and then to `` A '' schools to earn a rating . The Coast Guard 's recruits attend basic training and follow with an `` A '' school to earn a rating . Initially , recruits without higher education or college degrees will hold the pay grade of E-1 and will be elevated to E-2 usually soon after basic training . Different services have different incentive programs for enlistees , such as higher initial ranks for college credit , being an Eagle Scout and referring friends who go on to enlist as well . Participation in DEP is one way recruits can achieve rank before their departure to basic training . There are several different authorized pay grade advancement requirements in each junior - enlisted rank category ( E-1 to E-3 ) , which differ by service . Enlistees in the Army can attain the initial pay grade of E-4 ( specialist ) with a four - year degree , but the highest initial pay grade is usually E-3 ( members of the Army Band program can expect to enter service at the grade of E-4 ) .", "10": "Promotion through the junior enlisted ranks occurs after serving for a specified number of years ( which can be waived by the soldier 's chain of command ) , a specified level of technical proficiency or maintenance of good conduct . Promotion can be denied with reason . Non-commissioned and petty officers ( edit ) With very few exceptions , becoming a non-commissioned officer ( NCO ) or petty officer in the U.S. Armed Forces is accomplished by progression through the lower enlisted ranks . However , unlike promotion through the lower enlisted tier , promotion to NCO is generally competitive . NCO ranks begin at E-4 or E-5 , depending upon service and are generally attained between three and six years of service . Junior NCOs function as first - line supervisors and squad leaders , training the junior enlisted in their duties and guiding their career advancement . While considered part of the non-commissioned officer corps by law , senior non-commissioned officers ( SNCOs ) referred to as chief petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard , or staff non-commissioned officers in the Marine Corps , perform duties more focused on leadership rather than technical expertise . Promotion to the SNCO ranks , E-7 through E-9 ( E-6 through E-9 in the Marine Corps ) is highly competitive . Personnel totals at the pay grades of E-8 and E-9 are limited by federal law to 2.5 percent and 1 percent of a service 's enlisted force , respectively . SNCOs act as leaders of small units and as staff . Some SNCOs manage programs at headquarters level and a select few wield responsibility at the highest levels of the military structure . Most unit commanders have a SNCO as an enlisted advisor . All SNCOs are expected to mentor junior commissioned officers as well as the enlisted in their duty sections . The typical enlistee can expect to attain SNCO rank after 10 to 16 years of service . Each of the five services employs a single Senior Enlisted Advisor at departmental level . This individual is the highest ranking enlisted member within that respective service and functions as the chief advisor to the service secretary , service chief and Congress on matters concerning the enlisted force . These individuals carry responsibilities and protocol requirements equivalent to three - star general or flag officers .", "11": "They are as follows : Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Sergeant Major of the Army Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Warrant officers ( edit ) Additionally , all services except for the Air Force have an active warrant officer corps . Above the rank of warrant Officer One , these officers may also be commissioned , but usually serve in a more technical and specialized role within units . More recently , they can also serve in more traditional leadership roles associated with the more recognizable officer corps . With one notable exception ( Army helicopter and fixed - wing pilots ) , these officers ordinarily have already been in the military often serving in senior NCO positions in the field in which they later serve as a warrant officer as a technical expert . Most Army pilots have served some enlisted time . It is also possible to enlist , complete basic training , go directly to the Warrant Officer Candidate School at Fort Rucker , Alabama and then on to flight school . Warrant officers in the U.S. military garner the same customs and courtesies as commissioned officers . They may attend the officer 's club , receive a command and are saluted by junior warrant officers and all enlisted service members . The Air Force ceased to grant warrants in 1959 when the enlisted grades of E-8 and E-9 were created . Most non-flying duties performed by warrant officers in other services are instead performed by senior NCOs in the Air Force . Commissioned officers ( edit ) Officers receive a commission in one of the branches of the U.S. Armed Forces through one of the following routes . Service academies ( United States Military Academy ( Army ) , United States Naval Academy , United States Air Force Academy , United States Coast Guard Academy and the United States Merchant Marine Academy ) Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) Officer Candidate School ( OCS ) ( Officer Training School ( OTS ) in the Air Force ) : this can be through active - duty schools , or through state - run schools in the case of the Army National Guard . Direct commission : civilians who have special skills that are critical to sustaining military operations and supporting troops may receive direct commissions .", "12": "These officers occupy leadership positions in law , medicine , dentistry , pharmacy , intelligence , supply - logistics - transportation , engineering , public affairs , chaplain , oceanography and others . Battlefield commission : under certain conditions , enlisted personnel who have skills that separate them from their peers can become officers by direct commissioning of a commander so authorized to grant them . This type of commission is rarely granted and is reserved only for the most exceptional enlisted personnel ; it is done on an ad hoc basis , typically only in wartime . No direct battlefield commissions have been awarded since the Vietnam War . The Navy and Air Force do not employ this commissioning path . Limited Duty Officer : due to the highly technical nature of some officer billet s , the Marine Corps , Navy and Coast Guard employ a system of promoting proven senior enlisted members to the ranks of commissioned officers . They fill a need that is similar to , but distinct from that filled by warrant officers ( to the point where their accession is through the same school ) . While warrant officers remain technical experts , LDOs take on the role of a generalist , like that of officers commissioned through more traditional sources . LDOs are limited , not by their authority , but by the types of billets they are allowed to fill . However , in recent times they have come to be used more and more like their more - traditional counterparts . Officers receive a commission assigning them to the officer corps from the President with the Senate 's consent . To accept this commission , all officers must take an oath of office . Through their careers , officers usually will receive further training at one or a number of the many staff colleges . Company grade officers in pay grades O - 1 through O - 3 ( known as `` junior '' officers in the Navy and Coast Guard ) function as leaders of smaller units or sections of a unit , typically with an experienced SNCO ( or CPO in the Navy and Coast Guard ) assistant and mentor . Field grade officers in pay grades O - 4 through O - 6 ( known as `` senior '' officers in the Navy and Coast Guard ) lead significantly larger and more complex operations , with gradually more competitive promotion requirements . General officers , ( known as flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard ) serve at the highest levels and oversee major portions of the military mission .", "13": "Five - star ranking ( edit ) Main article : Five - star rank These are ranks of the highest honor and responsibility in the U.S. Armed Forces , but they are almost never given during peacetime and only a very small number of officers during wartime have held a five - star rank : General of the Army Fleet Admiral General of the Air Force No corresponding rank exists for the Marine Corps or the Coast Guard . As with three - and four - star ranks , Congress is the approving authority for a five - star rank confirmation . The rank of General of the Armies is considered senior to General of the Army , but was never held by active duty officers at the same time as persons who held the rank of General of the Army . It has been held by two people : John J. Pershing who received the rank in 1919 after World War I and George Washington who received it posthumously in 1976 as part of the American Bicentennial celebrations . Pershing , appointed to General of the Armies in active duty status for life , was still alive at the time of the first five - star appointments during World War II and was thereby acknowledged as superior in grade by seniority to any World War II -- era Generals of the Army . George Washington 's appointment by Public Law 94 - 479 to General of the Armies of the United States was established by law as having `` rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army , past or present '' , making him not only superior to Pershing , but superior to any grade in the Army in perpetuity . In the Navy , the rank of Admiral of the Navy theoretically corresponds to that of General of the Armies , though it was never held by active - duty officers at the same time as persons who held the rank of Fleet Admiral . George Dewey is the only person to have ever held this rank . After the establishment of the rank of Fleet Admiral in 1944 , the Department of the Navy specified that the rank of Fleet Admiral was to be junior to the rank of Admiral of the Navy . However , since Dewey died in 1917 before the establishment of the rank of Fleet Admiral , the six - star rank has not been totally confirmed .", "14": "Women in the military ( edit ) From 2005 , the first all female C - 130 Hercules crew to fly a combat mission for the U.S. Air Force The Woman 's Army Auxiliary Corps was established in the United States in 1942 . Women saw combat during World War II , first as nurses in the Pearl Harbor attacks on 7 December 1941 . The Woman 's Naval Reserve , Marine Corps Women 's Reserve and Women Airforce Service Pilots ( WASPs ) were also created during this conflict . In 1944 , WACs arrived in the Pacific and landed in Normandy on D - Day . During the war , 67 Army nurses and 16 Navy nurses were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war . There were 350,000 American women who served during World War II and 16 were killed in action . In total , they gained over 1,500 medals , citations and commendations . Virginia Hall , serving with the Office of Strategic Services , received the second - highest U.S. combat award , the Distinguished Service Cross , for action behind enemy lines in France . After World War II , demobilization led to the vast majority of serving women being returned to civilian life . Law 625 , The Women 's Armed Services Act of 1948 , was signed by President Truman , allowing women to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces in fully integrated units during peace time , with only the WAC remaining a separate female unit . During the Korean War of 1950 -- 1953 , many women served in the Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals , with women serving in Korea numbering 120,000 during the conflict . During the Vietnam War , 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force , along with 500 members of the WAC and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff . The Ordnance Corps began accepting female missile technicians in 1974 and female crewmembers and officers were accepted into Field Artillery missile units . Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester , awarded the Silver Star for direct combat In 1974 , the first six women naval aviators earned their wings as Navy pilots . The Congressionally mandated prohibition on women in combat places limitations on the pilots ' advancement , but at least two retired as captains .", "15": "In 1989 , Captain Linda L. Bray , 29 , became the first woman to command American soldiers in battle during the invasion of Panama . The 1991 Gulf War proved to be the pivotal time for the role of women in the U.S. Armed Forces to come to the attention of the world media ; there are many reports of women engaging enemy forces during the conflict . In the 2000s , women can serve on U.S. combat ships , including in command roles . They are permitted to serve on submarines . Women can fly military aircraft and make up 2 % of all pilots in the U.S. Military . In 2003 , Major Kim Campbell was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for landing her combat damaged A-10 Thunderbolt II with no hydraulic control and only one functional engine after being struck by hostile fire over Baghdad . On 3 December 2015 , U.S. Defense Secretary Ashton Carter announced that all military combat jobs would become available to women . This gave women access to the roughly 10 % of military jobs which were previously closed off due to their combat nature . The decision gave military services until January 2016 to seek exceptions to the rule if they believe that certain jobs , such as machine gunners , should be restricted to men only . These restrictions were due in part to prior studies which stated that mixed gender units are less capable in combat . Physical requirements for all jobs remained unchanged , though . Many women believe this will allow for them to improve their positions in the military , since most high - ranking officers start in combat positions . Since women are now available to work in any position in the military , female entry into the draft has been proposed . Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester became the first woman to receive the Silver Star , the third - highest U.S. decoration for valor , for direct participation in combat . In Afghanistan , Monica Lin Brown was presented the Silver Star for shielding wounded soldiers with her body . In March 2012 , the U.S. military had two women , Ann E. Dunwoody and Janet C. Wolfenbarger , with the rank of four - star general . In 2016 , Air Force General Lori Robinson became the first female officer to command a major Unified Combatant Command ( USNORTHCOM ) in the history of the United States Armed Forces .", "16": "Order of precedence ( edit ) Under current Department of Defense regulation , the various components of the U.S. Armed Forces have a set order of seniority . Examples of the use of this system include the display of service flags , placement of Soldiers , Marines , Sailors , Airmen and Coast Guardsmen in formation , etc . When the Coast Guard shall operate as part of the Department of the Navy , United States Coast Guard Academy cadets , the United States Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Reserve shall take precedence after United States Naval Academy midshipmen ; the United States Navy ; and Navy Reserve , respectively . Cadets , U.S. Military Academy Midshipmen , U.S. Naval Academy Cadets , U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( when part of the Department of the Navy ) Cadets , U.S. Air Force Academy Cadets , U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( when part of the Department of Homeland Security ) Midshipmen , U.S. Merchant Marine Academy United States Army United States Marine Corps United States Navy United States Coast Guard ( when part of the Department of the Navy ) United States Air Force United States Coast Guard ( when part of Department of the Homeland Security ) Army National Guard of the United States United States Army Reserve United States Marine Corps Reserve United States Navy Reserve United States Coast Guard Reserve ( when part of the Department of the Navy ) Air National Guard of the United States United States Air Force Reserve United States Coast Guard Reserve ( when part of the Department of Homeland Security ) Other training and auxiliary organizations of the Army , Marine Corps , Merchant Marine , Civil Air Patrol and Coast Guard Auxiliary , as in the preceding order . The CAP was constituted through the Administrative Order 9 of 1 December 1941 and operated under the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II . The CAP became the official civilian auxiliary of the newly independent USAF with the enactment of Public Law 80 - 557 on 26 May 1948 . Note : While the U.S. Navy is older than the Marine Corps , the Marine Corps takes precedence due to previous inconsistencies in the Navy 's birth date . The Marine Corps has recognized its observed birth date on a more consistent basis .", "17": "The Second Continental Congress is considered to have established the Navy on 13 October 1775 by authorizing the purchase of ships , but did not actually pass the `` Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies '' until 27 November 1775 . The Marine Corps was established by act of said Congress on 10 November 1775 . The Navy did not officially recognize 13 October 1775 as its birth date until 1972 , when then -- Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt authorized it to be observed as such . See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal Uniformed services of the United States Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces Full - spectrum dominance List of active United States military aircraft List of currently active United States military land vehicles List of currently active United States military watercraft Military expression Military justice National Guard Public opinion of the military Servicemembers ' Group Life Insurance Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military State Defense Force TRICARE -- Health care plan for the U.S. uniformed services United States military casualties of war United States military veteran suicide United States Service academies Women in the United States Army Women in the United States Marines Women in the United States Navy Women in the United States Air Force Women in the United States Coast Guard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States Army '' . Goarmy.com . 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The White House . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions . Title 14 of the United States Code provides that `` The Coast Guard as established 28 January 1915 , shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times . '' Coast Guard units , or ships of its predecessor service , the Revenue Cutter Service , have seen combat in every war and armed conflict of the United States since 1790 , including the Iraq War . Jump up ^ `` Organization Chart of the Joint Chiefs of Staff '' ( pdf ) . JCS Leadership .", "19": "Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 U.S. Code § 152 -- Chairman : appointment ; grade and rank '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2010 ) . Combatant Commands : Origins , Structure , and Engagements . ABC - CLIO . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35432 - 8 . 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Jump up ^ `` Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Michael G. ( 27 September 2005 ) . `` First All - female Crew Flies Combat Mission '' . DefendAmerica.mil . United States Department of Defense .", "20": "Retrieved 2 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Women of Redstone Arsenal '' . United States Army . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Busse , Charlane ( July 1978 ) . `` First women join Pershing training '' ( PDF ) . Field Artillery Journal . United States Army Field Artillery School : 40 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Journal interviews : 1LT Elizabeth A. Tourville '' ( PDF ) . Field Artillery Journal . United States Army Field Artillery School : 40 -- 43 . November 1978 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ocala Star - Banner -- Google News Archive Search '' . News.google.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Women in Uniform , Desert Storm '' . Userpages.aug.com . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US navy lifts ban on women submariners '' . The Guardian . Associated Press . 2010 - 04 - 29 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Baldor , Lolita . `` Carter Telling Military to Open all Combat Jobs to Women '' . Military.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lamothe , Dan ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` In historic decision , Pentagon chief opens all jobs in combat units to women '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Connley , Courtney ( 7 December 2015 ) . `` Breaking Barriers : U.S. Military Opens up Combat Jobs to Women '' . Black Enterprise . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tilghman , Andrew ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` All combat jobs open to women in the military '' . Military Times .", "21": "Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Now Women Should Register For The Draft '' . TIME. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Clare , Micah E. ( 24 March 2008 ) , `` Face of Defense : Woman Soldier Receives Silver Star '' , American Forces Press Service Jump up ^ `` Military 's First Female Four - Star General '' . Npr.org . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Carter Names First Female Combatant Commander '' . U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 118 ( prior section 133b renumbered in 1986 ) ; DoD Directive 1005.8 dated 31 October 77 and AR 600 - 25 ^ Jump up to : Naval History & Heritage Command . `` Precedence of the U.S. Navy and the Marine Corps '' , U.S. Department of the Navy . 11 February 2016 Jump up ^ `` Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies of North - America '' . Naval Historical Center . Department of the Navy . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : United States Armed Forces Official U.S. Department of Defense website Global Security on U.S. Military Operations Department of Defense regulation detailing Order of precedence : DoD Directive 1005.8 , 31 October 1977 and also in law at Title 10 , United States Code , Section 133 . Army regulation detailing Order of Precedence : AR 840 - 10 , 1 November 1998 Marine Corps regulation on Order of Precedence : NAVMC 2691 , Marine Corps Drill and Ceremonies Manual , Part II , Ceremonies , Chapter 12 - 1 . Navy regulation detailing Order of Precedence : U.S. Navy Regulations , Chapter 12 , Flags , Pennants , Honors , Ceremonies and Customs .", "22": "Air Force regulation detailing Order of Precedence : permanent dead link ) AFMAN 36 - 2203 , Drill and Ceremonies , 3 June 1996 , Chapter 7 , Section A . United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : Army Marine Corps Reserve N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units :", "23": "A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A", "24": "MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - 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star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSPC AFSOC AMC USAFE PACAF Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG", "30": "Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank officers enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band The Airmen of Note Tops In Blue Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Category United States Air Force portal United States Coast Guard Portal : United States Coast Guard Category : United States Coast Guard Leadership Secretary of Homeland Security Commandant of the Coast Guard Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Organization Missions Reserve Intelligence Investigative Service Legal Division Police Deployable Operations Group Areas Districts Sectors Stations Air Stations Radio stations Shipbuilding Yard National Ice Center Research & Development Center Coast Guard Auxiliary Personnel and training Personnel Officer ranks Enlisted rates Ratings Coast Guard Academy Training Center Cape May Training Center Petaluma", "31": "Training Center Yorktown Maritime Law Enforcement Academy Joint Maritime Training Center Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl Chaplain of the Coast Guard Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Cutters List of cutters Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Equipment History and traditions History Coast Guard Act Coast Guard City Life - 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-8769953039083630381	points on a sphere or angles in a circle are measured in units called	[ "radians" ]	{ "0": "Angle - wikipedia Angle Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Angel . This article is about angles in geometry . For other uses , see Angle ( disambiguation ) . Basic angle types Types of angles 2D angles Right Interior Exterior 2D angle pairs Adjacent Vertical Complementary Supplementary Transversal 3D angles Dihedral An angle formed by two rays emanating from a vertex . In planar geometry , an angle is the figure formed by two rays , called the sides of the angle , sharing a common endpoint , called the vertex of the angle . Angles formed by two rays lie in a plane , but this plane does not have to be a Euclidean plane . Angles are also formed by the intersection of two planes in Euclidean and other spaces . These are called dihedral angles . Angles formed by the intersection of two curves in a plane are defined as the angle determined by the tangent rays at the point of intersection . Similar statements hold in space , for example , the spherical angle formed by two great circles on a sphere is the dihedral angle between the planes determined by the great circles . Angle is also used to designate the measure of an angle or of a rotation . This measure is the ratio of the length of a circular arc to its radius . In the case of a geometric angle , the arc is centered at the vertex and delimited by the sides . In the case of a rotation , the arc is centered at the center of the rotation and delimited by any other point and its image by the rotation . The word angle comes from the Latin word angulus , meaning `` corner '' ; cognate words are the Greek ἀγκύλος ( ankylοs ) , meaning `` crooked , curved , '' and the English word `` ankle '' . Both are connected with the Proto - Indo - European root * ank - , meaning `` to bend '' or `` bow '' . Euclid defines a plane angle as the inclination to each other , in a plane , of two lines which meet each other , and do not lie straight with respect to each other . According to Proclus an angle must be either a quality or a quantity , or a relationship .", "1": "The first concept was used by Eudemus , who regarded an angle as a deviation from a straight line ; the second by Carpus of Antioch , who regarded it as the interval or space between the intersecting lines ; Euclid adopted the third concept , although his definitions of right , acute , and obtuse angles are certainly quantitative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Identifying angles 2 Types of angles 2.1 Individual angles 2.2 Equivalence angle pairs 2.3 Vertical and adjacent angle pairs 2.4 Combining angle pairs 2.5 Polygon related angles 2.6 Plane related angles 3 Measuring angles 3.1 Angle addition postulate 3.2 Units 3.3 Positive and negative angles 3.4 Alternative ways of measuring the size of an angle 3.5 Astronomical approximations 4 Angles between curves 5 Bisecting and trisecting angles 6 Dot product and generalisations 6.1 Inner product 6.2 Angles between subspaces 6.3 Angles in Riemannian geometry 6.4 Hyperbolic angle 7 Angles in geography and astronomy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Identifying angles ( edit ) In mathematical expressions , it is common to use Greek letters ( α , β , γ , θ , φ , ... ) to serve as variables standing for the size of some angle . ( To avoid confusion with its other meaning , the symbol π is typically not used for this purpose . ) Lower case Roman letters ( a , b , c , ... ) are also used , as are upper case Roman letters in the context of polygons . See the figures in this article for examples . In geometric figures , angles may also be identified by the labels attached to the three points that define them . For example , the angle at vertex A enclosed by the rays AB and AC ( i.e. the lines from point A to point B and point A to point C ) is denoted ∠ BAC ( in Unicode U + 2220 ∠ ANGLE ) or B A C ^ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ widehat ( \\ rm ( BAC ) ) ) ) .", "2": "Sometimes , where there is no risk of confusion , the angle may be referred to simply by its vertex ( `` angle A '' ) . Potentially , an angle denoted , say , ∠ BAC might refer to any of four angles : the clockwise angle from B to C , the anticlockwise angle from B to C , the clockwise angle from C to B , or the anticlockwise angle from C to B , where the direction in which the angle is measured determines its sign ( see Positive and negative angles ) . However , in many geometrical situations it is obvious from context that the positive angle less than or equal to 180 degrees is meant , and no ambiguity arises . Otherwise , a convention may be adopted so that ∠ BAC always refers to the anticlockwise ( positive ) angle from B to C , and ∠ CAB to the anticlockwise ( positive ) angle from C to B . Types of angles ( edit ) `` Oblique angle '' redirects here . For the cinematographic technique , see Dutch angle . Individual angles ( edit ) Right angle . Reflex angle . Acute ( a ) , obtuse ( b ) , and straight ( c ) angles . The acute and obtuse angles are also known as oblique angles . Angles smaller than a right angle ( less than 90 ° ) are called acute angles ( `` acute '' meaning `` sharp '' ) . An angle equal to 1 / 4 turn ( 90 ° or π / 2 radians ) is called a right angle . Two lines that form a right angle are said to be normal , orthogonal , or perpendicular . Angles larger than a right angle and smaller than a straight angle ( between 90 ° and 180 ° ) are called obtuse angles ( `` obtuse '' meaning `` blunt '' ) . An angle equal to 1 / 2 turn ( 180 ° or π radians ) is called a straight angle . Angles larger than a straight angle but less than 1 turn ( between 180 ° and 360 ° ) are called reflex angles . An angle equal to 1 turn ( 360 ° or 2π radians ) is called a full angle , complete angle , or a perigon . Angles that are not right angles or a multiple of a right angle are called oblique angles .", "3": "The names , intervals , and measured units are shown in a table below : Name acute right angle obtuse straight reflex perigon Units Interval Turns ( 0 , 1 / 4 ) 1 / 4 ( 1 / 4 , 1 / 2 ) 1 / 2 ( 1 / 2 , 1 ) Radians ( 0 , 1 / 2π ) 1 / 2π ( 1 / 2π , π ) π ( π , 2π ) 2π Degrees ( 0 , 90 ) ° 90 ° ( 90 , 180 ) ° 180 ° ( 180 , 360 ) ° 360 ° Gons ( 0 , 100 ) 100 ( 100 , 200 ) 200 ( 200 , 400 ) 400 Equivalence angle pairs ( edit ) Angles that have the same measure ( i.e. the same magnitude ) are said to be equal or congruent . An angle is defined by its measure and is not dependent upon the lengths of the sides of the angle ( e.g. all right angles are equal in measure ) . Two angles which share terminal sides , but differ in size by an integer multiple of a turn , are called coterminal angles . A reference angle is the acute version of any angle determined by repeatedly subtracting or adding straight angle ( 1 / 2 turn , 180 ° , or π radians ) , to the results as necessary , until the magnitude of result is an acute angle , a value between 0 and 1 / 4 turn , 90 ° , or π / 2 radians . For example , an angle of 30 degrees has a reference angle of 30 degrees , and an angle of 150 degrees also has a reference angle of 30 degrees ( 180 -- 150 ) . An angle of 750 degrees has a reference angle of 30 degrees ( 750 -- 720 ) . Vertical and adjacent angle pairs ( edit ) Angles A and B are a pair of vertical angles ; angles C and D are a pair of vertical angles . When two straight lines intersect at a point , four angles are formed .", "4": "Pairwise these angles are named according to their location relative to each other . A pair of angles opposite each other , formed by two intersecting straight lines that form an `` X '' - like shape , are called vertical angles or opposite angles or vertically opposite angles . They are abbreviated as vert . opp . ∠ s . The equality of vertically opposite angles is called the vertical angle theorem . Eudemus of Rhodes attributed the proof to Thales of Miletus . The proposition showed that since both of a pair of vertical angles are supplementary to both of the adjacent angles , the vertical angles are equal in measure . According to a historical Note , when Thales visited Egypt , he observed that whenever the Egyptians drew two intersecting lines , they would measure the vertical angles to make sure that they were equal . Thales concluded that one could prove that all vertical angles are equal if one accepted some general notions such as : all straight angles are equal , equals added to equals are equal , and equals subtracted from equals are equal . In the figure , assume the measure of Angle A = x . When two adjacent angles form a straight line , they are supplementary . Therefore , the measure of Angle C = 180 − x . Similarly , the measure of Angle D = 180 − x . Both Angle C and Angle D have measures equal to 180 − x and are congruent . Since Angle B is supplementary to both Angles C and D , either of these angle measures may be used to determine the measure of Angle B. Using the measure of either Angle C or Angle D we find the measure of Angle B = 180 − ( 180 − x ) = 180 − 180 + x = x . Therefore , both Angle A and Angle B have measures equal to x and are equal in measure . Angles A and B are adjacent . Adjacent angles , often abbreviated as adj . ∠ s , are angles that share a common vertex and edge but do not share any interior points . In other words , they are angles that are side by side , or adjacent , sharing an `` arm '' . Adjacent angles which sum to a right angle , straight angle or full angle are special and are respectively called complementary , supplementary and explementary angles ( see `` Combine angle pairs '' below ) .", "5": "A transversal is a line that intersects a pair of ( often parallel ) lines and is associated with alternate interior angles , corresponding angles , interior angles , and exterior angles . Combining angle pairs ( edit ) There are three special angle pairs which involve the summation of angles : Complementary angles are angle pairs whose measures sum to one right angle ( 1 / 4 turn , 90 ° , or π / 2 radians ) . If the two complementary angles are adjacent their non-shared sides form a right angle . In Euclidean geometry , the two acute angles in a right triangle are complementary , because the sum of internal angles of a triangle is 180 degrees , and the right angle itself accounts for ninety degrees . The adjective complementary is from Latin complementum , associated with the verb complere , `` to fill up '' . An acute angle is `` filled up '' by its complement to form a right angle . The difference between an angle and a right angle is termed the complement of the angle . If angles A and B are complementary , the following relationships hold : sin 2 ⁡ A + sin 2 ⁡ B = 1 cos 2 ⁡ A + cos 2 ⁡ B = 1 tan ⁡ A = cot ⁡ B sec ⁡ A = csc ⁡ B ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) & \\ sin ^ ( 2 ) A+ \\ sin ^ ( 2 ) B = 1&& \\ cos ^ ( 2 ) A+ \\ cos ^ ( 2 ) B = 1 \\ \\ ( 3pt ) & \\ tan A = \\ cot B&& \\ sec A = \\ csc B \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) ( The tangent of an angle equals the cotangent of its complement and its secant equals the cosecant of its complement . ) The prefix `` co - '' in the names of some trigonometric ratios refers to the word `` complementary '' . Two angles that sum to a straight angle ( 1 / 2 turn , 180 ° , or π radians ) are called supplementary angles . If the two supplementary angles are adjacent ( i.e. have a common vertex and share just one side ) , their non-shared sides form a straight line . Such angles are called a linear pair of angles .", "6": "However , supplementary angles do not have to be on the same line , and can be separated in space . For example , adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary , and opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral ( one whose vertices all fall on a single circle ) are supplementary . If a point P is exterior to a circle with center O , and if the tangent lines from P touch the circle at points T and Q , then ∠ TPQ and ∠ TOQ are supplementary . The sines of supplementary angles are equal . Their cosines and tangents ( unless undefined ) are equal in magnitude but have opposite signs . In Euclidean geometry , any sum of two angles in a triangle is supplementary to the third , because the sum of internal angles of a triangle is a straight angle . Two angles that sum to a complete angle ( 1 turn , 360 ° , or 2π radians ) are called explementary angles or conjugate angles . The difference between an angle and a complete angle is termed the explement of the angle or conjugate of an angle . The complementary angles a and b ( b is the complement of a , and a is the complement of b ) . A reflex angle and its conjugate are explementary angles , and their sum is a complete angle . The angles a and b are supplementary angles . Polygon related angles ( edit ) Internal and external angles . An angle that is part of a simple polygon is called an interior angle if it lies on the inside of that simple polygon . A simple concave polygon has at least one interior angle that is a reflex angle . In Euclidean geometry , the measures of the interior angles of a triangle add up to π radians , 180 ° , or 1 / 2 turn ; the measures of the interior angles of a simple convex quadrilateral add up to 2π radians , 360 ° , or 1 turn . In general , the measures of the interior angles of a simple convex polygon with n sides add up to ( n − 2 ) π radians , or 180 ( n − 2 ) degrees , ( 2n − 4 ) right angles , or ( n / 2 − 1 ) turn . The supplement of an interior angle is called an exterior angle , that is , an interior angle and an exterior angle form a linear pair of angles .", "7": "There are two exterior angles at each vertex of the polygon , each determined by extending one of the two sides of the polygon that meet at the vertex ; these two angles are vertical angles and hence are equal . An exterior angle measures the amount of rotation one has to make at a vertex to trace out the polygon . If the corresponding interior angle is a reflex angle , the exterior angle should be considered negative . Even in a non-simple polygon it may be possible to define the exterior angle , but one will have to pick an orientation of the plane ( or surface ) to decide the sign of the exterior angle measure . In Euclidean geometry , the sum of the exterior angles of a simple convex polygon will be one full turn ( 360 ° ) . The exterior angle here could be called a supplementary exterior angle . Exterior angles are commonly used in Logo Turtle Geometry when drawing regular polygons . In a triangle , the bisectors of two exterior angles and the bisector of the other interior angle are concurrent ( meet at a single point ) . In a triangle , three intersection points , each of an external angle bisector with the opposite extended side , are collinear . In a triangle , three intersection points , two of them between an interior angle bisector and the opposite side , and the third between the other exterior angle bisector and the opposite side extended , are collinear . Some authors use the name exterior angle of a simple polygon to simply mean the explement exterior angle ( not supplement ! ) of the interior angle . This conflicts with the above usage . Plane related angles ( edit ) The angle between two planes ( such as two adjacent faces of a polyhedron ) is called a dihedral angle . It may be defined as the acute angle between two lines normal to the planes . The angle between a plane and an intersecting straight line is equal to ninety degrees minus the angle between the intersecting line and the line that goes through the point of intersection and is normal to the plane . Measuring angles ( edit ) The size of a geometric angle is usually characterized by the magnitude of the smallest rotation that maps one of the rays into the other . Angles that have the same size are said to be equal or congruent or equal in measure .", "8": "In some contexts , such as identifying a point on a circle or describing the orientation of an object in two dimensions relative to a reference orientation , angles that differ by an exact multiple of a full turn are effectively equivalent . In other contexts , such as identifying a point on a spiral curve or describing the cumulative rotation of an object in two dimensions relative to a reference orientation , angles that differ by a non-zero multiple of a full turn are not equivalent . The measure of angle θ ( in radians ) is the quotient of s and r . In order to measure an angle θ , a circular arc centered at the vertex of the angle is drawn , e.g. with a pair of compasses . The ratio of the length s of the arc by the radius r of the circle is the measure of the angle in radians . The measure of the angle in another angular unit is then obtained by multiplying its measure in radians by the scaling factor k / 2π , where k is the measure of a complete turn in the chosen unit ( for example 360 for degrees or 400 for gradians ) : θ = k s 2 π r . ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta = k ( \\ frac ( s ) ( 2 \\ pi r ) ) . ) The value of θ thus defined is independent of the size of the circle : if the length of the radius is changed then the arc length changes in the same proportion , so the ratio s / r is unaltered . ( Proof . The formula above can be rewritten as k = θr / s . One turn , for which θ = n units , corresponds to an arc equal in length to the circle 's circumference , which is 2πr , so s = 2πr . Substituting n for θ and 2πr for s in the formula , results in k = nr / 2πr = n / 2π . )", "9": "Angle addition postulate ( edit ) The angle addition postulate states that if B is in the interior of angle AOC , then m ∠ A O C = m ∠ A O B + m ∠ B O C ( \\ displaystyle m \\ angle AOC = m \\ angle AOB + m \\ angle BOC ) The measure of the angle AOC is the sum of the measure of angle AOB and the measure of angle BOC . In this postulate it does not matter in which unit the angle is measured as long as each angle is measured in the same unit . Units ( edit ) See also : Angular unit Units used to represent angles are listed below in descending magnitude order . Of these units , the degree and the radian are by far the most commonly used . Angles expressed in radians are dimensionless for the purposes of dimensional analysis . Most units of angular measurement are defined such that one turn ( i.e. one full circle ) is equal to n units , for some whole number n . The two exceptions are the radian and the diameter part . Turn ( n = 1 ) The turn , also cycle , full circle , revolution , and rotation , is complete circular movement or measure ( as to return to the same point ) with circle or ellipse . A turn is abbreviated τ , cyc , rev , or rot depending on the application , but in the acronym rpm ( revolutions per minute ) , just r is used . A turn of n units is obtained by setting k = 1 / 2π in the formula above . The equivalence of 1 turn is 360 ° , 2π rad , 400 grad , and 4 right angles . The symbol τ can also be used as a mathematical constant to represent 2π radians . Used in this way ( k = τ / 2π ) allows for radians to be expressed as a fraction of a turn . For example , half a turn is τ / 2 = π . Quadrant ( n = 4 ) The quadrant is 1 / 4 of a turn , i.e. a right angle . It is the unit used in Euclid 's Elements. 1 quad. = 90 ° = π / 2 rad = 1 / 4 turn = 100 grad .", "10": "In German the symbol has been used to denote a quadrant . Sextant ( n = 6 ) The sextant ( angle of the equilateral triangle ) is 1 / 6 of a turn . It was the unit used by the Babylonians , and is especially easy to construct with ruler and compasses . The degree , minute of arc and second of arc are sexagesimal subunits of the Babylonian unit . 1 Babylonian unit = 60 ° = π / 3 rad ≈ 1.047197551 rad . θ = s / r rad = 1 rad . Radian ( n = 2π = 6.283 ... ) The radian is the angle subtended by an arc of a circle that has the same length as the circle 's radius . The case of radian for the formula given earlier , a radian of n = 2π units is obtained by setting k = 2π / 2π = 1 . One turn is 2π radians , and one radian is 180 / π degrees , or about 57.2958 degrees . The radian is abbreviated rad , though this symbol is often omitted in mathematical texts , where radians are assumed unless specified otherwise . When radians are used angles are considered as dimensionless . The radian is used in virtually all mathematical work beyond simple practical geometry , due , for example , to the pleasing and `` natural '' properties that the trigonometric functions display when their arguments are in radians . The radian is the ( derived ) unit of angular measurement in the SI system . Clock position ( n = 12 ) A clock position is the relative direction of an object described using the analogy of a 12 - hour clock . One imagines a clock face lying either upright or flat in front of oneself , and identifies the twelve hour markings with the directions in which they point . Hour angle ( n = 24 ) The astronomical hour angle is 1 / 24 of a turn . As this system is amenable to measuring objects that cycle once per day ( such as the relative position of stars ) , the sexagesimal subunits are called minute of time and second of time . These are distinct from , and 15 times larger than , minutes and seconds of arc .", "11": "1 hour = 15 ° = π / 12 rad = 1 / 6 quad. = 1 / 24 turn = 16 2 / 3 grad . ( Compass ) point or wind ( n = 32 ) The point , used in navigation , is 1 / 32 of a turn . 1 point = 1 / 8 of a right angle = 11.25 ° = 12.5 grad . Each point is subdivided in four quarter - points so that 1 turn equals 128 quarter - points . Hexacontade ( n = 60 ) The hexacontade is a unit of 6 ° that Eratosthenes used , so that a whole turn was divided into 60 units . Pechus ( n = 144 -- 180 ) -- The pechus was a Babylonian unit equal to about 2 ° or 2 1 / 2 ° . Binary degree ( n = 256 ) The binary degree , also known as the binary radian ( or brad ) , is 1 / 256 of a turn . The binary degree is used in computing so that an angle can be efficiently represented in a single byte ( albeit to limited precision ) . Other measures of angle used in computing may be based on dividing one whole turn into 2 equal parts for other values of n . Degree ( n = 360 ) The degree , denoted by a small superscript circle ( ° ) , is 1 / 360 of a turn , so one turn is 360 ° . The case of degrees for the formula given earlier , a degree of n = 360 ° units is obtained by setting k = 360 ° / 2π . One advantage of this old sexagesimal subunit is that many angles common in simple geometry are measured as a whole number of degrees . Fractions of a degree may be written in normal decimal notation ( e.g. 3.5 ° for three and a half degrees ) , but the `` minute '' and `` second '' sexagesimal subunits of the `` degree - minute - second '' system are also in use , especially for geographical coordinates and in astronomy and ballistics .", "12": "Diameter part ( n = 376.99 ... ) The diameter part ( occasionally used in Islamic mathematics ) is 1 / 60 radian . One `` diameter part '' is approximately 0.95493 ° . There are about 376.991 diameter parts per turn . Grad ( n = 400 ) The grad , also called grade , gradian , or gon , is 1 / 400 of a turn , so a right angle is 100 grads . It is a decimal subunit of the quadrant . A kilometre was historically defined as a centi - grad of arc along a great circle of the Earth , so the kilometer is the decimal analog to the sexagesimal nautical mile . The grad is used mostly in triangulation . Milliradian The milliradian ( mil or mrad ) is defined as a thousandth of a radian , which means that a rotation of one turn consists of 2000π mil ( or approximately 6283.185 ... mil ) , and almost all scope sights for firearms are calibrated to this definition . In addition there are three other derived definitions used for artillery and navigation which are approximately equal to a milliradian . Under these three other definitions one turn makes up for exactly 6000 , 6300 or 6400 mils , which equals spanning the range from 0.05625 to 0.06 degrees ( 3.375 to 3.6 minutes ) . In comparison , the true milliradian is approximately 0.05729578 ... degrees ( 3.43775 ... minutes ) . One `` NATO mil '' is defined as 1 / 6400 of a circle . Just like with the true milliradian , each of the other definitions exploits the mil 's handby property of subtensions , i.e. that the value of one milliradian approximately equals the angle subtended by a width of 1 meter as seen from 1 km away ( 2π / 6400 = 0.0009817 ... ≈ 1 / 1000 ) . Minute of arc ( n = 21,600 ) The minute of arc ( or MOA , arcminute , or just minute ) is 1 / 60 of a degree = 1 / 21,600 turn .", "13": "It is denoted by a single prime ( ′ ) . For example , 3 ° 30 ′ is equal to 3 × 60 + 30 = 210 minutes or 3 + 30 / 60 = 3.5 degrees . A mixed format with decimal fractions is also sometimes used , e.g. 3 ° 5.72 ′ = 3 + 5.72 / 60 degrees . A nautical mile was historically defined as a minute of arc along a great circle of the Earth . Second of arc ( n = 1,296,000 ) The second of arc ( or arcsecond , or just second ) is 1 / 60 of a minute of arc and 1 / 3600 of a degree . It is denoted by a double prime ( '' ) . For example , 3 ° 7 ′ 30 '' is equal to 3 + 7 / 60 + 30 / 3600 degrees , or 3.125 degrees . Positive and negative angles ( edit ) Although the definition of the measurement of an angle does not support the concept of a negative angle , it is frequently useful to impose a convention that allows positive and negative angular values to represent orientations and / or rotations in opposite directions relative to some reference . In a two - dimensional Cartesian coordinate system , an angle is typically defined by its two sides , with its vertex at the origin . The initial side is on the positive x-axis , while the other side or terminal side is defined by the measure from the initial side in radians , degrees , or turns . With positive angles representing rotations toward the positive y - axis and negative angles representing rotations toward the negative y - axis . When Cartesian coordinates are represented by standard position , defined by the x-axis rightward and the y - axis upward , positive rotations are anticlockwise and negative rotations are clockwise . In many contexts , an angle of − θ is effectively equivalent to an angle of `` one full turn minus θ '' . For example , an orientation represented as − 45 ° is effectively equivalent to an orientation represented as 360 ° − 45 ° or 315 ° .", "14": "Although the final position is the same , a physical rotation ( movement ) of − 45 ° is not the same as a rotation of 315 ° ( for example , the rotation of a person holding a broom resting on a dusty floor would leave visually different traces of swept regions on the floor ) . In three - dimensional geometry , `` clockwise '' and `` anticlockwise '' have no absolute meaning , so the direction of positive and negative angles must be defined relative to some reference , which is typically a vector passing through the angle 's vertex and perpendicular to the plane in which the rays of the angle lie . In navigation , bearings are measured relative to north . By convention , viewed from above , bearing angles are positive clockwise , so a bearing of 45 ° corresponds to a north - east orientation . Negative bearings are not used in navigation , so a north - west orientation corresponds to a bearing of 315 ° . Alternative ways of measuring the size of an angle ( edit ) There are several alternatives to measuring the size of an angle by the angle of rotation . The grade of a slope , or gradient is equal to the tangent of the angle , or sometimes ( rarely ) the sine . A gradient is often expressed as a percentage . For very small values ( less than 5 % ) , the grade of a slope is approximately the measure of the angle in radians . In rational geometry the spread between two lines is defined as the square of the sine of the angle between the lines . As the sine of an angle and the sine of its supplementary angle are the same , any angle of rotation that maps one of the lines into the other leads to the same value for the spread between the lines . Astronomical approximations ( edit ) Astronomers measure angular separation of objects in degrees from their point of observation . 0.5 ° is approximately the width of the sun or moon . 1 ° is approximately the width of a little finger at arm 's length . 10 ° is approximately the width of a closed fist at arm 's length . 20 ° is approximately the width of a handspan at arm 's length . These measurements clearly depend on the individual subject , and the above should be treated as rough rule of thumb approximations only . Angles between curves ( edit ) The angle between the two curves at P is defined as the angle between the tangents A and B at P .", "15": "The angle between a line and a curve ( mixed angle ) or between two intersecting curves ( curvilinear angle ) is defined to be the angle between the tangents at the point of intersection . Various names ( now rarely , if ever , used ) have been given to particular cases : -- amphicyrtic ( Gr . ἀμφί , on both sides , κυρτός , convex ) or cissoidal ( Gr . κισσός , ivy ) , biconvex ; xystroidal or sistroidal ( Gr . ξυστρίς , a tool for scraping ) , concavo - convex ; amphicoelic ( Gr . κοίλη , a hollow ) or angulus lunularis , biconcave . Bisecting and trisecting angles ( edit ) Main articles : Bisection § Angle bisector , and Angle trisection The ancient Greek mathematicians knew how to bisect an angle ( divide it into two angles of equal measure ) using only a compass and straightedge , but could only trisect certain angles . In 1837 Pierre Wantzel showed that for most angles this construction can not be performed . Dot product and generalisations ( edit ) In the Euclidean space , the angle θ between two Euclidean vectors u and v is related to their dot product and their lengths by the formula u ⋅ v = cos ⁡ ( θ ) ‖ u ‖ ‖ v ‖ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( u ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) = \\ cos ( \\ theta ) \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( u ) \\ right \\ \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ right \\ . ) This formula supplies an easy method to find the angle between two planes ( or curved surfaces ) from their normal vectors and between skew lines from their vector equations . Inner product ( edit ) To define angles in an abstract real inner product space , we replace the Euclidean dot product ( ) by the inner product ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ ( \\ displaystyle \\ langle \\ cdot , \\ cdot \\ rangle ) , i.e.", "16": "⟨ u , v ⟩ = cos ⁡ ( θ ) ‖ u ‖ ‖ v ‖ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ langle \\ mathbf ( u ) , \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ rangle = \\ cos ( \\ theta ) \\ \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( u ) \\ right \\ \\ \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ right \\ . ) In a complex inner product space , the expression for the cosine above may give non-real values , so it is replaced with Re ⁡ ( ⟨ u , v ⟩ ) = cos ⁡ ( θ ) ‖ u ‖ ‖ v ‖ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ operatorname ( Re ) \\ left ( \\ langle \\ mathbf ( u ) , \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ rangle \\ right ) = \\ cos ( \\ theta ) \\ \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( u ) \\ right \\ \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ right \\ . ) or , more commonly , using the absolute value , with ⟨ u , v ⟩ = cos ⁡ ( θ ) ‖ u ‖ ‖ v ‖ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ left \\ langle \\ mathbf ( u ) , \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ rangle \\ right = \\ cos ( \\ theta ) \\ \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( u ) \\ right \\ \\ \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ right \\ . ) The latter definition ignores the direction of the vectors and thus describes the angle between one - dimensional subspaces span ⁡ ( u ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ operatorname ( span ) ( \\ mathbf ( u ) ) ) and span ⁡ ( v ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ operatorname ( span ) ( \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ) spanned by the vectors u ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( u ) ) and v ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( v ) ) correspondingly .", "17": "Angles between subspaces ( edit ) The definition of the angle between one - dimensional subspaces span ⁡ ( u ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ operatorname ( span ) ( \\ mathbf ( u ) ) ) and span ⁡ ( v ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ operatorname ( span ) ( \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ) given by ⟨ u , v ⟩ = cos ⁡ ( θ ) ‖ u ‖ ‖ v ‖ ( \\ displaystyle \\ left \\ langle \\ mathbf ( u ) , \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ rangle \\ right = \\ cos ( \\ theta ) \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( u ) \\ right \\ \\ \\ left \\ \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ right \\ ) in a Hilbert space can be extended to subspaces of any finite dimensions . Given two subspaces U ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( U ) ) ) , W ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( W ) ) ) with dim ⁡ ( U ) : = k ≤ dim ⁡ ( W ) : = l ( \\ displaystyle \\ dim ( ( \\ mathcal ( U ) ) ) : = k \\ leq \\ dim ( ( \\ mathcal ( W ) ) ) : = l ) , this leads to a definition of k ( \\ displaystyle k ) angles called canonical or principal angles between subspaces . Angles in Riemannian geometry ( edit ) In Riemannian geometry , the metric tensor is used to define the angle between two tangents . Where U and V are tangent vectors and g are the components of the metric tensor G , cos ⁡ θ = g i j U i V j g i j U i U j g i j V i V j . ( \\ displaystyle \\ cos \\ theta = ( \\ frac ( g_ ( ij ) U ^ ( i ) V ^ ( j ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left g_ ( ij ) U ^ ( i ) U ^ ( j ) \\ right \\ left g_ ( ij ) V ^ ( i ) V ^ ( j ) \\ right ) ) ) . ) Hyperbolic angle ( edit ) A hyperbolic angle is an argument of a hyperbolic function just as the circular angle is the argument of a circular function .", "18": "The comparison can be visualized as the size of the openings of a hyperbolic sector and a circular sector since the areas of these sectors correspond to the angle magnitudes in each case . Unlike the circular angle , the hyperbolic angle is unbounded . When the circular and hyperbolic functions are viewed as infinite series in their angle argument , the circular ones are just alternating series forms of the hyperbolic functions . This weaving of the two types of angle and function was explained by Leonhard Euler in Introduction to the Analysis of the Infinite . Angles in geography and astronomy ( edit ) In geography , the location of any point on the Earth can be identified using a geographic coordinate system . This system specifies the latitude and longitude of any location in terms of angles subtended at the centre of the Earth , using the equator and ( usually ) the Greenwich meridian as references . In astronomy , a given point on the celestial sphere ( that is , the apparent position of an astronomical object ) can be identified using any of several astronomical coordinate systems , where the references vary according to the particular system . Astronomers measure the angular separation of two stars by imagining two lines through the centre of the Earth , each intersecting one of the stars . The angle between those lines can be measured , and is the angular separation between the two stars . In both geography and astronomy , a sighting direction can be specified in terms of a vertical angle such as altitude / elevation with respect to the horizon as well as the azimuth with respect to north . Astronomers also measure the apparent size of objects as an angular diameter . For example , the full moon has an angular diameter of approximately 0.5 ° , when viewed from Earth . One could say , `` The Moon 's diameter subtends an angle of half a degree . '' The small - angle formula can be used to convert such an angular measurement into a distance / size ratio . See also ( edit ) Angle bisector Angular velocity Argument ( complex analysis ) Astrological aspect Central angle Clock angle problem Dihedral angle Exterior angle theorem Great circle distance Inscribed angle Irrational angle Phase angle Protractor Solid angle for a concept of angle in three dimensions .", "19": "Spherical angle Transcendent angle Trisection Zenith angle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This approach requires however an additional proof that the measure of the angle does not change with changing radius r , in addition to the issue of `` measurement units chosen . '' A smoother approach is to measure the angle by the length of the corresponding unit circle arc . Here `` unit '' can be chosen to be dimensionless in the sense that it is the real number 1 associated with the unit segment on the real line . See R. Dimitric for instance . Jump up ^ Sidorov 2001 Jump up ^ Slocum 2007 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 ; Heiberg 1908 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ `` Mathwords : Reference Angle '' . www.mathwords.com . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wong & Wong 2009 , pp. 161 -- 163 Jump up ^ Euclid ( c. 300 BC ) . The Elements . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Proposition I : 13 . ^ Jump up to : Shute , Shirk & Porter 1960 , pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Jacobs 1974 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 Jump up ^ Jacobs 1974 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Henderson & Taimina 2005 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roger A. Advanced Euclidean Geometry , Dover Publications , 2007 . Jump up ^ D. Zwillinger , ed. ( 1995 ) , CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae , Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press , p. 270 as cited in Weisstein , Eric W. `` Exterior Angle '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ R. Dimitric : On angles and angle measurements Archived 2013 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ J.H. Jeans ( 1947 ) , The Growth of Physical Science , p.", "20": "7 ; Francis Dominic Murnaghan ( 1946 ) , Analytic Geometry , p. 2 Jump up ^ ooPIC Programmer 's Guide ( archived ) oopic.com Jump up ^ Angles , integers , and modulo arithmetic Archived 2011 - 06 - 30 at Wikiwix Shawn Hargreaves blogs.msdn.com Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 ; Heiberg 1908 , p. 178 References ( edit ) Henderson , David W. ; Taimina , Daina ( 2005 ) , Experiencing Geometry / Euclidean and Non-Euclidean with History ( 3rd ed . ) , Pearson Prentice Hall , p. 104 , ISBN 9780131437487 Heiberg , Johan Ludvig ( 1908 ) , Heath , T.L. , ed. , Euclid , The Thirteen Books of Euclid 's Elements , 1 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Sidorov , L.A. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Angle '' , in Hazewinkel , Michiel , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Jacobs , Harold R. ( 1974 ) , Geometry , W.H. Freeman , pp. 97 , 255 , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0456 - 0 Slocum , Jonathan ( 2007 ) , Preliminary Indo - European lexicon -- Pokorny PIE data , University of Texas research department : linguistics research center , retrieved 2 Feb 2010 Shute , William G. ; Shirk , William W. ; Porter , George F. ( 1960 ) , Plane and Solid Geometry , American Book Company , pp. 25 -- 27 Wong , Tak - wah ; Wong , Ming - sim ( 2009 ) , `` Angles in Intersecting and Parallel Lines '' , New Century Mathematics , 1B ( 1 ed . ) , Hong Kong : Oxford University Press , pp.", "21": "161 -- 163 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 800177 - 5 Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) , `` Angle '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2 ( 11th ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , p. 14 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angles ( geometry ) . `` Angle '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2 ( 9th ed . ) , 1878 , pp. 29 -- 30 Proximity construction of an angle in decimal degrees with the third intercept theorem Angle Bisectors in a Quadrilateral at cut - the - knot Constructing a triangle from its angle bisectors at cut - the - knot Various angle constructions with compass and straightedge Complementary Angles animated demonstration . With interactive applet Supplementary Angles animated demonstration . With interactive applet Angle definition pages with interactive applets that are also useful in a classroom setting . Math Open Reference Construction of an angle Site geometry GND : 4189964 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angle&oldid=838407073 '' Categories : Angle Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template other archives Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents", "22": "About Wikipedia Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands", "23": "नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 100 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 20 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3178522985375895008	what is the year round weather in dubai	[ "tropical desert climate" ]	{ "0": "Climate of Dubai - wikipedia Climate of Dubai Jump to : navigation , search Clouds over Dubai in winter . Dubai has a tropical desert climate , Köppen classification Bwh , because of its location within the Northern desert belt . Summers are extremely hot and humid , with an average high around 41 ° C ( 106 ° F ) and overnight lows around 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Most days are sunny throughout the year . Winters are warm and short with an average high of 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) and overnight lows of 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) . Precipitation , however , has been increasing in the last few decades with accumulated rain reaching 150 mm ( 5.91 in ) per year . The weather in Dubai can bring short and irregular rainfall as is typical for the Middle East . Most of the rainfall occurs in the December to March period . The weather between December and March remains warm and is considered to be the most comfortable climatic conditions of the year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Climate data 2 Seasonal climate 3 Climatic conditions by month 4 Sandstorms 5 References 6 External links Climate data ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Dubai Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 37.5 ( 99.5 ) 41.3 ( 106.3 ) 43.5 ( 110.3 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) 47.9 ( 118.2 ) 48.5 ( 119.3 ) 47.5 ( 117.5 ) 45.1 ( 113.2 ) 42.4 ( 108.3 ) 38 ( 100 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 48.5 ( 119.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 22.", "1": "2 ( 72 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 33.1 ( 91.6 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 15 . ( 59 ) 22.15 ( 71.88 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 16.", "2": "5 ( 61.7 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 18.8 ( 0.74 ) 25.0 ( 0.984 ) 22.1 ( 0.87 ) 7.2 ( 0.283 ) 0.4 ( 0.016 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.8 ( 0.031 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) ( 0.043 ) 2.7 ( 0.106 ) 16.2 ( 0.638 ) 94.3 ( 3.711 ) Average precipitation days 5.4 4.7 5.8 2.6 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.3 3.8 25.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 65 65 63 55 53 58 56 57 60 60 61 64 59.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 254.2 229.6 254.2 294.0 344.1 342.0 322.4 316.2 309.0 303.8 285.0 254.2 3,508.7 Percent possible sunshine 75 75 68 75 85 81 74 78 86 82 86 75 78.3 Source # 1 : Dubai Meteorological Office Source # 2 : climatebase.ru ( extremes , sun ) , NOAA ( humidity ,", "3": "1974 -- 1991 ) Climate data for Dubai Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature ° C ( ° F ) 23.4 ( 74.2 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 31.6 ( 88.8 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 33.5 ( 92.3 ) 33.1 ( 91.5 ) 31.3 ( 88.4 ) 28.6 ( 83.4 ) 25.4 ( 77.8 ) 28.3 ( 76.6 ) Average Ultraviolet index 6 8 10 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 8 6 5 9.1 Source # 1 : seatemperature.org Source # 2 : Weather Atlas Seasonal climate ( edit ) The climate of Dubai is warm and sunny due to its position near the line of the Tropic of Cancer . During the winter season it has an average daytime temperature of 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) . Nighttime temperatures near the coastline range between 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) - 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) , while in the desert they are 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) with the nights being relatively cool throughout the year . Near coastal areas humidity averages between 50 % and 60 % . In the summer , the weather in Dubai is very hot , dry and humid , with temperatures reaching 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) for many days . Even the sea temperature reaches 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) , with humidity averaging over 90 % . Rainfall in Dubai is infrequent and does not last for a long period . It mostly rains during the winter period between December and March in the form of short downpours and an occasional thunderstorm .", "4": "On average , rain falls only five days a year . February is the wettest month in Dubai with an average of 35 millimetres ( 1.4 in ) of rain . The weather in Dubai is extremely dry in the month of June with little or no rain . March and December also record some amount of rainfall . The rainfall during January , April , July , October and November are about average while the amount of rain in May , August and September are comparatively lower . Climatic conditions by month ( edit ) In January the average maximum daytime temperature in Dubai is 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . The average rainfall is 10 mm ( 0.4 inches ) of , with rain generally falling on just two days of the month . While the average sea temperature in January is 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . On January 15 , 2008 110 millimetres ( 4.3 in ) of rain was recorded in 24 hours . In February the average maximum daytime temperature in Dubai is 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) . The average rainfall is 35 millimetres ( 1.4 in ) during February . While the average sea temperature is 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . In March the average temperature is 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) , with moderate heat and humidity . The average rainfall is 27 millimetres ( 1.1 in ) during March , with rain generally falling on just four days of the month . While the average sea temperature is 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) . In April the average daytime temperature is 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) , with high heat and humidity . The average rainfall is 8 millimetres ( 0.31 in ) with rain generally falling on just two days of the month . The average sea temperature in April is 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . In May the average temperature is 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) , with extreme heat and humidity . The average rainfall is 1 millimetre ( 0.039 in ) during May , with rain generally falling on just one day of the month . The average sea temperature is 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) .", "5": "In June the average temperature is 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , with extreme heat and humidity . There is very little chance of any rainfall in June . The average sea temperature in June is 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) . In July the average temperature is extremely high 42 ° C ( 108 ° F ) with extreme heat and humidity . Average sea temperature in the month of July is 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) . In August the average temperature is 43 ° C ( 109 ° F ) , with extreme heat and humidity . There is very little chance of any rainfall during August . While the average sea temperature in August is 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) . In September the average temperature is 39 ° C ( 102 ° F ) , with extreme heat and humidity . There is very little chance of any rainfall during September . Average sea temperature in September is 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) . In October the average temperature is 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) , with very high heat and humidity . The average sea temperature around Dubai Airport in October is 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . In November the average temperature is 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) , with high heat and humidity . On average only 3 millimetres ( 0.12 in ) of rainfall may occur in November . Average sea temperature in November is 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) . In December the average temperature is 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) , cool to warm with high humidity . The average rainfall during the month is 15 millimetres ( 0.59 in ) . With rain generally falling on just 2 days of the month . The average sea temperature in December is 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) . Sandstorms ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the summer season , a low pressure area develops over Dubai forcing strong north - westerly winds to blow from Saudi Arabia .", "6": "These winds , also known as Shamal ( north ) in Arabic , become gusty and unpredictable on reaching Dubai . Shamal boost up the desert sand and reduce visibility and the sandstorms may last for several days. Following are some notable sandstorms that hit Dubai during the last few years . On April 18 , 2008 a severe sandstorm hits Dubai and reduced visibility to 1,500 meters . On March 10 , 2009 a moderate sandstorm reached Dubai which lowered down the visibility and temperature . On March 2 , 2010 Strong winds caused sandstorms in Dubai and other regions of United Arab Emirates . On January 28 , 2011 a sandstorm hit Dubai for a short time . On February 26 , 2012 a strong sandstorm hit Dubai and other parts of the country On April 2 , 2015 a very strong sandstorm hit Dubai and other parts of the country . It started to clear out closer to the evening . It reduced the visibility to 3000 metres . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dubai Humidity and Temperatures : Average Temperatures and Humidity of Dubai '' . holiday-weather.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Climate in Dubai across the year Archived December 18 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Dubai Meteorological office . Jump up ^ `` Climate ( Average Temperatures : 1977 -- 2015 ; Precipitation : 1967 - 2009 ) '' . Dubai Meteorological Office . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dubai , Emirates '' . Climatebase.ru . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Normals for Dubai '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Dubai water temperature chart '' . Seatemperatures.org . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai , United Arab Emirates - Climate data '' . Weather Atlas . Retrieved 8 March 2017 .", "7": "^ Jump up to : `` Dubai Geography - Information , climate and weather in Dubai '' . Dubai.com. 2013 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather in Dubai City - Information on the Weather in Dubai , UAE '' . Visit-dubai-city.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Weather2Flights.com . `` Airports - Who flies there ? '' . Weather2flights.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Downpour continues as Dubai receives record rainfall '' . GulfNews.com. 2008 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Severe sandstorm reduces visibility in Dubai '' . GulfNews.com. 2008 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Moderate sandstorm reaches Dubai '' . GulfNews.com. 2009 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Dubai weather - UAE 's National Center of Meteorology and Seismology Weather of Dubai Dreamsofdubai Climate-Charts.com Dubai Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Emirates 24 / 7 Dubai topics History Timeline Geography Government Culture History Trucial Oman Al Maktoum dynasty Bani Yas Geography Deira Bur Dubai Dubai Creek Deira Corniche Government Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Dubai Police Force Dubai Municipality Education American University in Dubai Dubai Men 's College Dubai Women 's College Birla Institute of Technology and Science Zayed University SP Jain Center of Management Mahatma Gandhi University Our Own English High School The Indian High School Dubai Modern High School Dubai British School English College Dubai International School of Choueifat American School of Dubai Dubai American Academy Religion Grand Mosque Hindu Temple St. Mary 's Catholic Church St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church", "8": "Demographics Emiratis Expatriates Indians Pakistanis List of people from Dubai Towns Buildings Places Structures Towns Dubai Hatta Al Aweer Al Shindagha Buildings and structures List of buildings in Dubai 21st Century Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Chelsea Tower Dubai Frame Dubai World Trade Centre Emirates Towers Etisalat Tower 1 Etisalat Tower 2 more Parks Mushrif Park Safa Park Zabeel Park Real estate Palm Islands The World Dubai Marina Dubai Waterfront Business Bay Dubailand Bawadi Dubai South Dubai Festival City Jumeirah Beach Residence Palm Jumeirah Palm Jebel Ali Palm Deira Bridges and tunnels Al Shindagha Tunnel Al Maktoum Bridge Floating Bridge Al Garhoud Bridge Business Bay Crossing Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing Economy Trade Commerce Trade and commerce Emaar Nakheel Dubai Holding Al - Ghurair Group Ashai Group International Etisalat Du Dubai Ports World Art Dubai Gold Souk / Spice Souk Ports Port Rashid Jebel Ali Al Hamriya Port Port Saeed Free zones Dubai International Financial Centre Dubai Internet City Dubai Knowledge Village Dubai Media City Dubai Production City Dubai Silicon Oasis Dubai Studio City Jebel Ali", "9": "Shopping malls Mall of the Emirates BurJuman Ibn Battuta Mall Dubai Mall Deira City Centre Transport Transport Al Maktoum International Airport Dubai International Airport Abra Dubai Metro Red Line Green Line Dubai Tram Dubai Trolley Dubai Water Canal Emirates Airlines Palm Jumeirah Monorail Routes E 11 E 311 E 44 E 66 E 77 E 611 D 94 D 92 D 89 D 85 D 75 D 73 D 90 Sister cities Chennai Detroit Geneva Shanghai Casablanca Frankfurt Guangzhou Osaka Beirut Dundee Gold Coast Moscow Istanbul Damascus Barcelona Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Dubai&oldid=838253302 '' Categories : Geography of Dubai Climate of the United Arab Emirates Climate by city Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 21 : 37 . 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-8240658439749215817	when did john hart play the lone ranger	[ "from 1952 until 1953", "from 1952 until 1953", "from 1952 until 1953", "from 1952 until 1953", "from 1952 until 1953" ]	{ "0": "John Hart ( actor ) - wikipedia John Hart ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American cinema actor . For other people with the same name , see John Hart ( disambiguation ) . John Hart John Hart portrays Nat `` Hawkeye '' Cutler in the syndicated 1957 Western series `` Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans . '' ( 1917 - 12 - 13 ) December 13 , 1917 Los Angeles , California , U.S. September 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 20 ) ( aged 91 ) Playas de Rosarito , Baja California , Mexico Cause of death Complications from dementia Resting place Cremated Nationality American Other names John Hilton Education South Pasadena High School Occupation Actor Years active 1937 -- 1982 Spouse ( s ) Beryl Braithwaite ( m . 1957 -- 2009 ) Children 2 ; including Buddy Hart John Hart ( December 13 , 1917 -- September 20 , 2009 ) , also credited as John Hilton was an American film and television actor . In his early career , Hart appeared mostly in Westerns . Although Hart played mostly minor roles in some fairly well known films , he was probably best known for having replaced Clayton Moore in 1952 in the television series , The Lone Ranger for one season from 1952 until 1953 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal and Death 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Hart began his screen career in 1937 with a bit part in Daughter of Shanghai . He continued in a variety of B pictures such as Prison Farm and King of Alcatraz before appearing in two of Cecil B. DeMille 's films The Buccaneer ( 1938 ) and North West Mounted Police ( 1940 ) . In 1941 , Hart 's acting career was interrupted when he was drafted into the United States Army . He rose to the rank of first sergeant in the Coast Artillery and eventually served in the Philippines .", "1": "Following his military service , Hart worked frequently for Sam Katzman ; he was given the lead role in the Jack Armstrong ( 1947 ) film serial . Hart did stunt work and acted in numerous Westerns Hart was eventually offered the opportunity to replace Clayton Moore on The Lone Ranger television series . Based on the assumption that the masked character , rather than the actor , was the true star of The Lone Ranger , the program 's producers fired Moore ( presumably over salary differences ) and replaced him with Hart , who was of a similar build and had a comparable background in Westerns . However , the public never truly accepted Hart as the Lone Ranger , and by 1954 the producers returned Moore to the role . According to Clayton Moore 's autobiography I Was That Masked Man , Moore never knew why he was replaced by Hart , and also stated that he had not sought a pay increase . Hart acted in minor roles in two episodes of The Lone Ranger before being asked to replace Clayton Moore for the entire third season . The episodes were `` Rifles and Renegades '' ( # 34 ) and `` Sheriff at Gunstock '' ( # 46 ) . Hart continued to act in films for more than two decades , appearing in films of several genres , almost always in supporting roles . Hart appeared twice in on the TV series I Love Lucy as Lucy 's old boyfriend and again in the Hollywood episodes as a lifeguard at the hotel pool . In 1955 , Hart starred in The Adventures of Captain Africa , which was originally intended to be a new movie about famous comic book hero The Phantom . However , licensing issues forced Columbia Pictures re-film the entire serial and re-christen the hero `` Captain Africa . '' Hart also had numerous supporting roles in the Highway Patrol TV series . In 1957 , Hart portrayed Nat `` Hawkeye '' Cutler in the syndicated western series Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans , . The one - season program was based loosely on the novels of James Fenimore Cooper . It was filmed in Canada and featured some Indians in a favorable image .", "2": "Interviewed by Tom Weaver in `` Western Clippings '' magazine ( May -- June 2000 ) , Hart revealed that he met actress Beryl Braithwaite when she played a role in an episode of the series ; they married just days later , with `` Hawkeye '' co-star Lon Chaney , Jr. , the best man at the wedding . In 1965 Hart made two brief appearances on the TV series Perry Mason , including the role of title character and murder victim Jamison Selff in `` The Case of the Wrathful Wraith . '' In the 1970 film The Phynx , Hart played the Lone Ranger alongside Jay Silverheels as Tonto , spoofing their characters . Hart 's last theatrical film appearance was in 1981 's The Legend of the Lone Ranger in which he appeared as a newspaper editor . He appeared in the television series Happy Days as the Lone Ranger in the episode `` Hi Yo , Fonzie Away '' ( February 9 , 1982 ) . In this episode Fonzie , played by Henry Winkler gets to meet his childhood hero , the Lone Ranger , for his birthday . Hart 's other major late appearance was in an episode of The Greatest American Hero , My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys , where Hart gives the title character an inspiring speech about heroism . Personal and death ( edit ) Born in Los Angeles , Hart 's mother was named Enid and he had a sister ; Shari . Hart attended South Pasadena High School and later studied acting at the Pasadena Playhouse . On September 20 , 2009 , Hart died from complications of dementia at his home in Playas de Rosarito , Baja California , Mexico at the age of 91 , survived by his wife Beryl , a son and a daughter . His ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean . Filmography ( edit ) 1937 : Daughter of Shanghai 1938 : The Buccaneer 1938 : King of Alcatraz 1938 : Prison Farm 1939 : Disbarred 1940 : North West Mounted Police 1947 : Vacation Days 1949 : Batman and Robin 1950 : Atom Man vs.", "3": "Superman 1951 : Stagecoach Driver 1952 : Kansas Territory 1952 : Texas City 1953 : The Lone Ranger ( TV series ) 1953 : The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd 1953 : I Love Lucy ( 3 episodes , 1953 - 55 ) 1955 : The Adventures of Captain Africa ( serial ) 1956 : The Ten Commandments 1957 : Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans ( TV series ) 1958 : Leave It to Beaver ( 3 episodes , 1958 - 62 ) 1961 : Pete and Gladys as Mervin in `` The Fur Coat Story '' ( CBS - TV ) 1962 : The Horizontal Lieutenant 1965 : Rawhide ( CBS - TV ) 1966 : Django spara per primo 1970 : The Phynx 1973 : Santee 1973 : Blackenstein 1974 : Welcome to Arrow Beach 1976 : Blood Voyage 1976 : The Astral Factor 1978 : Cheerleaders Beach Party 1981 : The Greatest American Hero ( ABC - TV episode ) 1981 : The Legend of the Lone Ranger 1982 : Happy Days ( ABC - TV episode ) Biography portal Los Angeles portal California portal Mexico portal Film portal Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Hart - NNDB Jump up ^ Giesea , Roberta ( 2000 ) . `` The Lone Ranger Comes to Rosarito '' . Baja California , Mexico : Baja Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( June 12 , 1993 ) . `` After 60 Years , the Lone Ranger Still Lives '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McLellan , Dennis ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` John Hart dies 91 '' . Los Angeles , California : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( photo caption ) '' . Films of the Golden Age ( 81 ) : 53 . Summer 2015 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) John Hart at Find a Grave John Hart on IMDb Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans Page VIAF : 26622371 ISNI : 0000 0000 4326 3960 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hart_(actor)&oldid=792024519 '' Categories : 1917 births 2009 deaths Male actors from Los Angeles American military personnel of World War II American male film actors American male television actors Western ( genre ) television actors Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 00 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5805368237608313439	published a treatise on perspective della pitture (or on painting) in 1435	[ "Italian architect and art theorist Leon Battista Alberti", "Leon Battista Alberti", "Italian architect and art theorist Leon Battista Alberti", "Leon Battista Alberti" ]	{ "0": "De pictura - wikipedia De pictura Jump to : navigation , search Figure from Della pittura showing the vanishing point Alberti 's figure showing how a circle projected as an ellipse Figure showing pillars in perspective on a grid De pictura ( English : `` On Painting '' ) is a treatise written by the Italian architect and art theorist Leon Battista Alberti . The first version , written in vernacular Italian in 1435 under the title Della pittura , was for a general audience . The Latin version , the De pictura of 1439 -- 41 , was more technical and intended for scholars . The work is the first in a trilogy of treatises on the `` Major arts '' which had a widespread circulation during the Renaissance , the others being De re aedificatoria ( `` On Architecture '' , 1454 ) and De statua ( `` On Sculpture '' , 1462 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 Work 2.1 Contents 2.2 Approach 3 Influence 4 Bibliography 4.1 Editions 4.2 Translations and critical editions 5 References Context ( edit ) Alberti was a member of Florentine family exiled in the 14th century , who was able to return in Florence only from 1434 , in the following of the Papal court during the Council of Florence . Here he knew contemporary art innovators such as Filippo Brunelleschi , Donatello and Masaccio , with whom he shared an interest for Renaissance humanism and classical art . Alberti was the first post-classical writer to produce a work of art theory , as opposed to works about the function of religious art or art techniques , and reflected the developing Italian Renaissance art of his day . Work ( edit ) Contents ( edit ) Book I : a simple introduction for young boys , in preparation for studying painting Book II : a survey of types of painting for teenage trainees in a workshop Book III : advice to the adult painter on how to perfect his skill Approach ( edit ) Further information : Mathematics and art De pictura aimed to describe systematically the figurative arts through `` geometry '' .", "1": "Alberti divided painting into three parts : Circumscriptio ( Italian : disegno ) , consisting in drawing the bodies ' contour Compositio ( commensuratio in the Italian version of the treatise ) , including tracing the lines joining the bodies Receptio luminum ( color ) , taking into consideration colors and light . The treatise contained an analysis of all the techniques and painting theories known at the time , in this surpassing medieval works such as The book of Art by Cennino Cennini ( 1390 ) . De pictura also includes the first description of linear geometric perspective around 1416 ; Alberti credited the discovery to Brunelleschi , and dedicated the 1435 edition to him . Alberti argued that multi-figure history painting was the noblest form of art , as being the most difficult , which required mastery of all the others , because it was a visual form of history , and because it had the greatest potential to move the viewer . He placed emphasis on the ability to depict the interactions between the figures by gesture and expression . De pictura relied heavily on references to art in classical literature ; in fact Giotto 's huge Navicella in mosaic at Old St. Peter 's Basilica in Rome ( now effectively lost ) was the only modern ( post-classical ) work described in it . Influence ( edit ) The accurate perspective in Leonardo da Vinci 's paintings such as his Annunciation ( 1475 -- 1480 ) derives from Alberti 's De pictura . De pictura influenced the work of artists including Donatello , Ghiberti , Botticelli , and Ghirlandaio . His treatment of perspective was the most influential of his recommendations , having a powerful effect on Leonardo da Vinci , and through him on the whole Italian renaissance . Alberti made at least 29 uses of Pliny the Elder 's Natural History , deriving his key themes of simplicity and seriousness directly from Pliny . For example , Alberti advised artists to use colour with restraint , and to paint in the effect of gold rather than using actual gold in their paintings . Gold did indeed vanish from Italian paintings of the second part of the 15th century . Artists however found their own ways to paint with restraint , rather than following Alberti 's actual instructions directly .", "2": "Similarly , he encouraged artists to add black when modelling shapes , rather than only adding white as Cennino Cennini had advised in his c. 1390 Il Libro dell'Arte . This advice had the effect of making Italian renaissance paintings more sombre . Alberti was here perhaps following Pliny 's description of the dark varnish used by Apelles . Bibliography ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) 1435 / 6 , Della Pittura ( in the Tuscan dialect of Italian ) 1439 -- 41 , De pictura ( in Latin ) Translations and Critical editions ( edit ) Spencer , J ( 1956 , 1966 ) On Painting . New Haven . Grayson , Cecil ( 1972 ) On Painting and On Sculpture : The Latin texts of De Pictura and De Statua . Phaidon . Rocco , Sinisgalli ( 2011 ) On Painting . A New Translation and Critical Edition . Cambridge University Press . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. ( January 2003 ) . `` Mathematics and art - perspective '' . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , D.R. Edward ( 1984 ) . `` Alberti 's De Pictura : Its Literary Structure and Purpose '' . Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes . 47 : 52 -- 71 . JSTOR 751438 . Jump up ^ Edgerton , Samuel Y. ( October 2006 ) . `` Brunelleschi 's mirror , Alberti 's window , and Galileo 's ' perspective tube ' '' . História , Ciências , Saúde - Manguinhos. 13 ( suppl. 0 ) . doi : 10.1590 / S0104 - 59702006000500010 .", "3": "Jump up ^ Blunt , Anthony , Artistic Theory in Italy , 1450 - 1660 , ( 1985 ) ( 1940 ) OUP , ISBN 0 - 19 - 881050 - 4 , pages 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Barlow , Paul , `` The Death of History Painting in Nineteenth - Century Art ? '' PDF , Visual Culture in Britain , Volume 6 , Number 1 , Summer 2005 , pages 1 -- 13 Jump up ^ Alpers , Svetlana Leontief ( July 1960 ) . `` Ekphrasis and Aesthetic Attitudes in Vasari 's Lives '' . Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes . 23 ( 3 / 4 ) : 190 -- 192 . JSTOR 750591 . Jump up ^ Lefaivre , Liane ( 2005 ) . Leon Battista Alberti 's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili : Re-Cognizing the Architectural Body in the Early Italian Renaissance . MIT Press . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 62195 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ackerman , James S. ( 1994 ) . Distance Points : Essays in Theory and Renaissance Art and Architecture . MIT Press . pp. 86 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 51077 - 6 . No particular precept in the first part of De pictura had as pervasive an impact as the following section on perspective construction ; the specific recommendations on color and shadow were ineffectual ... But the incalculable change that Leonardo wrought was directly dependent on Alberti 's vision of art as a branch ... of optics Jump up ^ Grafton , Anthony ; Most , Glenn W. ; Settis , Salvatore ( 2010 ) . The Classical Tradition . Harvard University Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03572 - 0 .", "4": "( hide ) Mathematics and art Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Plastic number Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C.", "5": "Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H.", "6": "Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_pictura&oldid=786764550 '' Categories : 1435 works Art history books Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Piemontèis Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017 , at 13 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5674327280636928690	who sings you're welcome in moana credits	[ "Dwayne Johnson", "Lin-Manuel Miranda", "Jordan Fisher", "Lin-Manuel Miranda", "Jordan Fisher", "Lin-Manuel Miranda", "Jordan Fisher", "Lin-Manuel Miranda", "Jordan Fisher" ]	{ "0": "Moana ( Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Moana ( Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Moana : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released November 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 19 ) Recorded 2016 Studio Eastwood Scoring Stage , Warner Bros. , Los Angeles ( score ) Elbo Studios , Avatar Studios , The Hit Factory , NRG Recording Studios , Red Horse Studios , University of the South Pacific Genre Film score pop world Length 69 : 40 Language English , Tokelauan , Tuvaluan , Samoan Label Walt Disney Producer Mark Mancina Lin - Manuel Miranda Opetaia Foa'i Tom MacDougall Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology Zootopia ( 2016 ) Zootopia 2016 Moana ( 2016 ) Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Wreck - It Ralph 2 2018 Mark Mancina chronology Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue 2014 Moana ( 2016 ) Moana2016 Singles from Moana : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` How Far I 'll Go ( Alessia Cara version ) '' Released : November 3 , 2016 `` You 're Welcome ( Dwayne Johnson version ) '' Released : December 7 , 2016 Moana : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 2016 Disney animated film Moana . The soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 19 , 2016 . It features songs written by Lin - Manuel Miranda , Mark Mancina and Opetaia Foa'i , with lyrics in English , Samoan , Tokelauan , and Tuvalu . The two - disc deluxe edition includes the score , which was composed by Mancina , as well as demos , outtakes and instrumental karaoke tracks . The album debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number 16 and peaked at number 2 , kept off the top spot by The Weeknd 's Starboy .", "1": "`` How Far I 'll Go '' was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Commercial performance 3 Accolades 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Tracks 6 Certifications 7 Notes 8 References Recording ( edit ) For the soundtrack , Disney wanted to combine traditional South Pacific culture with pop and Broadway sensibilities , which led to the hiring of Broadway playwright , songwriter and composer Lin - Manuel Miranda , composer Mark Mancina and Tokelauan singer - songwriter Opetaia Foa'i . The first song they completed was `` We Know the Way '' , which Foa'i began after his first meeting with Disney in December 2013 . The trio worked together in New Zealand and in Los Angeles . At the same time , Miranda was also developing and starring in the Broadway musical Hamilton , which meant he was able to recruit Hamilton stars Phillipa Soo , Christopher Jackson , and Renée Elise Goldsberry as well as In The Heights star Marcy Harriell to help him record demos of his songs . The songs feature Foa'i's New Zealand - based vocal group Te Vaka , as well as a choir from Fiji . The soundtrack contains seven original songs , two reprises , and two end - credits versions of songs from the film . Mancina composed the score and produced both the score and the songs . In addition to guitars and strings , the score features Polynesian vocals and percussion , woodwinds made from bamboo from the South Pacific , and traditional hide - covered Tyka drums . According to Miranda , `` Shiny '' was inspired by the Flight of the Conchords ' tribute to David Bowie at the Aspen Comedy Festival in 2004 , as well as listening to Bowie 's songs on a loop shortly after the singer 's death in January 2016 . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' appears during the film performed by actress Auli'i Cravalho , and during the end credits performed by Canadian singer - songwriter Alessia Cara . A music video for Cara 's version of the song was released on November 3 , 2016 .", "2": "It reached number 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of December 17 , 2016 . South African singer Lira and Filipino singer Janella Salvador recorded two English - language versions of `` How Far I 'll Go '' that will play over the end credits on the South African and Filipino release of the film , while Indonesian singer Maudy Ayunda and Malaysian singer Ayda Jebat recorded their own versions of the song respectively in Indonesian and Malaysian language . Lin - Manuel Miranda and Jordan Fisher sing a duet on `` You 're Welcome '' , which plays over the end credits . The song as performed by Dwayne Johnson appears in the film . Johnson 's version of `` You 're Welcome '' peaked at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of December 17 , 2016 . The soundtrack also features Jemaine Clement , who voices the coconut crab Tamatoa . The album sold 509,000 copies in the United States by April 2017 , making it the third soundtrack to surpass a half - million in sales that year after Suicide Squad and Trolls . Moana sold 709,000 copies and earned 1,254,000 album - equivalents , finishing as the country 's fifth best - selling album of the year and had its ninth largest overall album consumption . Accolades ( edit ) At the 74th Golden Globe Awards , `` How Far I 'll Go '' was nominated for Best Original Song . It also received a nomination for Best Original Song at the 89th Academy Awards . Track listing ( edit ) ( show ) Disc one No . Title Lyrics Music Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Tulou Tagaloa '' Opetaia Foa'i Opetaia Foa'i Olivia Foa'i and Opetaia Foa'i 0 : 51 2 . `` An Innocent Warrior '' Opetaia Foa'i Opetaia Foa'i Vai Mahina , Sulata Foai - Amiatu & Matthew Ineleo 1 : 37 3 .", "3": "`` Where You Are '' Lin - Manuel Miranda Opetaia Foa'i , Miranda , Mark Mancina Christopher Jackson , Rachel House , Nicole Scherzinger , Auli'i Cravalho & Louise Bush 3 : 30 4 . `` How Far I 'll Go '' Miranda Miranda Auli'i Cravalho 2 : 43 5 . `` We Know the Way '' Opetaia Foa'i , Miranda Opetaia Foa'i Opetaia Foa'i & Miranda 2 : 21 6 . `` How Far I 'll Go ( Reprise ) '' Miranda Miranda , Mancina Auli'i Cravalho 1 : 27 7 . `` You 're Welcome '' Miranda Miranda Dwayne Johnson 2 : 43 8 . `` Shiny '' Miranda Miranda , Mancina Jemaine Clement 3 : 05 9 . `` Logo Te Pate '' Opetaia Foa'i Opetaia Foa'i O. Foa'i , Op . Foa'i & Talaga Steve Sale 2 : 10 10 . `` I Am Moana ( Song of the Ancestors ) '' Opetaia Foa'i , Miranda Opetaia Foa'i , Miranda , Mancina House & Cravalho 2 : 42 11 . `` Know Who You Are '' Opetaia Foa'i , Miranda Opetaia Foa'i , Miranda , Mancina Cravalho , Mahina , O. Foa'i , Op . Foa'i & Ineleo 1 : 12 12 . `` We Know the Way ( Finale ) '' Opetaia Foa'i , Miranda Opetaia Foa'i Miranda & Op . Foa'i 1 : 09 13 . `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( Alessia Cara version ) Miranda Miranda Alessia Cara 2 : 55 14 .", "4": "`` You 're Welcome '' ( featuring Lin - Manuel Miranda ) Miranda Miranda Jordan Fisher ( produced by Illmind ) 2 : 17 15 . `` Prologue '' Mancina Mancina and Op . Foa'i 2 : 25 16 . `` He Was You '' Mancina Mancina and O. Foa'i 0 : 50 17 . `` Village Crazy Lady '' Mancina Mancina 0 : 45 18 . `` Cavern '' Mancina Mancina , Op . Foa'i , and Pasifika Voices Choir 2 : 05 19 . `` The Ocean Chose You '' Mancina Mancina , Op . Foa'i , and P.V Choir 1 : 17 20 . `` The Hook '' Mancina Mancina 1 : 09 21 . `` Tala 's Deathbed '' Mancina Mancina and P.V Choir 2 : 00 22 . `` Battle of Wills '' Mancina Mancina 3 : 10 23 . `` Kakamora '' Mancina Mancina 4 : 33 24 . `` It 's Called Wayfinding '' Mancina Mancina 1 : 52 25 . `` Climbing '' Mancina Mancina 0 : 54 26 . `` Tamatoa 's Lair '' Mancina , Op . Foa'i , and Christophe Beck Mancina 2 : 45 27 . `` Great Escape '' Mancina and Op . Foa'i Mancina 0 : 59 28 . `` If I Were the Ocean '' Mancina Mancina 3 : 01 29 . `` Te Ka Attacks '' Mancina and Op . Foa'i Mancina and Op . Foa'i 1 : 41 30 . `` Maui Leaves '' Mancina Mancina and P.V.", "5": "Choir 2 : 05 31 . `` Heartache '' Mancina Mancina 0 : 39 32 . `` Tala Returns '' Mancina Mancina 1 : 01 33 . `` Sails to Te Fiti '' Mancina and Op . Foa'i Mancina and Op . Foa'i 5 : 46 34 . `` Shiny Heart '' Mancina Mancina 0 : 36 35 . `` Te Fiti Restored '' Mancina Mancina and Op . Foa'i 1 : 03 36 . `` Hand of a God '' Mancina Mancina 0 : 30 37 . `` Voyager Tagaloa '' Mancina and Op . Foa'i Mancina , Op . Foa'i , and O. Foa'i 0 : 57 38 . `` Toe Feiloa'i '' Mancina Mancina and P.V. Choir 1 : 25 39 . `` Navigating Home '' Mancina Mancina 0 : 47 40 . `` The Return to Voyaging '' Mancina and Op . Foa'i Mancina , Op . Foa'i , and P.V. Choir 1 : 01 Total length : 1 : 15 : 48 ( show ) Disc two No . Title Music Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Unstoppable '' ( outtake ) Lin - Manuel Miranda , Opetaia Foa'i , Mark Mancina Miranda 3 : 59 2 . `` More '' ( outtake ) Miranda , Foa'i , Mancina Marcy Harriell 3 : 16 3 . `` More ( Reprise ) '' ( outtake ) Miranda , Foa'i , Mancina Harriell 2 : 38 4 .", "6": "`` Warrior Face '' ( outtake ) Miranda , Foa'i , Mancina Miranda 2 : 16 5 . `` Where You Are '' ( demo ) Miranda , Foa'i , Mancina Miranda 3 : 01 6 . `` You 're Welcome '' ( demo ) Miranda , Foa'i , Mancina Miranda 2 : 37 7 . `` Shiny '' ( demo ) Miranda , Foa'i , Mancina Miranda 3 : 04 8 . `` Prologue '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina 2 : 26 9 . `` Village Crazy Lady '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina 0 : 45 10 . `` Cavern '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina 2 : 05 11 . `` Kakamora ( Ocean Creatures ) '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina 3 : 58 12 . `` It 's Called Wayfinding '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina 0 : 53 13 . `` Maui Leaves '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina 2 : 04 14 . `` Sails to Te Fiti '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina and Op . Foa'i 1 : 37 15 . `` Maui Battles '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina 1 : 57 16 . `` Sea Monsters '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina 0 : 45 17 . `` Tala Returns '' ( score demo ) Mancina Mancina 1 : 15 18 . `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( instrumental ) Miranda , Foa'i , Mancina 2 : 44 19 . `` You 're Welcome '' ( instrumental ) Miranda , Foa'i , Mancina 2 : 44 Total length : 44 : 04 Charts ( edit )", "7": "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Vaiana 8 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Vaiana 49 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Vaiana 48 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Vaiana 12 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Vaiana 50 French Albums ( SNEP ) Vaiana 20 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Vaiana 11 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 9 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Vaiana 5 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) Vaiana 39 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 5 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Vaiana 61 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Vaiana 18 Taiwanese Albums ( Five Music ) 12 UK Albums ( OCC ) 7 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 5 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Vaiana 33 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 10 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Vaiana 37 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Vaiana 79 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Vaiana 78 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Vaiana 96", "8": "UK Albums ( OCC ) 12 US Billboard 200 6 Tracks ( edit ) Track title Performer ( s ) Peak positions US AUS CAN NZ UK `` How Far I 'll Go '' Auli'i Cravalho 41 49 58 -- 55 `` How Far I 'll Go '' Alessia Cara 56 15 46 49 `` You 're Welcome '' Dwayne Johnson 65 77 85 -- -- `` We Know the Way '' Opetaia Foa'i & Lin - Manuel Miranda 93 -- -- -- -- `` Shiny '' Jemaine Clement -- -- -- -- -- `` Where You Are '' Christopher Jackson , Rachel House , Nicole Scherzinger , Auli'i Cravalho & Louise Bush -- -- -- -- -- `` I Am Moana ( Song of the Ancestors ) '' Rachel House & Auli'i Cravalho -- -- -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart .", "9": "Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 50,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Far I 'll Go '' did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number one on the NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` You 're Welcome '' did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number three on the NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` We Know the Way '' did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number two on the NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Shiny '' did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 , but peaked at number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . Jump up ^ `` Shiny '' did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number five on the NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Where You Are '' did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number six on the NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` I Am Moana ( Song of the Ancestors ) '' did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number eight on the NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hugh McIntyre , `` The ' Moana ' Soundtrack Blasts Into The Top 10 While The Weeknd Is On Top '' , Forbes , December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` The Weeknd Returns to No.", "10": "1 on Billboard 200 , ' Moana ' Soundtrack Zooms to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' , Variety , December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Academy Awards Nominee Ballot '' ( PDF ) . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Melinda Newman , `` Lin - Manuel Miranda , Mark Mancina & Opetaia Foa'i on Creating Disney 's ' Moana ' Music as ' Hamilton ' Exploded '' , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Greiving , `` In ' Moana , ' New Voices Both Uphold And Challenge The Disney Tradition '' , NPR , November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Dave ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` How Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Oscar - Nominated Moana Track Evolved into Disney 's Most Unique Ballad '' . People . New York : Time Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Moana Soundtrack , Featuring Music by Lin - Manuel Miranda , Out Today '' , broadwayworld.com , November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` How Lin - Manuel Miranda Pays Tribute to David Bowie with Moana Song `` Shiny '' `` . People . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Goodman , `` Alessia Cara debuts new Moana song written by Lin - Manuel Miranda '' , Entertainment Weekly , October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashley Lee , `` ' Moana ' : Alessia Cara Sings Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Anthem ' How Far I 'll Go ' in New Music Video '' , Billboard , November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alessia Cara chart , Billboard . Accessed December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ El Broide , `` Lira Lends Her Voice To Disney 's Moana Soundtrack '' , People , November 28 , 2016 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios Philippines ( November 16 , 2016 ) , Disney 's Moana -- MV teaser -- Janella Salvador , retrieved December 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Indonesia ( November 9 , 2016 ) , Disney 's Moana : Maudy Ayunda -- Seb'rapa Jauh Ku Melangkah / How Far I 'll Go , retrieved December 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios , Malaysia ( November 9 , 2016 ) , Disney 's Moana `` How Far I 'll Go '' -- Ayda Jebat , retrieved December 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Dave Quinn , `` Jordan Fisher 's Friends Hounded Him for Hamilton Tickets 18 Minutes After He Was Cast '' , People , December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trevor Anderson , `` Thanks to ' Moana , ' Dwayne ' The Rock ' Johnson Debuts on Hot 100 '' , Billboard , December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode , `` Moana review -- sail of the century from Disney '' , The Guardian , December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Twenty One Pilots ' ' Blurryface ' Hits 100th Consecutive Week on List '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Moana '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Vaiana '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Vaiana '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Vaiana '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts ... This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU -- Album Top - 40 Uge 8 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Vaiana '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums -- SNEP ( Week 16 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Soundtrack -- Vaiana '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 21 April 2017 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- Moana '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 6 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Vaiana '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Vaiana '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` 第 4 週統計時間 : 2017 / 1 / 20 -- 2017 / 1 / 26 '' ( in Chinese ) . Five - Music . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( ( ( artist ) ) ) Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Soundtrack Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Albums 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Album - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Canadian Albums -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Album Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Album 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Album - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Albums of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( January 3 , 2018 ) .", "14": "`` The Top 40 biggest albums of 2017 on the Official Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 , December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peaks of Moana songs in Australia : `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( Auli'i Cravalho version ) : `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( Alessia Cara version ) and `` You 're Welcome '' : `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 403 '' . auspOp . January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/7593101/aulii-cravalho/chart?f=793 ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/50642/AULII-CRAVALHO Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/48259/alessia-cara/ Jump up ^ `` Jemaine Clement -- Chart history ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- Moana : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Multi Interprètes -- Vaiana -- La légende de bout du monde '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Certificados Musicales Amprofon -- May 2017 '' . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Various Artists -- Vaiana '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Various artists -- Moana '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Enter Moana in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Various Artists -- Moana '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moana_(soundtrack)&oldid=821833781 '' Categories : 2016 soundtracks Disney animation soundtracks Film soundtracks Pop soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks World music albums Tokelauan music Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Use mdy dates from August 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 22 : 13 . 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-1239615596735775879	who is the coach for the ottawa senators	[ "Guy Boucher", "Guy Boucher", "Guy Boucher", "Guy Boucher", "Guy Boucher" ]	{ "0": "Guy Boucher - wikipedia Guy Boucher Jump to : navigation , search For the host of the TV show Les coqueluches , see Guy Boucher ( actor ) . Guy Boucher ( 1971 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Notre - Dame - du - Lac , Quebec , Canada Position Head coach Team Ottawa Senators Previous team ( s ) SC Bern Tampa Bay Lightning Hamilton Bulldogs Drummondville Voltigeurs Years as a coach 1997 -- present Years as an NHL coach 2010 -- present Guy Boucher ( born August 3 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach . Boucher is the current head coach of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was the head coach of the Tampa Bay Lightning from 2010 -- 2013 and SC Bern from 2014 -- 15 . He previously coached in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League . He has coached various Canadian international teams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Playing years 2 Coaching years 3 International 4 NHL coaching record 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Playing years ( edit ) Before his coaching years , Boucher played right wing with the McGill Redmen between 1991 and 1995 . He graduated with an arts degree ( history and environmental biology ) in 1995 and an engineering degree ( agricultural engineering ) in 1996 . He also holds a Masters in sports psychology at the University of Montreal . In 1995 -- 96 , Boucher played in France for Viry - Essonne where he scored 16 goals and 38 points in 27 games . Coaching years ( edit ) Boucher began his coaching career as assistant coach with the McGill Redmen under head coach Martin Raymond in 1996 -- 97 , then moved on to serve as an assistant coach with the Rouyn - Noranda Huskies of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( 1997 -- 2000 ) and then with the Rimouski Océanic from 2003 to 2006 with whom he won the Jean - Rougeau trophy ( regular season champions ) and President 's Cup . He also participated in the Memorial Cup tournament .", "1": "In between , he coached the Lac - Saint - Louis Lions of the AAA Midget Hockey League . He returned to the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League as the Drummondville Voltigeurs head coach in 2006 . In the 2008 -- 09 , he guided the team to their best season in history , with a total of 54 wins and 112 points , capturing the President 's Cup on his way to the Memorial Cup tournament once again . He won the Paul - Dumont Trophy , awarded to QMJHL 's personality of the year . On June 29 , 2009 , he was named head coach of the Montreal Canadiens 's affiliate Hamilton Bulldogs in the AHL becoming the eighth head coach in Bulldogs franchise history . He led the team to an impressive 52 -- 17 -- 11 record for 115 points despite having many of his best players being called up by the Montreal Canadiens . At the end of the season , he won the Louis A.R. Pieri Memorial Award as coach of the year . In 2010 , Boucher was offered the vacant head coaching position for the Columbus Blue Jackets , but turned it down to accept the head coaching position with the Tampa Bay Lightning , signing a four - year contract . He developed a `` 1 - 3 - 1 '' defensive system at Tampa that led to a famous incident against the Philadelphia Flyers where the Flyers held back the puck in their defensive zone , refusing to advance , while the Lightning team waited and did not attack the puck carrier , leading to several minutes of no action . In his rookie year as an NHL head coach , Boucher led the Tampa Bay Lightning to game seven of the Eastern Conference Final . On March 24 , 2013 , the team 's general manager Steve Yzerman fired Boucher following a 5 -- 3 loss against the Ottawa Senators . At the time , Tampa Bay was in 14th place in the Eastern Conference . On January 27 , 2014 , the Swiss ice hockey club SC Bern announced the signing of Guy Boucher as their head coach . Boucher guided the team to the title in the 2014 -- 15 Swiss Cup competition . On November 18 , 2015 , Boucher was fired by SC Bern following a four - game losing streak and a ninth - place finish in the NLA .", "2": "On May 8 , 2016 , Boucher was hired as the head coach of the Ottawa Senators . With his hire , Boucher is the first person to coach both franchises from the 1992 expansion class . In his first season , the club advanced to the Eastern Conference Final , losing in double overtime in game seven . International ( edit ) Boucher worked as an assistant coach for Canada men 's national U-18 ice hockey team in 2006 , 2007 and 2008 . In 2008 , they won the gold medal at the U-18 world championships . In 2009 , he served as an assistant coach with Canada men 's national U-20 ice hockey team , which won its fifth consecutive gold medal at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . In 2014 and 2015 , he coached Team Canada at the Spengler Cup , guiding the team to the title in 2015 . NHL coaching record ( edit ) Team Year Regular season Postseason OTL Pts Finish Win % Result TB 2010 -- 11 82 46 25 11 103 2nd in Southeast 11 7 . 611 Lost in Conference Finals TB 2011 -- 12 82 38 36 8 84 3rd in Southeast -- -- -- Missed playoffs TB 2012 -- 13 32 13 18 ( 40 ) ( fired ) -- -- -- -- TB Total 196 97 79 20 -- 11 7 . 611 1 playoff appearance OTT 2016 -- 17 82 44 28 10 98 2nd in Atlantic 11 8 . 579 Lost in Conference Finals OTT 2017 -- 18 82 28 43 11 67 7th in Atlantic -- -- -- Missed playoffs OTT total 164 72 71 21 -- 11 8 .", "3": "579 1 playoff appearance Total 360 169 150 41 -- 22 15 . 595 2 playoff appearances Personal life ( edit ) Guy Boucher is married to Marsha and has three children Vincent , Mila and Naomi . Boucher has a prominent scar on his right cheek . When asked how he received it , Boucher said `` it is not hockey - related . I did not tell anybody back home , so it is like this little enigma . My kids do not even know . '' Guy Boucher 's scar is often compared to the `` Le Chiffre '' character 's scar in Casino Royale and Boucher is sometimes referred to as a `` James Bond villain '' . He was spoofed as such on - air by Jay Onrait of the Canadian TSN sports television channel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canadiens hire Boucher as Bulldogs ' head coach Jump up ^ http://www.montrealgazette.com/sports/Bulldogs+Boucher+named+coach+year/2774265/story.html Jump up ^ http://blog.dispatch.com/cbj/2010/06/boucher_says_no.shtml Jump up ^ Campbell , Ken . `` Stifling defensive systems tricky to address '' . The Hockey News . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Fire Coach Guy Boucher '' . AP . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Boucher neuer Head Coach '' . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.swisshockeynews.ch/index.php/switzerland/nla-new/4914-sc-bern-fires-guy-boucher-lars-leuenberger-new-head-coach Jump up ^ `` Guy Boucher to coach Senators in second NHL stint '' . ESPN . May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Boucher nach dem Triumph am Spengler Cup : `` Die Kanadier sind die Nummer Eins der Welt , das hat sich hier gezeigt '' `` . watson.ch . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Warren , Ken ( May 13 , 2016 ) .", "4": "`` Guy Boucher brings creative mindset to Senators : And do n't call him boring '' . Ottawa Sun . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Scar on face of Tampa Bay Lightning coach Guy Boucher remains an enigma '' . St. Petersburg Times . March 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on Feb 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Despite Looking Like The Villain In Every Action Movie , Guy Boucher Insists He 's A Hockey Coach '' . Jump up ^ `` NHL Teams as Bands '' . lastframepictures.com . Jump up ^ `` Jay Onrait Top 10 : James Bond and Guy Boucher voice impersonation '' . External links ( edit ) Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com , or The Internet Hockey Database Sporting positions Preceded by Rick Tocchet Head coach of the Tampa Bay Lightning 2010 -- 2013 Succeeded by Jon Cooper Preceded by Dave Cameron Head coach of the Ottawa Senators 2016 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Head coaches of the National Hockey League Pacific Randy Carlyle ( Anaheim ) Rick Tocchet ( Arizona ) Bill Peters ( Calgary ) Todd McLellan ( Edmonton ) John Stevens ( Los Angeles ) Peter DeBoer ( San Jose ) Travis Green ( Vancouver ) Gerard Gallant ( Vegas ) Central Joel Quenneville ( Chicago ) Jared Bednar ( Colorado ) Vacant ( Dallas ) Bruce Boudreau ( Minnesota ) Peter Laviolette ( Nashville ) Mike Yeo ( St. Louis ) Paul Maurice ( Winnipeg ) Atlantic Bruce Cassidy ( Boston ) Phil Housley ( Buffalo ) Jeff Blashill ( Detroit ) Bob Boughner ( Florida ) Claude Julien ( Montreal ) Guy Boucher ( Ottawa ) Jon Cooper ( Tampa Bay ) Mike Babcock ( Toronto ) Metropolitan Vacant ( Carolina ) John Tortorella ( Columbus ) John Hynes ( New Jersey ) Doug Weight ( N.Y. Islanders ) Vacant ( N.Y.", "5": "Rangers ) Dave Hakstol ( Philadelphia ) Mike Sullivan ( Pittsburgh ) Barry Trotz ( Washington ) Defunct teams : Atlanta Flames Atlanta Thrashers California Golden Seals Colorado Rockies Hamilton Tigers Hartford Whalers Kansas City Scouts Minnesota North Stars Montreal Maroons Montreal Wanderers New York Americans Ottawa Senators ( original ) Philadelphia Quakers Pittsburgh Pirates Quebec Bulldogs Quebec Nordiques Winnipeg Jets ( 1972 -- 96 ) Ottawa Senators Founded in 1992 Based in Ottawa , Canada Franchise Team General managers Head coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Eugene Melnyk General manager Pierre Dorion Head coach Guy Boucher Team captain Erik Karlsson Current roster Arenas Ottawa Civic Centre Canadian Tire Centre Rivalries Toronto Maple Leafs Affiliates AHL Belleville Senators Media TSN5 RDS RDS2 TSN 1200 CJFO 94 , 5 Culture and lore Spartacat Lyndon Slewidge Flyers -- Senators brawl 2014 Heritage Classic NHL 100 Classic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Boucher&oldid=835546201 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Canadian ice hockey coaches Ice hockey people from Quebec McGill University alumni Ottawa Senators coaches People from Bas - Saint - Laurent Tampa Bay Lightning coaches Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 10 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8097674464864205103	where was the remake of dirty dancing filmed	[ "across western North Carolina including Asheville, Cashiers and Saluda", "western North Carolina", "High Hampton Inn in Cashiers", "Hendersonville, North Carolina", "western North Carolina including Asheville, Cashiers and Saluda", "High Hampton Inn in Cashiers" ]	{ "0": "Dirty Dancing ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Dirty Dancing ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Dirty Dancing Based on Dirty Dancing by Eleanor Bergstein Written by Jessica Sharzer Directed by Wayne Blair Starring Abigail Breslin Colt Prattes Sarah Hyland Nicole Scherzinger Tony Roberts J. Quinton Johnson Music by Mark Isham Country of origin United States Production Executive producer ( s ) Allison Shearmur Producer ( s ) Stephen Meinen Judy Cairo Bill Hill Adam Anders Cinematography John Lindley Editor ( s ) Michael P. Shawver Running time 130 minutes Production company ( s ) Allison Shearmur Productions Lionsgate Television Distributor Lionsgate Television Release Original network ABC Original release May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) Dirty Dancing is a 2017 American television film directed by Wayne Blair and written by Jessica Sharzer . It is a remake of the 1987 film of the same name . The film stars Abigail Breslin , Colt Prattes , Nicole Scherzinger , Bruce Greenwood , Debra Messing , Sarah Hyland , Tony Roberts , Billy Dee Williams , and J. Quinton Johnson . It aired on May 24 , 2017 , on ABC . In its original broadcast , the film was seen by 6.61 million viewers with a 1.4 Nielsen rating in the 18 - 49 age demographic and a 5 share . It received negative reviews from a majority of critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Marketing 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Viewership 7 References 8 External Links Plot ( edit ) In late summer 1963 , affluent , college - bound Frances `` Baby '' Houseman visits Kellerman 's Catskills resort with her family and falls in love with working - class dance instructor Johnny Castle .", "1": "The film closely follows the plot of the original film ; the following are notable changes : Baby plans to study medicine , rather than economics . The role of Marjorie Houseman is significantly expanded . Feeling alienated by Jake 's lack of attention and affection , despite her active efforts to engage him , Marjorie contacts a divorce lawyer and suggests she and Jake live apart . As Kellerman 's is where Marjorie and Jake met and fell in love , Jake romances Marjorie and they have sex , reconciling . The role of Vivian Pressman is also expanded ; now a divorcee who visits Kellerman 's alone , she tells Marjorie of her intense loneliness at night . When Johnny is accused of theft , the stolen property is no longer Vivian 's husband 's wallet , but instead her ex-husband's watch , which Johnny earlier rejected as a gift and which Vivian apparently planted among his belongings . Lisa rejects Robbie much earlier in the film . She befriends a new character , Marco , the resort 's African - American pianist . Over his boss Tito 's objections , Marco teaches Lisa to play the ukulele and performs with her in the talent show . Tito and Max acknowledge that the world is changing for the better . A frame story is added . In 1975 , Frances attends `` Dirty Dancing , '' a Broadway show choreographed by Johnny and inspired by a book Frances wrote . Frances ' faith in Johnny gave him the confidence to pursue a career . Frances is married and has a daughter . Frances takes a weekly dance lesson ; she and Johnny encourage each other to continue dancing . Cast ( edit ) Abigail Breslin as Frances `` Baby '' Houseman Colt Prattes as Johnny Castle Debra Messing as Marjorie Houseman Bruce Greenwood as Dr.", "2": "Jake Houseman Nicole Scherzinger as Penny Sarah Hyland as Lisa Houseman Tony Roberts as Max Kellerman Trevor Einhorn as Neil Kellerman Shane Harper as Robbie Gould J. Quinton Johnson as Marco Casper Smart as Billy Kostecki Katey Sagal as Vivian Pressman Billy Dee Williams as Tito Suarez Production ( edit ) In January 2011 , Lionsgate announced that Kenny Ortega , the choreographer of the 1987 film Dirty Dancing , would direct its remake ; however , the project was shelved the following year . In December 2015 , ABC and Lionsgate Television announced a three - hour remake of the movie which will not be live and would be in the same vein as The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again , a remake of the 1975 film of the same name . The remake was directed by Wayne Blair and the screenplay was written by Jessica Sharzer . Allison Shearmur was attached to the project as executive producer . Casting ( edit ) Abigail Breslin had been officially attached as Baby , while the studio would green - light the project after further casting . In January 2016 , ABC officially green - lit the project after Debra Messing was cast as Baby 's mother . The following month , after a lengthy audition process , dancer Colt Prattes was announced as Johnny , the role originally played by Patrick Swayze . In March 2016 , it was announced that Nicole Scherzinger would co-star as Penny , Johnny 's dance partner , alongside Sarah Hyland as Lisa Houseman , Baby 's sister , and Bruce Greenwood as Dr. Jake Houseman , Baby 's father . Billy Dee Williams as Tito , the band leader , Shane Harper as Robbie , joined the cast of the movie alongside Beau `` Casper '' Smart and J. Quinton Johnson . Later that month , Trevor Einhorn was tapped to play Neil Kellerman . In April 2016 , Katey Sagal and Tony Roberts were respectively cast as Vivian Pressman and Max Kellerman . Filming ( edit ) Filming was based in Hendersonville , North Carolina . Most of the filming locations were across western North Carolina including Asheville , Cashiers and Saluda , with filming taking place in April and May 2016 .", "3": "People living in the Hendersonville area served as crew members , extras and dancers , and they were invited to provide cars from the 1960s . Much of the filming took place at High Hampton Inn in Cashiers . It created an estimated 1,225 jobs , including 900 extras , 30 cast members and 225 crew positions to support the project . Marketing ( edit ) The official poster was unveiled in March 2017 , and features Breslin and Prattes in an embrace from their final dance in the movie . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released a month before the television movie 's release . Soundtrack ( edit ) Dirty Dancing : Original Television Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Length 50 : 28 Label Virgin Deepwell Dirty Dancing : Original Television Soundtrack No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Be My Baby '' Bea Miller 2 : 44 2 . `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' Karmin 2 : 20 3 . `` Love Man '' J. Quinton Johnson 2 : 19 4 . `` Do You Love Me '' Colt Prattes , Nicole Scherzinger & Johnson 2 : 45 5 . `` Fever '' Katey Sagal & Prattes 3 : 21 6 . `` When I 'm Alone '' Johnson 2 : 44 7 . `` Wipe Out '' American Authors featuring Lindsey Stirling 2 : 31 8 . `` Hungry Eyes '' Greyson Chance 3 : 42 9 . `` Hey Baby '' Lady Antebellum 2 : 24 10 . `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' Scherzinger & Abigail Breslin 3 : 07 11 . `` Cry To Me '' Seal 2 : 50 12 . `` They Ca n't Take That Away From Me '' Debra Messing 2 : 29 13 .", "4": "`` Love Is Strange '' Breslin & Prattes 3 : 01 14 . `` They Ca n't Take That Away ( Reprise ) '' Bruce Greenwood 2 : 00 15 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' Calum Scott 3 : 25 16 . `` Do n't Think Twice It 's Alright '' Sarah Hyland & Johnson 3 : 39 17 . `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' The Cast of Dirty Dancing featuring Prattes , Breslin , Johnson , Scherzinger , Messing & Greenwood 5 : 07 Total length : 50 : 28 Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The film has received negative reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 22 % `` Rotten '' based on 17 reviews . On Metacritic , the film was given a score of 39 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Kimberly Roots of TVLine gave Dirty Dancing a D , stating : `` By adding unnecessary elements and turning Dirty Dancing into a musical , ABC proves that it would n't know what made the original film special if it hit them in the pachanga . '' Mae Abdulbaki of theyoungfolks.com gave Dirty Dancing a 3 ( out of 10 ) , stating `` Remaking one of the most popular and beloved movies in the history of cinema feels almost disrespectful on many levels . Going into the TV movie remake of Dirty Dancing with a clear and open mind , I figured that if at least the dancing was good , then there was something to enjoy . However , the updated version does n't even meet the lowest of expectations and blows past mediocre to land at downright terrible . The film is slow and dull , the lead actors have absolutely no chemistry , and the musical aspect does n't add anything to the film . '' Sonia Saraiya of Variety stated in her negative review : `` An ill - conceived remake of the 1987 film retains none of the passion , skill , or fun of the original . ''", "5": "Viewership ( edit ) Dirty Dancing averaged a 1.3 rating in adults 18 - 49 and 6.6 million viewers , airing from 8 p.m. to 11 p.m. The remake gave ABC its most - watched Wednesday in nearly seven months . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Dirty Dancing gets television remake '' . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Empire finale and Dirty Dancing adjust up , Survivor reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dirty Dancing ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dirty Dancing ( 2017 ) - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Sets ' Dirty Dancing ' Musical With Abigail Breslin '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Debra Messing Cast in ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing , ' LeBron James Nabs CNBC Unscripted Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' TV Remake Nears ABC Green Light With Abigail Breslin Starring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' : Dancer Colt Prattes To Play Johnny In ABC Remake '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 1 , 2016 ) .", "6": "`` Nicole Scherzinger to Co-Star in ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' ABC Remake Adds ' Modern Family 's Sarah Hyland '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; Goldberg , Lesley ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Bruce Greenwood Boards ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Adds Billy Dee Williams '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake Adds ' Awkward ' Alum as Robbie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' : Beau `` Casper '' Smart Joins ABC Remake ; J. Quinton Johnson Cast Too `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Trevor Einhorn Joins ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' : Katey Sagal Joins ABC Remake '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Roberts Joins ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media .", "7": "Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kimzey , Kim ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` Dirty Dancing production sets up in Hendersonville '' . Fox Carolina . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff , Web ( 8 March 2016 ) . `` Casting agency seeks extras for ' Dirty Dancing ' remake filmed in NC '' . Fox 8 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Benton , Hayley ( 22 March 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' sets up production HQ in Hendersonville '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Saylor , Jennifer ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' production HQ sets up -- in Hendersonville '' . WLOS . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Dirty Dancing remake : Abigail Breslin , Colt Prattes strike a pose in first poster '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the First Trailer for ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake -- See Abigail Breslin as Baby ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( Original Television Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . iTunes Store ( United States ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly . ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dirty Dancing Review : You Wo n't Have the Time of Your Life With ABC Remake . '' . Tvline.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abdulbaki , Mae . ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Review : ABC Remake of Popular Film . '' . www.theyoungfolks.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` TV Movie Review : ' Dirty Dancing ' Rebooted on ABC '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings : ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake Flounders Against ' Survivor ' Season Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'connell , Michael ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Empire ' Finale Pops , ' Dirty Dancing ' Does OK on ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Dirty Dancing on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirty_Dancing_(2017_film)&oldid=800829374 '' Categories : 2017 television films 2010s romantic drama films American film remakes Dirty Dancing films Films set in 1975 Films set in New York City Musical television films Television shows filmed in North Carolina Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6860089942313371938	when did sussex split into east and west	[ "1832", "1889", "1889", "1889" ]	{ "0": "History of Sussex - wikipedia History of Sussex Jump to : navigation , search For the historic county see Sussex or its modern replacement the counties of East Sussex and West Sussex . Sussex Flag of Sussex Ancient extent of Sussex Area 1831 907,920 acres ( 3,674 km ) 1901 932,409 acres ( 3,773 km ) Population 1831 272,340 1901 602,255 Density 1831 0.3 per acre ( 74 / km ) 1901 0.6 per acre ( 150 / km ) History Origin Kingdom of Sussex Created In antiquity Succeeded by East Sussex and West Sussex Status Ceremonial county ( until 1974 ) Chapman code SSX HQ Chichester or Lewes Motto We wunt be druv Sussex / ˈsʌsɪks / , from the Old English ' Sūþsēaxe ' ( ' South Saxons ' ) , is a historic county in the south east of England . The foundation of the Kingdom of Sussex is recorded by the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle for the year AD 477 , saying that Ælle arrived at a place called Cymenshore in three ships with his three sons and killed or put to flight the local inhabitants . The foundation story is regarded as somewhat of a myth by most historians , although the archaeology suggests that Saxons did start to settle in the area in the late 5th century . The Kingdom of Sussex became the county of Sussex ; then after the coming of Christianity ; the see founded in Selsey , was moved to Chichester in the 11th century . The See of Chichester was coterminous with the county borders . In the 12th century the see was split into two archdeaconries centred at Chichester and Lewes . Since its creation in the fifth century , Sussex has been subject to periodic reform of its local governance . After the Reform Act of 1832 Sussex was divided into the eastern division and the western division , these divisions were coterminous with the two archdeaconries of Chichester and Lewes.", "1": ": ) In 1889 , following the Local Government Act 1888 , using those same boundaries , Sussex was divided into two administrative counties , East Sussex and West Sussex together with three self - governing county boroughs , Brighton , Eastbourne and Hastings . In 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , the county boundaries were revised with the mid-Sussex area of East Grinstead , Haywards Heath , Burgess Hill and Hassocks being transferred from East Sussex into West Sussex along with Crawley and the Gatwick area that was formerly part of Surrey . The county boroughs were returned to the control of the two county councils but in 1997 the towns of Brighton and Hove were amalgamated as a unitary local authority and in 2000 , Brighton and Hove was given City status . Although it is administered as the two ceremonial counties of East and West Sussex , there continue to be a range of organisations that operate throughout the ancient borders of Sussex such as the Diocese of Chichester , Sussex Police , the Sussex Archaeological Society the Sussex History Society and the Sussex Wildlife Trust . In 2007 , Sussex Day was created to celebrate Sussex 's rich culture and history . Based on the traditional emblem of Sussex , a blue shield with six gold martlets , the flag of Sussex was recognised by the Flag Institute in 2011 . In 2013 , Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Eric Pickles formally recognised and acknowledged the continued existence of England 's 39 historic counties , including Sussex . Although the name Sussex is derived from the Saxon period between AD 477 to 1066 , the history of human habitation in Sussex goes back to the Old Stone ( Paleolithic ) Age . Sussex has been occupied since those times and although it has been an industrious county it has succumbed to various persecutions , wars , invasions , political unrest and migrations throughout its long history .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistoric Sussex 1.1 Stone Age 1.2 Bronze Age 1.3 Iron Age 2 Roman Sussex 3 Saxon Sussex 4 Norman Sussex 5 Sussex under the Plantagenets 6 Early modern Sussex 7 Late modern and contemporary Sussex 8 Jurisdiction 9 Borough English in Sussex 10 Religion 11 Parliamentary history 12 Rebellions , riots and unrest 13 Wars 14 Industries in Sussex 14.1 Agriculture 14.2 Iron working 14.3 Glass making 14.4 Forestry 14.5 Wool 14.6 Clay working ( pottery , tiles , bricks ) 15 Communications 15.1 Roads 15.2 Canals and navigations 15.3 Railways 15.4 Ports 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Prehistoric Sussex ( edit ) Stone Age ( edit ) Reconstruction of Homo heidelbergensis In 1993 a human - like tibia was found at Boxgrove near Chichester . Then in 1996 further hominid remains were found : two incisor teeth from a single individual recovered from the lower freshwater deposits at the site . The remains came to be known as `` Boxgrove man '' and are thought to be a species known as Homo heidelbergensis . Boxgrove man apparently lived in a temperate stage immediately prior to the Anglian glaciation , in the Lower Paleolithic period between 524,000 and 478,000 years ago . In 1900 Upper Palaeolithic flintwork was found at a site in the Beedings . Then in 2007 -- 08 Early Upper Palaeolithic archaeology was found at the same site . The archaeology at the Beedings spans a crucial cultural transition in the European Palaeolithic and therefore provides an important new dataset for the analysis of late Neanderthal groups in northern Europe and their replacement by modern human populations . It is believed that during the Mesolithic Age nomadic hunters arrived in Sussex from Europe .", "3": "At the time ( 8000 BC ) , Britain was still connected to the continent , however the ice sheets over northern Europe were melting rapidly and causing the gradual rising of sea levels , which eventually led to the forming of the Straits of Dover , effectively cutting off the Mesolithic people of Sussex from the continent . There have been archaeological finds from these people , mostly in the central wealden area to the north of the Downs . Large amounts of knives , scrapers , arrow heads and other tools have been found . Neolithic flint arrowheads found near Selsey Close to the River Ouse near Sharpsbridge , a polished axe , polished axe fragments , a chisel and other examples of Neolithic flintwork have been found . The fact that these implements were found close to the River Ouse suggests that some land clearance may have taken place in the river valley during the Neolithic period . From about 4300 BC to about 3400 BC the mining of flint for use locally and also for wider trade was a major activity in Neolithic Sussex . There was also a Neolithic pottery industry , with styles of pot reminiscent of finds elsewhere , such as Hembury and Grimston / Lyle Hill . Bronze Age ( edit ) The transition from the late neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in Sussex is marked by the appearance of Beaker pottery . There have been several finds including some in Beaker settlements , a significant settlement was one discovered near Beachy Head , in 1909 . The site was partially excavated in 1970 and the finds included pottery , flints , post settings , shallow pits and a midden . The presence of Beaker pottery provides the first evidence of the migration of people from northern Europe since the early Neolithic period . Although some pre-historians now doubt the existence of the Beaker people as migrants and suggest that it was possible that the Beaker culture may have just been a new development of the local neolithic people . From the Bronze Age ( about 1400 - 1100BC ) settlements and burial sites have left their mark throughout Sussex . Iron Age ( edit ) There are over fifty Iron Age sites that are known throughout the Sussex Downs . Probably the best known are the hill - forts such as Cissbury Ring .", "4": "A small number of agricultural settlements , or farmsteads , have been excavated on a large scale . The results of these excavations have provided a picture of the economy , based on mixed farming . Artefacts such as iron ploughshares and sickles were excavated . The presence of animal bones , particularly cattle and sheep , attests to the pastoral element to their economy . Various items have been found that indicate that they used to spin and weave the wool they produced . The Sussex Iron Age dweller supplemented their diet with marine shellfish , the remains of which have been found on several sites . Towards the end of the Iron Age in 75BC , people from the Atrebates one of the tribes of the Belgae , a mix of Celtic and German stock , started invading and occupying southern Britain . This was followed by an invasion by the Roman army under Julius Caesar that temporarily occupied the south - east in 55BC . Then soon after the first Roman invasion had ended , the Celtic Regnenses tribe under , their leader Commius occupied the Manhood Peninsula . Tincomarus and then Cogidubnus followed Commius as rulers of the Regnenses . At the time of the Roman conquest in AD 43 there was an oppidum in the southern part of their territory , probably in the Selsey region . Roman Sussex ( edit ) Main article : Roman Britain Chichester inscription , with Cogidubnus name After the Roman invasion Cogidubnus was placed or confirmed by the Romans as ruler of the Regnenses and he took the name Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus and claimed to be ' ' rex magnus Britanniae ' ' . His name is mentioned on two exceptionally early Roman inscriptions in his capital of Noviomagus Reginorum ( Chichester ) . There are a variety of remains in the county from Roman times , coin hoards and decorated pottery have been found .", "5": "There are examples of Roman roads such as : Chichester to Silchester Way Chichester to London Stane Street Also a variety of buildings , the best known being : Bignor Roman Villa Fishbourne Roman Palace Anderitum ( Pevensey Castle ) The coast of Roman Britain had a series of defensive forts on them , and towards the end of the Roman occupation the coast was subject to raids by Saxons . Additional forts were built against the Saxon threat , an example in Sussex being Anderitum ( Pevensey Castle ) . The coastal defences were supervised by the Count of the Saxon Shore . There is some suggestion that around the beginning of the fourth century the Roman authorities recruited mercenaries from the German homelands to defend the southern and eastern coasts of Britain . The area they defended was known as the Saxon Shore . It is possible that these mercenaries remained after the departure of the Roman army and merged with the eventual Anglo - Saxon invaders . Saxon Sussex ( edit ) For the history of Saxon Sussex see the Kingdom of Sussex Norman Sussex ( edit ) The traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066 . The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died Arundel castle founded by Roger de Montgomery in 1067 Division of farm land See also Norman conquest of England and English feudal barony On Friday , 13 October 1066 , Harold Godwinson and his English army arrived at Senlac Hill just outside Hastings , to face William of Normandy and his invading army . On 14 October 1066 , during the ensuing battle , Harold was killed and the English defeated . It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle , as the county 's thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated . The Normans buried their dead in mass graves . There were reports that the bones of some of the English dead were still being found on the hillside some years later . It was believed that it would not be possible to recover any remaining bones from the battle field area , in modern times , as they would have disappeared due to the acidic soil .", "6": "However , a skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery , and originally thought to be associated with the 13th - century Battle of Lewes turned out to be contemporary with the Norman invasion . Skeleton 180 had sustained six fatal sword cuts to the back of the skull and was one of five skeletons that had suffered violent trauma . Skeleton 180 was one of 123 remains found in a medieval cemetery belonging to the Hospital of St Nicholas , which was run by monks from Lewes Priory . Many of the excavated skeletons exhibited the tell tale signs of a range of diseases common in that era , including leprosy , but only Skeleton 180 had died from head injuries . The reason why historians had originally thought that skeleton 180 was involved in the battle of Lewes is because the hospital was situated at the epicentre of the conflict . What had puzzled archaeologists though , was that most of the victims of the battle had been buried in mass grave pits dug next to the battle itself ; these pits had been discovered by road builders in the 19th century . Analysis now continues on the other remains found , at the site of the hospital , to try and build up a more accurate picture of who the individuals were . William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle of Hastings , and the exact spot where Harold fell was marked by the high altar . Norman influence was already strong in Sussex before the Conquest : the abbey of Fécamp had interest in the harbours of Hastings , Rye , Winchelsea and Steyning ; while the estate of Bosham was held by a Norman chaplain to Edward the Confessor . After the Norman conquest the 387 manors , that had been in Saxon hands , were replaced by just 16 heads of manors .", "7": "The owners of Sussex post 1066 Number of manors William I Lanfranc , Archbishop of Canterbury 8 Stigand , Bishop of Selsey 9 Gilbert , Abbot of Westminster 5 Abbot of Fécamp 6 Osborn , Bishop of Exeter 7 Abbot of Winchester 8 Gauspert , Abbot of Battle 9 Abbot of St Edward 's 10 Ode 11 Eldred 12 William son of Robert , Count of Eu 108 13 Robert , Count of Mortain 81 14 William de Warenne 43 15 William de Braose 38 16 Roger , Earl of Montgomery 83 Total 387 Notes : * The See was moved from Selsey to Chichester during Stigands tenure . * * Ode and Eldred were Saxon Lords . The 16 people , in charge of the manors , were known as the Tenentes in capite in other words the chief tenants who held their land directly from the crown . The list includes nine ecclesiasticals although the portion of their landholding is quite small and was virtually no different from that under Edward the Confessor . Two of the lords were Englishmen , Ode , who had been a pre-Conquest treasurer , and his brother Eldred . This means that 353 of the 387 manors in Sussex would have been wrested from their Saxon owners and given to Norman Lords by William the Conqueror The county was of great importance to the Normans ; Hastings and Pevensey being on the most direct route for Normandy . Because of this the county was divided into five new baronies , called rapes , each with at least one town and a castle . This enabled the ruling group of Normans to control the manorial revenues and thus the greater part of the county 's wealth . William , the Conqueror gave these rapes to five of his most trusted Barons : Roger of Montgomery - the combined Rapes of Chichester and Arundel . William de Braose - Rape of Bramber .", "8": "William de Warenne - Rape of Lewes Robert , Count of Mortain - Rape of Pevensey Robert , Count of Eu - Rape of Hastings Historically the land holdings of each Saxon lord had been scattered , but now the lords lands were determined by the borders of the rape . The unit of land , known as the hide , in Sussex had eight instead of the usual four virgates , ( a virgate being equal to the amount of land two oxen can plough in a season ) . The county boundary was long and somewhat indeterminate on the north , owing to the dense forest of Andredsweald . Evidence of this is seen in Domesday Book by the survey of Worth and Lodsworth under Surrey , and also by the fact that as late as 1834 the present parishes of North and South Ambersham in Sussex were part of Hampshire . Sussex under the plantagenets ( edit ) During the Hundred Years ' War , Sussex found itself on the frontline , convenient both for intended invasions and retaliatory expeditions by licensed French pirates . Hastings , Rye and Winchelsea were all burnt during this period and all three towns became part of the Cinque Ports , a loose federation for supplying ships for the country 's security . Also at this time , Amberley and Bodiam castles were built to defend the upper reaches of navigable rivers . Early modern Sussex ( edit ) Like the rest of the country , the Church of England 's split with Rome during the reign of Henry VIII was felt in Sussex . In 1538 there was a royal order for the demolition of the shrine of Saint Richard , in Chichester Cathedral , with Thomas Cromwell saying that there was `` a certain kind of idolatry about the shrine '' . In the reign of Queen Mary , 41 people in Sussex were burnt at the stake for their Protestant beliefs . Elizabeth re-established the break with Rome when she passed the 1559 Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity . Under Elizabeth I , religious intolerance continued albeit on a lesser scale , with several people being executed for their Catholic beliefs .", "9": "Sussex escaped the worst ravages of the English Civil War , although in 1642 there were sieges at Arundel and Chichester , and a skirmish at Haywards Heath when Royalists marching towards Lewes were intercepted by local Parliamentarians . The Royalists were routed with around 200 killed or taken prisoner . Despite it being under Parliamentarian control , a heavily disguised Charles II was able to evade capture on his journey through the county after the Battle of Worcester in 1651 and make his escape to France from the port of Shoreham . Late modern and contemporary Sussex ( edit ) The Sussex women are very nice in their dress and in their houses . The men and boys wear smock - frocks more than they do in some counties . - William Cobbett. 1822 The Sussex coast was greatly modified by the social movement of sea bathing for health which became fashionable among the wealthy in the second half of the 18th century . Resorts developed all along the coast , including at Brighton , Hastings , Worthing , and Bognor . At the beginning of the 19th century , agricultural labourers ' conditions took a turn for the worse with an increasing amount of them becoming unemployed , those in work faced their wages being forced down . Conditions became so bad that it was even reported to the House of Lords in 1830 that four harvest labourers ( seasonal workers ) had been found dead of starvation . The deteriorating conditions of work for the agricultural labourer eventually triggered riots , first in neighbouring Kent , and then in Sussex , where they lasted for several weeks , although the unrest continued until 1832 and became known as the Swing Riots . Railways spread across Sussex in the 19th century and county councils were created for Sussex 's eastern and western divisions in 1889 . During World War I , on the eve of the Battle of the Somme on 30 June 1916 , the Royal Sussex Regiment took part in the Battle of the Boar 's Head at Richebourg - l'Avoué . The day subsequently became known as The Day Sussex Died . Over a period of less than five hours the 17 officers and 349 men were killed , including 12 sets of brothers , including three from one family . A further 1,000 men were wounded or taken prisoner .", "10": "With the declaration of the World War II , Sussex found itself part of the country 's frontline with its airfields playing a key role in the Battle of Britain and with its towns being some of the most frequently bombed . As the Sussex regiments served overseas , the defence of the county was undertaken by units of the Home Guard with help from the First Canadian Army . During the lead up to the D - Day landings , the people of Sussex were witness to the buildup of military personnel and materials , including the assembly of landing crafts and construction of Mulberry harbours off the county 's coast . In the post-war era , the New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of a new town . As part of the Local Government Act 1972 , the eastern and western divisions of Sussex were made into the ceremonial counties of East and West Sussex in 1974 . Boundaries were changed and a large part of the rape of Lewes was transferred from the eastern division into West Sussex , along with Gatwick Airport , which was historically part of the county of Surrey . Jurisdiction ( edit ) See also High Sheriff of Sussex , Custos Rotulorum of Sussex and Lord Lieutenant of Sussex The system of hundreds had been introduced during the time of the Saxons . In the 7th century Sussex has been estimated to have contained 7,000 families or hides . The creation of the rapes by the Normans introduced boundaries that divided some of the hundreds ( and also some of the manors ) causing a certain amount of fragmentation . The Arundel Rape covered nearly all of what is now West Sussex until about 1250 when it was split into two rapes , the Arundel Rape and the Chichester Rape . Ultimately Sussex was divided into six rapes ; Chichester , Arundel , Bramber , Lewes , Pevensey and Hastings . Map of Sussex in 1832 . Showing the Rapes , Hundreds and Boroughs At the time of the Domesday Survey , Sussex contained fifty nine hundreds . This eventually increased to sixty - three hundreds and remained unchanged till the 19th century , with thirty eight retaining their original names . The reason why the remainder had their names changed was probably due to the meeting - place of the hundred court being altered .", "11": "These courts were in private hands in Sussex ; either of the Church , or of great barons and local lords . Independent from the hundreds were the boroughs . Site of Chichester Castle and Greyfriars Priory . Location of the old Chichester gaol . The county court had been held at Lewes and Shoreham until 1086 , when it was moved to Chichester . A petition to parliament of 1336 from the ' community of Sussex ' asked to have a place assigned for the holding of the county court . After several changes the act of 1504 , during the reign of Henry VII , arranged for it to be held alternately at Lewes and Chichester . In 1107 -- 1109 there was construction of a county gaol , in Chichester Castle , however the castle was demolished in around 1217 and another gaol built on the same site . That gaol is known to have been used until 1269 , when the site of the prison was given to the Greyfriars to build a priory . In 1242 the counties of Surrey and Sussex were formerly united , and a sharing of prison accommodation resulted almost immediately . Sussex men were imprisoned in Guildford gaol . There were requests for the provision of a county gaol in both Chichester and Lewes at various times to no avail . However the national gaol system became overloaded during the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 , and the earl of Arundel was obliged to imprison people in his castles at Arundel and Lewes . Thus Sussex managed to get a county gaol again at Lewes in 1487 and there it remained until it was moved to Horsham in 1541 for a period . In the middle of the 16th century , the assizes were usually held at Horsham or East Grinstead . In the middle of the 17th century , a gaol was built in Horsham , then in 1775 a new gaol was built to replace it . In 1788 an additional gaol was built at Petworth , known as the Petworth House of Correction . There were further Houses of Correction built at Lewes and Battle .", "12": "It is believed that the last case of someone being executed by being pressed to death ( peine forte et dure ) , in the country , was carried out in 1735 at Horsham . At the assizes a man who pretended to be dumb and lame , was indicted for murder and robbery . When he was brought to the bar , he would not speak or plead . Witnesses told the court , that they had heard him speak so he was taken back to Horsham gaol . As he would not plead they laid 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) weight on him , then as he still would not plead , they added 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) more , and a further 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) making a total of 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) weight , still he would not speak ; so 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) more was added , when he was nearly dead , the executioner , who weighed about 16 stone ( 100 kg ) or 17 stone ( 110 kg ) , laid down upon the board which was over him , and killed him in an instant . In 1824 there were 109 prisoners in Horsham Gaol , 233 in Petworth House of Correction , 591 in Lewes House of Correction and 91 in Battle House of Correction . The last public hanging in Sussex was at Horsham in 1844 , a year before the gaol finally closed . The sheriff 's function was to be responsible for the civil justice within the county . Surrey and Sussex shared one sheriff until 1567 when the function was split . Then in 1571 the two counties again shared one sheriff , finally each county was given their own sheriff in 1636 . The office of High Sheriff for Sussex then continued until 1974 when it was ended by the local government re-organisation that split Sussex into the two counties of East and West Sussex . During time of internal unrest or foreign invasions it was usual for the monarch to appoint a lieutenant of the county . The policy of appointing temporary lieutenants continued till the reign of Henry VIII , when Lords Lieutenant were introduced as standing representatives of the crown .", "13": "The first Lord Lieutenant of the County of Sussex was Sir Richard Sackville in 1550 , the Lord Lieutenant was usually also the custos rotulorum of the county and Sackville had been given that the year before . The main duties of the Lords Lieutenant was to oversee the military in the county ; in Sussex this was the Militia and the Sussex Yeomanry . As with the Sheriff , the post of Lord Lieutenant of Sussex was ended , in 1974 , by the local government re-organisation . There are now separate Sheriffs and Lords Lieutenant for East and West Sussex and the modern day role is largely ceremonial . Private jurisdictions , both ecclesiastical and lay , played a large part in the county . The chief ecclesiastical franchises were those of the Archbishop of Canterbury , the bishop of Chichester and also that of Battle Abbey which was founded by William the Conqueror . The main lay francises were those of the Cinque Ports and the Honour of Pevensey . The Cinque Ports were a group of coastal towns in Kent and Sussex that were given ancient rights and privileges . The main rights were the exemption of taxes and duties and the right to enforce the laws in their jurisdiction . In return for these privileges they were duty bound to provide ships and men in the time of war for the crown . Traditionally when a collection of lands owned by the Crown is held in tenancy then the tenant is known as the tenant - in - chief and the lands held in such a way was called an honour . The Honour of Pevensey was a collection of estates in Sussex . The Honour of Pevensey was also known as the Lordship of Pevensey Castle or the Honour of The Eagle after the lords of L'Aigle who invariably were the tenant - in - chief . The name L'Aigle ( French for eagle ) supposedly being derived from a town in Normandy , named after an eagle , that had built its nest in the area . Borough English in Sussex ( edit ) Main article : Borough - English Borough - English was the custom that lands should descend to the youngest son or daughter , or , in default of issue , to the youngest brother of the deceased .", "14": "The name originated from a case in Nottingham in 1327 when the English borough , or part of the town , held to ultimogeniture , the French ( Norman ) part to primogeniture . In Sussex , inheritance by Borough - English , could still be found on 134 manors after 1750 . Gavelkind was the practice of partible or equal inheritance , as opposed to primogeniture . It was predominant in Kent but was also found , across the county border , in Sussex . It existed in Rye , in the large manor of Brede , and in Coustard manor ( in Brede parish ) . Borough - English and gavelkind were finally abolished in England and Wales by the Administration of Estates Act 1925 Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Sussex See also : History of Christianity in Sussex Several polytheistic religions were practised in Sussex before Christianity was firmly established in Sussex in the 7th century , including Celtic polytheism and Roman religion . Christianity was practised during part of the Romano - British period , but was replaced in the 5th century by the polytheistic religion of the South Saxons . According to Bede , it was the last area of what was to become England to be converted . After the Council of London of 1075 decreed that sees should be centred in cities rather than vills , the South Saxon diocese , with its see at Selsey was transferred to Chichester . Like the rest of the country the Church of England 's split with Rome during the reign of Henry VIII , was felt in Sussex . There had been twenty years of religious reform , when the Catholic , Mary Tudor succeeded to the throne of England in 1553 . Marys persecution of Protestants earned her the nickname Bloody Mary . The national figure for those Protestants burnt at the stake , during her reign , was around 288 and included 41 in Sussex . Most of the executions in Sussex were at Lewes . In 1851 the authorities organised a census of places of worship in England and Wales . The figures for Sussex indicated that there were more Anglican than non-conformist places of worship . In the neighbouring counties of Hampshire and Kent , there were more non-conformist places than Anglican .", "15": "Parliamentary History ( edit ) Picture commemorating the passing of the Reform Act in 1832 . It depicts the first session of the new House of Commons on 5 February 1833 See also the Unreformed House of Commons The Parliamentary history of the county began in the 13th century . In 1290 , the first year for which a return of knights of the shire is available , Henry Hussey and William de Etchingham were elected . In 1801 the Members of Parliament ( MPs ) for the counties on the south coast of England were elected to a third of all the seats in parliament , although they represented only about 15 % of the nation 's population . The way that the country 's electoral system worked had changed little since the first parliament in 1295 . The counties each returned two MPs and each borough designated by Royal charter also returned two MPs . This produced the situation where some of the towns of the north that had grown large during the industrial revolution had no representation whereas smaller towns in the south , that had been important in medieval times , were still able to have two MPs . Although there had been various proposals to reform the system from 1770 , it was not till 1830 when a series of factors saw the Reform Act 1832 introduced . The larger industrial towns of the north were enfranchised for the first time and smaller English boroughs ( known as Rotten Boroughs ) were disenfranchised , including Bramber , East Grinstead , Seaford , Steyning and Winchelsea in Sussex . The Representation of the People Act 1884 and the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 ( together known as the Third Reform Act ) were responsible for redistributing 160 seats and extending suffrage . After the Reform Act of 1832 Sussex was divided into the eastern division and the western division and two representatives were elected for each division . In June 1832 the Honorable C.C. Cavendish and H.B. Curteis Esquire were elected in the eastern division and the Earl of Surrey and Lord John George Lennox were elected for the western division . There was a total of 3478 votes cast in the eastern division and 2365 votes in the western division .", "16": "Before the 1832 reform two members each had been returned by Arundel , Chichester , Hastings , Horsham , Lewes , Midhurst , New Shoreham ( with the rape of Bramber ) and Rye . Arundel , Horsham , Midhurst and Rye were each deprived of a member in 1832 , Chichester and Lewes in 1867 , and Hastings in 1885 . Arundel was disfranchised in 1868 , and Chichester , Horsham , Midhurst , New Shoreham and Rye in 1885 . Under the new system the constituencies were based on unit numbers rather than historic towns . The reforms of the 19th century made the electoral system more representative , but it was not till 1928 there was universal suffrage . Rebellions , riots and unrest ( edit ) Site of the Battle of Lewes 1264 Sussex , from its position , was constantly the scene of preparations for invasion , and was often concerned in rebellions . In 1264 there was a civil war in England between the forces of a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort , against the royalist forces led by Prince Edward , in the name of Henry III , known as the Second Barons ' War . On 12 May 1264 , Simon de Montfort 's forces occupied a hill known as ' Offam Hill ' outside Lewes . Royalist forces tried to storm the hill but ultimately were defeated by the barons ' . The actual site of what became known as the Battle of Lewes is somewhere between the town and the hill , the battle was bitterly fought for over five hours . During the 19th century , Victorian road builders constructing the Brighton - Lewes turnpike in the area of the battle discovered mass graves with around 2000 bodies in them . During the Middle Ages the Wealden peasants rose up in revolt on two ocaasions , the Peasants ' Revolt in 1381 under Watt Tyler , and in Jack Cade 's rebellion of 1450 . Cade 's rebellion was not just supported by the peasant class , many gentlemen , craftspeople and artisans also the Abbot of Battle and Prior of Lewes flocked to his standard in revolt against the corrupt government of Henry VI .", "17": "Jack Cade was fatally wounded in a skirmish at Heathfield in 1450 . At the time of the English Civil War the counties sympathies were divided , Arundel supported the king , Chichester , Lewes and the Cinque Ports were for parliament . Most of the west of the county were for the king and included a powerful group with the bishop of Chichester and Sir Edward Ford , sheriff of Sussex , in their number . Exceptionally , Chichester was for parliament largely due to an influential brewer named William Cawley . However the group of royalists led by Edward Ford managed to get a force together to capture Chichester , in 1642 , for the king and imprisoned 200 parliamentarians . The roundhead army under Sir William Waller besieged Arundel and after its fall marched on Chichester and restored it to parliament . A military governor , Algernon Sidney was appointed in 1645 . Chichester was then demilitarised , in 1647 -- 1648 and remained in parliaments hands for the rest of the civil war . The brewer William Cawley became a MP for Chichester in 1647 and was one of the signatories on King Charles I death warrant . 19th - century threshing machine . At the beginning of the 19th century , agricultural labourers conditions took a turn for the worse with an increasing amount of them becoming unemployed , those in work faced their wages being forced down . Conditions became so bad that it was even reported to the House of Lords in 1830 that four harvest labourers ( seasonal workers ) had been found dead of starvation . The deteriorating conditions of work for the agricultural labourer eventually triggered off riots in Kent during the summer of 1830 . Similar action spread across the county border to Sussex where the riots lasted for several weeks , although the unrest continued until 1832 and were known as the Swing Riots . The Swing riots were accompanied by action against local farmers and land owners . Typically , what would happen is a threatening letter would be sent to a local farmer or leader demanding that automated equipment such as threshing machines should be withdrawn from service , wages should be increased and there would be a threat of consequences if this did not happen , the letter would be signed by a mythical Captain Swing .", "18": "This would be followed up by the destruction of farm equipment and occasionally arson . Eventually the army was mobilised to contain the situation in the eastern part of the county , whereas in the west the Duke of Richmond took action against the protesters by the use of the yeomanry and special constables . The Sussex Yeomanry were subsequently disparagingly nicknamed the workhouse guards . The protesters faced charges of arson , robbery , riot , machine breaking and assault . Those convicted faced imprisonment , transportation or ultimately execution . The grievances continued encouraging a wider demand for political reform , culminating in the introduction of the Reform Act 1832 . One of the main grievances of the Swing protesters had been what they saw as inadequate Poor Law benefits , Sussex had the highest poor - relief costs during the agricultural depression of 1815 to the 1830s and its workhouses were full . The general unrest , particularly about the state of the workhouses , was instrumental in the introduction of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 . Wars ( edit ) During the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars ( 1793 -- 1815 ) , a European coalition was formed , that included Britain , with the intention of crushing the newly founded French Republic , so defensive measures were taken in Sussex . 1918 , near Lens in France . Two men of the 9th Battalion , Royal Sussex Regiment sit beside a dump of trench mortar bombs . 1942 . Two Hawker Hurricane Mark IIs of No. 43 Squadron RAF make a low level pass over other aircraft of the Squadron , lined up at RAF Tangmere , Sussex In 1793 at Brighton two batteries were built on the towns east and west cliffs ( replacing older installations ) . The Sussex Yeomanry was founded in 1794 , and numbers of gentlemen and yeomanry volunteered to join the part - time cavalry regiment to serve in case of invasion by Bonaparte . Between 1805 and 1808 a series of defensive towers known as Martello towers were erected along the Sussex and Kent coasts , and later on the east coast . The Admiralty commissioned a visual signalling system to allow communications between ships and the shore and from there to the Admiralty in London ; Sussex had a total of 16 signalling stations on its coast .", "19": "A central fort and supply base for the towers , the Eastbourne Redoubt at Eastbourne was constructed between 1804 - 1810 . It is now home to the Royal Sussex Regiment Museum . In the 1860s , possible wars with France prompted more defence building , including the fort at Newhaven . At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 , the landowners of the county employed their local leadership roles to recruit volunteers for the nations forces . The owner of Herstmonceux Castle , a Claude Lowther , recruited enough men for three Southdown Battalians who were known as Lowthers Lambs . The Royal Sussex Regiment fielded a total of 23 battalions in the Great War . After the war , St Georges Chapel , in Chichester Cathedral , was restored and furnished as a memorial to the fallen of the Royal Sussex Regiment . Nearly 7,000 of the regiment lost their lives , in the First World War , and their names are recorded on the panels that are attached to the walls of the chapel . On the Sussex boys are stirring In the wood - land and the Downs We are moving in the hamlet We are rising in the town ; For the call is King and Country Since the foe has asked for war , And when danger calls , or duty We are always to the fore . From Lowthers Lambs marching song . With the declaration of the Second World War , on 3 September 1939 , Sussex found itself part of the country 's frontline with its airfields playing a key role in the Battle of Britain and with its towns being some of the most frequently bombed . The first line of defence was the coastal crust consisting of pillboxes , machine - gun posts , trenches , rifle posts , anti-tank obstacles plus scaffolding , mines and barbed wire . As the Sussex regiments were serving overseas for large parts of the war , the defence of the county was undertaken by units of the Home Guard with help between 1941 and early 1944 from the First Canadian Army . During the war every part of Sussex was affected . Army camps of both the tented and also the more permanent variety sprang up everywhere .", "20": "Sussex played host to many servicemen and women , including the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division , the 4th Armoured Brigade , the 30th US Division , the 27th Armoured Brigade and the 15th Scottish Division . Besides airmen and women from the British Commonwealth , fighter squadrons from the Free Belgian , Free French , Free Czechs , Free Polish were regularly based at airfields around Sussex . During the lead up to the D - Day landings , the people of Sussex were witness to the buildup of military personnel and materials , including the assembly of landing crafts and construction of Mulberry harbours off the county 's coast . Five new airfields were built to provide additional support for the D - Day landings , four near Chichester and one near Billingshurst . A legacy of the D - Day landings are the sections of Mulberry harbour that lay broken and abandoned on the sea floor 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) off the coast , of Selsey Bill , having missed the invasion . Industries in Sussex ( edit ) Sussex was an industrial county , from the stone age , with the early production of flint implements till when the use of coal and steam power moved industry nearer the coalfields , of the north and midlands . The county also has been known for its agriculture . Agriculture ( edit ) Sussex has retained much of its rural nature : apart from the coastal strip , it has few large towns . Although in 1841 over 40 % of the population were employed in agriculture ( including fishing ) , today less than 2 % are so employed . The wide range of soil types in the county leads to great variations in the patterns of farming . The Wealden parts are mostly wet sticky clays or drought - prone acid sands and often broken up into small irregular fields and woods by the topography , making it unsuitable for intensive arable farming . Pastoral or mixed farming has always been the pattern here , with field boundaries often little changed since the medieval period . Sussex cattle are the descendants of the draught oxen , which continued to be used in the Weald longer than in other parts of England . Agriculturalist Arthur Young commented in the early 18th century that the cattle of the Weald `` must be unquestionably ranked among the best of the kingdom . ''", "21": "William Cobbett , riding through Ashdown Forest , said he had seen some of the finest cattle in the country on some of the poorest farms . Areas of cereals grown on the Weald have risen and declined with the price of grain . The chalk downlands were traditionally grazed by large numbers of small Southdown sheep , suited to the low fertility of the pasture , until the coming of artificial fertiliser made cereal growing worthwhile . Yields are still limited by the alkalinity of the soil . Apart from a few areas of alluvial loam soil in the river valleys , the best and most intensively farmed soils are on the coastal plain , where large - scale vegetable growing is commonplace . Glasshouse production is also concentrated along the coast where hours of sunshine are greater than inland . There are still fishing fleets , notably at Rye and Hastings , but the number of boats is much reduced . Historically , the fisheries were of great importance , including cod , herring , mackerel , sprats , plaice , sole , turbot , shrimps , crabs , lobsters , oysters , mussels , cockles , whelks and periwinkles . Bede records that St Wilfrid , when he visited the county in 681 , taught the people the art of net - fishing . At the time of the Domesday survey , the fisheries were extensive and no fewer than 285 salinae ( saltworks ) existed . The customs of the Brighton fishermen were documented in 1579 . Iron working ( edit ) Main article : Wealden iron industry Example of a medieval furnace or bloomery Iron Age wrought iron was produced by means of a bloomery followed by reheating and hammering . With the type that was common in Sussex a round shallow hearth was dug out , clay hard - packed to line it , then layers of hammered ore and charcoal were put down and the whole lot covered by a clay beehive structure , with holes at the side for the insertion of foot or hand bellows . The material inside the beehive furnace was then ignited and it took two to three days for the process to complete , leaving semi-molten lumps of iron , known as blooms on the hearth . The output from these types of furnace , was very small as everything had to cool down before the iron could be retrieved .", "22": "The iron so retrieved could then be worked by using the heat and beat technique to form wrought iron implements such as weapons or tools . Around a dozen pre-Roman sites have been found in eastern Sussex , the westernmost being at Crawley . The Romans made full use of this resource , continuing and intensifying native methods , and iron slag was widely used as paving material on the Roman roads of the area . The Roman iron industry was mainly in East Sussex with the largest sites in the Hastings area . The industry is thought to have been organised by the Classis Britannica , the Roman navy . Little evidence has been found of iron production after the Romans left until the ninth century , when a primitive bloomery , of a continental style , was built at Millbrook on Ashdown Forest , with a small hearth for reheating the blooms nearby . Production based on bloomeries then continued till the end of the 15th century , when a new technique was imported from northern France that allowed the production of cast iron . A permanent blast furnace was constructed ; into the furnace chamber was inserted a pipe fed by bellows that could be operated by a wheel ; the wheel was rotated by the use of water power , oxen or horses . Pairs of bellows continuously forced air into the furnace chamber , producing higher temperatures such that the iron completely melted and could be run off from the base of the chamber and into moulds . This allowed a continuous process that usually ran during the winter and spring seasons , ceasing when water supplies to drive the bellows dwindled in the summer . `` Full of iron mines it is in sundry places , where for the making and fining whereof there bee furnaces on every side , and a huge deale of wood is yearely spent ... '' From William Camden 's description of 17th century Sussex . Henry VIII , urgently needed cannon for his new coastal forts , but casting these in the traditional bronze would have been very expensive . Previously iron cannons had been made by building up bands of iron bound together with iron hoops ; such cannons had been used at Bannockburn in 1314 . There had also been some cast cannons made in the Weald but with separate barrels and breeches .", "23": "In Buxted the local vicar , the Reverend William Levett , was also a gun - founder , he recruited a Ralf Hogge to help him produce cannon and in 1543 his employee cast an iron muzzle - loading cannon . It was cast in one piece , using a pattern based on the latest bronze ordnance . The navy , complained that the new guns were too heavy but bronze was ten times more costly , so in fortifications and for arming merchant ships iron guns were preferred . Gradually , owing to their toughness and validiti , an important export trade in wealden guns built up and they remained dominant internationally until displaced by Swedish guns around 1620 . Both men made a lot of money out of the trade , and Hogge built a house on the road to Levetts church . Hogge put a rebus , on his house , with a hog on it as a pun for his name . The large supply of wood in the county made it a favourable centre for the industry , all smelting being done with charcoal till the middle of the 18th century . Glass making ( edit ) See also Broad sheet glass and the History of glass The glass making industry started on the Sussex / Surrey border in the early 13th century and flourished till the 17th century . The industry , in Sussex , during the 16th century spread to Wisborough Green then to Alfold , Ewhurst , Billinghurst and Lurgashall . Many of the artisans in the industry were immigrants from France and Germany . The manufacturing process used timber for fuel , sand and potash ( which served as flux ) . Glass production in the English midlands using coal for the smelting process , plus opposition to the use of timber in Sussex , led to the collapse of the Sussex glass making industry in 1612 . Forestry ( edit ) Hauling timber from Sussex woods . When the Romans arrived in Sussex around AD 43 , they would have found remote bands of people smelting iron in the forest of Andresweald . Timber being used to produce charcoal to fuel the smelting process . There is evidence that the Roman engineers improved the road system in the area , by first metalling the old cart tracks and then putting in new roads . This was so they could produce and distribute the wrought iron more efficiently .", "24": "The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , commissioned in the 9th century by Alfred the Great , provides a description of the forest that covered the Sussex Weald . It says that the forest was 120 miles ( 190 km ) wide and 30 miles ( 48 km ) deep ( although probably closer to 90 miles ( 140 km ) wide ) . The forest was so dense that even the Domesday Book did not record some of its settlements . The Weald was not the only area of Sussex that was forested in Saxon times , for example at the western end of Sussex is the Manhood Peninsula , which these days is largely deforested , however the name is probably derived from the Old English maene - wudu meaning `` men 's wood '' or `` common wood '' indicating that it was once woodland . During and before the reign of Henry VIII , England imported a lot of the wood for its naval ships from the Hanseatic league . Henry wanted to source the materials for his army and navy domestically . So it was largely the forests of Sussex that met this demand for wood , Sussex oak being considered the finest shipbuilding timber . Vast amounts of wood were consumed to build ships and produce charcoal for the foundry furnaces . Faced with diminishing stocks of wood due to the large consumption from the ship , iron and glass making industries , parliament introduced bills to manage the stocks more efficiently however the parliamentary bills were never past , with the result that the countys forests were decimated . The poet Michael Drayton in his poem Poly - Olbion , published in the early 17th century , made the trees denounce the iron trade : Jove 's oak , the war - like ash , veined elm , the softer beech Short hazel , maple plain , light asp and bending wych Tough holly and smooth birch , must altogether burn . What should the builder serve , the forger 's turn When under publick good , base private gain takes hold . And we , poor woeful woods , to ruin lastly sold . From Michael Drayton 's Poly - Olbion Despite parliamentary efforts the forests of Sussex continued to be consumed . However , in 1760 Abraham Darby discovered how to replace charcoal with coke in his blast furnaces , which resulted in production being moved nearer the coal mines .", "25": "By that time the forests had been completely devastated and the roads ruined by the transport of ore and pig iron . The High Weald still has about 35,905 hectares ( 138.63 sq mi ) of woodland , including areas of ancient woodland equivalent to about 7 % of the stock for all England . When the Anglo Saxon Chronicle was compiled in the 9th century , there was thought to be about 2,700 square miles ( 700,000 ha ) of forest in the Sussex Weald . Wool ( edit ) In 1340 - 1341 there was about 110,000 sheep in Sussex . Edward III commanded that his Chancellor should sit on the woolsack in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade at the time . In 1341 the greatest wool production in Sussex was in the eastern part of the county , and in the west of the county , the port of Chichester was extended along the whole coast from Southampton to Seaford for the collection of customs on wool . Also Chichester , despite its geographical disadvantages ranked as the seventh port in the kingdom and was one of the wool ports named in the Statute of the Staple of 1353 . In the early 15th century , most production of wool was within 15 miles ( 24 km ) of Lewes . In the 16th century weavers were to be found in nearly every parish as were fullers and dyers . Chichester was an early centre of the weaving of cloth and also for the spinning of linen . In 1566 an act that prohibited the export of `` unwrought or unfinished cloths '' led to the demise of the industry in Sussex , and by the beginning of the 18th century it had virtually collapsed ; Daniel Defoe commented , in 1724 , that the `` ... whole counties of Kent , Sussex , Surrey and Hampshire , are not employ 'd in any considerable Woolen Manufacture ; '' . Clay working ( pottery , Tiles , bricks ) ( edit ) As much of the Mid Sussex area has clay not far under the surface , clay has in the past been a focus of industry in central Sussex , in particular in the Burgess Hill area .", "26": "In the first quarter of the 20th century , Burgess Hill and the Hassocks and Hurstpierpoint areas had many kilns , clay pits and similar infrastructure to support the clay industry : nowadays the majority of this form of industry has left the area , although it still can be seen in place names such as `` Meeds Road '' , `` The Kiln '' , or Oakmeeds Community College , which is named after the oak trees in the area and Meeds Pottery , a once significant pottery in the centre of Burgess Hill . At the height of the success of this industry , tiles and bricks from Sussex were used to build landmarks such as Manchester 's G - Mex . In 2007 the local district council produced plans to close the only remaining tile works in the area and use the site for residential development . Then in 2015 the last tile works moved to a new home in Surrey . Communications ( edit ) Roads ( edit ) Ashcombe Toll House , originally part of the old Brighton - Lewes Turnpike . After the Romans left , roads in the country fell into disrepair and in Sussex the damage was compounded by the transport of material for the iron industry . A government report describing the condition of a road between Surrey and Sussex in the 17th century as `` very ruinous and almost impassable . '' In 1749 Horace Walpole wrote to a friend complaining that if he desired good roads `` never to go into Sussex '' and another writer said that the `` Sussex road is an almost insuperable evil '' . Because of the state of the county 's roads the major transport network for Sussex had been by way of sea and river , but this had become increasingly unreliable as well . Roads had been maintained by the parishes , in a system established in 1555 , a system that had proved increasingly ineffective given the relentless increase in traffic . Consequently , in 1696 , during the reign of William III , the first Turnpike Act was passed and was for the repair of the highway between Reigate in Surrey and Crawley in Sussex . The act made provision to erect turnpikes , and appoint toll collectors ; also to appoint surveyors , who were authorized by order of the Justices to borrow money at 5 per cent , on security of the tolls .", "27": "Other turnpike acts followed with the roads being built and maintained by local trusts and parishes . The majority of the roads were maintained by a toll levied on each passenger ( who usually would have been transported by stage coach ) , a few roads were still maintained by the parishes with no toll levied . There were 152 Acts of Parliament by the mid-19th century , for the formation , renewel and amendment of the turnpikes in the county . A report on the county 's turnpike trusts , published in 1857 , said that there were fifty - one trusts covering 640 miles ( 1,030 km ) of road , with 238 toll gates or bars , giving an average of one toll gate every 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) . The last turnpike to be constructed in the county was between Cripps Corner and Hawkhurst in 1841 . The system of turnpikes , coaches and coaching inns collapsed in the face of competition from the railways . By 1870 most of the county 's Turnpike Trusts were wound up putting hundreds of coachmen and coachbuilders out of business . The conditions of the county 's roads then deteriorated until the creation of the new county council in 1889 , who assumed responsibility for the maintenance of the county 's roads . At the beginning of the 20th century , nearly all the first class roads had been turnpikes in 1850 . During the course of the 20th century , the car and the lorry challenged the supremacy of the railways . The two counties of East and West Sussex only have a total of 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) of motorway and relatively small amounts of dual carriageway . Two of the `` A '' roads that traverse Sussex from east to west are the A27 and the A259 , a combination of these two roads provide the major route across Sussex , the route is only dual - carriageway for part of its length ; both roads run parallel to the Sussex coast . The main north south road , that connects the coast to the London orbital M25 , is the M23 / A23 .", "28": "According to the Highways Agency the removal of most of the east / west bottlenecks , for example improvements to the Chichester by - pass , will not occur for some time to come ; although in their 2013 spending review the British government recognised this and said that they will fund a feasibility study that will include looking at these congestion issues . Canals and navigations ( edit ) See also : List of canals of the United Kingdom Bridge at Arundel . This bridge , across the River Arun , marks the limit of navigation The first canals that were constructed in Sussex , can be described as navigations , in that their purpose was to make the lower reaches of the county 's rivers navigable . The rivers had suffered from centuries of neglect , which had made navigation , even for small craft , difficult . Examples of navigations in Sussex are : Arun Navigation Rother Valley Navigation Eventually , true canals were also built , examples being : Wey and Arun Canal Portsmouth and Arundel Canal Hythe Military Canal When the railways arrived , in Sussex , they provided an alternative to the canals and waterways , the canal companies revenue quickly dropped resulting in most of them closing for business by the beginning of World War I . Railways ( edit ) See also List of early British railway companies In 1804 Richard Trevithick , a Cornish engineer , built the first steam locomotive for a railway . His seven - tonne locomotive hauled 10 tonnes of iron and 70 passengers on a 9 miles ( 14 km ) journey from the Penydarren Ironworks near Merthyr Tydfil to the Glamorganshire Canal at Abercynon , reaching a top speed of almost 5 miles per hour ( 8.0 km / h ) . George Stephenson built the engine Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington railway , which was opened in 1825 for both passenger and goods traffic ; Locomotion pulled thirty - six wagons containing coal , grain and 500 passengers a distance of 9 miles ( 14 km ) at a top speed of 15 miles per hour ( 24 km / h ) . Map of LB&SCR routes in 1922 The Manchester to Liverpool railway of 1830 was the first to convey passengers and goods entirely by mechanical traction .", "29": "Stephenson 's Rocket , which won the famous Rainhill trials in 1829 , was the first steam locomotive designed to pull passenger traffic quickly . Brighton 's proximity to London made it an ideal place to provide short holidays for Londoners . In the 1830s , during the summer , the London Brighton road would see around 40 coaches a day plus a number of private carriages taking visitors to the coast . The road was in a poor condition so proposals to build a railway were suggested as early as 1806 . However , it was not till 1823 that a serious scheme was mooted . There followed years of discussion and argument with various groups proposing different routes , then finally in 1837 the London and Brighton Railway Bill with branches to Shoreham and Newhaven received Royal assent . In 1838 the directors of the London and Brighton Railway Company ( L&BR ) stated that the railroad would be different from the rest of the country in that it would be a passenger only railway . In the 18th century Brighton had been a town in terminal decline , it was described by Daniel Defoe as ' a poor fishing town , old built ' , fast eaten away by an ' unkind ' sea . This changed after two things happened : In 1750 a Dr Richard Russell recommended Brighton for a seawater cure . From 1783 the Prince of Wales started visiting Brighton on a regular basis making it a fashionable destination . These two events increased the amount of visitors to the town , however in 1841 when the L&BR opened for business , of Brighton 's 8,137 stock of houses , some 1,095 stood empty . But within 40 years of the railways arrival Brighton 's resident population had doubled . Typical Southern train leaving Warnham station . After the opening of the Brighton line , within a few years branches were made to Chichester on the west and Hastings and Eastbourne to the east . In 1846 the L&BR merged with the London and Croydon Railway ( L&CR ) , the Brighton and Chichester Railway and the Brighton , Lewes and Hastings Railway to form the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway ( LB&SCR ) .", "30": "The LB&SCR continued as an independent entity until the Railways Act 1921 , which saw the merger of various rail companies , in the south and south east , into the Southern Railway Company ( SR ) ; formed on 1 January 1923 . Two railway companies in the county , that were not absorbed by the SR , was Volk 's Electric Railway the world 's first electric railway , that runs along the front at Brighton and opened in 1883 , and the West Sussex Railway , a light railway between Chichester and Selsey , opened in 1897 ( and closed in 1935 ) . SR was the smallest of four groups that were brought together by the Railways Act 1921 . The LB&SCR had partly electrified their network before World War I , however that had been an overhead system , SR decided to electrify their network using the third rail DC system . During World War II the SR was heavily involved with transporting armed services traffic and was bombed on many occasions . After the war SR was nationalised in 1948 , and became the Southern Region of British Railways . Following John Major 's victory in the 1992 General Election , the conservative government published a white paper , indicating their intention to privatise the railways . The government went ahead with their plans and franchises were awarded to train operating companies ( TOC ) . Most rail services are operated by the Thameslink , Southern and Great Northern franchise , operated by Govia Thameslink Railway since September 2014 . This consists of the Southern who operate southcoast and services to Victoria and London Bridge and Thameslink for services from Brighton to Bedford via London . Southeastern services between eastern Sussex and London . Ports ( edit ) The two major ports in Sussex are at Newhaven , opened in 1579 , and at Shoreham opened in 1760 . Other ports such as Pevensey , Winchelsea , and the original medieval port of Rye now lies stranded from the current coastline . In addition , for smaller craft , there are working harbours at Rye Harbour and Hastings . With Brighton Marina , Pagham and Chichester harbours catering for leisure craft . Other harbours that existed such as Fishbourne , Steyning , Old Shoreham , Meeching and Bulverhythe are long since silted up and have been built over .", "31": "See also ( edit ) Timeline of Sussex history Sussex Day - Celebrated each year on 16 June History of Christianity in Sussex History of local government in Sussex History of England History of Brighton History of Worthing Weald and Downland Open Air Museum - containing about 50 historic buildings dating from the 13th to 19th century . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Statistics - 200 Years of the Census in Sussex Jump up ^ ASC Parker MS . AD 477 . Jump up ^ Welch . Anglo - Saxon England p. 9 . Jump up ^ Diocese of Chichester Website Jump up ^ Diane Greenway . The Medieval Cathedral in Hobbs . Chichester Cathedral . pp. 14 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Horsfield . The History , Antiquities and Topography of the County of Sussex . Volume II . Appendix pp. 23 - 75 . ^ Jump up to : John Godfrey . Local Government in the 19th and 20th Century in An Historical Atlas of Sussex . pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Pickles : celebrate St George and England 's traditional counties '' . Department for Communities and Local Government . 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelner , Simon ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Eric Pickles 's championing of traditional English counties is something we can all get behind '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Garber , Michael ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Government ' formally acknowledges ' the Historic Counties to Celebrate St George 's Day '' . Association of British Counties . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong . A History of Sussex . Chapter 2 . The first Inhabitants ^ Jump up to : CB Stringer and E Trinkham . The Human Tibia from Boxgrove . Chapter 6.2 in Boxgrove : A Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry , Boxgrove , West Sussex ^ Jump up to : Roberts .", "32": "Boxgrove : A Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry , Boxgrove , West Sussex ( English Heritage Archaeological Report ) . Summary . p. xix ^ Jump up to : Pope . Early Upper Palaeolithic archaeology at Beedings . Archaeology International Issue 11 : p. 33 Jump up ^ Peter Drewett . Late Hunters and Gathers in Leslie . An Historical Atlas of Sussex . pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Butler . Mesolithic and later flintwork from Moon 's Farm , Piltdown , East Sussex , SAC . pp. 222 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Drewett . Neolithic Sussex : published in ' Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500 : Essays for Eric Holden . ' p. 27 . Jump up ^ Alison Haggarty . Machrie Moor , Arran : recent excavations at two stone circles . pp. 59 -- 60 ^ Jump up to : Ellison . The Bronze Age of Sussex . Essay published in ' Archaeology of Sussex to AD 1500 : Essays for Eric Holden . ' p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Hutton . The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles . pp. 88 -- 89 . The author discusses the possibility that the Beaker people may not have existed . Jump up ^ Ann Ellison . The Bronze Age of Sussex . Essay in Archaeology of Sussex to AD 1500 : Essays for Eric Holden . fig. 14 . - distribution of Bronze Age sites in Sussex . ^ Jump up to : Bedwin . Iron Age Sussex - Downs and Coastal Plain : published in ' Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500 : Essays for Eric Holden ' . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Koch . Celtic culture . Retrieved 29 October 2011 pp. 195 - 196 ^ Jump up to : Armstrong . A History of Sussex . Ch. 3 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe . Iron Age communities in Britain . p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Cannon . A Dictionary of British History . Jump up ^ White . Mid-Fifth Century Hoard . pp.", "33": "301 -- 315 ^ Jump up to : Myers . The English Settlements . pp. 83 - 89 . ^ Jump up to : Jones . The end of Roman Britain . pp. 32 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Seward . Sussex . pp. 5 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Edwina Livesay . Skeleton 180 Shock Dating Result in Sussex Past and Present Number 133 . p. 6 Jump up ^ For detail on the excavation see Luke Barber and Lucy Siburn . The medieval hospital of St Nicholas , Lewes , East Sussex in SAC Vol. 148 . pp. 79 - 109 ^ Jump up to : Mark Gardiner and Heather Warne . Domesday Settlement in Kim Leslie 's . An Historical Atlas . pp. 34 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Horsfield . The History of the county of Sussex . Volume I . pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Friar . The Sutton Companion to Local History . p. 429 Jump up ^ Dennis Haselgrove . The Domesday Record of Sussex in Brandon 's South Saxons . p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Armstrong . A History of Sussex . pp. 48 -- 58 ^ Jump up to : Brandon . The South Saxons . Chapter IX . The Domesday Record of Sussex Jump up ^ Brandon . The South Saxons . Ch . VI . The South Saxon Andredesweald . ^ Jump up to : Carol Adams . Medieval Administration in Kim Leslie 's . An Historical atlas of Sussex . pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Lowerson , John ( 1980 ) . A Short History of Sussex . Folkestone : Dawson Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7129 - 0948 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Wilkinson . The Struggle for Protestant Reformation 1553 - 1564 : in Kim Leslie 's . An Historical Atlas of Sussex . pp. 52 - 53 ^ Jump up to : Stephens Memorials of the See of Chichester .", "34": "pp. 213 - 214 Jump up ^ `` 1642 : Civil War in the South East '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Cobbett . Rural Rides . p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Brandon , Peter ( 2009 ) . The Shaping of the Sussex Landscape . Snake River Press . ^ Jump up to : Harrison . The common people . pp. 249 - 253 ^ Jump up to : Horspool . The English Rebel . pp. 339 - 340 ^ Jump up to : `` The Day Sussex Died '' . Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Leslie and Marlin Mace . Sussex Defences in the Second World War in Kim Leslie . An Historical Atlas of Sussex . pp. 118 - 119 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon . Sussex . pp. 302 - 309 . Jump up ^ `` Select Committee on Transport , Local Government and the Regions : Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence . Supplementary memorandum by Crawley Borough Council ( NT 15 ( a ) ) '' . United Kingdom Parliament Publications and Records website . The Information Policy Division , Office of Public Sector Information . 2002 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ UK Government . Local Government Act 1972 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris . Domesday Book Sussex . Appendix Jump up ^ Salzmann . A History of the County of Sussex : Volume 4 pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Brandon . The South Saxons . Appendix A . The Domesday Hundreds of Sussex . pp. 209 -- 220 . - notes and statistics given for the individual Sussex hundreds of Domesday Book . Jump up ^ Horsfield . The Histories Antiquities and Topography of the County of Sussex . Volume I. p. 78 Jump up ^ ( ( subst : saved_book ) ) Jump up ^ Cavill . The English parliaments of Henry VII , 1485 - 1504 .", "35": "p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Pugh . Imprisonment in Medieval England . pp. 75 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Armstrong . A History of Sussex . p. 128 Jump up ^ Horsfield . The History , Antiquities and Topography of the County of Sussex . Vol . I . pp. 94 -- 95 ^ Jump up to : `` London Magazine or Gentleman 's Monthly intelligencer '' . London : C. Akers. 21 August 1735 : 452 . - Cambridge also have a claim to being the last in 1741 . The possible reason why the prisoner pretended to be ' dumb ' is because if he could not plead , then he could not be convicted . If he could not be convicted then his goods and chattels could not be confiscated , thus he may have been protecting his family from destitution . ^ Jump up to : The Mirror of Literature , Amusement , and Instruction . p. 343 ^ Jump up to : Horsfield . 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The Underwater Book . Pelham Books . Murland , Jerry ( 2008 ) . Departed Warriors : The Story of One Family in War . Leicester : Matador . ISBN 1 - 906510 - 70 - 9 . Muriel , Wendy , ed. ( 2014 ) . `` Sussex Past and Present Number 133 '' . Lewes , East Sussex : Sussex Archaeological Society . ISSN 1357 - 7417 .", "48": "`` The Mirror of Literature , Amusement , and Instruction , Vol. 13 , Issue 371 , May 23 , 1829 '' . London : J. Limbird . Myres , J.N.L. ( 1989 ) . The English Settlements . ISBN 0 - 19 - 282235 - 7 . Pope , Matthew ( 2007 -- 2008 ) . `` '' Early Upper Palaeolithic archaeology at Beedings , West Sussex : new contexts for Pleistocene archaeology '' in Archaeology International Issue 11 `` . UCL . Pugh , Ralph B. ( 2008 ) . Imprisonment in Medieval England . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 08904 - 2 . Roberts , Mark ; Parfitt , Simon ( 1999 ) . `` Boxgrove : A Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry , Boxgrove , West Sussex . Report 17 '' . London : English Heritage . ISBN 1 - 85074 - 670 - 2 . Ross , Anne ( 1992 ) . Pagan Celtic Britain . London : Constable and Company Ltd . ISBN 0 - 09 - 472330 - 3 . Rule , John ; Wells , Roger A.E. ( 1997 ) . Crime , Protest and Popular Politics in Southern England , 1740 - 1850 . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 076 - 0 . Ryves , Bruno ( 1742 ) . Mercurious Rusticus or the Country 's Complaint of the Barbarous Outrages Begun in the Year 1642 , by the Sectaries of this late flourishing Kingdom ( Fifth ed . ) . London : W. Mears . Salzmann , L.F. , ed. ( 1935 ) . `` The City of Chichester : The port '' . A History of the County of Sussex : Volume 3 . Institute of Historical Research . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Salzmann , L.F. , ed. ( 1953 ) .", "49": "`` ' The rape of Chichester : Introduction ' , A History of the County of Sussex : Volume 4 '' . Institute of Historical Research . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Simmons , Jack , ed. ( 1997 ) . 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ISBN 0 - 521 - 20076 - 8 . Vogt , Kristiina A ; Honea , J.M ; Vogt , D.J ; Edmonds , R.L. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Forests and Society : Sustainability and Life Cycles of Forests in Human Landscapes .", "50": "Wallingford , Oxfordshire : Cabi Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84593 - 098 - 3 . Welch , M.G. ( 1992 ) . Anglo - Saxon England . English Heritage . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6566 - 2 . `` West Sussex Records Office : Diocese of Chichester : Episcopal Records '' . National Archives . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . White , Sally ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` A Mid-Fifth Century Hoard of Roman and Pseudo-Roman Material from Patching , West Sussex '' . Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies . Lower , Mark Antony ( 1865 ) . The Worthies of Sussex . Sussex Adviser . Local Government Act 1972 . 1972 c. 70 . The Stationery Office Ltd. 1997 . ISBN 0 - 10 - 547072 - 4 . Zell , Michael ( 1994 ) . Industry in the Countryside : Wealden Society in the Sixteenth Century . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89306 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Sussex Archaeological Society : active in the fields of archaeology and history in Sussex plus providing public access to historic properties and museums . J. Williams 2011 ' Finds and access at Black Patch , East Sussex ' , Internet Archaeology 31 . The Victoria County History for Sussex : The full text in 8 volumes containing the local history of the county ; part of British History Online . Further detailed history from 1911 Encyclopædia Key dates in Sussex history Sussex Tourist information service - including information on how to visit various historic sites in Sussex . Sussex Portal : Sussex Ceremonial counties East Sussex West Sussex Historic divisions Rape of Arundel Rape of Bramber Rape of Chichester Rape of Hastings Rape of Lewes Rape of Pevensey Geography South Coast Plain South Downs The Weald History", "51": "Timeline Regnenses Britannia Kingdom of Sussex Haestingas Local government Culture and heritage Dialect Flag Music St Richard of Chichester `` Sussex by the Sea '' Sussex Day Sussex trug Sussex wine Symbols We wunt be druv Religion Diocese of Chichester Diocese of Arundel and Brighton History of Christianity in Sussex Sport Stoolball Sussex CCC Sussex FA Sussex County League Sussex RFU Other Sussex Police Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner Ceremonial county of East Sussex East Sussex Portal Unitary authorities City of Brighton and Hove Boroughs or districts Borough of Eastbourne Borough of Hastings District of Lewes District of Rother District of Wealden Major settlements Battle Bexhill - on - Sea Brighton Crowborough Eastbourne Hailsham Hastings Heathfield Hove Lewes Newhaven Peacehaven Rye Seaford Telscombe Uckfield Wadhurst Winchelsea See also : List of civil parishes in East Sussex Rivers Cuckmere Rother Tillingham Topics Geography Parliamentary constituencies Places Population of major settlements History Museums Schools SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Transport South Coast Plain South Downs Beachy Head High Weald Long Man of Wilmington", "52": "Ceremonial county of West Sussex West Sussex Portal Boroughs or districts Adur District Arun District Chichester District Crawley Borough Horsham District Mid Sussex District Worthing Borough Major settlements Arundel Bognor Regis Burgess Hill Chichester Crawley East Grinstead Haywards Heath Horsham Littlehampton Midhurst Petworth Selsey Shoreham - by - Sea Southwick Steyning Worthing See also : List of civil parishes in West Sussex Rivers Adur Arun Lavant Mole Ouse Rother Topics Places Population of major settlements Parliamentary constituencies Schools Geography South Downs South Downs National Park Weald SSSIs Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings History Museums Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs History of England Timeline Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics Social history of England", "53": "History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby Worthing York England portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "54": "php?title=History_of_Sussex&oldid=821640809 '' Categories : History of Sussex History of England by former county Canals in West Sussex Transport in East Sussex Transport in West Sussex History of England by county Religion in Sussex Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Use dmy dates from October 2012 Use British English from October 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 19 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3149747311750202105	who does the voice of the gorilla in the movie sing	[ "Taron Egerton" ]	{ "0": "Sing ( 2016 American film ) - wikipedia Sing ( 2016 American film ) Jump to : navigation , search Sing Theatrical release poster Directed by Garth Jennings Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Garth Jennings Starring Matthew McConaughey Reese Witherspoon Seth MacFarlane Scarlett Johansson John C. Reilly Taron Egerton Tori Kelly Music by Joby Talbot Edited by Gregory Perler Production company Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF ) December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $634.1 million Sing is a 2016 American computer - animated musical comedy - drama film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It was directed and written by Garth Jennings , co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , John C. Reilly , Taron Egerton , and Tori Kelly . The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition , hosted by a koala hoping to save his theater . The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called `` Faith , '' which was nominated for a Golden Globe . It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2016 , premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $634 million worldwide . Along with The Secret Life of Pets , it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year . A sequel , entitled Sing 2 , has been announced for a release on December 25 , 2020 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In a world of anthropomorphic animals , koala Buster Moon owns a theater , having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child . Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith , he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000 . But Buster 's assistant , Miss Crawly , accidentally appends two extra zeroes , and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster 's office into the city streets . Animals from all around the city gather for auditions . Those selected include housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita ; street musician mouse Mike ; mobster 's son gorilla Johnny ; and punk - rock porcupine Ash . Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright , while Ash 's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest . Rosita is paired with another contestant , an exuberant pig named Gunter , for a dance routine . Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 ( money he does not have ) , he remains optimistic . Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie 's grandmother , former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman , to persuade her to sponsor the prize money . She is hesitant to contribute but agrees to see a private screening of the show . Encouraged by her grandfather , Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance , but becomes his stage hand instead . When one of the acts quits , and another is injured , Meena is added as an act . The performers ' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals : Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter , after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray .", "2": "After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment , Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song , Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe . '' Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices . When he tries to do both , he does not show up for the planned pickup in time , and his father and his gang are arrested . Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright , and Mike , certain that the prize money is as good as his , buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse , and then swindles a group of bears in a card game at a nightclub . The day of the screening , the bears interrupt the show , demanding the money from Mike , who in turn , points to Buster . The bears open the chest containing the prize money , but it is nowhere near $100,000 . The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight , flooding the theater , which then comes crashing down . With the lot repossessed by Judith , Buster , who had been living in his theater 's office desk , takes up residence at Eddie 's place ( his parents ' pool house ) . Although the contestants ( besides Mike , who saw Buster as a fraud ) visit him and try to cheer him up , Buster is too despondent to listen to them . He tries to start over by opening a car wash , using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster 's theater . When Meena goes to the theater 's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah , '' Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money . They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena 's family members . As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off , '' more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news . Johnny 's rendition of Elton John 's `` I 'm Still Standing '' impresses his father , who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him . Despite an interruption by Judith , Ash sings her original rock song `` Set It All Free . ''", "3": "Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra 's `` My Way . '' Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder 's `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing , '' which literally brings down the house . The show becomes a success and impresses Nana , who was in the audience . Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened . Voice cast ( edit ) Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly , Taron Egerton , and Nick Kroll at the film 's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival . Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon , an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition . Reese Witherspoon as Rosita , a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman , and mother to their 25 piglets . Seth MacFarlane as Mike , an arrogant street musician mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice . Scarlett Johansson as Ash , a teenage porcupine punk rocker who takes part in an alternative - rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance . John C. Reilly as Eddie Noodleman , a sheep and Buster 's friend who doubts the future of the theater . Tori Kelly as Meena , a teenage elephant with an exquisite singing voice and severe stage fright . Taron Egerton as Johnny , a teenage gorilla who wants to sing , though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps . Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman , a sheep and Eddie 's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days . Jennifer Hudson as Young Nana Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly , an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster 's administrative assistant . Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy , a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business . Nick Kroll as Gunter , a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show . Beck Bennett as Lance , a porcupine and Ash 's boyfriend . Jay Pharoah as Meena 's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright . Nick Offerman as Norman , a pig and Rosita 's husband .", "4": "Leslie Jones as Meena 's mother Rhea Perlman as Judith , a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay . Laraine Newman as Meena 's grandmother Adam Buxton as Stan , a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy 's gang . Brad Morris as Baboon , whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances . Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog , who documents Buster 's singing competition . The voices of Rosita 's piglet children were provided by Oscar , Leo , Caspar , and Asa Jennings , the children of Garth Jennings , the film 's writer and director . Jennings had directors Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson provide `` additional voices '' , continuing a tradition of the three friends appearing in each other 's films . Production ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , about `` courage , competition and carrying a tune , '' which was originally titled Lunch , and then retitled as Sing . On January 14 , 2015 , Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film 's lead voice role . Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film . On June 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that McConaughey 's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's best friend . In November 2015 , it was announced that Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film . The film features 65 pop songs , the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film 's $75 million budget . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) The almost complete film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11 , 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival . Universal Studios released the film on December 21 , 2016 .", "5": "Home Media ( edit ) Sing was released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 21 , 2017 . It includes three short films : Gunter Babysits , Love at First Sight , and Eddie 's Life Coach . In Gunter Babysits , Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman 's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter . In Love at First Sight , Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman . In Eddie 's Life Coach , Eddie 's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry `` The Winner '' Wishman . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Sing grossed $270.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $363.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $634.1 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film , making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016 . In North America , the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin 's Creed , and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release . The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews . It went on to gross $35.2 million in its opening weekend ( a six - day total of $75.5 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , which was in its second week . Sing holds the record for being the highest - grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office , besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( $241.4 million in 2002 ) . Critical response ( edit ) On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 73 % based on 168 reviews , and an average rating of 6.5 / 10 .", "6": "The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sing delivers colorfully animated , cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm - hearted -- albeit familiar -- storyline that lives up to its title . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and wrote , `` In a year full of talking - animal hits , Sing is n't quite as strong a number . It 's a tale that might not be particularly thought - provoking but sure is toe - tapping . '' In her review for the Los Angeles Times , Katie Walsh called Sing , `` a cute movie with genuinely funny moments ( keep an eye out for the koala car wash ) , and some great tunes to boot . '' The Arizona Republic 's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said , `` Sing is like an album with a good song here and there , but too much filler and not enough hits . '' Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2 / 5 , stating that `` Garth Jennings 's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it 's following a completely unoriginal formula , and yet carries on regardless . '' While Peter Debruge of Variety , who also saw the film during the same festival , did not find the subplots to have any `` profound life lessons , '' he overall praised Jennings ' direction , the cast 's voice performances and the film 's silliness .", "7": "Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards February 6 , 2017 Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up Sing Nominated Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production Joby Talbot Golden Globe Awards January 8 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sing Best Original Song `` Faith '' -- Ryan Tedder , Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song -- Animated Film Best Soundtrack Album Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film Jojo Villanueva Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie Sing Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Reese Witherspoon Most Wanted Pet Favorite Soundtrack Sing Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Animated Film Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a sequel , tentatively titled Sing 2 , slated for December 25 , 2020 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew McConaughey to Star in Illumination Animated Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` A Complete List of Every Song in Illumination 's ' Sing ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 10 , 2015 ) .", "8": "`` Sneak peek : A-list animals ' SING ' together '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hopewell , John ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy : Chris Meledandri on Matthew McConaughey as a Koala Legit Theater Owner , ' The Grinch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Animated Animals of Illumination Entertainment 's 2016 Musical Comedy , ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Adam ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` EP. 16 - Pub Walk With Garth Jennings '' . soundcloud.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yuen , Jenny ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` TIFF 2016 : Matthew McConaughey optimistic about ' Sing ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing - Full Cast and Credits '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Garth Jennings on Getting Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson to Provide Voices in ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ′ Set For June 2017 Release ; ' Dr. Seuss ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Arrives Five Months Later '' . Deadline . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Universal now has `` Max '' and `` Lunch '' set up at Illumination MacGuff .", "9": "Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets , Rumors He 'll Head DreamWorks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' Director Garth Jennings On Working With `` Wizards , '' The Learning Curve Of His Feature Animation Debut `` . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Universal & Illumination To Launch ' Sing ' With Live Jennifer Hudson And Tori Kelly Performances At Toronto '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination Entertainment 's ' Sing ' Headed to Retail '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` No. 7 ' Sing ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Rogue One ' Vanquish The Christmas B.O. Competition ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sing 's ' Box - Office Debut Tops ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Passengers ' in Tuesday Night Previews '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` With ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 As ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Rule Holiday -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . December 27 , 2016 .", "10": "Sing * ( Ill / Uni ) 4,022 locations , 4 - day $54.9 M , 3 - day : $35.2 M , 4 - day : $13 , 7K average , Total : $75.5 M , 1 wk Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Search `` Sing '' . Jump up ^ Brian Truitt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Animated ' Sing ' is a poppy treat ( and Matthew McConaughey sings ! ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katie Walsh ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Packed with pop tunes , ' Sing ' discovers the simple fun in putting on a show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' has too much filler , not enough hits '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF 2016 : Sing Review - HeyUGuys '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Sing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 .", "11": "Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing ' Sequel Coming From Illumination and Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSing ( 2016 American film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Sing on IMDb Sing at The Big Cartoon DataBase Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr.", "12": "Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff Films directed by Garth Jennings The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) Son of Rambow ( 2007 ) Sing ( 2016 ) 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing_(2016_American_film)&oldid=837851173 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s musical comedy films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films American musical comedy films American films Animated films about animals Films about competitions Films set in a theatre Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films directed by Garth Jennings Jukebox musical films Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures films Universal Pictures animated films Hidden categories : Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 12 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "13": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6123014232033685918	how does the mystery spot in santa cruz work	[ "results from the oddly tilted environment as well as standing on a tilted floor", "gravity hill, tilt-induced visual illusion" ]	{ "0": "Mystery Spot - wikipedia Mystery Spot Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mystery Spot in Santa Cruz . For `` mystery spots '' in general , see gravity hill . For the Supernatural episode , see Mystery Spot ( Supernatural ) . Mystery Spot entrance The Mystery Spot is a visual illusion -- based tourist attraction near Santa Cruz , California , opened in 1939 by George Prather . Visitors experience demonstrations that appear to defy gravity , on the short but steep uphill walk and inside a wooden building on the site . The Mystery Spot is a popular tourist attraction , and gained recognition as a roadside `` gravity box '' or `` tilted house '' illusion . At this roadside attraction , the laws of gravity and physics seem to disappear as balls roll uphill and people lean over past their toes without tumbling over . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Illusion explanation 4 Activities 5 Cultural relevance 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) One of the many optical illusions at the Santa Cruz Mystery Spot . The Mystery Spot was first discovered by George Prather in 1939 . George Prather was an electrician , mechanic , and inventor before he opened the site . He was born near Fresno and moved to Santa Cruz in 1920 . He owned a welding shop and repair garage in the area before he discovered the Mystery Spot . The Mystery Spot was one of several roadside attractions that opened after World War II for new automobile owners and was featured on Art Baker 's television show You Asked For It . Prather was inspired to open the site by the popularity of the nearby Oregon Vortex which opened to the public in 1930 . According to a newspaper report , Prather bought 3 acres on the hill in 1940 after he felt slightly dizzy while walking and was interested in his dizziness . The newspaper also reported that during further exploration of his property he found his compass jittering and he then built his `` crazy house '' and opened the site to the public in June 1941 , where tour guides lead visitors through the Mystery Spot on a daily basis . The site is what is known as a gravity hill and was the first of its kind to be built in California . The guides perform various demonstrations to showcase the unusual phenomena that Prather stumbled upon .", "1": "Prather died in January 1946 and at that time his son Bruce inherited the land and continued running The Mystery Spot with his father 's business partner Vaden McCray until his own passing in 2015 . The McCray family was photographed for the Life magazine spread on the Mystery spot for their November 15 , 1948 issue . McCray died in 2001 before Bruce Prather . An unnamed Santa Cruz lawyer now owns the property . The Mystery Spot was nominated in July 2014 to be designated as a California Historical landmark and was officially declared as California Historical Landmark # 1055 in August 2014 . Geography ( edit ) The site is located in Santa Cruz , California amongst the Santa Cruz mountains , Oak trees , Eucalyptus trees , near Granite Creek , and within the California Redwood forest . The Mystery Spot is between the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk , popular tourist spots . The Redwood trees in this area grow crookedly and are a part of what is known as the Twisted Grove in Nisene Marks State Park . The Mystery Spot can be found on Highway 17 along the way to the Santa Cruz Mountains . The Mystery Spot is home to a man - made dahlia garden along the hiking trail . Illusion explanation ( edit ) The classic `` Titanic '' pose is possible on table at The Mystery Spot Guide leaning on top of table at The Mystery Spot The Mystery Spot is a gravity hill , tilt - induced visual illusion . The illusion experienced by visitors results from the oddly tilted environment as well as standing on a tilted floor . Inside the tilted room of the Mystery Spot , misperceptions of the height and orientation of objects occur . Even when people are standing outside on a level ground , the slant of the building in the background causes misperceptions as humans judge the height of people using the slant of the roof rather than the true horizon . These visual illusions include balls rolling uphill and people leaning farther than normally possible without falling down . Psychologists at Berkeley state that all of the misperceptions stem from the simple fact that the house is slanted at a 20 degree angle . Professor William Prinzmetal states , `` When the perceiver 's body also is tilted , the distorting impact on vision is greatly magnified - up to two or three times . ''", "2": "Another point he makes is that distorted orientation causes other senses to fall back while your visual senses become heightened . People standing at impossible angles and water flowing uphill are related to the angle at which the house sits on . Other suggestions have been proposed to explain the reason behind The Mystery Spot 's odd gravitational rules and illusions . Tour guides suggest that `` a meteor which fell in ancient days and left a magic circle '' is the cause behind the mystery , and suggest that an electromagnetic field on the hill deters wildlife . These are theories proposed by guides for entertainment , and not scientific reasoning . Activities ( edit ) The Mystery Spot is open for tours 365 days a year . Aside from the attraction itself , there is a thirty - minute hiking trail nearby . Cultural relevance ( edit ) The Mystery Spot was the first ' gravity - defying ' tourist attraction in California and was the most prominent illusion - based tourist attraction in California in the mid-20th century . The Mystery Spot has been featured on Buzzfeed , the Santa Cruz Sentinel , comic strips , travel blogs , and newspapers for decades . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lamers , Chantal ( July 22 , 2007 ) . `` Gravitational tourist draw '' . The Orange County Register . The Orange County Register . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ News Advisory . Washington , DC : United States Department of Labor , Bureau of Labor Statistics , 1991 . 30 July 2014 . Web . 8 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ McBroom , Patricia . `` Santa Cruz `` Mystery Spot '' Explained . '' Santa Cruz `` Mystery Spot '' Explained . Office of Public Affairs , UC Berkeley , 09 Sept. 1998 . Web . 15 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ Bready , Lowell ( June 13 , 1941 ) . `` Mystery Spot - You Never Saw a Crazier Place - Opens Sunday for your Amazement '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . Santa Cruz Sentinel . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Leonard Prather '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . Santa Cruz Sentinel . October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` Grace Anestine ( Osterberg ) McCray '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . Santa Cruz Sentinel . May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Office of Historic Preservation California State Parks Natural Resources Agency State of California . California State Parks . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Samantha ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Santa Cruz Mystery Spot at 75 : the Story , the Speculation , the Science '' . 90.3 KAZU . 90.3 KAZU . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McBroom , Patricia ( 9 September 1998 ) . `` Santa Cruz `` Mystery Spot '' Explained `` . The Berkeleyan . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Shimamura , A.P. & Prinzmetal , W. ( November 1999 ) . `` The Mystery Spot Illusion and its Relation to Other Visual Illusions '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Science . 10 ( 6 ) : 501 -- 507 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9280.00196 . Jump up ^ `` Paranormal and Transcendental Experience . '' Google Books . N.p. , n.d. Web . 19 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 09.09. 98 - Santa Cruz `` Mystery Spot '' Explained . '' 09.09. 98 - Santa Cruz `` Mystery Spot '' Explained . Office of Public Affairs , UC Berkeley , n.d. Web . 19 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 09.09. 98 - Santa Cruz `` Mystery Spot '' Explained . '' 09.09. 98 - Santa Cruz `` Mystery Spot '' Explained . Office of Public Affairs , UC Berkeley , n.d. Web . 19 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 09.09. 98 - Santa Cruz `` Mystery Spot '' Explained . '' 09.09. 98 - Santa Cruz `` Mystery Spot '' Explained .", "4": "Office of Public Affairs , UC Berkeley , n.d. Web . 19 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamanaka , Sharon . `` The Mystery Spot . '' Santa Cruz County History - Santa Cruz Public Libraries . Santa Cruz County History , n.d. Web . 15 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamanaka , Sharon . `` The Mystery Spot . '' Santa Cruz County History - Santa Cruz Public Libraries . Santa Cruz County History , n.d. Web . 15 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ Gullickson , Christina . `` Top 10 Things to Do in Santa Cruz County before You Die : No. 6 Take a Tour of the Famous Mystery Spot . '' Santa Cruz Sentinel . Santa Cruz Sentinel , 15 July 2012 . Web . 16 Mar. 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Mystery Spot Official Website . '' MysterySpot.com . N.p. , n.d. Web . 19 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery Spot in Santa Cruz : Altered Reality or a Clever Gimic . '' California Through My Lens . N.p. , 16 Oct. 2014 . Web . 19 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ News Advisory . Washington , DC : United States Department of Labor , Bureau of Labor Statistics , 1991 . 30 July 2014 . Web . 8 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In The Press Gallery The Mystery Spot - Santa Cruz , CALIF . '' MysterySpot.com . N.p. , n.d. Web . 16 Mar. 2017 . < https://www.mysteryspot.com/in-the-press > .", "5": "External links ( edit ) Mystery Spot official website ( California ) Video Tour of the Mystery Spot ( California ) Coordinates : 37 ° 00 ′ 45 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 06 '' W / 37.012601 ° N 122.001795 ° W / 37.012601 ; - 122.001795 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mystery_Spot&oldid=826917217 '' Categories : 1941 establishments in California Buildings and structures in Santa Cruz County , California Gravity hills Roadside attractions in California Tourist attractions in California Tourist attractions in Santa Cruz County , California Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ فارسی עברית Nederlands Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 18 : 32 . 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-7315704277534873222	who was suite judy blue eyes written about	[ "singer/songwriter Judy Collins", "Stephen Stills' former girlfriend, singer/songwriter Judy Collins", "Stephen Stills' former girlfriend, singer/songwriter Judy Collins", "singer/songwriter Judy Collins", "Judy Collins" ]	{ "0": "Suite : Judy Blue Eyes - wikipedia Suite : Judy Blue Eyes Jump to : navigation , search `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' Single by Crosby , Stills & Nash from the album Crosby , Stills & Nash B - side `` Long Time Gone '' Released September 1969 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Genre Folk rock , soft rock Length 7 : 28 ( album version ) 4 : 35 ( single edit ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Stephen Stills Producer ( s ) David Crosby Graham Nash Stephen Stills Crosby , Stills & Nash singles chronology `` Marrakesh Express '' ( 1969 ) `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' ( 1969 ) `` Woodstock '' ( 1970 ) `` Marrakesh Express '' ( 1969 ) `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' ( 1969 ) `` Woodstock '' ( 1970 ) `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' is a suite of short songs written by Stephen Stills and performed by Crosby , Stills & Nash ( CSN ) . It appeared on the group 's self - titled debut album in 1969 and was released as a single , hitting # 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart . In Canada , `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' peaked at number 11 . The song is a suite in the classical sense , i.e. an ordered set of musical pieces . The song is ranked # 418 on Rolling Stone ′ s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Live performances 3 Sections 3.1 First section 3.2 Second section 3.3 Third section 3.4 Final section 4 Personnel 5 Charts 6 References Background and composition ( edit ) The title `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' ( a play on words for `` Sweet Judy Blue Eyes '' ) refers to Stephen Stills ' former girlfriend , singer / songwriter Judy Collins , and the lyrics to most of the suite 's sections consist of his thoughts about her and their imminent breakup . Collins is known for her piercing blue eyes .", "1": "During a July 15 , 2007 interview for the National Public Radio program Just Roll Tape , Stills revealed that Collins was present in the studio when the demo tapes were recorded . Collins had advised Stills `` not to stay ( at the studio ) all night . '' Stills later commented that `` the breakup was imminent ... we were both too large for one house . '' Stills said that he liked parts of this demo version of `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' better than the released version . Collins and Stills had met in 1967 and dated for two years . In 1969 , she was appearing in the New York Shakespeare Festival musical production of Peer Gynt and had fallen in love with her co-star Stacy Keach , eventually leaving Stills for him . Stills was devastated by the possible breakup and wrote the song as a response to his sadness . In a 2000 interview , Collins gave her impressions of when she first heard the song : `` ( Stephen ) came to where I was singing one night on the West Coast and brought his guitar to the hotel and he sang me `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes , '' the whole song . And of course it has lines in it that referred to my therapy . And so he wove that all together in this magnificent creation . So the legacy of our relationship is certainly in that song . '' The recording features an acoustic guitar tuned to EEEEBE ( `` Bruce Palmer Modal Tuning '' ) vs. the standard EADGBE tuning . This style of tuning would later be used for the Déjà Vu songs `` 4 + 20 '' and `` Carry On '' . Live performances ( edit ) The final section of the song is included on the CSNY live album 4 Way Street . It fades in on the opening of side one of the album . CSN also performed `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' at the Woodstock and Live Aid festivals , and their performance at the former is featured in the film Woodstock ( 1970 ) . Sections ( edit ) `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' has four distinct sections . The timings below are for the full album version .", "2": "The shortened version released as a single cut the second and fourth verses from the first section , cut the third and fourth verses from the second section , cut the final verse and preceding break from the third section , and shortened the guitar break between the second and the third sections . The final section is the only part that stayed fully intact on the single . First section ( edit ) The first section is a traditional pop song with four verses , featuring a chorus of `` I am yours , you are mine , you are what you are . '' Running at approximately 2 : 56 , the lead vocal is performed by Stills , with Crosby and Nash providing harmonies . Second section ( edit ) The second section is performed in half time relative to the first section , and features four verses of three - part harmony from the band , with Stills performing a brief vocal solo between the second and third . This section runs from 2 : 56 to 4 : 43 . Third section ( edit ) The third section is more upbeat and features poetic lyrics ( `` chestnut brown canary , ruby - throated sparrow '' ) , lasting from 4 : 43 to 6 : 25 . Each of the three phrases is initially sung by Stills , with Nash then joining , and finally Crosby rounding out the harmonies . Connecting the phrases are instrumental breaks performed by Stills on acoustic guitar . Final section ( edit ) The final section ( the coda ) is sung in Spanish , starting at 6 : 34 until the song concludes . The `` doo - doo - doo - da - doo '' backing vocals are the best known segment of `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' , with Stills singing Spanish lyrics in the background . Stills has said that he intentionally made the final stanzas unexpected and difficult , even using a foreign language for the lyrics , `` just to make sure nobody would understand it '' ( not even Spanish speaking people ) . The Spanish lyrics are as follows : `` Que linda me recuerdo a Cuba . La reina de la Mar Caribe . Quiero solo visitarme ayí . Y que triste que no puedo vaya . ''", "3": "The final section has been parodied many times , notably in Frank Zappa 's compositions `` Billy the Mountain '' and `` Magdalena '' on The Mothers of Invention 's album Just Another Band From L.A. Most recently , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic performs a takeoff of it ( `` Mission Statement '' ) on his 2014 album Mandatory Fun , only instead of Spanish , the lyrics are corporate buzzwords strung together in such a way as to be ultimately nonsensical . It is also sampled in the 2010 Cypress Hill song `` Armada Latina '' . Personnel ( edit ) David Crosby -- harmony vocals Stephen Stills -- lead vocals , acoustic guitar , bass , keyboards , percussion Graham Nash -- harmony vocals Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 71 ) Peak position Canada 100 ( RPM ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 US Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 21 US Cash Box Top 100 15 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` RPM Top Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . RPM . RPM archives . Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada . November 29 , 1969 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 12 / 09 / 2004 Jump up ^ `` Classic Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young : Selections from Déjà Vu and Crosby Stills & Nash ( Authentic Guitar - Tab Edition ) © 1993 Warner Bros. Music Jump up ^ `` Classic Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young : Selections from Déjà Vu and Crosby Stills & Nash ( Authentic Guitar - Tab Edition ) © 1993 Warner Bros. Music Jump up ^ `` Alternate Guitar Tuning '' . Jump up ^ http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=236445 Jump up ^ Cavallo , Dominick . A Fiction of the Past : The Sixties in American History . St. Martin 's Press ( 1999 ) , p. 172 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 21930 - X . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Crosby , Stills & Nash -- Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' ( in Dutch ) .", "4": "Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , November 29 , 1969 ( hide ) Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young David Crosby Stephen Stills Graham Nash Neil Young Studio albums Crosby , Stills & Nash Déjà Vu CSN Daylight Again American Dream Live It Up After the Storm Looking Forward Live albums 4 Way Street Allies Déjà Vu Live CSN 2012 CSNY 1974 Compilation albums So Far Replay CSN Carry On Greatest Hits Demos Songs `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' `` Marrakesh Express '' `` Guinnevere '' `` Wooden Ships '' `` Lady of the Island '' `` Helplessly Hoping '' `` Woodstock '' `` Helpless '' `` Teach Your Children '' `` Almost Cut My Hair '' `` Our House '' `` Ohio '' `` Just a Song Before I Go '' `` Wasted on the Way '' `` Southern Cross '' Related bands The Byrds Buffalo Springfield The Hollies CPR Crosby & Nash The Stills - Young Band Manassas Crazy Horse Related people Joni Mitchell Judy Collins Chris Hillman Cass Elliot Timothy B. Schmit Greg Reeves Dallas Taylor Other related articles Discography CSNY / Déjà Vu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suite:_Judy_Blue_Eyes&oldid=818489369 '' Categories : 1969 singles Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young songs Songs written by Stephen Stills Atlantic Records singles Suites 1969 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 21 : 32 .", "5": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4769385456939034988	when did a wrinkle in time start filming	[ "November 2, 2016", "November 2, 2016", "November 2, 2016", "November 2, 2016", "November 2, 2016" ]	{ "0": "A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Wrinkle in Time Theatrical release poster Directed by Ava DuVernay Produced by Jim Whitaker Catherine Hand Screenplay by Jennifer Lee Jeff Stockwell Based on A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle Starring Oprah Winfrey Reese Witherspoon Mindy Kaling Gugu Mbatha - Raw Michael Peña Storm Reid Zach Galifianakis Chris Pine Music by Ramin Djawadi Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Spencer Averick Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Whitaker Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $100 -- 130 million Box office $124.4 million A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell , based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle . The film stars Oprah Winfrey , Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Michael Peña , Storm Reid , Zach Galifianakis and Chris Pine , and follows a young girl who , with the help of three astral travelers , sets off on a quest to find her father , who went missing after discovering a new planet . Principal photography began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . With a production budget of over $100 million , the film became the first live - action film with a nine - digit budget to be directed by a woman of color .", "1": "A Wrinkle in Time premired at the El Capitan Theatre on February 26 , 2018 , and with a theatrical release on March 9 , 2018 , through the Disney Digital 3 - D , Real D 3D , and IMAX formats . The film received mixed reviews , with critics `` taking issue with the film 's heavy use of CGI and numerous plot holes '' while `` celebrating its message of female empowerment and diversity '' , and has grossed $124 million worldwide against a break - even point of $400 million , thus being a box office bomb . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Thirteen - year - old Meg Murry struggles to adjust to school and home life ever since her father Alex , a well - renowned scientist , mysteriously disappeared while he was studying astrophysics . Both Meg and her mother Kate believe he solved the question of humanity 's existence and theorize he was teleported to another world . During the night , Meg 's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes a stranger in a large white dress named Mrs. Whatsit into the Murry family house . She mentions the tesseract , a type of space - travel Alex was working on , is real , and leaves soon after . The next day , one of Meg 's classmates , Calvin O'Keefe , joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who , another strange woman who only speaks in quotes and seems to know Charles Wallace . When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard , Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman , Mrs. Which , who is the oldest and appears as a giant . The three reveal themselves as astral travelers , and lead Meg , Calvin , and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel . Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green creature , and takes the children up into the atmosphere , where they see a dark shadow known as The IT . Mrs.", "2": "Which tells Meg her father 's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT , a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe . Gaining the women 's trust , Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides . The Happy Medium shows them Meg 's father is trapped on a planet called Camazotz , The IT 's homeworld . Mrs. Which also explains The IT represents all of the greed , anger , pride , selfishness , and low self - esteem in the world . Showing them examples of these characteristics , Meg learns that while Calvin is popular at school , he is neglected and bullied by his father and her school enemy Veronica Kiley is extremely self - conscious . The three Mrs. propose they travel back to Earth to regroup , but Meg 's refusal messes with the tesseract , and they travel to Camazotz instead . Upon arriving on Camazotz , Mrs. Which , Mrs. Whatsit , and Mrs. Who are unable to stay because Camazotz 's evil is stronger than their light . Before they depart , they bestow gifts upon Meg ; these include Mrs. Who 's glasses , the knowledge of Meg 's faults , and the command to never separate . The trio treks through Camazotz 's hazardous traps before reaching a crowded beach where they meet the IT 's bodyguard , Red . He offers the starving children food and tells them Alex is safe and happy . He reveals to them there is nothing to worry about here , but Calvin and Meg realize something is wrong when Charles Wallace proclaims all of the food tastes like sand . When Red starts repeating the times tables , Charles Wallace is hypnotized by the rhythm , allowing the IT to take full control of his mind . When Meg and Calvin pursue Charles Wallace , they find themselves in a seemingly empty room . Using Mrs. Who 's glasses , Meg finds an invisible staircase leading to the room where her father is being kept prisoner . After bringing him out of captivity , the IT 's power allows Charles Wallace to forcefully drag them to finally meet his master . As Calvin and Meg fall under the IT 's power , Alex opens another tesser and prepares to leave with the children , abandoning Charles Wallace .", "3": "Meg refuses and projects out of the tesser herself , leaving her alone . When she confronts Charles Wallace in corruption , she realizes the IT uses deception and hatred for power . Using her love for her brother and the knowledge she is imperfect , Meg frees Charles Wallace from the control of the IT and releases the control of Camazotz from the evil entity . The three Mrs. return and tell Meg her time is here to tesser for herself . Returning home , Meg thanks the women for their help and for rescuing her father and they part ways , while Veronica becomes nice to her . The film ends with the Murry family celebrating a joyful reunion and Calvin going home to confront his father . Cast ( edit ) Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who Storm Reid as Meg Murry , a gifted young girl Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe , Meg 's classmate and friend Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry , Meg 's prodigious adoptive 6 - year - old brother Chris Pine as Dr. Alexander Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's long - lost father Zach Galifianakis as The Happy Medium Michael Peña as Red David Oyelowo as the IT , Red 's true diabolical form Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Dr. Kate Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's mother André Holland as Principal James Jenkins Rowan Blanchard as Veronica Kiley Bellamy Young as Camazotz Woman Conrad Roberts as Elegant Man Yvette Cason as a teacher Will McCormack as another teacher Daniel MacPherson as Calvin 's Father Production ( edit ) DuVernay became the first black woman to direct a live - action film with a budget of over $100 million . In October 2010 , it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time , by Madeleine L'Engle , which had previously been made as a 2003 television film . Following the financial success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios .", "4": "Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films . The project 's budget was slated to be $35 million , which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia , both of which were made for less than $30 million . On August 5 , 2014 , Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter , taking over from Stockwell , who wrote the first draft . On February 8 , 2016 , it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film , and she was confirmed to direct later that same month . She became the first woman of color to direct a live - action film with a production budget over $100 million . On July 26 , 2016 , Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had began final negotiations to join the film , to play Mrs. Which , the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws , celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey . On September 7 , 2016 , Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film , with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit , who presents as a chatty , grandmotherly hobo , and Kaling set for the quotation - reciting Mrs. Who . On September 13 , 2016 , Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry , a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before . In October 2016 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg , Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry , respectively . On November 1 , 2016 , more cast were announced , including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium , André Holland as Principal Jenkins , Levi Miller as Calvin , and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace , along with Bellamy Young , Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack . Michael Peña later also joined the cast to play the character Red . The producers on the film are James Whitaker and Catherine Hand . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . After Los Angeles , production moved to New Zealand for two weeks .", "5": "Tobias A. Schliessler was the film 's cinematographer , Naomi Shohan its production designer , Paco Delgado its costume designer , and Rich McBride its visual effects supervisor . During production , DuVernay asked McBride to be as flexible as possible on visual effects sequences to allow her to make changes and incorporate new ideas during shooting . Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in multiple locations including Eureka , California , in Humboldt County , starting on November 29 , 2016 . Filming also took place at Eureka 's Sequoia Park , located next to Sequoia Park Zoo . None of the film 's major actors were present in Eureka . In mid-December , Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles . During the last two weeks of February 2017 , filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago , New Zealand . Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps , including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea , with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia . Filming wrapped in New Zealand 's South Island after two weeks , and DuVernay declared the cast and crew 's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post . Music ( edit ) Main article : A Wrinkle in Time ( soundtrack ) On September 28 , 2017 , Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film , replacing Jonny Greenwood , who was initially chosen to compose , and scored the film . On February 20 , 2018 , it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade , Sia , Kehlani , Chloe x Halle , Freestyle Fellowship , DJ Khaled , and Demi Lovato . Release ( edit ) The film was released in the United States on March 9 , 2018 . It was previously set for an April 6 , 2018 release . Marketing ( edit ) DuVernay announced a teaser trailer for the film would debut at the 2017 D23 expo ; it was released on July 15 , 2017 .", "6": "Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 25 , 2018 , A Wrinkle in Time grossed $93.9 million in the United States and Canada , and just over $30.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $124.4 million . With a combined $250 million spent on production and advertisement , the film will need to gross at least $400 million worldwide to turn a profit . In the United States and Canada , A Wrinkle in Time was released alongside The Hurricane Heist , Gringo and The Strangers : Prey at Night , and was projected to gross $30 -- 38 million from 3,980 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $10.2 million on its first day , including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $33.3 million , finishing second behind Disney 's own Black Panther ( $41.1 million in its fourth weekend ) . In its second weekend the film made $16.6 million , dropping 50 % to 4th place . Internationally the film opened in six countries alongside the United States and grossed $6.3 million in its opening weekend , with Russia being the largest market with $4.1 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 39 % , based on 241 reviews , and an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` A Wrinkle in Time is visually gorgeous , big - hearted , and occasionally quite moving ; unfortunately , it 's also wildly ambitious to a fault , and often less than the sum of its classic parts . '' On Metacritic , which assigns normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 75 % overall positive score ; audience members under the age of 18 gave it a respective average grade of `` A -- '' and positive score of 89 % .", "7": "Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the film 's visuals and performances , writing , `` Awash in bold colors , bright patterns and ebullient kids , director Ava DuVernay 's new take on A Wrinkle in Time dazzles its way across time and space even if it does n't quite stick the landing . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C + '' and praised what he described as its ambition , saying : `` It almost does n't matter that the movie is too emotionally prescriptive to have any real power , or too high on imagination to leave any room for wonder ; DuVernay evinces such faith in who she is and what she 's doing that A Wrinkle in Time remains true to itself even when everything on screen reads false . '' Alex Hudson of Exclaim ! gave the film a 5 out of 10 , saying that it felt `` like a missed opportunity . Rather than a family classic , all we get is a perfectly fine kids movie . '' Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , saying , `` ... if anything , the trouble with Wrinkle is that you never really get a sense of DuVernay 's personal touch . In fact , it feels a lot like Brad Bird 's big budget , equally smarmy 2015 Disney film , Tomorrowland . Both attempt to be so broad and universal that they feel disconnected from anything human . But universality does n't work that way , no matter how much you tell everyone to think like a kid . '' See also ( edit ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 ) Afrofuturism in film Black film List of black films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A WRINKLE IN TIME ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://thedisneyblog.com/2018/01/12/director-ava-duvernay-discusses-working-wrinkle-time/ Jump up ^ McDonald , Soraya Nadia ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' has Ava DuVernay , Oprah and a $100 million budget .", "8": "But it still needs a better villain '' . The Undefeated . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacob Shamsian ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` 5 reasons why Disney 's fantasy epic ' A Wrinkle in Time ' failed at the box office '' . Insider . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' : Why It Has Underperformed at the Box Office '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Wrinkle in Time Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Bedrock taps Jeff Stockwell to adapt ' Wrinkle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Granat Launches Family - Oriented Bedrock Studios ( Updated ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 .", "9": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' '' . / Film . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o in Talks to Star in Sci - Fi Thriller With Ava DuVernay Eyed to Direct ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay Set To Direct Disney 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' ; Script By ' Frozen 's Jennifer Lee '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` With ' A Wrinkle In Time , ' Ava DuVernay will pass a milestone '' . LA Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Joins Ava Duvernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling in Talks to Join Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rising Actress Storm Reid Nabs Starring Role in Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 21 , 2016 ) .", "10": "`` Chris Pine Joins Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Gugu Mbatha - Raw Signs On For Ava DuVernay 's ' Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wrinkle in Time Cast Announced as Filming Begins '' . ComingSoon.net . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Pena Joins Disney 's A Wrinkle in Time Movie '' . ComingSoon.net . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Facebook '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Finalizes Cast as Filming Begins This Week '' . Collider . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Trevor ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` A WRINKLE IN TIME : ' The Emotional Visual Effects Show ' '' . VFX Voice . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Ruth ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Postcard of Humboldt County ' : ' Wrinkle in Time ' brings local beauty to big screen '' . Redwood Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Houston , Will ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Film production in town : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' director 's Instagram indicates filming in Eureka '' . Eureka Times - Standard . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine looks sports bushy beard on A Wrinkle In Time set '' . Mail Online .", "11": "December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time : What you need to know about the latest movie to shoot in NZ '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah : ' It 's a gorgeous day NZ ' star shares chopper ride in NZ with millions - Entertainment - NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time cast declare their love for New Zealand after filming wraps '' . Newshub.co.nz . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time Recruits Game of Thrones Composer '' . ScreenRant . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` A Wrinkle in Time soundtrack taps Sade , Sia , Game of Thrones composer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' To Hit Theaters In Spring 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ ava ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Teaser trailer coming at @ D23Expo . Hope you like what you see ! ✨ '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' A Wrinkle In Time ' Delivers Weird , Fun , And Heartfelt Family Entertainment '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Rebecca Rubin ; Dave McNary ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Looks to Lure Kids as ' Black Panther ' Stays Muscular '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango Media ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Film Review : Oprah Hitchhikes the Galaxy in Trippy Kiddie Treat '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Review : Ava DuVernay 's Eye - Popping Spectacle Proves that a Little Imagination Can Go a Long Way '' . Indiewire . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle In Time ' review '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Vince ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle In Time ' Is A Series Of Affirmations In Search Of A Story '' .", "13": "Uproxx . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Official website A Wrinkle in Time on IMDb Works of Ava DuVernay Films directed This Is the Life ( 2008 ) I Will Follow ( 2010 ) Middle of Nowhere ( 2012 ) Selma ( 2014 ) 13th ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Television series Queen Sugar ( 2016 -- present ) Films by Jennifer Lee Screenplay and directed Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen Fever ( 2015 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Screenplay and story only Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Madeleine L'Engle Time Quintet A Wrinkle in Time A Wind in the Door Many Waters A Swiftly Tilting Planet An Acceptable Time Polly O'Keefe series The Arm of the Starfish Dragons in the Waters A House Like a Lotus An Acceptable Time Austin family series The Twenty - four Days Before Christmas A Full House : An Austin Family Christmas The Anti-Muffins Meet the Austins The Moon by Night The Young Unicorns A Ring of Endless Light Troubling a Star Katherine Forrester series The Small Rain A Severed Wasp Camilla Dickinson series Camilla Dickinson A Live Coal in the", "14": "Sea Other fiction Ilsa And Both Were Young The Other Side of the Sun Certain Women A Winter 's Love The Joys of Love Characters Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Meg Murry Charles Wallace Murry Calvin O'Keefe Sandy and Dennys Murry Polly O'Keefe Vicky Austin Canon Tallis Adam Eddington Zachary Gray Other Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Echthroi Kything Hugh Franklin A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) A Ring of Endless Light ( film ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "15": "php?title=A_Wrinkle_in_Time_(2018_film)&oldid=838458377 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films American films American fantasy adventure films American science fantasy films American science fiction films American space adventure films Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on science fiction novels Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Films directed by Ava DuVernay Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New Zealand Screenplays by Jennifer Lee ( filmmaker ) Performance capture in film Science fiction adventure films Time travel films Time Quintet Walt Disney Pictures films Films about time Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 05 . 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-6017563210607520155	who sang the american national anthem at the super bowl	[ "Pink", "Pink", "Pink" ]	{ "0": "List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl - wikipedia List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII . This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl . The U.S. national anthem ( `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ) has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967 ; Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977 . Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982 , famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games . Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem every year . Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem , and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performances 2 Multiple and hometown performances 3 Notable performances 4 Controversies 5 Other patriotic performances 6 See also 7 References Performances ( edit ) No . Year Venue Performer ( s ) 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , California The Pride of Arizona , Michigan Marching Band , and UCLA choir II 1968 Orange Bowl , Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra An NFL.com reference ( ) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem , but NBC 's broadcast of game , available from the Paley Center for Media 's collection , shows that Geisler performed it . IV 1970 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans Al Hirt V 1971 Orange Bowl , Miami Tommy Loy ( trumpet ) VI 1972 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans U.S.", "1": "Air Force Academy Chorale VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels ( children 's choir ) of Chicago 's Holy Angels Church VIII Rice Stadium , Houston , Texas Charley Pride IX Tulane Stadium , New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band ( 2 ) X 1976 Orange Bowl , Miami Tom Sullivan XI 1977 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California None ( Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' ) XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome , New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University XIII 1979 Orange Bowl , Miami The Colgate Thirteen XIV 1980 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Cheryl Ladd XV 1981 Superdome , New Orleans Helen O'Connell XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome , Pontiac , Michigan Diana Ross XVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida Barry Manilow XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium , Stanford , California San Francisco Boys Chorus , San Francisco Girls Chorus , Piedmont Children 's Chorus , and San Francisco Children 's Chorus XX 1986 Superdome , New Orleans Wynton Marsalis ( trumpet ) XXI Rose Bowl , Pasadena Neil Diamond XXII Jack Murphy Stadium , San Diego Herb Alpert ( trumpet ) XXIII Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Billy Joel XXIV Superdome , New Orleans Aaron Neville XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium , Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling XXVI Metrodome , Minneapolis Harry Connick , Jr .", "2": "ASL ( American Sign Language ) : Lori Hilary XXVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Garth Brooks ASL : Marlee Matlin XXVIII Georgia Dome , Atlanta Natalie Cole ASL : Courtney Keel Foley XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Kathie Lee Gifford ASL : Heather Whitestone XXX Sun Devil Stadium , Tempe , Arizona Vanessa L. Williams ASL : Mary Kim Titla XXXI Superdome , New Orleans Luther Vandross ASL : Erika Rachael Schwarz XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Jewel ASL : Phyllis Frelich XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium , Miami Cher ASL : Speaking Hands XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome , Atlanta Faith Hill ASL : Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir XXXV Raymond James Stadium , Tampa Backstreet Boys AASL : Tom Cooney XXXVI 2002 Superdome , New Orleans Mariah Carey ASL : Joe Narcisse XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Dixie Chicks ASL : Janet Maxwell XXXVIII Reliant Stadium , Houston Beyoncé ASL : Suzanna Christy XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 2 ) , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets ASL : Wesley Tallent XL 2006 Ford Field , Detroit Aaron Neville ( 2 ) and Aretha Franklin , Dr.", "3": "John ( piano accompaniment ) ASL : Angela LaGuardia XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Billy Joel ( 2 ) ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 2 ) XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Jordin Sparks ASL : A Dreamer XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida Jennifer Hudson ASL : Kristen Santos XLIV Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood ASL : Kinesha Battles XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium , Arlington , Texas Christina Aguilera ASL : Candice Villesca XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson ASL : Rachel Mazique XLVII 2013 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans Alicia Keys ASL : John Maucere XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Renée Fleming ASL : Amber Zion XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Idina Menzel ASL : Treshelle Edmond 50 2016 Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California Lady Gaga ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 3 ) LI 2017 NRG Stadium , Houston , Texas Luke Bryan ASL : Kriston Lee Pumphery . LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Pink ASL : Alexandria Wailes . Multiple and hometown performances ( edit ) Acts that have performed three times : Marlee Matlin ( ASL ) , ( XXVII , XLI , and 50 ) Acts that have performed two times : GSU Tiger Marching Band ( II and IX ) Billy Joel ( XXIII and XLI ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV and XL ) U.S.", "4": "Air Force Academy Chorale ( VI and XXXIX ) Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area : Beyoncé ( XXXVIII , Houston ) Aretha Franklin ( XL , Detroit ) Al Hirt ( IV , New Orleans ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV & XL , New Orleans ) Diana Ross ( XVI , Detroit ) Jordin Sparks ( XLII , Phoenix ) Notable performances ( edit ) The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , during the Gulf War , had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever . It was released as a single a few weeks later , appeared on the album Whitney : The Greatest Hits , and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks . The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer . Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . It became popular in country radio . Following the September 11 attacks , her version entered the country singles chart at number 35 , despite not being released as an official single , and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002 . At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 , in an emotional and groundbreaking performance , soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem , scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history , and the second - highest ratings for any television program in history . Controversies ( edit ) Just days after Super Bowl XXV , a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance . It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone , but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded . Since 1993 , the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track . This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance . Only 45 minutes before kickoff , he refused to take the stage , due to a dispute with NBC . Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video `` We Shall Be Free '' during the pregame . The network chose not to air the video , due to content some felt was disturbing imagery .", "5": "Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem , which meant the league had nothing to play if he left . Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands , and were prepared to use him as a replacement . After last - minute negotiations , NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game , and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang . Following the `` wardrobe malfunction '' controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 , all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny . Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the Naval Academy , Air Force Academy , Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform . This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together . Two days after Super Bowl XLIII , it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced . At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV , Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly . Instead of singing `` O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming '' , the pop star sang `` What so proudly we watched at the twilight 's last gleaming '' . According to the New York Times , she also changed `` gleaming '' to `` reaming '' . Other patriotic performances ( edit ) The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII . The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem . Since 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem .", "6": "Pledge of Allegiance 1969 : Apollo 8 crew 1970 : Apollo astronauts 1973 : Apollo 17 crew `` America the Beautiful '' 1977 : Vikki Carr ( in place of the national anthem ) 2001 : Ray Charles 2002 : Mary J. Blige , Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra 2005 : Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles 2009 : Faith Hill 2010 : Queen Latifah 2011 : Lea Michele 2012 : Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert 2013 : Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus 2014 : Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus 2015 : John Legend 2016 : U.S. Armed Forces Chorus 2017 : Phillipa Soo , Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones . 2018 : Leslie Odom Jr ... . `` God Bless America '' 2003 : Céline Dion See also ( edit ) Super Bowl List of Super Bowl halftime shows References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl -- Entertainment '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III '' . Paley Center for Media . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Living the dream : Prof to sign anthem for deaf '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI : PepsiCo and the NAD '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ King ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII '' .", "7": "KING Says . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAD , NFL , & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Tickets 2015 '' . Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50 '' . National Football League . Associated Press . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI '' . National Football League . January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hudson 's Super Bowl Lip - Sync No Surprise to Insiders '' . ABC News . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A fitting wartime rendition '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 4 , 1991 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Warner ca n't match ' 07 magic vs. Steelers '' . Chicago Tribune . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our National Anthem : The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' . Rolling Stone . July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film , NFL Films , 1991 ^ Jump up to : `` Oh , Say , Can She Sing '' . St. John 's Downtown . January 31 , 2004 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunkerley , Beville ; Leahhey , Andrew ; Parton , Chris ; Moss , Marissa R. ; Shelburne , Craig ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Faith Hill 's 10 Greatest Live Performances '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl '' . CBS Sports . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Chris ; Paparella , Andrew ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston 's Star - Spangled Secret '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . The Official Garth Brooks Official Website . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ; James , Meg ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` The Nation ; After ' 04 Fiasco , Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides '' . The Los Angeles Times ( Home ed . ) . p . A01 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 14 , 2005 ) . `` Football ? They Play a Game ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Callow , James ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl 2011 : Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Schabner , Dean ( February 6 , 2011 ) .", "9": "`` Christina Aguilera Mangles ' Star - Spangled Banner ' at Super Bowl '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Singing , Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Entertainment '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weseling , Chris ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sandy Hook , Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jennifer ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` I 'm blessed & honored to be singing `` America The Beautiful '' with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday `` . Twitter . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/ Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Is Coming to the Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL.com ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8437192694659989578	who played shmuel in the boy in the striped pyjamas	[ "Jack Scanlon", "Jack Scanlon", "Jack Scanlon", "Jack Scanlon", "Jack Scanlon" ]	{ "0": "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( film ) - wikipedia The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Herman Produced by David Heyman Screenplay by Mark Herman Based on The Boy in the Striped Pajamas by John Boyne Starring Vera Farmiga David Thewlis Rupert Friend David Hayman Asa Butterfield Music by James Horner Cinematography Benoît Delhomme Edited by Michael Ellis Production companies BBC Films Heyday Films Distributed by Miramax Films Release date 12 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 12 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $12.5 million Box office $44.1 million The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( released as The Boy in the Striped Pajamas in the United States ) is a 2008 drama film set in World War II , based on the novel of the same name by John Boyne . Directed by Mark Herman , produced by BBC Films and Heyday Films , and distributed by Miramax and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , the film stars Vera Farmiga , David Thewlis , Asa Butterfield , and Jack Scanlon . It was released on 12 September 2008 in the United Kingdom . The Holocaust drama explores the horror of a World War II Nazi extermination camp through the eyes of two 8 - year - old boys ; Bruno ( Butterfield ) , the son of the camp 's Nazi commandant , and Shmuel ( Jack Scanlon ) , a Jewish inmate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Historical accuracy 3.3 Accolades 4 References 5 See also 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with the quote , `` Childhood is measured out by sounds and smells and sights , before the dark hour of reason grows , '' by John Betjeman .", "1": "A young boy named Bruno lives with his family in Berlin , in Nazi Germany during the period of the Holocaust . He learns that his father Ralf has been promoted , due to which their family , including Bruno 's mother Elsa and sister Gretel , relocate to the countryside . Bruno hates his new home as there is no one to play with and very little to explore . After commenting that he has spotted people working on what he thinks is a farm in the distance , he is also forbidden from playing in the back garden . Bruno and Gretel get a private tutor , Herr Liszt , who pushes an agenda of antisemitism and nationalist propaganda . As a result , Gretel becomes extremely fanatical in her support for the Third Reich , to the point of covering her bedroom wall with Nazi propaganda posters and portraits of Adolf Hitler . Bruno is confused as the Jews he has seen , in particular the family 's Jewish servant Pavel , do not resemble the caricatures in Liszt 's teachings . One day , Bruno disobeys his parents and sneaks off into the woods , eventually arriving at an electric barbed wire fence surrounding a camp . He befriends a boy his own age named Shmuel . The pair 's lack of knowledge on the true nature of the camp is revealed : Bruno thinks that the striped uniforms that Shmuel , Pavel , and the other prisoners wear are pyjamas and Shmuel believes his grandparents died from an illness during their journey to the camp . Bruno starts meeting Shmuel regularly , sneaking him food and playing board games with him . He eventually learns that Shmuel is a Jew and was brought to the camp with his father and mother . Prisoner 's clothing from Sachsenhausen concentration camp One day , Elsa discovers the reality of Ralf 's assignment after Lieutenant Kurt Kotler lets slip that the black smoke coming from the camp 's chimneys is due to the burning corpses of Jews . She confronts Ralf , disgusted and heartbroken . At dinner that night , Kotler admits that his father had left his family and moved to Switzerland . Upon hearing this , Ralf tells Kotler that he should have informed the authorities of his father 's disagreement with the current political regime as it was his duty .", "2": "The embarrassed Kotler then becomes infuriated with Pavel for accidentally spilling a glass of wine and violently beats him , presumably to the point of killing him . The next morning the maid , Maria , is seen scrubbing the blood stains . Later that day , Bruno sees Shmuel working in his home . Shmuel is there to clean wine glasses because they needed someone with small hands to do it . Bruno offers him some cake and willingly Shmuel accepts it . Unfortunately , Kotler happens to walk into the room where Bruno and Shmuel are socialising . Kotler is furious and yells at Shmuel for talking to Bruno . In the midst of his scolding , Kotler notices Shmuel chewing the food Bruno gave him . When Kotler asks Shmuel where he got the food , he says Bruno offered the cake , but Bruno , fearful of Kotler , denies this . Believing Bruno , Kotler tells Shmuel that they will have a `` little chat '' later . Distraught , Bruno goes to apologise to Shmuel , but finds him gone . Every day , Bruno returns to the same spot by the camp but does not see Shmuel . Eventually , Shmuel reappears behind the fence , sporting a black eye . Bruno apologises and Shmuel forgives him , renewing the friendship . After the funeral of his mother , who was killed in Berlin by an enemy bombing , Ralf tells Bruno and Gretel that their mother suggests that they go to live with a relative because it is not safe there . Their mother suggests this because she does not want her children living with their murderous father . Shmuel has problems of his own ; his father has gone missing after those with whom he participated in a march did not return to the camp . Bruno decides to redeem himself by helping Shmuel find his father . The next day , Bruno , who is due to leave that afternoon , dons a striped prisoners ' outfit and a cap to cover his unshaven hair , and digs under the fence to join Shmuel in the search . Bruno soon discovers the true nature of the camp after seeing the many sick and weak - looking Jews , much to his shock . While searching , the boys are taken on a march with other inmates by Sonderkommandos .", "3": "At the house , Gretel and Elsa discover Bruno 's disappearance . After they discover the open window he went through , Elsa bursts into Ralf 's meeting to alert him that Bruno is missing . Ralf and his men mount a search . Led by a dog tracking Bruno 's scent they find his discarded clothing outside the fence . Elsa and Gretel are following along behind . They enter the camp , looking for him ; Bruno , Shmuel and the other inmates are stopped inside a changing room and are told to remove their clothes for a `` shower '' . They are packed into a gas chamber , where Bruno and Shmuel hold each other 's hands . A Schutzstaffel soldier pours some Zyklon B pellets inside , and the prisoners start panicking , yelling and banging on the metal door . When Ralf realises that a gassing is taking place , he cries out his son 's name , and Elsa and Gretel fall to their knees in despair and mourn Bruno . The film ends by showing the closed door of the now - silent gas chamber , indicating that all prisoners , including Bruno and Shmuel , are dead . Cast ( edit ) Asa Butterfield as Bruno Jack Scanlon as Shmuel , a young Jew sent to a camp Vera Farmiga as Elsa , Bruno 's mother David Thewlis as Ralf , Bruno 's father Amber Beattie as Gretel , Bruno 's older sister Rupert Friend as Lieutenant Kurt Kotler David Hayman as Pavel Sheila Hancock as Natalie , Bruno 's grandmother Richard Johnson as Matthias , Bruno 's grandfather Cara Horgan as Maria Jim Norton as Herr Liszt Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas has a 63 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 135 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A touching and haunting family film that deals with the Holocaust in an arresting and unusual manner , and packs a brutal final punch of a twist . '' On Metacritic , the film has a normalized score of 55 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' .", "4": "James Christopher , of The Times , referred to the film as `` a hugely affecting film . Important , too . '' Manohla Dargis , of The New York Times said the film `` trivialized , glossed over , kitsched up , commercially exploited and hijacked ( the Holocaust ) for a tragedy about a Nazi family . '' Historical accuracy ( edit ) Some critics have criticised the premise of the book and subsequent film . Reviewing the original book , Rabbi Benjamin Blech wrote : `` Note to the reader : There were no 9 - year - old Jewish boys in Auschwitz -- the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work . '' Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is `` not just a lie and not just a fairytale , but a profanation . '' Blech acknowledges the objection that a `` fable '' need not be factually accurate ; he counters that the book trivialises the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the `` myth that those not directly involved can claim innocence , '' and thus undermines its moral authority . Students who read it , he warns , may believe the camps `` were n't that bad '' if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age , unaware of `` the constant presence of death . '' Kathryn Hughes , whilst agreeing about the implausibility of the plot , argues that `` Bruno 's innocence comes to stand for the wilful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses . '' In the Chicago Sun - Times , Roger Ebert says the film is not a reconstruction of Germany during the war , but is `` about a value system that survives like a virus . ''", "5": "Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result 2008 British Independent Film Awards Best Actress Vera Farmiga Won Best Director Mark Herman Nominated Most Promising Newcomer Asa Butterfield Nominated 2009 Premio Goya Best European Film The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards Best International Film Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Leading Performance ( International Feature Film ) Asa Butterfield & Jack Scanlon Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas ( 2008 ) '' . British Film Institute . 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas ( 2008 ) -- Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( 31 March 2009 ) . `` On Demand This Week : Lost Boys '' . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Review '' . The Times . Archived from the original on 30 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 7 November 2008 ) . `` Horror Through a Child 's Eyes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Blech , Benjamin ( 23 October 2008 ) .", "6": "`` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . Aish . Archived from the original on 30 August 2009 . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn ( 21 January 2006 ) . `` Educating Bruno '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 5 November 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BIFA 2008 Nominations '' . British Independent Film Awards . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Winners -- Film Categories '' . The Irish Film & Television Academy . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nominations & Recipients '' . Young Artist Awards . See also ( edit ) The Day the Clown Cried External links ( edit ) The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas at Box Office Mojo The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas on IMDb The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas at Rotten Tomatoes Production notes ( hide ) Films directed by Mark Herman Blame It on the Bellboy ( 1992 ) Brassed Off ( 1996 ) Little Voice ( 1998 ) Purely Belter ( 2000 ) Hope Springs ( 2003 ) The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( 2008 ) VIAF : 230335176 BNE : XX4862942 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "7": "php?title=The_Boy_in_the_Striped_Pyjamas_(film)&oldid=817547441 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2000s drama films Anti-war films about World War II American films American war drama films British films British war drama films Films about children Films about families Films about Jews and Judaism Films based on Irish novels Films produced by David Heyman Films scored by James Horner Films set in Germany Films set in 1942 Films shot in Budapest Films shot in Hungary Heyday Films films Holocaust films Jewish Polish history World War II films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use British English from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 02 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8964905908082275643	on ellens game of games what do they fall into	[ "a chute beneath his or her feet" ]	{ "0": "Ellen 's game of Games - Wikipedia Ellen 's game of Games Jump to : navigation , search Ellen 's Game of Games Genre Game show Created by Ellen DeGeneres Presented by Ellen DeGeneres Narrated by Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 Production Executive producer ( s ) Ellen DeGeneres Mary Connelly Ed Glavin Andy Lassner Kevin Leman Jeff Kleeman David A. Hurwitz Production company ( s ) Warner Horizon Television Telepictures A Very Good Production Bills Market and Television Producitons Release Original network NBC Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 18 , 2017 -- present Chronology Related shows The Ellen DeGeneres Show Ellen 's Game of Games , also known as Game of Games and stylized as ellen 's GAME OF GAMES is an American television game show that premiered on December 18 , 2017 . In March 2017 , NBC ordered six ( later eight ) hourlong episodes of the series . Ellen DeGeneres serves as host , while Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss appears as announcer / sidekick . The series is based on game segments from DeGeneres ' daytime talk show , The Ellen DeGeneres Show . A special preview episode aired on December 18 , 2017 , with the official series premiere on January 2 , 2018 . On January 9 , 2018 , NBC renewed the series for a 13 - episode second season .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Format 2.1 Preliminary games 2.2 Know or Go 2.3 Hot Hands 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) 8 December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) N / A N / A 13 N / A N / A N / A N / A Format ( edit ) Each episode is a self - contained mini-tournament with contestants being selected to play in one of four preliminary games . The winner of each game advances to the semi-final round to play `` Know or Go '' . The last remaining player will play the `` Hot Hands '' game for a chance to win $100,000 . Preliminary Games ( edit ) Aw Snap : Contestants are joined by a bungee cord . The first contestant to move five apples into a basket , using only their teeth , advances . Blindfolded Musical Chairs : Five contestants are blindfolded . In each of four heats , the contestants dance on a dance floor until the music stops ; Ellen then presses buttons that cause stools to rise up from the floor . The first contestant to sit on each chair advances ; the last contestant in each heat is eliminated . At the end of the fourth round , the winning contestant advances . Danger Word : Two teams of two compete . One member of each team stands by Ellen , and acts as a clue - giver ; the other member of the team sits behind three cannons . For each round , there is a `` winning word '' and a related `` danger word '' ( e.g. , winning word `` lettuce '' , danger word `` salad '' ) . The two teams then alternate giving clues , Password - style . If a guesser gives the winning word , the opposing team gets a strike ( and the opposing guesser gets sprayed with something from one of the cannons ) ; if a guesser gives the danger word , his or her team gets a strike , and he or she gets sprayed .", "2": "The first team to get three strikes is eliminated , and the winning team chooses one contestant to play Know or Go . Dizzy Dash : Ellen reads a trivia question . Before contestants can answer , they are spun around to disorient them ; to answer the question , the contestants must run to a nearby podium and grab the ball on top of it . The first contestant to answer three questions correctly advances . Do n't Leave Me Hanging : Three contestants are suspended from harnesses . The contestants take turns coming up with answers that fit a given category , such as `` States that end in ' A ' . '' A category ends when one contestant gives an incorrect answer , repeats a previous answer , or takes too long to respond ; that contestant gets a strike . A contestant who gets three strikes is eliminated , and is launched to the top of the studio . In Your Face , Honey : Two couples compete against each other : one member from each couple attempting to throw a ball as close to the target as possible . Whichever couple accumulates the most points after two attempts decides who will advance to Know or Go . Make It Rain : Two contestants answer trivia questions asked by Ellen for turns at pulling down one of several umbrellas ; one of which contains a cash prize of $10,000 in addition to a chance at playing for Know or Go , the rest filled with water . Master Blaster : Three contestants compete to solve a jigsaw - style puzzle . The contestants are attached to bungee cords ; the losing contestants are `` blasted '' into the air . One - Eyed Monster : One at a time , contestants enter the monster . They must answer a question whose answer is 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 . For each number the contestant is off , he or she must pull one of the monster 's teeth ( e.g. , if the correct answer is 3 , saying either 2 or 4 results in pulling one tooth ) . However if the contestant gets the answer exactly right , he or she will not have to pull out any teeth and is safe . Pulling the wrong tooth causes the monster 's jaws to snap shut , eliminating the contestant . Say Whaaaat ? : Eight contestants form two teams of four .", "3": "One member of the team must relay a message to the other member , who is wearing headphones and therefore must use lip reading . The team that collects the most points wins , and chooses one member to compete in Know or Go . if there is a tie the teams must do it again . Scary Go Round : Contestants must try to move three large balls across a series of rotating platforms within three minutes . The second contestant can fire balls from a `` ball blaster '' to impede the first contestant 's progress . The contestant who completes the task in the faster time wins . if there is a tie , both players must do it again . Tuba Toothpaste : Contestants are seated before a row of buttons shaped like valves on a tuba . Ellen then poses ridiculously hard trivia questions to each contestant in turn . When a contestant misses a question , Ellen spins a wheel to determine how many valves ( one , two , or three ) the contestant must press . but if a contestant somehow gets it right , he or she is safe . One of the valves causes the tuba to eject toothpaste at the contestant ; when that happens , the other contestant advances . You Bet Your Wife : Two teams of spouses or fiancés compete . Two husbands / fiancés bid auction - style on how many answers their wives / fiancés can give in a given category ( e.g. , `` national brands of toothpaste '' ) within 30 seconds . When one husband challenges , the other team 's wife must give the required number of responses ( there is no penalty for incorrect answers ) . Giving the required number of responses earns one point ; the opposing teams earns a point if the challenged team fails , with Ellen sending the wife / fiancé falling . The first team to earn three points wins , and then chooses one member of the pair to play Know or Go . Know or Go ( edit ) The four winning contestants of each preliminary game stand on a platform 30 feet in the air . One by one they are given a category , and each contestant is asked a question in turn from left to right . When a contestant misses a question or answers it incorrectly , the contestant is eliminated , and falls through a chute beneath his or her feet . The last contestant remaining wins and advances to Hot Hands .", "4": "Hot Hands ( edit ) The contestant has 30 seconds to identify the faces of ten celebrities that fit a category ( `` 80s Stars '' in the premiere ) . After identifying a celebrity , the contestant must press a button to move on to the next face . Contestants may pass if they are unsure ; after three seconds , the next face automatically appears . Contestants earn an escalating amount of money based on the number of faces they correctly identify , as shown in the table below ; correctly identifying ten celebrities earns the grand prize of $100,000 . Correct answers 5 6 7 8 9 10 Money won $100 $1,000 $2,500 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Game of Games '' December 18 , 2017 1.7 / 6 7.23 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` I 'll Have What She 's Playing '' January 2 , 2018 2.2 / 8 8.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Say Hello to My Little Friends '' January 2 , 2018 2.4 / 8 8.88 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Hasta la Vista , Honey ! ''", "5": "January 9 , 2018 2.1 / 8 7.87 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Just Keep Spinning '' January 16 , 2018 2.2 / 8 8.78 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` You Ca n't Handle the Toothpaste '' January 23 , 2018 1.8 / 7 7.57 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Ellen , We Have a Problem '' January 30 , 2018 1.8 / 7 7.58 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` I See Dizzy People '' February 6 , 2018 1.9 / 7 7.70 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Orders Ellen DeGeneres Game Show ' Ellen 's Game of Games ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Vick , Megan ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` NBC 's Fall Schedule : This Is Us to Compete with ABC 's TGIT '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` ' NBC Fills Remaining Winter Time Periods with `` The Wall , '' `` Ellen 's Game of Games ' '' . The Futon Critic . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Ellen 's Game of Games Renewed for Season 2 at NBC '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' The Year in Memoriam , ' ' Popstar 's Best of 2017 ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' .", "6": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex. `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) A.P. Bio ( since 2018 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Champions ( since 2018 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D.", "7": "( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( since 2017 ) Genius Junior ( since 2018 ) Good Girls ( since 2018 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Rise ( since 2018 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ;", "8": "since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The More You Know Upcoming Making It ( 2018 ) Reverie ( 2018 ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) The Gilded Age ( TBA ) The Titan Games ( TBA ) Ellen DeGeneres Television series Ellen The Ellen Show The Ellen DeGeneres Show American Idol Bethenny Repeat After Me Ellen 's Design Challenge One Big Happy Little Big Shots First Dates Ellen 's Game of Games Splitting Up Together Other works Ellen DeGeneres : Here and Now Taste This `` Judge Me Tender '' Related articles Awards and nominations Today 's the Day Universe of Energy Family Betty DeGeneres ( mother ) Vance DeGeneres ( brother ) Portia de Rossi ( wife ) Personnel Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Suzanne Luna Tony Okungbowa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "9": "php?title=Ellen%27s_Game_of_Games&oldid=836056079 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts NBC network shows English - language television programs Television series by Warner Horizon Television American game shows Ellen DeGeneres Television series created by Ellen DeGeneres Television series by A Very Good Production Hidden categories : Use American English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 12 : 30 . 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-3320993703958028468	what color pages in the emergency response guidebook (erg) list compounds by name	[ "blue", "blue" ]	{ "0": "Emergency response Guidebook - wikipedia Emergency response Guidebook Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emergency Response Guidebook 2016 ERG Author United States Department of Transportation Subject Hazardous Materials Published Every four years Publication date 04 / 2016 Website http://phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/library/erg The Emergency Response Guidebook : A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods / Hazardous Materials Transportation Incident ( ERG ) is used by emergency response personnel ( such as firefighters , Paramedics and police officers ) in Canada , Mexico , and the United States when responding to a transportation emergency involving hazardous materials . First responders in Argentina , Brazil , and Colombia have recently begun using the ERG as well . It is produced by the United States Department of Transportation , Transport Canada , and the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation ( Mexico ) . The principal authors of the ERG are Transport Canada 's Michel Cloutier and U.S. DOT 's George Cushmac . Contents ( hide ) 1 Guidebook Contents 2 White Section ( front ) 3 Yellow Section 4 Blue Section 5 Orange Section 6 Green Section 7 White Section ( back ) 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Guidebook contents ( edit ) The ERG is primarily applicable for hazardous materials transported by highway and railway , but also is applicable for materials transported by air or waterway , as well as by pipeline . It was first issued by the US Department of Transportation in 1973 , but later became a joint publication of the Department of Transportation ( US DOT ) , Transport Canada ( TC ) , and the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation ( SCT ) of Mexico , with collaboration with the Chemistry Information Center for Emergencies ( CIQUIME ) of Argentina . The ERG is issued every 4 years , with editions now being published in Spanish ( Guía de Respuesta en Caso de Emergencia ) .", "1": "In 1996 it was published as the North American Emergency Response Guidebook , but by the next publication in 2000 `` North American '' was removed due to its use by several South American countries ) . The ERG `` is primarily a guide to aid first responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of the material ( s ) involved in the incident , and protecting themselves and the general public during the initial response phase of the incident '' and should only be used for the `` initial response phase '' ( `` that period following arrival at the scene of an incident during which the presence and / or identification of dangerous goods is confirmed , protective actions and area securement are initiated , and assistance of qualified personnel is requested . '' ) of an incident . It is divided into six color - coded sections ( white ( uncolored ) , yellow , blue , orange , green , and a second white ( uncolored ) ) . The ERG includes 62 `` Guides '' ( found in the Orange Section ) that identify the primary hazards associated with the applicable general category of hazardous material and general guidance on how to respond to incidents involving that general category of hazardous material . The primary purpose of ERG is to direct the emergency responders to the most appropriate of these guides , based on the incident . The ERG also provides guidance regarding recommended evacuation distances , if applicable , in the Green Section . White section ( front ) ( edit ) The first section , with white page ( uncolored ) borders , provides the following : Information regarding shipping documents Instructions on how to use the guidebook General guidance for responding to any hazardous material incident Basic information on the hazard classification system and the associated placards / labels Recommendations the proper guides based transporting vehicle types and / or placards ( when the material in question can not be further identified otherwise ) General safety precautions Specific guidance for incidents involving pipelines Yellow section ( edit ) The second section , with yellow page borders , references the material in order of its assigned 4 - digit ID number / UN / NA number ( which is often placarded with the other hazardous materials placards ) and identifies the appropriate guide number to reference in the Orange Section ) . Items highlighted in green in this section will have evacuation distances included in the Green Section .", "2": "Blue section ( edit ) The third section , with blue page borders , references the material in alphabetical order of its name and identifies the appropriate guide number to reference in the Orange Section ) . Items highlighted in green in this section will also have evacuation distances included in the Green Section . Orange section ( edit ) The fourth section , with orange page borders , includes the actual response guides . Each of the 62 guides provides safety recommendations and directions on how to proceed during the initial response phase ( first thirty minutes ) of the incident . It includes `` health '' and `` fire or explosion '' potential hazard information ( with the more dangerous hazard listed first ) . For example , `` the material gives off irritating vapors , easily ignited by heat , reactive with water '' ; `` highly toxic , may be fatal if inhaled , swallowed or absorbed through skin '' ; etc . Next this section includes information for responders on appropriate protective clothing and possible evacuation information for either spill or fire is given . It also includes information on fighting fires ( example , do not apply water to sodium ) , warnings for spills or leaks , and special directions for first aid ( example , not to give mouth - to - mouth resuscitation if the materials are toxic ) . In the event of an unknown material , Guide # 111 should be followed until more information becomes available . Green section ( edit ) The fifth section , with green page borders , suggests initial evacuation or shelter in place distances ( protective action distances ) for spills of materials that are Toxic - by - Inhalation ( TIH ) . These distances vary based on the size of the spill ( small or large ) and whether the incident occurs during the day or at night . Only materials that were highlighted in green in the Yellow and Blue Sections are included in the Green Section . This section also includes information regarding toxic gases that are produced when certain materials are spilled in water ( as identified previously in this section ) . Finally , this section includes some very specific evacuation details for six common materials .", "3": "White section ( back ) ( edit ) The sixth section , with white page ( uncolored ) borders , provides the following : Additional instructions on how to use the guidebook Information regarding protective clothing and equipment Instructions on fire and spill control BLEVE ( boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion ) safety precautions Beginning with the 2004 edition , information specifically for hazardous materials being used for terrorism Glossary of terms used in the ERG Contact information for the various countries See also ( edit ) Emergency management Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/Hazmat/ERG2016.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/Hazmat/ERG2012.pdf 2012 Emergency Response Guide , page 356 External links ( edit ) Downloadable version of book : 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook 4.9 MB PDF file Online version of 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook Information Press release announcing 2016 edition ERG release Dangerous goods portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Response_Guidebook&oldid=776546214 '' Categories : 1973 books 1996 books 2000 books 2004 books 2008 books 2012 books Handbooks and manuals Firefighting Emergency management Firefighting in the United States Hazardous materials Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 April 2017 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7026548049572374691	who developed the concept of total quality management	[ "W. Edwards Deming" ]	{ "0": "Total Quality Management - wikipedia Total Quality Management Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the specific approach to quality management from the 1980s . For quality management , in general , see Quality management . Part of a series of articles on Manufacturing Manufacturing methods Batch production Job production Flow production Improvement methods RCM TPM VDM QRM TOC Lean Six Sigma TQM ZD Information and communication ISA - 88 ISA - 95 ERP SAP IEC 62264 B2MML Process control PLC DCS SCADA Total quality management ( TQM ) consists of organization - wide efforts to install and make a permanent climate in which an organization continuously improves its ability to deliver high - quality products and services to customers . While there is no widely agreed - upon approach , TQM efforts typically draw heavily on the previously developed tools and techniques of quality control . TQM enjoyed widespread attention during the late 1980s and early 1990s before being overshadowed by ISO 9000 , Lean manufacturing , and Six Sigma . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development in the United States 2 Features 2.1 Notable definitions 2.1. 1 United States Department of Defense ( 1988 ) 2.1. 2 British Standards Institution standard BS 7850 - 1 : 1992 2.1. 3 International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 8402 : 1994 2.1. 4 The American Society for Quality 2.1. 5 The Chartered Quality Institute 2.1. 6 Baldrige Excellence Framework 2.2 Standards 3 Legacy 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the developed countries of North America and Western Europe suffered economically in the face of stiff competition from Japan 's ability to produce high - quality goods at competitive cost . For the first time since the start of the Industrial Revolution , the United Kingdom became a net importer of finished goods .", "1": "The United States undertook its own soul - searching , expressed most pointedly in the television broadcast of If Japan Can ... Why Ca n't We ? Firms began reexamining the techniques of quality control invented over the past 50 years and how those techniques had been so successfully employed by the Japanese . It was in the midst of this economic turmoil that TQM took root . The exact origin of the term `` total quality management '' is uncertain . It is almost certainly inspired by Armand V. Feigenbaum 's multi-edition book Total Quality Control ( OCLC 299383303 ) and Kaoru Ishikawa 's What Is Total Quality Control ? The Japanese Way ( OCLC 11467749 ) . It may have been first coined in the United Kingdom by the Department of Trade and Industry during its 1983 `` National Quality Campaign '' . Or it may have been first coined in the United States by the Naval Air Systems Command to describe its quality - improvement efforts in 1985 . Development in the United States ( edit ) In the spring of 1984 , an arm of the United States Navy asked some of its civilian researchers to assess statistical process control and the work of several prominent quality consultants and to make recommendations as to how to apply their approaches to improve the Navy 's operational effectiveness . The recommendation was to adopt the teachings of W. Edwards Deming . The Navy branded the effort `` Total Quality Management '' in 1985 . From the Navy , TQM spread throughout the US Federal Government , resulting in the following : The creation of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in August 1987 The creation of the Federal Quality Institute in June 1988 The adoption of TQM by many elements of government and the armed forces , including the United States Department of Defense , United States Army , and United States Coast Guard The private sector followed suit , flocking to TQM principles not only as a means to recapture market share from the Japanese , but also to remain competitive when bidding for contracts from the Federal Government since `` total quality '' requires involving suppliers , not just employees , in process improvement efforts . Features ( edit ) There is no widespread agreement as to what TQM is and what actions it requires of organizations , however a review of the original United States Navy effort gives a rough understanding of what is involved in TQM .", "2": "The key concepts in the TQM effort undertaken by the Navy in the 1980s include : `` Quality is defined by customers ' requirements . '' `` Top management has direct responsibility for quality improvement . '' `` Increased quality comes from systematic analysis and improvement of work processes . '' `` Quality improvement is a continuous effort and conducted throughout the organization . '' The Navy used the following tools and techniques : The PDCA cycle to drive issues to resolution Ad hoc cross-functional teams ( similar to quality circles ) responsible for addressing immediate process issues Standing cross-functional teams responsible for the improvement of processes over the long term Active management participation through steering committees Use of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality to analyze quality - related issues Notable definitions ( edit ) While there is no generally accepted definition of TQM , several notable organizations have attempted to define it . These include : United States Department of Defense ( 1988 ) ( edit ) `` Total Quality Management ( TQM ) in the Department of Defense is a strategy for continuously improving performance at every level , and in all areas of responsibility . It combines fundamental management techniques , existing improvement efforts , and specialized technical tools under a disciplined structure focused on continuously improving all processes . Improved performance is directed at satisfying such broad goals as cost , quality , schedule , and mission need and suitability . Increasing user satisfaction is the overriding objective . The TQM effort builds on the pioneering work of Dr. W.E. Deming , Dr. J.M. Juran , and others , and benefits from both private and public sector experience with continuous process improvement . '' British standards Institution standard BS 7850 - 1 : 1992 ( edit ) `` A management philosophy and company practices that aim to harness the human and material resources of an organization in the most effective way to achieve the objectives of the organization . '' International organization for Standardization standard ISO 8402 : 1994 ( edit ) `` A management approach of an organisation centred on quality , based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long term success through customer satisfaction and benefits to all members of the organisation and society . '' The American Society for Quality ( edit ) `` A term first used to describe a management approach to quality improvement . Since then , TQM has taken on many meanings .", "3": "Simply put , it is a management approach to long - term success through customer satisfaction . TQM is based on all members of an organization participating in improving processes , products , services and the culture in which they work . The methods for implementing this approach are found in the teachings of such quality leaders as Philip B. Crosby , W. Edwards Deming , Armand V. Feigenbaum , Kaoru Ishikawa and Joseph M. Juran . '' The Chartered Quality Institute ( edit ) `` TQM is a philosophy for managing an organisation in a way which enables it to meet stakeholder needs and expectations efficiently and effectively , without compromising ethical values . '' Baldrige excellence Framework ( edit ) In the United States , the Baldrige Award , created by Public Law 100 - 107 , annually recognizes American businesses , education institutions , health care organizations , and government or nonprofit organizations that are role models for organizational performance excellence . Organizations are judged on criteria from seven categories : Leadership Strategy Customers Measurement , analysis , and knowledge management Workforce Operations Results Example criteria are : How do you obtain information on your customers ' satisfaction relative to their satisfaction with your competitors ? How do you select , collect , align , and integrate data and information for tracking daily operations ? How do you manage your workforce , its needs , and your needs to ensure continuity , prevent workforce reductions , and minimize the impact of workforce reductions , if they do become necessary ? Joseph M. Juran believed the Baldrige Award judging criteria to be the most widely accepted description of what TQM entails . Standards ( edit ) During the 1990s , standards bodies in Belgium , France , Germany , Turkey , and the United Kingdom attempted to standardize TQM .", "4": "While many of these standards have since been explicitly withdrawn , they all are effectively superseded by ISO 9000 : Total Quality Management : Guide to Management Principles , London , England : British Standards Institution , 1992 , ISBN 9780580211560 , OCLC 655881602 , BS 7850 Electronic Components Committee ( 1994 ) , Guide to Total Quality Management ( TQM ) for CECC - Approved Organizations , Brussels , Belgium : European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization , CECC 00 806 Issue 1 System zur Zukunftssicherung : Total Quality Management ( TQM ) , Düsseldorf , Germany : Verein Deutscher Ingenieure , 1996 , OCLC 632959402 , VDI 5500 Total Quality and Marketing / Management Tools , Paris , France : AFNOR , 1998 , FD X50 - 680 Total Quality Management : Guide to Management Principles , Turkish Standards Institution ( TSE ) , 2006 , TS 13133 Legacy ( edit ) Interest in TQM as an academic subject peaked around 1993 . The Federal Quality Institute was shuttered in September 1995 as part of the Clinton administration 's efforts to streamline government . The European Centre for Total Quality Management closed in August 2009 , a casualty of the Great Recession . TQM as a vaguely defined quality management approach was largely supplanted by the ISO 9000 collection of standards and their formal certification processes in the 1990s . Business interest in quality improvement under the TQM name also faded as Jack Welch 's success attracted attention to Six Sigma and Toyota 's success attracted attention to Lean manufacturing , though the three share many of the same tools , techniques , and significant portions of the same philosophy . TQM lives on in various national quality awards around the globe . Criticism ( edit ) The social scientist Bettina Warzecha ( 2017 ) describes the central concepts of Quality Management ( QM ) , such as e.g. process orientation , controllability , and zero defects as modern myths . She demonstrates that zero - error processes and the associated illusion of controllability involve the epistemological problem of self - referentiality . The emphasis on the processes in QM also ignores the artificiality and thus arbitrariness of the difference between structure and process .", "5": "Above all , the complexity of management can not be reduced to standardized ( mathematical ) procedures . According to her , the risks and negative side effects of QM are usually greater than the benefits ( see also brand eins , 2010 ) . See also ( edit ) Capability Maturity Model Integration CMMI Lean manufacturing List of national quality awards Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award People Capability Maturity Model Zero Defects Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Navy rebranded its effort `` Total Quality Leadership '' in 1990 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Martínez - Lorente , Angel R. ; Dewhurst , Frank ; Dale , Barrie G. ( 1998 ) , `` Total Quality Management : Origins and Evolution of the Term '' , The TQM Magazine , Bingley , United Kingdom : MCB University Publishers Ltd , vol. 10 no . 5 , pp. 378 -- 386 , doi : 10.1108 / 09544789810231261 ^ Jump up to : Houston , Archester ; Dockstader , Steven L. ( 1997 ) , Total Quality Leadership : A Primer ( PDF ) , Washington , D.C. : United States Navy , pp. 10 -- 11 , OCLC 38886868 , 97 - 02 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ McDaniel , Delora M. ; Doherty , Linda M. ( February 1990 ) , Total Quality Management Case Study in a Navy Headquarters Organization , San Diego , California : Navy Personnel Research and Development Center , p. 1 , OCLC 227755405 , NPRDC - TN - 90 - 10 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 , Effective implementation of Total Quality Management ( TQM ) to improve quality and productivity is based upon the philosophy and management principles of W. Edwards Deming . Jump up ^ United States Department of Defense ( 1989 ) , Total Quality Management : A Guide for Implementation , Springfield , Virginia : National Technical Information Service , OCLC 21238720 , DoD 5000.51 - G Jump up ^ Total Army Quality Management , Washington , D.C.", "6": ": United States Army , 1992 - 06 - 12 , Army Regulation 5 -- 1 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ Nelson , Robert T. ( 1991 - 01 - 10 ) , COAST GUARD TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ( TQM ) GENERIC ORGANIZATION ( PDF ) , Washington , D.C. : United States Coast Guard , COMDTINST 5224.7 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ Creech , Bill ( 1994 ) , The Five Pillars of TQM : How to Make Total Quality Management Work for You , New York : Truman Talley Books / Dutton , p. 153 , ISBN 9780525937258 , OCLC 28508067 , ... the DOD took steps to extend its reach to the thousands of vendors who sell to the department ... Thus was born the DOD 's TQM outreach program to all its vendors , large and small . And the TQM banners went up all over America . ^ Jump up to : Juran , Joseph M. ( 1995 ) , A History of Managing for Quality : The Evolution , Trends , and Future Directions of Managing for Quality , Milwaukee , Wisconsin : ASQC Quality Press , p. 596 , ISBN 9780873893411 , OCLC 32394752 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ Holmes , Ken ( 1992 ) , Total Quality Management , Leatherhead , United Kingdom : Pira International , Ltd. , p. 10 , ISBN 9781858020112 , OCLC 27644834 , Ask ten people what TQM is and you will hear ten different answers . There is no specification or standard for it , or certification programme to proclaim that you have it . What we understand by TQM probably depends on which of the thought leaders , ( often referred to as ' gurus ' ) we have come across . Jump up ^ Creech , Bill ( 1994 ) , The Five Pillars of TQM : How to Make Total Quality Management Work for You , New York : Truman Talley Books / Dutton , p.", "7": "4 , ISBN 9780525937258 , OCLC 28508067 , In fact , the term TQM has become so widely used that it has become the number one buzzphrase to describe a new type of quality - oriented management . Thus , the name TQM now covers a very broad tent encompassing all sorts of management practices . In my management advisory activities I run into scores of these different programs all parading under the same name . Few are alike , and those varied programs have a wide variety of features -- a mixture of the old and the new -- with , in more cases than not , very little of the new ... However , I have forewarned you there are almost as many different TQM programs as there are companies that have started them because that creates confusion about what to do in your own case . Jump up ^ Houston , Archester ( December 1988 ) , A Total Quality Management Process Improvement Model ( PDF ) , San Diego , California : Navy Personnel Research and Development Center , pp. vii -- viii , OCLC 21243646 , AD - A202 154 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT MASTER PLAN , Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Defense , August 1988 , p. 1 , OCLC 831675799 , ADA355612 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ Hoyle , David ( 2007 ) , Quality Management Essentials , Oxford , United Kingdom : Butterworth - Heinemann , p. 200 , ISBN 9780750667869 , OCLC 72868446 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ Pfeifer , Tilo ( 2002 ) , Quality Management : Strategies , Methods , Techniques , Munich , Germany : Carl Hanser Verlag , p. 5 , ISBN 9783446220034 , OCLC 76435823 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Quality Glossary - T '' . asq.org . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : American Society for Quality . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Total quality management ( TQM ) '' . www.thecqi.org .", "8": "London , England : The Chartered Quality Institute . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 2016 Baldrige Excellence Framework '' . www.nist.gov . Gaithersburg , Maryland : National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ 2011 -- 2012 Criteria for Performance Excellence ( PDF ) , Gaithersburg , Maryland : National Institute of Standards and Technology , 2011 - 01 - 12 , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ Dusharme , Dirk ( August 1995 ) , `` Federal Quality Institute Set to Close '' , Quality Digest , Red Bluff , California : QCI International , ISSN 1049 - 8699 , OCLC 17469778 , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ `` European Centre for Total Quality Management '' . www.brad.ac.uk . Bradford , United Kingdom : University of Bradford . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . The European Centre for TQM has ceased to exist as from the end of August 2009 . For all information related to ECTQM and its activities , please contact Professor Mohamed Zairi . Jump up ^ Vokurka , Robert J ; Stading , Gary L ; Brazeal , Jason ( August 2000 ) . `` A Comparative Analysis of National and Regional Quality Awards '' ( PDF ) . Quality Progress . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : American Society for Quality . 33 ( 8 ) : 41 . ISSN 0033 - 524X . Archived from the original on unknown . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Check date values in : archive - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bettina , Warzecha , ( 2017 ) . Problem with Quality Management Process orientation , controllability and zero - defect processes as modern myths . Walsrode . ISBN 9783981863833 . OCLC 992993108 . Jump up ^ `` Ungesunde Ordnung - brand eins online '' . www.brandeins.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 .", "9": "Further reading ( edit ) Deming , W. Edwards ( 1986 ) , Out of the Crisis , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Massachusetts Institute of Technology , ISBN 9780911379013 , OCLC 13126265 , retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 ( Originally published in 1982 as Quality , Productivity , and Competitive Position , OCLC 9234321 ) Feigenbaum , Armand V. ( 1983 ) , Total Quality Control ( 3 ed . ) , New York : McGraw - Hill , Inc. , ISBN 9780070203532 , OCLC 8552734 Rehder , Robert ; Ralston , Faith ( Summer 1984 ) . `` Total Quality Management : A Revolutionary Management Philosophy '' . S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal . Cincinnati , Ohio : The Society for Advancement of Management . 49 ( 3 ) : 24 -- 33 . ISSN 0749 - 7075 . OCLC 11220842 . Ishikawa , Kaoru ( 1985 ) , What Is Total Quality Control ? The Japanese Way ( 1 ed . ) , Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall , ISBN 9780139524332 , OCLC 11467749 Department of Defense ( 1990 - 02 - 15 ) , Total Quality Management Guide : A Two Volume Guide for Defense Organizations , 1 -- Key Features of the DoD Implementation , Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Defense , OCLC 26866911 , ADA225196 , retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Total Quality Management ( 1990 - 02 - 15 ) , Total Quality Management Guide : A Two Volume Guide for Defense Organizations , 2 -- A Guide to Implementation , Washington , D.C.", "10": ": United States Department of Defense , OCLC 834271878 , ADA230439 , retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Total quality management Example Baldrige Award criteria The American Society for Quality resource page on TQM The Chartered Quality Institute resource page on TQM The Economist resource page on TQM NDL : 01198859 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_quality_management&oldid=838331644 '' Categories : Business terms Quality management Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 10 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4617755372912487064	last world series that didn't go 7 games	[ "2015" ]	{ "0": "2015 World Series - wikipedia 2015 World Series Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see 2015 World Series ( disambiguation ) . 2015 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Kansas City Royals ( 4 ) Ned Yost 95 -- 67 , . 586 , 12 GA New York Mets ( 1 ) Terry Collins 90 -- 72 , . 556 , 7 GA Dates October 27 -- November 1 MVP Salvador Pérez ( Kansas City ) Umpires Gary Cederstrom ( crew chief ) , Bill Welke ( games 1 -- 2 ) , Mike Everitt ( games 3 -- 7 ) , Mark Carlson , Mike Winters , Jim Wolf , Alfonso Márquez , Ron Kulpa ( replay assistant ) ALCS Kansas City Royals defeated Toronto Blue Jays , 4 -- 2 NLCS New York Mets defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 0 Broadcast Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck ( play - by - play ) Harold Reynolds and Tom Verducci ( color analysts ) Ken Rosenthal and Erin Andrews ( field reporters ) Radio ESPN KCSP ( for the Royals ) WOR ( for the Mets ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Denny Matthews , Ryan Lefebvre , and Steve Physioc ( for the Royals ) Howie Rose and Josh Lewin ( for the Mets ) World Series Program ← 2014 World Series 2016 → The 2015 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2015 season . The 111th edition of the World Series , it was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion New York Mets and the American League ( AL ) champion Kansas City Royals . The series was played between October 27 and November 1 , with the Royals winning the series 4 games to 1 . It was the first time since the 2010 World Series that the World Series extended into November . The Royals became the first team since the Oakland Athletics in the 1989 World Series to win the World Series after losing in the previous year .", "1": "It was the first World Series to feature only expansion teams and the first since the 2007 World Series to not feature the Philadelphia Phillies , St. Louis Cardinals , or San Francisco Giants as the NL champions . The Royals had home field advantage for the first two games of the series because of the AL 's 6 -- 3 victory in the Major League Baseball All - Star Game . It was the 13th World Series in which home field advantage was awarded to the league that won the All - Star Game , a practice that was discontinued after the 2016 season . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format : the Royals hosted Games 1 and 2 , and the Mets hosted Games 3 , 4 , and 5 ( there was no Game 6 or 7 , which the Royals would have hosted ) . The Royals won Game 1 in extra innings , tying for the longest game in World Series history . The Royals also won Game 2 with a complete game by Johnny Cueto , who allowed only one unearned run and two hits . With the series shifting to New York , the Mets won Game 3 with home runs by David Wright and Curtis Granderson . The Royals came from behind to win Game 4 after an error by Daniel Murphy led to a blown save by Jeurys Familia . Game 5 also went into extra innings , where bench player Christian Colón drove in the go - ahead run for the Royals , who clinched the series . Salvador Pérez was named the World Series Most Valuable Player . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 New York Mets 1.2 Kansas City Royals 1.3 Series preview 2 Summary 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Composite line score 4 Broadcasting 4.1 Television 4.1.", "2": "1 Ratings 4.2 Radio 5 Historical notes 5.1 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) New York Mets ( edit ) Main article : 2015 New York Mets season The Mets made their fifth appearance in the World Series after sweeping the Cubs 4 -- 0 in the 2015 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . They had split their four previous appearances , winning the 1969 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles and the 1986 World Series against the Boston Red Sox , while losing the 1973 World Series against the Oakland Athletics and the 2000 World Series against the New York Yankees , their cross-town rivals . The Mets qualified for the postseason by winning the National League ( NL ) East , their sixth division title . They faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2015 NL Division Series , winning in five games . In the 2015 NLCS , Daniel Murphy led the team by hitting home runs in each game of the four - game sweep of the Chicago Cubs . By winning the NLCS , the Mets ensured that they have the most World Series appearances by an expansion franchise with five . In addition , the Mets have made World Series appearances in all but one of their six decades of existence , not appearing in any that were played during the 1990s . This was the first World Series appearance for Mets ' manager Terry Collins . Kansas City Royals ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Kansas City Royals season The Royals made their second consecutive appearance in the World Series , both under Ned Yost , and fourth overall . They won the 1985 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals , and lost their two other appearances , the 1980 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies and the 2014 World Series against the San Francisco Giants . The Royals qualified for the postseason by winning the American League ( AL ) Central , their seventh division title and their first since winning the AL West in 1985 . They faced the Houston Astros in the 2015 American League Division Series , winning in five games . They followed that up in the 2015 American League Championship Series , beating the Toronto Blue Jays in six games .", "3": "By winning the ALCS , the Royals became the first team to play in consecutive World Series since the Texas Rangers played in the 2010 World Series and 2011 World Series . Series preview ( edit ) The series began on October 27 . As the AL won the 2015 All - Star Game , the Royals had home field advantage for the series . The Mets and Royals had not played since 2013 . Though the Mets boasted four starting pitchers who could throw over 95 miles per hour ( 153 km / h ) in Matt Harvey , Noah Syndergaard , Jacob deGrom and Steven Matz , the Royals had the best team batting average against pitches over that speed during the 2015 season . While the Mets starting pitchers had the best strikeout - to - walk ratio in the majors , the Royals , consisting of strong contact hitters , led baseball in contact rate . The Royals also had a superior defensive team , finishing second in the majors in Defensive Runs Saved , while the Mets finished 21st . The Royals bullpen , anchored by Wade Davis and Kelvin Herrera , also provided a strength . While the Mets hitters performed better against left - handed pitchers than right - handed pitchers , the Royals four starting pitchers , Johnny Cueto , Edinson Vólquez , Yordano Ventura , and Chris Young , and primary relievers , Davis , Herrera , Ryan Madson , and Luke Hochevar , are right - handed . This was also the first time the World Series was played by teams which both entered the league as expansion teams . The Mets joined the National League in 1962 , and the Royals joined the American League in 1969 . Summary ( edit ) Kansas City won the series , 4 -- 1 .", "4": "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 27 New York Mets -- 4 , Kansas City Royals -- 5 ( 14 ) Kauffman Stadium 5 : 09 40,320 October 28 New York Mets -- 1 , Kansas City Royals -- 7 Kauffman Stadium 2 : 54 40,410 October 30 Kansas City Royals -- 3 , New York Mets -- 9 Citi Field 3 : 22 44,781 October 31 Kansas City Royals -- 5 , New York Mets -- 3 Citi Field 3 : 29 44,815 5 November 1 Kansas City Royals -- 7 , New York Mets -- 2 ( 12 ) Citi Field 4 : 15 44,859 Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Tuesday , October 27 , 2015 7 : 09 pm ( CDT ) at Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Kansas City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 11 WP : Chris Young ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Bartolo Colón ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NYM : Curtis Granderson ( 1 ) KC : Alcides Escobar ( 1 ) , Alex Gordon ( 1 ) Attendance : 40,320 More than 100 service members from Whiteman Air Force Base participated in the flag ceremony that took place before the game The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by George Brett . Matt Harvey started Game 1 for the Mets , while Edinson Vólquez started for the Royals . Vólquez 's father had died earlier in the day . He was not aware of his father 's death until after he left the game .", "5": "On the first pitch thrown by Harvey , Alcides Escobar hit an inside - the - park home run , the first in a World Series game since Mule Haas in the 1929 World Series , and the first hit by a leadoff batter since Patsy Dougherty did it for the Boston Americans in the 1903 World Series . In the fourth inning , Murphy recorded the Mets ' first hit , and later scored their first run on a hit by Travis d'Arnaud . Curtis Granderson hit a home run in the fifth inning to give the Mets a 2 -- 1 lead . The Mets took a 3 -- 1 lead in the top of the sixth when Michael Conforto drove in Yoenis Céspedes with a sacrifice fly . Mike Moustakas then saved a run with a diving stop and throw out to first to end the top of the sixth . Eric Hosmer reduced the lead to 3 -- 2 with a sacrifice fly , and set a new Royals ' postseason run batted in ( RBI ) record in the process . A single by Moustakas tied the game at three , but in the top of the eighth , Wilmer Flores reached on an fielding error by Hosmer , allowing Juan Lagares to score the go - ahead run and give the Mets a 4 -- 3 lead . In the bottom of the ninth with the Mets 2 outs away from taking Game 1 , Alex Gordon tied the game for the Royals with a home run to deep center field , as Jeurys Familia blew his first save in six postseason opportunities and his first since July 30 . With the home run , Gordon became the first player since Scott Brosius in the 2001 World Series , and just the fifth player in history , to tie a World Series game on a home run in the ninth inning . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Granderson robbed the speedy Jarrod Dyson of a multi-base hit with a running , leaping catch that prevented what probably would have been a lead - off triple . The Mets went on to get out of the inning . In the bottom of the 14th , Escobar reached first on a throwing error by David Wright , and Bartolo Colón gave up a base hit to Ben Zobrist , allowing Escobar to reach third .", "6": "Hosmer hit a sacrifice fly to Granderson in right field to drive in the winning run . This was the first time in World Series history that the same player scored both the first run of the game on the first pitch , and the last run of the game on the final pitch . The game ended at 12 : 18 AM CDT , lasting five hours and nine minutes . The game tied the record for the longest game by innings in World Series history , shared with Game 2 in the 1916 World Series and Game 3 in the 2005 World Series . The loss made Colón the oldest player ever to lose a World Series game . Game 2 ( edit ) Johnny Cueto was the winning pitcher in Game 2 , pitching a complete game Wednesday , October 28 , 2015 7 : 09 pm ( CDT ) at Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kansas City 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 7 10 0 WP : Johnny Cueto ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jacob deGrom ( 0 -- 1 ) Attendance : 40,410 In Game 2 , Jacob deGrom started for the Mets , and Johnny Cueto started for the Royals . The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by Medal of Honor recipients Don Ballard , Charles Hagemeister , and Roger Donlon . Cueto walked Curtis Granderson to lead off the fourth and Daniel Murphy one out later . Yoenis Céspedes 's hit into a forceout at second before Lucas Duda 's RBI single put the Mets up 1 - 0 . Duda hit the Mets ' only other hit in the game in the second and Cueto retired them in order through the ninth . In the fifth inning , deGrom allowed a leadoff walk to Alex Gordon and subsequent single to Alex Rios before Alcides Escobar 's RBI single tied the game .", "7": "Ben Zobrist 's groundout moved the runners up and after Lorenzo Cain lined out to center , Eric Hosmer 's two - run single put the Royals up 3 - 1 . Kendrys Morales 's single moved Hosmer to third and Mike Moustakas 's single made it 4 - 1 Royals . The Royals blew the game open in the eighth off of Jon Niese , who allowed a leadoff single to Moustakas , subsequent single to Salvador Pérez , and RBI double to Gordon . Addison Reed relieved Niese and allowed a sacrifice fly to Paulo Orlando and RBI triple to Escobar to make it 7 - 1 Kansas City . Cueto walked Murphy with two outs in the ninth before getting Cespedes to fly out to right to finish the complete game , becoming the first AL pitcher to accomplish this feat in the World Series since Jack Morris in Game 7 of the 1991 World Series , as the Royals defeated the Mets and took a two games to zero lead in the series . Cueto became the first AL pitcher since Jim Lonborg in the 1967 World Series to throw a World Series complete game while allowing two hits or fewer . Game 3 ( edit ) Billy Joel singing the National Anthem before Game 3 Friday , October 30 , 2015 8 : 07 pm ( EDT ) at Citi Field in Queens , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Kansas City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 New York 0 0 0 0 x 9 12 0 WP : Noah Syndergaard ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yordano Ventura ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : KC : None NYM : David Wright ( 1 ) , Curtis Granderson ( 2 ) Attendance : 44,781 The series shifted to Citi Field , the home stadium of the Mets , for Game 3 . Yordano Ventura started for the Royals and Noah Syndergaard started for the Mets . The ceremonial first pitch was thrown by Mike Piazza to catcher Kevin Plawecki .", "8": "With no designated hitter ( DH ) in NL parks , the Mets started Michael Conforto , their DH for Game 2 , in the outfield instead of Juan Lagares , and the Royals did not start Kendrys Morales , their regular DH . Zobrist scored the Royals ' first run in the first inning on a force play . In the bottom of the first inning , Wright hit a two - run home run that also scored Granderson . For the Royals , Alex Ríos drove Salvador Pérez home in the second inning , and scored on a passed ball by d'Arnaud , giving the Royals a 3 -- 2 lead . After a Syndergaard single , Granderson hit a two - run home run just over the right field wall in the third inning , and the Mets took a 4 -- 3 lead . The Mets added a run in the fourth inning on an RBI single by Conforto , and four more in the sixth inning , including an RBI single by Juan Uribe , in his first at bat since September 20 . The Royals made a few uncharacteristic mistakes in this game , the first coming in the fourth inning when pitcher Yordano Ventura forgot to cover the base on a ground ball to the first baseman , and the second in the sixth inning when Royals pitcher Franklin Morales triple - clutched Granderson 's ground ball , allowing all runners to be safe , which led to a 2 - run single by Wright . In the fifth inning , Royals player Raúl A. Mondesí made his Major League Baseball debut , pinch hitting for Danny Duffy . Mondesí became the first player ever to make his MLB debut in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Ben Zobrist hit his eighth double of the postseason , tying a postseason record previously set by Albert Pujols and David Freese of the 2011 St. Louis Cardinals .", "9": "Saturday , October 31 , 2015 8 : 09 pm ( EDT ) at Citi Field in Queens , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Kansas City 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 WP : Ryan Madson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Tyler Clippard ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Wade Davis ( 1 ) Home runs : KC : None NYM : Michael Conforto 2 ( 2 ) Attendance : 44,815 The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by country singer Tim McGraw , son of the late Mets relief pitcher Tug McGraw . The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Chris Young of the Royals and Steven Matz of the Mets . Conforto scored the game 's first run with a home run in the third inning , and Flores scored later in the inning on a Granderson sacrifice fly , where right - fielder Ríos did n't make an immediate throw home thinking that was the third out , even though it was just the second out of the inning . The Royals cut the deficit to 2 -- 1 in the top of the fifth when Pérez doubled and was then driven in by Gordon . However , in the bottom of the fifth , Conforto hit another home run , becoming the first rookie to hit two home runs in a World Series game since Andruw Jones in the 1996 World Series . In the sixth inning , Zobrist hit his eighth double of the postseason , tying a postseason record previously set by Albert Pujols and David Freese of the 2011 St. Louis Cardinals . Lorenzo Cain drove in Zobrist in to make it a 3 -- 2 game . In the eighth inning , after recording the first out , Tyler Clippard walked two consecutive batters to force Terry Collins to bring in Familia . A key fielding error by Daniel Murphy allowed the tying run to score .", "10": "The Royals took the lead on an RBI single from Moustakas , and then Pérez added an insurance run with another RBI base hit to give Kansas City the 5 -- 3 lead . For Familia , it was his second blown save of the series , and second out of seven opportunities this postseason , though this one could be partly attributed to Murphy 's error . Wade Davis converted a two - inning save for the Royals , his fourth overall this postseason . Davis pitched a perfect eighth , but got into some trouble with one out in the ninth when Murphy hit a hard grounder that Moustakas could n't field cleanly , and then Céspedes got a base hit to bring the winning run to the plate in Duda . However , Duda hit a soft line drive that was caught by Moustakas , who then doubled off Céspedes at first base to end the game . Céspedes had started running thinking that the ball would hit the ground . Game 5 ( edit ) Eric Hosmer scored the tying run in the top of the ninth inning . Wade Davis throwing the last pitch of the 2015 World Series . Sunday , November 1 , 2015 8 : 15 pm ( EST ) at Citi Field in Queens , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kansas City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 10 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Luke Hochevar ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Addison Reed ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : KC : None NYM : Curtis Granderson ( 3 ) Attendance : 44,859 Vólquez returned to the Dominican Republic for his father 's funeral the day after Game 1 , but returned to the Royals in time to start Game 5 . Harvey started for the Mets . Tony Bennett performed `` America the Beautiful '' , and the first pitch was thrown by Cleon Jones , Mookie Wilson , and Darryl Strawberry .", "11": "Granderson led off the first inning with a home run for the Mets , and scored the Mets ' second run in the sixth inning . The Mets had a chance to break the game open in that sixth inning as they loaded the bases with no outs , but had to settle for one run after Céspedes lined a foul ball off his leg and was injured , leaving the game after popping up for the first out of the inning . Duda hit a sacrifice fly before d'Arnaud grounded out to end the inning . Harvey pitched eight shutout innings for the Mets , and convinced Collins to keep him in the game for the ninth . He then gave up a leadoff walk to Cain in the ninth inning , and the Royals got a run when Hosmer drove Cain in with a double , prompting Collins to call upon Familia to relieve Harvey . After a groundout by Moustakas advanced Hosmer to third base with one out , Pérez hit a ground ball to third baseman Wright , who after checking Hosmer at third , threw to first base for the second out ; however , Hosmer broke for home as soon as the ball was thrown , and Duda , who fielded the out at first , threw wide at home attempting to throw Hosmer out , and the latter scored the tying run , resulting in Familia blowing his third save of the postseason and the series ; his eight save opportunities tied the postseason record set in 2002 by Robb Nen . In the top of the 12th inning , with Addison Reed pitching for the Mets , Pérez hit a single for the Royals . Pinch running for Pérez , Dyson stole a base and scored on a single by pinch hitter Christian Colón . Colón scored on a hit by Escobar . The Royals loaded the bases , and Cain drove home three more runs with a double off of Bartolo Colón . Davis pitched a shutout inning for the Royals to complete the series and win the championship . Flores struck out looking to end the game , series , baseball season , with the Royals winning and ending their 30 - year World Series title drought . Pérez , who batted 8 - for - 22 (. 364 ) in the series , and caught every inning for the Royals with the exception of the final inning of the series , won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award .", "12": "He became the first catcher to win the award since Pat Borders won it in the 1992 World Series , and the second Venezuelan player , following Pablo Sandoval , who won it in the 2012 World Series . Composite line score ( edit ) Salvador Pérez was named the Most Valuable Player of the series . 2015 World Series ( 4 -- 1 ) : Kansas City Royals beat New York Mets . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Kansas City Royals 0 0 5 0 6 0 0 5 0 27 47 New York Mets 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 34 6 Home runs : KC : Alcides Escobar ( 1 ) , Alex Gordon ( 1 ) NYM : Curtis Granderson ( 3 ) , David Wright ( 1 ) , Michael Conforto ( 2 ) Total attendance : 215,185 Average attendance : 43,037 Winning player 's share : $370,069.03 . Losing player 's share : $300,757.78 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Joe Buck , play - by - play announcer Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with play - by - play announcer Joe Buck calling the action along with color analysts Harold Reynolds and Tom Verducci and field reporters Ken Rosenthal and Erin Andrews . The pregame and postgame show featured host Kevin Burkhardt with analysts Frank Thomas , Raul Ibanez , Pete Rose , and Alex Rodriguez . Fox Deportes offered a Spanish telecast of the series in the United States . The MLB International feed featured Matt Vasgersian and John Smoltz with play - by - play and analysis , respectively .", "13": "Fox suffered an outage during their broadcast of Game 1 , resulting in a loss of coverage for 15 minutes , followed by a 5 - minute delay in - game while officials addressed the availability of video review due to the loss of Fox 's feed ; the teams agreed to allow the use of footage from the world feed of the game for video review . Fox temporarily switched to the MLB International feed of the game with Vasgersian and Smoltz to restore coverage . The video from the feed was then accompanied by Fox 's commentators before the full Fox production was restored . The World Series started on a Tuesday for the second straight year , instead of a Wednesday as in the past . The practice was to avoid games on Thursday and Monday nights , generally big days of television viewing , where Fox 's telecast would face stiff competition from Thursday Night Football , ESPN College Football Thursday Primetime , various popular primetime entertainment shows , and Monday Night Football . Ratings ( edit ) Further information : World Series television ratings Game 1 of the World Series averaged a 4.6 rating on Fox , making it the most watched Game 1 since the 2010 World Series . Game 2 then had a 3.9 rating , up 24 percent from last season 's Game 2 . The series also recorded the most watched Game 3 since 2009 . Game 5 went head - to - head with an NBC Sunday Night Football game between the Green Bay Packers and Denver Broncos , both of which were previously unbeaten . Media sources like Sporting News predicted that this heavy competition would result in series - low ratings . While the football game drew the larger audience , the Royals and Mets did average a 10.0 rating , the highest for a World Series Game 5 since 2003 . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S.", "14": "audience ( in millions ) Ref 9.0 17 14.94 8.3 12 13.72 9.07 15 13.20 9.29 11 13.58 5 11.66 13 17.20 Radio ( edit ) ESPN Radio aired the series , with Dan Shulman on play - by - play , Aaron Boone handling color commentary , and Buster Olney serving as field reporter . Tampa Bay Rays pitcher Chris Archer served as a guest commentator for selected innings in Games 1 , 2 and 5 . Marc Kestecher anchored pre-game and post-game coverage for the network along with Chris Singleton and Peter Pascarelli . Locally , the series was broadcast on the teams ' flagship radio stations with their respective announcing crews . In New York , WOR aired the games in English , with Howie Rose and Josh Lewin announcing , while WEPN - AM aired the games in Spanish , with Juan Alicea and Max Pérez Jiménez announcing . In Kansas City , KCSP broadcast the games , with Denny Matthews , Ryan Lefebvre , Steve Stewart , and Steve Physioc announcing . WEPN - FM and WHB , the ESPN Radio affiliates in New York and Kansas City respectively , aired the network 's coverage of the series in those cities . Historical notes ( edit ) This was the first World Series in which both teams were expansion teams , which are teams that were formed after the 1960 season ; the Mets began play in 1962 , while the Royals began play in 1969 . Additionally , they have been the most successful expansion teams in the major leagues : the Mets and Royals were the first expansion teams in their respective leagues to not only win a league championship pennant ( 1969 for the Mets and 1980 for the Royals ) but the World Series as well ( the Mets in 1969 and the Royals in 1985 ) ; with five and four pennants respectively , they are the only expansion franchises with more than two league titles . Each team was also seeking to end a championship drought ; the Royals ' previous championship was in 1985 , with the Mets ' last title coming one year later in 1986 .", "15": "The Mets and Royals met on Opening Day of the 2016 season , on April 3 , 2016 , for a Sunday night game in Kansas City . Additionally , the Royals became the first team in World Series history to start three pitchers - Yordano Ventura , Edison Volquez , and Johnny Cueto - born outside the United States . Popular culture ( edit ) In the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II , the Chicago Cubs are depicted as the 2015 World Series champions , defeating a fictional American League team from Miami ( the Miami Marlins had not yet been formed ) , whose mascot is an alligator . Screenwriter Bob Gale , who co-wrote the script of Back to the Future Part II , originally intended it as a joke , saying `` Being a baseball fan , I thought , ' OK , let 's come up with one of the most unlikely scenarios we can think of ' '' , referencing both the Cubs ' long championship drought , and the fact that Florida did not have a baseball team in 1989 . He also explained the October 21 prediction was based on the postseason structure at the time , and thus could have been accurate had MLB not added the Division Series in 1994 ( but not played until 1995 due to the strike ) and the Wild Card Game in 2012 . Had the predicted schedule held , Chicago would have swept the Miami team in the World Series with the Series starting October 17th . In the actual 2015 postseason , the Cubs advanced to the National League Championship Series , but were eliminated in four games . Coincidentally , the final game of the NLCS took place on October 21 , the same date as the fictional events of Back to the Future Part II . While the film 's prediction proved to be incorrect , the Cubs did win the following year 's World Series , marking an end to the team 's 108 - year championship drought . See also ( edit ) 2015 Japan Series 2015 Korean Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric . `` Mets vs. Royals 2015 World Series schedule , game times and more '' . sbnation.com . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Jay ( September 8 , 2014 ) .", "16": "`` MLB announces 2015 schedule with April start , October finish '' . Sports Illustrated . New York City : Time Inc . 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Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom . `` Life and death provided backdrop for wild , historic World Series opener '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Game 2 pitching preview : Jacob deGrom versus Johnny Cueto '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series national anthems and first pitches '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Royals go up 2 -- 0 on Mets in World Series behind Johnny Cueto 's 2 - hitter '' . ESPN News Services . Kansas City , Missouri : ESPN Internet Ventures . Associated Press . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cueto outpitches Jacob deGrom as Royals take 2 -- 0 World Series lead '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lacques , Gabe ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Royals ' Johnny Cueto makes history with World Series complete game '' . USA Today . Kansas City , Missouri : Gannett Satellite Information Network , Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2015 World Series Collector 's Edition Sleevestats . United States of America : Major League Baseball , Inc. 2015 . p.", "21": "3 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard . `` Ventura vs. Thor a showdown of MLB 's hardest throwers '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerber , Fred . `` Mike Piazza kicks off Game 3 with ' doo - doo ' 1st pitch '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Andrew . `` Conforto in LF for Mets ; Morales out for KC '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mets slam back into World Series with Game 3 domination '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Conforto rewarded Collins ' faith with this clutch play -- New York Post '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Morales ' misplay costly to Royals in Game 3 loss to Mets '' . USA TODAY . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ' Raul A. Mondesi , 20 , makes World Series history with debut '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben Zobrist hits eighth double , ties record '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2015 : Demi Lovato to sing Game 4 national anthem , Tim McGraw gets 1st pitch '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blogs -- Sports Blogs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royals Alex Rios loses track of outs in Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 World Series Collector 's Edition '' . Major League Baseball , Inc . Official MLB DVD . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mets Michael Conforto homers twice in Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball .", "22": "Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ; Flanagan , Jeffrey . `` Figure 8 : KC rall - E stuns Mets ; WS end tonight ? '' . mlb.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Botte , Peter ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Yoenis Céspedes has another nightmare game for Mets in World Series Game 4 loss '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Jeffrey . `` Royals expect Volquez to return today '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` For Royals ' Edinson Vólquez , a Bittersweet Start in His Father 's Memory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Game 5 , Matt Harvey looks to make his own statement '' . lohud.com . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mets announce that a music legend will sing before Game 5 '' . NJ.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Granderson homers to give Mets early le '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dayn ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 World Series : Mets ' Matt Harvey talks his way in , and it backfires '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royals crowned kings of improbability and MLB '' . ESPN . November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Christian Colon delivers 12th - inning game - winning RBI for Royals '' . Sports Illustrated . November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keh , Andrew ( November 2 , 2015 ) .", "23": "`` Royals Battle Back Against Mets Then Win World Series With an Outburst '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royals win World Series as Yost says : ' I could n't have written a better script ' '' . Guardian . November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kahrl , Christina ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Royals catcher Salvador Pérez named World Series MVP '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Smoltz to call games for Fox MLB telecasts '' . USA Today . New York City : Gannett Satellite Information Network , Inc . Associated Press . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ; Newman , Mark ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Game 1 briefly halted due to FOX outage '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calcaterra , Craig ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` The Mets will have five days off before the World Series . Why ? '' . HardballTalk . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : World Series on Fox Off to Best Start Since 2010 ; ' Wicked City ' Opens Quietly '' . Variety . October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 2 Ratings Jump From 2014 & Beat GOP Debate , ' Arrow ' Rises '' . deadline.com . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Ratings Hit 6 - Year Game 3 High , ' Grimm ' Returns Down , ' 20 / 20 ′ Surges With Leah Remini Interview '' . deadline.com . October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend ratings predictions : Packers - Broncos , World Series and more '' . Sporting News .", "24": "October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' World Series ' Ratings Hit 12 - Year Game 5 Viewership High , ' SNF ' Wins Night With 23M Viewers '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` Mets / Royals Opener Hits Multi-Year Highs on FOX '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` Mets / Royals Game 2 Trails Debate , But Hits Four - Year high '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Grimm ' returns lower , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' ticks up vs. World Series '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` TV Ratings Saturday : World Series doubles up college football '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` TV Ratings Sunday : NFL tops World Series , both drive scripted shows down '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Coverage of the 111th World Series : New York Mets vs. Kansas City Royals '' . sportsmedianews.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Your 2015 World Series Announcing Schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2015 TV schedule : New York Mets vs. Kansas City Royals live stream : Time , TV , channel , how to watch online '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sports On the Air '' . kansascity . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil .", "25": "`` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams -- Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things to Know About the World Series -- NYMag '' . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top facts about Mets , Royals World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ' 2016 opener against the Mets will be on a Sunday night on ESPN '' . Kansas City Star . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Royals ' rotation puts the ' world ' in World Series with Dominican flair '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oz , Mike ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Reminder : The Cubs won the 2015 World Series in ' Back to the Future 2 ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . NBC Sports Network , Stats LLC , Opta . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Placek , Christopher ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Back to the Future ' writer says 2015 Cubs prediction no longer a joke '' . Daily Herald . Arlington Heights , Illinois : Paddock Publications , Inc . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2015 Postseason Schedule at MLB.com Links to related articles 2015 Major League Baseball postseason Part of the 2015 Major League Baseball season World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Game National League Wild Card Game American League teams Houston Astros Kansas City Royals New York Yankees Texas Rangers Toronto Blue Jays National League teams Chicago Cubs Los Angeles Dodgers New York Mets Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901", "26": "1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990", "27": "1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 --", "28": "1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y.", "29": "Giants , 1951 -- 1957 ; Brooklyn Dodgers , 1950 -- 1957 ; Mets , 1962 -- 1998 ; Yankees , 2005 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles : KTTV 11 ( Dodgers , 1958 -- 1992 ) , KCOP 13 ( Dodgers , 2002 -- 2005 ; Angels , 2006 -- 2012 ) Chicago : WFLD 32 ( White Sox , 1968 -- 1972 , 1982 -- 1989 ) Philadelphia : WTXF 29 ( Phillies , 1983 -- 1989 ) Dallas -- Fort Worth : KDFW 4 & KDFI 27 ( Texas Rangers , 2001 -- 2009 ) San Francisco -- Oakland : KTVU 2 ( Giants , 1961 -- 2007 ; Athletics , 1973 -- 1974 ) , KICU 36 ( Athletics , 1999 -- 2008 ) Boston : WFXT 25 ( Red Sox , 2000 -- 2002 ) Washington , D.C.", "30": ": WTTG 5 ( Senators , 1948 -- 1958 ) , WDCA 20 ( Nationals , 2005 -- 2008 ) Houston : KRIV 26 ( Astros , 1979 -- 1982 ) , KTXH 20 ( Astros , 1983 -- 1997 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Detroit : WJBK 2 ( Tigers , 1953 -- 1974 ; 2007 ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul : KMSP 9 ( Twins , 1979 -- 1988 , 1998 -- 2002 ) , WFTC 29 ( Twins , 1990 -- 1992 , 2005 -- 2010 ) Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Kenny Albert Dick Bremer Thom Brennaman Joe Buck Joe Davis Aaron Goldsmith Mike Joy Justin Kutcher Josh Lewin Tom McCarthy Mel Proctor John Rooney Dave Sims Dick Stockton Daron Sutton Matt Vasgersian Rich Waltz Color commentators Rod Allen Bob Brenly Joe Girardi Mark Grace Mark Gubicza Rex Hudler Eric Karros Steve Lyons Rick Manning Tim McCarver José Mota A.J. Pierzynski Harold Reynolds Frank Robinson Ken Singleton John Smoltz Jeff Torborg Tom Verducci Guest commentators Bret Boone David Cone Terry Francona Luis Gonzalez Ozzie Guillén Al Leiter David Ortiz A.J. Pierzynski Lou Piniella Jimmy Rollins Nick Swisher Field reporters Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Chris Myers Ken Rosenthal Studio hosts Greg Amsinger Kevin Burkhardt Chip Caray Brian Kenny Keith Olbermann Patrick O'Neal Chris Rose Rob Stone Jeanne Zelasko Studio analysts Eric Byrnes Keith Hernandez Raúl Ibañez Gabe Kapler Kevin Kennedy Kevin Millar C.J. Nitkowski Dan Plesac Billy Ripken Pete Rose Mark Sweeney Frank Thomas Mitch Williams", "31": "Dontrelle Willis Dave Winfield Lore The Flip Play ( 2001 ) Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The 53 - Minute 7th Inning ( 2015 ) Regular season 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Philip Humber 's perfect game ( 2012 ) World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty ( 2001 ) Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction ( 2013 ) The End of The Curse ( 2016 ) The Wedding Proposal ( 2017 ) Baseball - related curses Curse of the Bambino Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of Rocky Colavito World Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 AL Championship Series 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Championship Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020", "32": "AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Division Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2014 2016 2018 2020 All - Star Game 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Music `` At Last '' `` Con te partirò '' `` Golden Autumn Day '' `` The Golden Age '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' `` On Top '' `` The Rising '' Scott Schreer `` The Scientist '' `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' `` Time of Your Life '' `` Walk On '' Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio Play - by - play Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- present ) Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) Analysts Kevin Kennedy ( 1998", "33": ") Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) Studio hosts Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) AL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 AL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016", "34": "2017 2018 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 All - Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff 2007 NL Wild Card Playoff 2008 AL Central Playoff 2009 AL Central Playoff 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker Divisional Series games", "35": "The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby 2015 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St.", "36": "Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2015 MLB draft 2015 All - Star Game 2015 World Series Kansas City Royals 2015 World Series champions 1 Jarrod Dyson 2 Alcides Escobar ( ALCS MVP ) 4 Alex Gordon 6 Lorenzo Cain 8 Mike Moustakas 9 Drew Butera 13 Salvador Pérez ( World Series MVP ) 15 Alex Ríos 16 Paulo Orlando 17 Wade Davis 18 Ben Zobrist 24 Christian Colón 25 Kendrys Morales 27 Raúl A. Mondesí 30 Yordano Ventura 32 Chris Young 35 Eric Hosmer 36 Edinson Vólquez 39 Kris Medlen 40 Kelvin Herrera 41 Danny Duffy 44 Luke Hochevar 45 Franklin Morales 46 Ryan Madson 47 Johnny Cueto Manager 3 Ned Yost Coaches Bench Coach 22 Don Wakamatsu First Base Coach 81 Rusty Kuntz Third Base Coach 23 Mike Jirschele Hitting Coach 21 Dale Sveum Pitching Coach 58 Dave Eiland Bullpen Coach 57 Doug Henry Catching 28 Pedro Grifol Bullpen Catcher 88 Cody Clark Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Kansas City Royals Based in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise History Expansion and draft Seasons Current roster Owners and executives Managers Opening Day starting pitchers All - time roster First - round draft picks Records No - hitters Awards and league leaders Broadcasters Kansas City Royals Baseball Academy Fox Sports Kansas City Royals Sports Television Network Ballparks Municipal Stadium Kauffman Stadium Spring training Terry Park Baseball City Stadium Surprise Stadium Culture Sluggerrr Denny Matthews Ryan Lefebvre American Royal `` Royals ( song ) '' Lore Pine Tar Incident The Call 2014 AL Wild Card Game Miracle at Minute Maid Hosmer 's Mad Dash Rivalries St.", "37": "Louis Cardinals Team Hall of Fame Steve Busby Amos Otis Dick Howser Cookie Rojas Paul Splittorff Dennis Leonard Hal McRae Joe Burke Larry Gura Freddie Patek Ewing Kauffman George Brett Frank White Muriel Kauffman John Mayberry Dan Quisenberry Whitey Herzog Willie Wilson Jeff Montgomery Denny Matthews Bret Saberhagen Mark Gubicza Art Stewart Kevin Appier Mike Sweeney Minor league affiliates AAA Omaha Storm Chasers AA Northwest Arkansas Naturals A Adv . Wilmington Blue Rocks Lexington Legends Rookie Adv .", "38": "Idaho Falls Chukars Burlington Royals Rookie AZL Royals DSL Royals Key personnel Owner : David Glass General Manager : Dayton Moore Manager : Ned Yost World Series championships ( 2 ) 1985 2015 American League pennants ( 4 ) 1980 1985 2014 2015 Division titles West 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 ( second half ) 1984 1985 Central 2015 Wild Card 2014 Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 New York Mets Based in Queens , New York Franchise History Expansion Draft Seasons Records Players New York Mets Hall of Fame Award winners and league leaders ( Sterling Award ) Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks SportsNet New York Logos and uniforms No - hitters Ballparks Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Citi Field Spring training Al Lang Stadium First Data Field Culture and lore New York Metropolitans Continental League Ca n't Anybody Here Play This Game ? 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'' Home Run Apple Generation K Sign Man Cowbell Man `` Meet the Mets '' The Odd Couple George Kalinsky Alex Anthony Frequency `` A Leela of Her Own '' ( Futurama episode ) `` Let 's Go Mets Go '' Sidd Finch Game 6 Grand Slam Single No - han The 7 Line Army Key personnel Owner : Fred Wilpon President : Saul Katz COO : Jeff Wilpon General Manager : Sandy Alderson Manager : Mickey Callaway Team Captain : David Wright Rivalries Philadelphia Phillies Atlanta Braves New York Yankees / Subway Series World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1969 1986 National League Pennants ( 5 ) 1969 1973 1986 2000 2015 Division titles ( 6 ) 1969 1973 1986 1988 2006 2015 Wild Card ( 3 ) 1999 ( tie - breaker game ) 2000 2016 Minor league affiliates AAA : Las Vegas 51s AA : Binghamton Rumble Ponies A Adv. : St. Lucie Mets A : Columbia Fireflies Short A : Brooklyn Cyclones Rookie Adv.", "40": ": Kingsport Mets Rookie : GCL Mets DSL Mets I DSL Mets II Player overview Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Baseball portal Missouri portal New York City portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_World_Series&oldid=822226946 '' Categories : 2015 in sports in New York City 2015 in sports in Missouri 2015 Major League Baseball season 21st century in Kansas City , Missouri Kansas City Royals postseason New York Mets postseason World Series October 2015 sports events in the United States November 2015 sports events in the United States Sports competitions in New York City Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Good articles Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 03 : 39 .", "41": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8453604009134928493	this inventor co-created the film fred ott’s sneeze	[ "Edison", "Fred Ott" ]	{ "0": "Fred Ott 's Sneeze - wikipedia Fred Ott 's Sneeze Jump to : navigation , search Fred Ott 's Sneeze Directed by William K.L. Dickson Produced by William K.L. Dickson Starring Fred Ott Distributed by Edison Manufacturing Company Release date January 9 , 1894 ( 1894 - 01 - 09 ) Running time 5 seconds Country United States Language Silent Fred Ott 's Sneeze ( also known as Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze ) is an 1894 American , short , black - and - white , silent documentary film shot by William K.L. Dickson and starring Fred Ott . It was the first motion picture to be copyrighted in the United States . In the five - second film one of Thomas Edison 's assistants , Fred Ott , takes a pinch of snuff and sneezes . According to the Library of Congress , `` It was filmed for publicity purposes as a series of still photographs to accompany an article in Harper 's Weekly . '' In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Current status 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Production ( edit ) The film was produced by the Edison Manufacturing Company , which had begun making films in 1890 under the direction of Dickson , one of the earliest film pioneers . It was filmed within the Black Maria studio at West Orange , New Jersey , in the USA , which was U.S. first movie studio . It was filmed between January 2 , 1894 and January 7 , 1894 and was displayed , at the time , through the means of a Kinetoscope . Current status ( edit ) 45 paper prints made from individual frames of the film . As a film produced prior to 1923 , its copyright has now expired and the work is in the public domain . Originally , the film was submitted to the Library of Congress as a `` paper print '' ( a photographic record of each frame of the film ) for copyright purposes .", "1": "A digital copy is now kept by the Library of Congress and can be viewed on their American Memory website . This short film has been featured at The 30th Annual Academy Awards , and was included as part of the TV documentary . The First 100 Years : A Celebration of American Movies See also ( edit ) 1894 in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Sneeze Caught on Film '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Library of Congress American Memory '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mike Barnes ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ghostbusters , ' ' Top Gun , ' ' Shawshank ' Enter National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database Movie Connections '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fred Ott 's Sneeze . Library of Congress Video of Fred Ott 's Sneeze YouTube Fred Ott 's Sneeze on IMDb Fred Ott 's Sneeze at AllMovie Evina , Frank ( October 2004 ) . `` Copyright Lore '' ( PDF ) . Copyright Notices . U.S. Copyright Office . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 .", "2": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Ott%27s_Sneeze&oldid=817574596 '' Categories : 1894 films American films American documentary films American black - and - white films American silent short films Thomas Edison Films directed by William Kennedy Dickson Films shot in New Jersey 1890s documentary films Black - and - white documentary films United States National Film Registry films Edison Manufacturing Company films Hidden categories : Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 07 : 19 . 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-3407490342806384733	who sings what the world needs now in boss baby	[ "Missi Hale", "Missi Hale", "Hans Zimmer", "Steve Mazzaro", "Missi Hale", "Hans Zimmer", "Steve Mazzaro", "Missi Hale" ]	{ "0": "What the World Needs Now is Love - wikipedia What the World Needs Now is Love Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the Wynonna Judd album , see What the World Needs Now Is Love ( album ) . For the Glee episode , see What the World Needs Now ( Glee ) . For the Stan Getz album , see What the World Needs Now : Stan Getz Plays Burt Bacharach and Hal David . `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Single by Jackie DeShannon from the album This Is Jackie DeShannon B - side `` I Remember the Boy '' Released April 15 , 1965 Genre Folk rock , jazz , soul Length 3 : 10 Label Imperial Records Songwriter ( s ) Hal David , Burt Bacharach Producer ( s ) Burt Bacharach Jackie DeShannon singles chronology `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1964 ) `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' ( 1965 ) `` A Lifetime of Loneliness '' ( 1965 ) `` When You Walk in the Room '' ( 1964 ) `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' ( 1965 ) `` A Lifetime of Loneliness '' ( 1965 ) `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' is a 1965 popular song with lyrics by Hal David and music composed by Burt Bacharach . First recorded and made popular by Jackie DeShannon , it was released on April 15 , 1965 , on the Imperial label after a release on sister label Liberty records the previous month was canceled . It peaked at number seven on the US Hot 100 in July of that year . In Canada , the song reached number one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording history 1.1 Other notable covers 2 Tom Clay version 3 In popular culture 4 Quotation 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Recording History ( edit ) The song was originally offered to Dionne Warwick , who turned it down at the time , though she later recorded it for her album Here Where There Is Love .", "1": "( Warwick also recorded a second version in 1996 , which scraped the lower reaches of the US Hot 100 . ) Bacharach initially did not believe in the song , and was reluctant to play it for DeShannon . DeShannon 's version was recorded on March 23 , 1965 , at New York 's Bell Sound studios . Bacharach arranged , conducted and produced the session . In 1966 , The Supremes recorded the song for their album Reflections . In 2011 , Ronan Keating recorded the song for his album When Ronan Met Burt . Kree Harrison , in 2013 , made a cover of the song in the 12th season of American Idol . The studio version was recorded by Idol Studio Recordings . On June 15 , 2016 , the song was recorded by Broadway for Orlando , with all proceeds going to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting . On Dec. 22 , 2016 the Mighty Mighty Bosstones announced the upcoming release of their version of the song On Mar. 24 , 2017 it was re-recorded by Hans Zimmer , Steve Mazzaro & Missi Hale for the movie The Boss Baby . Other notable covers ( edit ) `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' has been recorded or performed live by over 100 artists , including : Ed Ames Rick Astley Cilla Black Tom Clay Coldplay Jad Fair with Daniel Johnston Judy Garland Rigmor Gustafsson Stacey Kent Barry Manilow Aimee Mann Johnny Mathis Mr.", "2": "Bungle My Morning Jacket Andrea Ross Merrilee Rush The Chambers Brothers The Staple Singers The Young Americans Carla Thomas McCoy Tyner Steve Tyrell Luther Vandross Zwan Tom Clay version ( edit ) `` What the World Needs Now Is Love / Abraham , Martin and John '' Single by Tom Clay from the album What the World Needs Now Is Love B - side `` The Victors '' Released July 1971 Format Vinyl record Recorded Early 1971 Genre Pop , spoken word Length 6 : 10 Label Motown ( MoWest MW5002F ) Songwriter ( s ) Hal David , Burt Bacharach Producer ( s ) Tom Clay Tom Clay singles chronology `` What the World Needs Now Is Love / Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1971 ) `` Whatever Happened to Love '' ( 1971 ) `` What the World Needs Is Love / Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1971 ) `` Whatever Happened to Love '' ( 1971 ) In addition to the DeShannon hit recording and the numerous cover versions , `` What the World Needs Now is Love '' served as the basis for a distinctive 1971 remix . Disc jockey Tom Clay was working at radio station KGBS in Los Angeles , California , when he created the single `` What the World Needs Now is Love / Abraham , Martin and John '' , a social commentary that became a surprise hit record that summer . The song begins with a man asking a young boy to define such words as bigotry , segregation , and hatred ( to which the boy says he does n't know ) ; he says that prejudice is `` when someone 's sick '' . Following that is a soundbite of a drill sergeant leading a platoon into training , along with gunfire sound effects , after which are snippets of the two songs -- both as recorded by The Blackberries , a session recording group . Interspersed are excerpts of speeches by John F. Kennedy , Robert F. Kennedy , the eulogy ( given by Ted Kennedy ) after Robert 's assassination , and Martin Luther King , Jr. , and soundbites of news coverage of each one 's assassination . The ending of the song is a reprise of the introduction .", "3": "`` What the World Needs Now is Love / Abraham , Martin and John '' rose to No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1971 , and was Clay 's only Top 40 hit . In popular culture ( edit ) `` What the World Needs Now is Love '' has been used in many film soundtracks , notably Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice and For the Love of Fred ( used as the film 's closing theme song in both ) , Austin Powers : International Man of Mystery , My Best Friend 's Wedding , Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , Hot Shots ! , Happy Gilmore , and Forrest Gump . In the Danish zodiac porn comedy I Jomfruens tegn ( 1973 ) , an extended version is used for the hardcore underwater orgy that ends the film . In April 1968 , Cilla Black released a rendition of the song on her third studio album Sher - oo ! which was a Top 10 hit on the UK album chart . In June 1968 , following the shooting of Robert Kennedy but before he died ( approximately 26 hours ) , the Jackie DeShannon version was played over and over on Los Angeles radio stations as an audio vigil . This also continued for a few days following his death . The first few notes of the song have also been used as a toteboard cue for the annual Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon . A recording by Des O'Connor featured in episode # 3.1 ( `` The Early Birds '' ) of The Good Life . A shortened version of the title is used in a biography of Burt Bacharach and Hal David by Robin Platts . It was featured in the fourth season of Beverly Hills , 90210 , in the episode `` Twenty Years Ago Today '' . In the Philippines , it was also used as the theme song of an event dubbed as Close - Up Lovapalooza to break the record of most people kissing simultaneously in 10 seconds to celebrate Valentine 's Day . Jessica Mauboy sang `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' on Australian Idol in 2006 . American experimental band Mr. Bungle covered the song live at least twice in 2000 .", "4": "Alec Baldwin sang a part of the song in the episode `` Somebody to Love '' of 30 Rock while playing a piano , as his soon to be lover CC walked down the stairs at the party which they met . It was a top 5 song in American Idol season 2 in 2003 . Two versions of the song , one performed by Burt Bacharach himself , were played near the end of the film Austin Powers in Goldmember . The song was covered by Jad Fair and Daniel Johnston on the album It 's Spooky , with revised lyrics , referencing crack houses and Satanism . Andy Fletcher of Depeche Mode used to play it as the last song for his DJ sets in 2004 . The song was used as the unofficial theme tune of the improvised BBC One drama series True Love ( TV series ) , being played at the beginning of the episode , and at the end when the credits rolled . In 2010 , Connecticut musician Michael Occhionero used the song during the fade out of his song `` Hey ! Mr . '' , which includes samples of `` Paperback Writer '' and `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' . In 2013 Australia 's Got Talent R&B soul singer Leon Lee performed his rendition of the song which received a lot of praises from all judges on the show . On July 7 , 2014 , SiriusXM 's Ron and Fez show opened with the cast singing the song in a sarcastic manner to support recently fired co-worker , Anthony Cumia who was terminated on allegations of racism . The cast of Glee covered the song in the sixth episode of their sixth season , `` What The World Needs Now '' . They serenaded characters Santana and Brittany in an attempt to support their upcoming wedding . Pop Idol winner Will Young covered the song in late 2015 as part of a World Wildlife Foundation Awareness campaign . On July 27 , 2016 , an all - star ensemble of Broadway vocalists performed the song at the 2016 Democratic National Convention , as a protest against gun violence . On March 24 , 2017 , the song was added and recorded by Missi Hale for the film The Boss Baby .", "5": "Quotation ( edit ) The song contains the memorable lines : `` What the world needs now is love , sweet love It 's the only thing that there 's just too little of ... `` . The song builds upon the theme of `` Stowaway in the Sky '' , composed in 1960 by Jean Prodromidès for the film of the same title . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 174 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Burt Bacharach interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Are You Ready For This reissue liner notes Jump up ^ `` Broadway For Orlando -- Broadway Records '' . Broadwayrecords.com. 2016 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Andrew Hamilton . `` Tom Clay Biography & History '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Answers.com -- Tom Clay '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel , Top Pop Singles : 1955 -- 2006 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I JOMFRUENS TEGN : Review '' . Uncut.dk . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ron & Fez : Ron Briefly Discusses Anthony 's Firing ( 07 / 07 / 14 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` '' Stowaway in the Sky `` , by Jean Prodromidès , arranged by Nelson Riddle '' . YouTube . Retrieved 21 September 2015 .", "6": "Bibliography ( edit ) Platts , Robin ( 2003 ) Burt Bacharach & Hal David : What the World Needs Now , Collector 's Guide Publishing , ISBN 1 - 896522 - 77 - 7 External links ( edit ) Hal David Recollections . Accessed June 2007 . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Songfacts Accessed July 2008 Jackie de Shannon Discography , Accessed July 2008 ( hide ) Burt Bacharach Albums Hit Maker ! : Burt Bacharach plays the Burt Bacharach Hits Woman Painted from Memory ( with Elvis Costello ) At This Time Film scores What 's New Pussycat ?", "7": "After the Fox Casino Royale Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Lost Horizon Arthur Compositions A-M `` Alfie '' `` Another Tear Falls '' `` Any Day Now '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' `` Baby It 's You '' `` Back at You '' `` Blue Guitar '' `` Blue on Blue '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Do n't Say Goodbye Girl '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` God Give Me Strength '' `` Heartlight '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` I Want You '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Living Together , Growing Together '' `` Long Ago Tomorrow '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Love Power '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` Making Love '' `` Message to Michael '' `` My Little Red Book '' N-Z `` On My Own '' `` One Less Bell to Answer '' `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` Please Stay '' `` Rain on Me '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Slow Jamz '' `` The Story of My Life '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' `` Three Wheels on My Wagon '' `` Tower of Strength '' `` Trains and Boats and Planes '' `` Turkey Lurkey Time '' `` Twenty Four Hours from Tulsa '' `` Walk On By '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' `` What 's New Pussycat ? ''", "8": "`` The Windows of the World '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Wives and Lovers '' Tribute albums Connie Francis Sings Bacharach & David Sings the Music of Bacharach & Kaempfert Four Bacharach & David Songs One Amazing Night To Hal and Bacharach Back to Bacharach When Ronan Met Burt ( also produced by Bacharach ) Related articles Back to Bacharach and David Hal David The Look of Love ( musical ) Promises , Promises ( musical ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_the_World_Needs_Now_Is_Love&oldid=813420474 '' Categories : Rick Astley songs Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Songs with lyrics by Hal David 1965 singles Billie Jo Spears songs Jackie DeShannon songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles 1965 songs Imperial Records singles Motown singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Norsk Русский ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 16 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1414110526098556415	who sang you and i travel to the beat of a different drum	[ "the northern bluegrass band the Greenbriar Boys" ]	{ "0": "Different Drum - wikipedia Different Drum Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song written by Michael Nesmith . For the Linda Ronstadt album , see Different Drum ( album ) . For the record label , see A Different Drum . `` Different Drum '' Single by The Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt from the album Evergreen , Volume 2 B - side `` I 've Got to Know '' Released September 1967 Format 7 '' single Genre Baroque rock Length 2 : 45 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Mike Nesmith Producer ( s ) Nick Venet The Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt singles chronology `` One for One '' ( 1967 ) `` Different Drum '' ( 1967 ) `` Up to My Neck in High Muddy Water '' ( 1968 ) `` One for One '' ( 1967 ) `` Different Drum '' ( 1967 ) `` Up to My Neck in High Muddy Water '' ( 1968 ) `` Different Drum '' is a song written by Mike Nesmith in 1965 and originally recorded by the northern bluegrass band the Greenbriar Boys and included on their 1966 album , Better Late than Never ! . The song first became popular in 1967 when recorded by the Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt , who took their version of `` Different Drum '' to # 12 on the Cash Box Top 100 , # 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and # 16 in Record World magazine . The song did best in New Zealand , where it reached # 5 . In 1972 , Nesmith recorded his own version of his song . `` Different Drum '' has since been covered by other artists over the years .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Mike Nesmith version 2 The Stone Poneys version 3 Chart history 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links Mike Nesmith version ( edit ) The song reached a wider audience when Mike Nesmith rushed through a version of it in a comedy bit while pretending to be Billy Roy Hodstetter , in the Monkees television show episode `` Too Many Girls '' , which aired in December 1966 . Davy Jones mentions this during the commentary track on some DVDs of this episode . The song tells of a pair of lovers , one of who wants to settle down , while the other wants to retain a sense of freedom and independence . Its narrator is the lover who wants to remain free , telling the other that `` we 'll both live a lot longer '' if they part ways now . Nesmith later rerecorded the song for his 1972 LP And the Hits Just Keep on Comin ' . His version contains four verses , as opposed to the three in Ronstadt 's version . The Stone Poneys version ( edit ) The song is best known for the 1967 version credited to the Stone Poneys featuring a vocal performance by a young and up - and - coming singer named Linda Ronstadt . The song was Ronstadt 's first hit single , reaching number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as number 12 on the Cash Box magazine singles chart . ( It went to number 1 in the Los Angeles market and number 6 in Detroit . ) Ronstadt 's version flips the gender references in Nesmith 's original lyrics , replacing `` girl '' with `` boy '' when describing her lover , but still referring to him being `` pretty '' . The Stone Poneys had initially intended to record an `` acoustic ballad version '' of the song , but producer Nick Venet opted for a more complex instrumental approach , using an arrangement by Jimmy Bond ( who also played bass ) , guitarist Al Viola , drummer Jim Gordon , strings led by Sid Sharp , and harpsichord played in baroque style ( and largely improvised during the recording ) by Don Randi . As a result , Ronstadt was the only member of the Stone Poneys who actually performed on the record .", "2": "The album rendition offers a different stereo mix than the hit single , including a longer harpsichord bridge . Ronstadt later commented that she had been surprised and `` completely confused '' by the changed approach to the song , and that even years later she perceived `` fear and a lack of confidence '' in her performance . Nesmith , on the other hand , said that Ronstadt 's performance of his song `` infused it with a new level of passion and sensuality '' . In later live performances of the song , Nesmith would often sing the closing verse in the same singing style as the Ronstadt version . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 - 68 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set ) 9 Canada RPM Top Singles 18 New Zealand ( Listener ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Cash Box Top 100 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Australia 39 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 110 Other versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by many artists . The Poppy Family with Susan Jacks Pete Burns Flying Emus Susanna Hoffs with Matthew Sweet The Jayhawks The Lemonheads Me First and the Gimme Gimmes The Pastels Victoria Shaw Sara Watkins Paul Westerberg P.P. Arnold Gina Jeffreys La Sera The Lennon Sisters Skeeter Davis Carrie Underwood Sarah White References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gendron , Bernard ( 2002 ) . Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club : Popular Music and the Avant - Garde . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 28737 - 9 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 15 March 1968 Jump up ^ `` Too Many Girls '' . The Monkees . Season 1 . Episode 15 . 1966 - 12 - 19 . NBC . Jump up ^ Show 44 - Revolt of the Fat Angel : Some samples of the Los Angeles sound .", "3": "( Part 4 ) : UNT Digital Library Jump up ^ CMT.com : Linda Ronstadt : Biography ^ Jump up to : Marc Myers , `` Linda Ronstadt 's ' Different Drum ' : She and songwriter Michael Nesmith talk about her first hit '' , The Wall Street Journal , October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Go - Set National Top 40 , 21 February 1968 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 15 March 1968 Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , February 3 , 1968 Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Magazine Charts '' . www.poparchives.com.au . Barry McKay . January 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . External links ( edit ) Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys Alternate take on Different Drum Linda Ronstadt Stone Poneys albums The Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt Evergreen , Volume 2 Linda Ronstadt , Stone Poneys and Friends , Vol .", "4": "III Studio albums Hand Sown ... Home Grown Silk Purse Linda Ronstadt Do n't Cry Now Heart Like a Wheel Prisoner in Disguise Hasten Down the Wind Simple Dreams Living in the USA Mad Love Get Closer What 's New Lush Life For Sentimental Reasons Canciones de Mi Padre Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind Mas Canciones Frenesí Winter Light Feels Like Home Dedicated to the One I Love We Ran A Merry Little Christmas Hummin ' to Myself Collaborations Trio Santiago Trio II Western Wall : The Tucson Sessions Adieu False Heart Compilations Different Drum Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume 2 The Very Best of Linda Ronstadt Mi Jardin Azul : Las Canciones Favoritas Duets Hit singles `` Different Drum '' `` Long , Long Time '' `` You 're No Good '' `` When Will I Be Loved '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Love Is a Rose '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` Blue Bayou '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Poor Poor Pitiful Me '' `` Tumbling Dice '' `` Back in the U.S.A. '' `` Ooh Baby Baby '' `` Just One Look '' `` Alison '' `` How Do I Make You '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Ca n't Let Go '' `` I Knew You When '' `` What 's New ? '' `` Somewhere Out There `` Do n't Know Much '' `` All My Life '' `` When Something Is Wrong With My Baby '' `` Walk On '' Related topics Discography Mr.", "5": "Plow Book The Lemonheads Evan Dando Vess Ruhtenberg Devon Ashley Ben Deily Corey Loog Brennan John Strohm Doug Trachten Jesse Peretz Juliana Hatfield Nic Dalton Dave Ryan Patrick Murphy Karl Alvarez Bill Stevenson P. David Hazel Studio albums Hate Your Friends ( 1987 ) Creator ( 1988 ) Lick ( 1989 ) Lovey ( 1990 ) It 's a Shame About Ray ( 1992 ) Come on Feel the Lemonheads ( 1993 ) Car Button Cloth ( 1996 ) The Lemonheads ( 2006 ) Varshons ( 2009 ) EPs and compilations Favourite Spanish Dishes ( 1990 ) The Best of the Lemonheads : The Atlantic Years ( 1998 ) Singles `` Luka '' `` Different Drum '' `` Gonna Get Along Without Ya Now '' `` Mrs. Robinson / Being Around '' `` Into Your Arms '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Different_Drum&oldid=812552104 '' Categories : 1965 songs 1967 singles Linda Ronstadt songs 1990 singles The Lemonheads songs Matthew Sweet songs Song recordings produced by Nick Venet Songs written by Michael Nesmith Baroque pop songs Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 14 : 05 . 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-5081361574306403082	how old do you have to be to get a tattoo by state	[ "18 years of age or older" ]	{ "0": "Legal status of Tattooing in the United states - wikipedia Legal status of Tattooing in the United states Jump to : navigation , search In the United States , there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing . However , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years of age or older . This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor can not enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure . Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian , but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission , with the exception of medical necessity ( such as markings placed for radiation therapy ) . In all jurisdictions , individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings , such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal , or limiting the type and / or location of where they are willing to tattoo ( such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body ) . They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork , including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive , or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated . Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true , so as to avoid arguments with clients . Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State State Minimum Age ( with parent / guardian consent ) Form of Parent / Guardian Consent Notes & Exceptions Intoxicated / Impaired Individuals Area of Law / Type of Penalty Licensing & Regulation Relevant Statute ( s ) and Rules Alabama none specified informed written consent , signed in presence of the artist / service provider or their agent Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules . can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor , punishable by a fine of up to $100 and / or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation . Alabama 's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo , body piercing , & body art facilities , and sets standards for their operation . Individual tattoo artists , piercers , etc. require a permit . Ala .", "1": "Code § 22 - 1 - 17A State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities . Alaska 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure Minors may be pierced with parental consent no restriction Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 Arizona none specified parent / guardian must be physically present Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent / guardian , can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider . no restriction Violations are a class 6 felony . There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona . Tattoos . Ariz . Rev. Stat. § 13 - 3721 Arkansas 16 parent / guardian must both give written consent and be physically present none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced . Ark . Stat . Ann . § § 20 - 27 - 1501 et seq . California 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent . They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent , but not on their genitals or nipples . Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples , when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent . no restriction Body Art . Cal . Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328 Cal . Penal Code 653 Colorado 18 Express written consent of parent or guardian parent / guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are `` noticeably impaired '' can not have body art procedures Body Artists . Colo . Rev. Stat. § 25 - 4 - 2101 to 2103 Connecticut none specified permission of parent or guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Tattooing may only be performed by physicians , or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician . no restrictions Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92a , Conn . Gen. Stat .", "2": "§ 19a - 92g District of Columbia 18 ( ear piercing excepted ) written consent ( for ear piercing ) minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent no restrictions Body Artists . DC Code § 47 - 2853.76 d Delaware 18 notarized written consent to the specific procedure none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced Del . Code Ann . Title 11 , Ch 5 § 1114 ( a ) Del . Code Ann . Title 16 , Ch 2 § 122 ( 3 ) ( w ) Florida 16 Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship , both parent and minor must present photo ID , and a consent form must be notarized . for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist no restriction Fla . Stat . § 381.00787 Fla . Stat. § 381.0775 et seq . Fla . Stat . § 381.075 Georgia 18 ( body piercing excepted ) For body piercing : prior written consent of parent / guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for `` medical or cosmetic purposes . '' No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket . no restrictions Ga . Code § 31 - 40 - 1 to 31 - 40 - 10 Ga . Code § 16 - 12 - 5 Ga . Code § 16 - 5 - 71.1 Hawaii none specified written consent of parent / guardian Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 13 Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 379 Idaho 18 Written informed consent of parent / guardian , executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their agent / employee . Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent . Piercing for medical procedures exempt .", "3": "no restrictions Idaho Code § 18 - 1523 ( 2004 ) Illinois 18 ( body piercings excepted ) Written consent of parent / guardian ( for body piercings ) Minors can not be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent / guardian . Minors can have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions Ill . Stat. 720 § 5 / 12 - 10.1 Ill . Stat. 410 § 54 / 1 t0 54 / 999 Indiana none specified Parent / guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions Ind . Code Ann . § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 Ind . Code Ann . § 16 - 19 - 3 - 4.1 Iowa 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa , however county or city laws may regulate it . no restrictions Iowa Code § 135.37 Iowa Code § 135.37 Kansas 16 Parent / guardian must give written consent , written consent must be notarized , and the parent / guardian must be present during the procedure . Minors may have their ears pierced no restrictions Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1953 Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1940 to 65 - 1954 Kentucky 16 Parent / guardian must give written , notarized consent . none ( ear piercing also requires written , notarized consent ) . Ky. Rev. Stat . § 211.760 Ky. Rev. Stat . § 194A. 050 ; 211.760 Louisiana 16 Parent or guardian must consent , and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos , but not for body piercings . no restrictions La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 14 : 93.2 La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 40 : 2831 et seq .", "4": "Maine 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings : prior legal consent of parent / guardian . Maine law does not require parent / guardian consent for ear piercing no restrictions Me . Rev. Stat . Ann . Title 32 § 4201 - 4329 Maryland none specified written consent , which must be retained for 3 years . Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required , but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations COMAR 10.06. 01.02 and 10.06. 01.06 Massachusetts 18 ( except body piercing other than genitalia ) Minors can not receive tattoo , branding , or scarification at all . For piercing of areas other than the genitalia , a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document . Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation . no restriction County Health Department regulates body art , but all follow a model regulation set by the state . Artists must have a permit , and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments Michigan none specified Written , informed consent of parent / guardian . Must be executed ( signed ) in the presences of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced . Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112 Minnesota 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : presence of parent / guardian and a consent form are both required . Minors can not be tattooed . They can be body pierced , but not in the nipples or genitals . Branding , scarification , suspension , subdermal implantation , microdermal , and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors . can not have any body art procedures . Minnesota Statutes 146B. 07 Mississippi 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear . no restriction Miss. Code Ann .", "5": "§ 73 - 61 Missouri none specified For both piercings and tattoos , parent / guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded or body pierced . violations are a misdemeanor , punishable with a fine of up to $500 ( more for repeat offenses ) The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists , and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments . Mo . Rev. Stat . § 324.520 Montana none specified Parent or guardian must give `` explicit , in - person '' consent . Montana administrative rules also require that the parent / guardian be present throughout the procedure . can not be tattooed or body pierced . A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent / guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children , punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail , or both . Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor , with punishments ranging from a fine of $50 -- 100 for a first offense to $300 and / or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense . Montana 's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments . Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department 's . Mont . Code Ann . § 45 - 5 - 623 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 101 to 110 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 201 to 209 Nebraska none specified written consent , must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1008 , 38 - 1009 , 38 - 1010 , 38 - 1011 , 38 - 1060 , 38 - 10,165 Nevada n / a n / a Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos , piercings , or other body art . Regional health districts may regulate the practice .", "6": "The southern Nevada Health District , for example , does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed , and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14 - to 18 - year - olds . The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol . n / a n / a New Hampshire 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure . Minors can not be tattooed or branded . They may be pierced with parent / guardian consent . Minors may have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 314 New Jersey none specified written permission of parent / guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing . Parent / guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing . Minors can not have genital piercings even with parent / guardian consent . no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat . Ann . § 2C : 40 - 21 N.J.A.C. 8 : 27 - 1 et seq . N.J. Stat . Ann . § 26 - 1A - 7 New Mexico none specified Written consent and presence during the procedure . Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state , and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act . N.M. Stat . Ann . § 61 - 17B et seq. , N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq . New York 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent , signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner . Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings . no restrictions New York Public Health Law , Article 4 - A N.Y.", "7": "Public Health Law § 460 - 466 N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21 North Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . `` Prior consent '' of parent / guardian is required for body piercings . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat . § 130A - 283 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 400 North Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent . can not get tattoos or other body art N.D. Code § 23 - 01 - 35 N.D. Code § 12.1 - 31 - 13 Ohio none specified Parent / guardian must both sign a consent form and `` appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed . '' none - parent / guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings . no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann . § 3730.01 to 3730.99 Oklahoma 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure . Ear piercing is not governed / restricted by Oklahoma law . Scleral tattooing is illegal . can not be tattooed . Okla . Stat . Title 21 § 842.1 , 842.2 , 842.3 Oregon 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity . Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician . Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders can not be tattooed or pierced . Minors can not be pierced on the genitals or nipples , even with parent / guardian consent . Piercing on testes , deep shaft ( corpus cavernosa ) , uvula , eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited . can not be tattooed or pierced .", "8": "Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor . Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined ( various amounts ) . Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office . With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners , the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art . Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410 Or . Rev. Stat . § 679.500 Health Licensing Office Rules , especially Divisions 900 , 905 , 915 & 920 Pennsylvania none specified parent / guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure . no restrictions Pa . Cons . Stat . Title 18 § 6311 Rhode Island 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure . no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense ( misdemeanor ) , maximum fine $300 Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health , artists must be registered . RI Gen L § 23 - 1 - 39 RI Gen L § 11 - 9 - 15 South Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must either give written , notarized consent or be present during the procedure . Head , face , and neck tattoos are illegal . can not be tattooed or body pierced Under the Health Code , persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor . Upon conviction , they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year , or both . Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control . Tattoo facilities are licensed , body piercing facilities require a permit , and artists must be registered S.C. Code § 44 - 32 - 10 to 44 - 32 - 120 S.C. Code § 44 - 34 - 10 to 44 - 34 - 110 South Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must sign a consent form .", "9": "can not be tattooed or pierced Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor . Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules . Municipalities may set stricter regulations , and have the authority to license body artists . S.D. Codified Laws Ann . § 26 - 10 - 19 S.D. Laws § 9 - 34 - 17 Tennessee 18 ( piercings excepted ) For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . For piercings : Parent / Guardian must give written consent , be present during the procedure . Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo , with parent / guardian consent . Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a `` delinquent act , '' are required to pay a fine of $50 -- $250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service . Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor , breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor . Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health , tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department . Tenn . Code § § 62 - 38 - 201 - 310 Texas 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / guardian must be present during procedure , sign an affidavit Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes Minors may , with parent / guardian consent , be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive , gang - related , or drug - related content , or `` other words , symbols , or markings that the person 's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover '' Tongue splitting prohibited . Cannot be tattooed or pierced . Misrepresenting one 's age to get a tattoo , or to get a piercing without parental consent , is a class B misdemeanor Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor , with each day of violation counting as a separate offense .", "10": "Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed Texas Health and Safety Code Ann . § 146 Utah none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure , give written permission , and provide proof of identity . Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor , shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation . Utah Code Ann . § 76 - 10 - 2201 Vermont none specified Tattooists and body piercers must be registered . Vt . Stat . Ann . Title 26 § 4101 to 4109 Virginia none specified Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . Virginia law does not limit minors ' ability to have their ears pierced . Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor Tattoo artists and body piercers , as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments , are licensed by the state . Civic / local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments . Va . Code § 54.1 - 700 et seq . Va . Code § 15.2 - 912 Va . Code § 18.2 - 371.3 . Washington 18 ( piercings excepted ) can not have tattoos , body piercings , or other body art . Wash . Code § 26.28. 085 Wash . Code § 18.300 Wash . Code § 246 - 145 - 001 to 060 Wash . Code § 70.54 West Virginia none specified parent / guardian must give written consent All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol . Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health , and must be registered as a business with the state W. Va . Code § 16 - 37 W. Va .", "11": "Code § 16 - 38 Wisconsin 18 n / a ( tattooing not permitted under 18 ) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department . Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235 Wyoming none specified Verbal consent , presence during procedure . Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician , and piercing of the ear , do not count as body art for this law . no restriction Misdemeanor criminal offense , punishable by fine and prison time Wyoming Statute § 14 - 3 - 107 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 2 '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RULES OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION OF FOOD , MILK , AND LODGING Chapter 420 - 3 - 23 BODY ART PRACTICE AND FACILITIES '' ( PDF ) . http://www.adph.org/ . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Chapter 17A : REGULATION OF TATTOOING , BRANDING , AND BODY PIERCING '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 8 : PENALTIES '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 7 : POWERS AND DUTIES OF DEPARTMENT '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TATOOING AND BODY PIERCING : STATE LAWS , STATUTES AND REGULATIONS '' . http://www.ncsl.org/ . National Council of State Legislatures . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 .", "12": "External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 . : Alaska Statutes - Section 08.13. 217. : Tattooing and permanent cosmetic coloring or body piercing on a minor '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Statutes - Chapter 08.13. : BARBERS AND HAIRDRESSERS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : Arizona Revised Statutes § 13 - 3721 . Tattoos , brands , scarifications and piercings ; minors ; anesthesia ; exception ; defense ; violation ; classification ; definitions . Jump up ^ Health regulations sought for Arizona tattoo shops , Tucson Citizen , Jul 05 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Arkansas Code Research Tool '' . lexisnexis.com . ^ Jump up to : `` § 20 - 27 - 1502 - Unlawful to perform body art on a person under eighteen years of age . : : 2010 Arkansas Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . PEN . CODE § 653 : California Code - Section 653 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . HSC . CODE § 119302 : California Code - Section 119302 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` California Law - HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE ( HSC Sections 119300 . - 119328 . ) '' . regstoday.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nchd.org/Downloads/Body%20Art/Body%20Art%20Regulations%20final%203-26(2)-10.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Section 19a - 92g - Body piercing . : : 2012 Connecticut General Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 .", "13": "^ Jump up to : `` & § 47 -- 2853.76 e Prohibitions and penalties . : : 2014 District of Columbia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 11 '' . delaware.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes & Constitution '' . state.fl.us . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71.1 - Piercing of the body : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 12 - 5 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` HI Rev Stat § 321 - 379 : : Enforcement ; penalties . : : 2011 Hawaii Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes '' . idaho.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=32700000&SeqEnd=33400000 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind . Code § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Indiana Code - Section 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Tattooing or body piercing a minor '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` ISDH : Tattoo Information '' . in.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Code 135.37 '' . iowa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' .", "14": "kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` 211.760 Tattooing and body piercing of humans by nonmedical personnel for remuneration -- Registration -- Administrative regulations -- Compliance checks -- Hearings. : : 2014 Kentucky Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` 902 KAR 45 : 070 . Body piercing and ear piercing '' . state.ky.us . Jump up ^ `` LA Rev Stat § 14 : 93.2 : : RS 14 : 93.2 -- Tattooing and body piercing of minors ; prohibition : : 2011 Louisiana Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4203 : Minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4323 : Body piercing of minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4321 : Definitions '' . mainelegislature.org . ^ Jump up to : `` COMAR 10.06. 01.06 '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Disclose the risks of the procedure , obtain the client 's written consent for the performance of the procedure or , in the case of a minor , the consent of the parent or guardian , and retain the consent on file for a period of 3 years and make it available to the health officer , if requested ; Jump up ^ `` COMAR 10.06. 01.02 Definitions '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ( 29 ) Skin - Penetrating Body Adornment Procedure ^ Jump up to : dph / environment . `` Body Art ( Body Piercing , Tattooing and Branding / Scarification ) '' ( PDF ) . Health and Human Services . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mich . Comp .", "15": "Laws § 333.13102 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 - 131 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 : : Act 368 of 1978 : : Chapter 333 -- HEALTH : : 2006 Michigan Compiled Laws : : Michigan Compiled Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/tattooing-and-body-piercing.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` 146B. 07 - 2014 Minnesota Statutes '' . mn.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 324.520 Definitions -- tattooing , branding , body piercing , prohibited , when , penalty . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 324.522 Licensing required , when -- rulemaking authority . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` 45 - 5 - 623 . Unlawful transactions with children '' . mt.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 37.112. 158 : RESTRICTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS - Administrative Rules of the State of Montana '' . mtrules.org . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 108 . Penalties -- misdemeanor '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 103 . Rulemaking authority '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 203 . Licensure and regulation by local boards of health '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 10,165 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1010 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Nevada Health District Regulations Governing the Sanitation of Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Establishments '' . southernnevadahealthdistrict.org . ^ Jump up to : http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-8.htm Jump up ^ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-4.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Section 2C : 40 - 21 - Tattooing of a minor ; parental permission , required : : 2013 New Jersey Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Administrative Code 16.36. 5 '' . New Mexico Administrative Code . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . the signature of the client and , if the client is a minor , written proof of parental or legal guardian presence and consent ; ^ Jump up to : `` ARTICLE 17B Body Art Safe Practices Act '' . public.nmcompcomm.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law - Unlawfully Dealing with a Child in the Second Degree '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 4 - A Regulation of Body Piercing and Tattooing '' . ny.gov . Jump up ^ `` Body Art - Tattooing and Body Piercing '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_14/Article_52.pdf Jump up ^ `` GS_130A - 283 '' . state.nc.us .", "17": "Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-400.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c31.pdf?20150627113430 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-41-01.pdf?20150627114138 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23c01.pdf?20150627113445 ^ Jump up to : `` Lawriter - ORC '' . ohio.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 21 - 842.1 . Performing or offering to perform body piercing or tattooing on child under 18 years -- Definitions. : : 2014 Oklahoma Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.992 - Criminal penalties . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.360 - Prohibited acts ; exceptions . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` 6311 - Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2010 Pennsylvania Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 11 - 9 - 15 Tattooing of minors .", "18": ": : CHAPTER 11 - 9 Children : : Title 11 Criminal Offenses : : 2010 Rhode Island General Laws : : Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 23 - 1 - 39 - Tattooing and / or body piercing . : : 2014 Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 44 - 34 - 100 - Unlawful acts ; penalties . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 120 . Minors or persons impaired by drugs , alcohol , or otherwise incapable of consenting ; unhealthy skin surfaces ; penalty . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 32 - BODY PIERCING : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 34 - 20 - Establishment of sterilization , sanitation , and safety standards ; licensing ; engaging in other retail business . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 20 . Sterilization , sanitation and safety standards ; certificate of completion of blood - borne pathogens and body piercing infection control course ; permits . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 34 - TATTOOING : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law .", "19": "^ Jump up to : `` § 26 - 10 - 19 Tattooing minor without parental consent as misdemeanor. : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 9 - 34 - 17 Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 211 - Tattoos for persons under 18 years of age -- Reporting tattooing of minors -- Tattoos to cover up existing tattoos for minors 16 years of age or older -- False statements of age or exhibiting false identification by minors for purpose of obtaining tattoos. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 305 - Minimum age for procedure -- Exception authorized with consent -- Recordkeeping. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 310 - Penalty. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2014/title-62/chapter-38/part-2/section-62-38-204/ Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 302 - License required -- Sanitation and sterilization compliance required . : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 38 - Tattoos and Body Piercing : : 2010 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law .", "20": "^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.012 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.012 : TATTOOS PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0125 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0125 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED WITHOUT PARENTAL CONSENT ; EXCEPTION '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0025 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0025 : EXEMPTIONS FROM LICENSING REQUIREMENTS ; EAR PIERCING ESTABLISHMENTS EXEMPT '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0126 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0126 : TONGUE SPLITTING PROHIBITED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0124 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0124 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.018 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.018 : OFFENSE ; CRIMINAL PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.019 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.019 : ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0021 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0021 : EMPLOYMENT OF TATTOOISTS AND BODY PIERCERS ; REGISTRATION REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.002 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.002 : LICENSE REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Texas Statutes - Chapter 146 : TATTOO AND CERTAIN BODY PIERCING STUDIOS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah State Legislature '' . utah.gov .", "21": "^ Jump up to : `` Vermont Laws '' . vermont.gov . Jump up ^ `` Professions and Occupations '' . vermont.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 18.2 - 371.3 . Tattooing or body piercing of minors '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 703 . License required '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 704.1 . License required for barbershop , cosmetology salon , nail care salon , waxing salon , tattoo parlor , body - piercing salon , and esthetics spa '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 15.2 - 912 . Regulation of tattoo parlors and body - piercing salons ; definition ; exception '' . virginia.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` RCW 26.28. 085 : Applying tattoo to a minor -- Penalty '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` WAC 246 - 145 - 015 : Restrictions '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 18.300 RCW : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , AND TATTOOING '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 246 - 145 WAC : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , ELECTROLOGY AND TATTOOING STANDARDS FOR STERILIZATION PROCEDURES AND INFECTION CONTROL '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 70.54 RCW : MISCELLANEOUS HEALTH AND SAFETY PROVISIONS '' . wa.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 38 - 3 . Operation standards . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 7 . Violations and penalties . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 6 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local or regional boards of health ; permit fees .", "22": ": : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 37 - 3 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local boards of health ; posting of permit ; power of local board of health to order studio to close . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 38 . TATTOO STUDIO BUSINESS. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.70 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 252.23 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` TITLE 14 - CHILDREN , CHAPTER 3 - PROTECTION , ARTICLE 1 - PROHIBITED ACTS '' . legisweb.state.wy.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 .", "23": "Tattoos and Tattooing Topics History Medical issues Religious perspectives Removal Categories Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process Artist Ink Machine Art style Black - and - gray Burmese Flash Japanese ( Irezumi ) Maori ( Tā moko ) Marquesan Old school Samoan ( Malu / Pe'a ) Cambodian / Lao / Vietnamese ( Yantra ) Location on body Body suit Cornea Genital Lower - back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in ... the European Union the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States&oldid=822327038 '' Categories : Tattooing and law United States law Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 19 : 03 . 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-442417708560275755	who won the most medals at the 2014 winter olympics	[ "Russia", "Russia (", "Russia" ]	{ "0": "2014 Winter Olympics medal table - wikipedia 2014 Winter Olympics medal table Jump to : navigation , search World map showing the medal achievements of each country during the 2014 Winter Olympics Legend : Gold represents countries that won at least one gold medal Silver represents countries that won at least one silver medal Bronze represents countries that won at least one bronze medal Red represents countries that did not win any medals Grey represents countries that did not participate The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games , were a winter multi-sport event held in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February . A total of 2,873 athletes from 88 nations participated in 98 events in 7 sports across 15 different disciplines . Initially , host nation Russia matched the Soviet Union 's 1976 achievement of thirteen gold medals , but 4 gold medals ( 13 overall ) were stripped later due to doping . Norway achieved the leading position in the medal table on 24 November 2017 , when Russia was stripped of two gold medals in bobsleigh . However , at the end of January 2018 , the Court of Arbitration for Sport cleared 28 Russian athletes and 9 out of 13 medals ( including 3 gold ) were reinstated , allowing Russia to return to the top position . The Netherlands achieved four podium sweeps in the speed skating , dominating the men 's 500 metres , men 's 5,000 metres , men 's 10,000 metres , and women 's 1,500 metres , surpassing the previous record of two podium sweeps . Slovenia won its first Winter Olympics gold medal ever , in alpine skiing . This was also the first Winter Olympic gold medal tie . Luger Armin Zöggeler of Italy became the first athlete to achieve six Winter Olympic medals over six consecutive games , all achieved at the men 's singles event . Speed skater Ireen Wüst from the Netherlands achieved five medals ( two gold and three silver ) , more than any other athlete . Korean - born Russian short track speed skater Viktor Ahn , Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen , and Belarusian biathlete Darya Domracheva tied for the most gold medals , with three each .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal table 2 Russian team doping case 3 Changes in medal standings 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References Medal table ( edit ) Part of a series on 2014 Winter Olympics Bid process ( Sochi bid ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( Russian doping scandal LGBT rights protests ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC ROC SOOC From left to right : Tina Maze of Slovenia ( gold ) , Dominique Gisin of Switzerland ( gold ) and Lara Gut of Switzerland ( bronze ) atop the women 's downhill alpine skiing podium in the first Winter Olympic gold medal tie . From left to right : Jan Blokhuijsen ( silver ) , Sven Kramer ( gold ) and Jorrit Bergsma ( bronze ) with medals they earned in the men 's 5,000 metres speed skating , one of the four podium sweeps by the Netherlands . See also : List of 2014 Winter Olympics medal winners The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won , where nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . In the women 's downhill event in alpine skiing , two gold medals were awarded for a first place tie . No silver medal was awarded for the event . In the men 's super-G alpine skiing , two bronze medals were awarded for a third place tie .", "2": "Host nation ( Russia ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Russia ( RUS ) 11 9 9 29 Norway ( NOR ) 11 5 10 26 Canada ( CAN ) 10 10 5 25 United States ( USA ) 9 7 12 28 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 7 9 24 6 Germany ( GER ) 8 6 5 19 7 Switzerland ( SUI ) 6 11 8 Belarus ( BLR ) 5 0 6 9 Austria ( AUT ) 8 5 17 10 France ( FRA ) 7 15 11 Poland ( POL ) 6 12 China ( CHN ) 9 13 South Korea ( KOR ) 8 14 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 15 15 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 8 16 Slovenia ( SLO ) 8 17 Japan ( JPN ) 8 18 Finland ( FIN ) 5 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 20 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 21 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 0 22 Italy ( ITA ) 0 6 8 23 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 24 Australia ( AUS ) 0 25 Croatia ( CRO ) 0 0 26 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Total ( 26 NOCs ) 97 95 99 291 Russian team doping case ( edit ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , and Oswald Commission On 18 July 2016 , the McLaren Report was published claiming that the Russian government had sanctioned the use of performance - enhancing drugs by Russian athletes in the 2014 Winter Olympics .", "3": "On 9 December 2016 , a World Anti-Doping Agency report expanded upon the previous report and included the note that `` Two ( Russian ) ( sport ) athletes , winners of 4 Sochi Olympic Gold medals , and a female Silver medal winner in ( sport ) had samples with salt readings that were physiologically impossible '' and that `` Twelve ( Russian ) medal winning athletes ... from 44 examined samples had scratches and marks on the inside of the caps of their B sample bottles , indicating tampering '' . In December 2016 , following the release of the McLaren Report on Russian doping at the Sochi Olympics , the International Olympic Committee announced the initiation of an investigation of 28 Russian athletes at the Sochi Olympic Games . La Gazzetta dello Sport reported the names of 17 athletes , of whom 15 were among the 28 under investigation ( the number later rose to 46 ) . Three ladies artistic skaters were named as being under investigation . They are Adelina Sotnikova , the singles gold medalist , as well as pairs skaters Tatiana Volosozhar and Ksenia Stolbova . Volosozhar and Stolbova won gold and silver medals , respectively , in pairs skating . Both also won gold medals in the team event , which also puts the other eight team medalists at risk of losing their golds . In November 2017 the proceeding against Sotnikova was dropped . Six cross-country skiers were suspended from competition on the basis of the McLaren Report : Evgeniy Belov , Alexander Legkov , Alexey Petukhov , Maxim Vylegzhanin , Yulia Ivanova and Evgenia Shapovalova . Legkov won a gold and silver medals , and Vylegzhanin won three silver medals . The IOC disqualified all six from Sochi , imposed lifetime bans and , in the process , stripped Legkov 's and Vylegzhanin 's of the medals they had won in four events ( three individual medals and one team medal ) . On 1 February 2018 , the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld five out of six appeals ( except for Ivanova whose appeal was overturned ) , and their results were restored .", "4": "Nikita Kryukov , Alexander Bessmertnykh and Natalya Matveyeva were disqualified on 22 December 2017 . These decisions were also overturned by the CAS on 1 February 2018 . The IOC intends to appeal these decisions . The International Biathlon Union suspended two Russian biathletes who were in the Sochi games : Olga Vilukhina and Yana Romanova . Vilukhina won silver in sprint , and both women were on a relay team that won the silver medal . They were disqualified and stripped of their medals on 27 November 2017 . The International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation suspended four Russian skeleton sliders . They were Alexander Tretyakov , Elena Nikitina , Maria Orlova and Olga Potylitsina . Tretyakov won a gold medal , and Nikitina won a bronze . On 22 November 2017 , the IOC stripped these medals and imposed lifetime Olympic bans on all four . Seven Russian female ice hockey players were to have hearings before the Oswald Commission on 22 November 2017 . The identities of the seven players have not been revealed . Two of the seven are accused of submitting samples showing readings that were physically impossible to be held by a woman . The Russian women 's ice hockey team finished sixth at Sochi 2014 . On December 12 , 2017 six of them were disqualified . Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina were also disqualified ten days later . On 24 November 2017 , the IOC disqualified and imposed lifetime Olympic bans on bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov who won two gold medals and speed skater Olga Fatkulina who won a silver medal . All their results were disqualified , resulting in Russia losing its first place in the medal standings . On 27 November 2017 , Russian bobsledders Aleksei Negodaylo , Dmitry Trunenkov , and skeleton racer Sergei Chudinov were sanctioned as well . Three other athletes who did n't win medals ( Alexander Kasjanov , Ilvir Huzin , Aleksei Pushkarev ) were banned on November 29 , 2017 . Biathlete Olga Zaitseva who won silver in a relay was disqualified on 1 December 2017 .", "5": "Two other athletes , Anastasia Dotsenko and Yuliya Chekalyova , were also banned , bringing the total to 31 ( six Russian ice hockey players were sanctioned shortly after ) . Speed skaters Ivan Skobrev and Artyom Kuznetsov , lugers Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova , bobsledders Liudmila Udobkina and Maxim Belugin were disqualified on 22 December 2017 , bringing the total to 43 . Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova were also stripped of their silver medals . As of January 2018 , the IOC had sanctioned 43 Russian athletes from the 2014 Winter Olympics and banned them from competing in the 2018 edition and all other future Olympic Games as part of the Oswald Commission . All but one of these athletes appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . The court overturned the sanctions on 28 athletes meaning that their Sochi medals and results are reinstated but decided that there was sufficient evidence against 11 athletes to uphold their Sochi sanctions . The IOC said in a statement that `` the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the Games . Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation '' and that `` this ( case ) may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping '' . The IOC found it important to note that CAS Secretary General `` insisted that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent '' and that they would consider an appeal against the courts decision . The court also decided that none of the 39 athletes should be banned from all future Olympic Games , but only the 2018 Games . 3 Russian athletes are still waiting for their hearing which will be conducted after the 2018 Games . Changes in medal standings ( edit ) See also : List of stripped Olympic medals Ruling date Sport / event NOC 01 ! 02 ! 03 !", "6": "Total List of official changes in medal standings ( after the Games ) 1 November 2017 Cross-country skiing Men 's 50 kilometre freestyle Men 's 4 × 10 kilometre relay Russia ( RUS ) − 1 − 1 − 2 On 1 November 2017 , the IOC disqualified cross country skier Alexander Legkov and he was stripped of his gold and silver medals . 9 November 2017 Cross-country skiing Men 's 50 kilometre freestyle Men 's team sprint Russia ( RUS ) − 2 − 2 On 9 November 2017 , the IOC disqualified cross country skier Maxim Vylegzhanin and he was stripped of his two silver medals ( alongside with the stripped silver medal in the team relay with Legkov ) . 22 November 2017 Skeleton Men 's event Women 's event Russia ( RUS ) − 1 − 1 − 2 On 22 November 2017 , the IOC disqualified men 's gold medallist Alexander Tretyakov and women 's bronze medallist Elena Nikitina . 24 November 2017 Bobsleigh Two - man Four - man Russia ( RUS ) -- 2 − 2 On 24 November 2017 , the IOC disqualified bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov and he was stripped of his two gold medals . His teammates in four - man bobsled Alexey Negodaylo and Dmitry Trunenkov were disqualified three days later . On 18 December 2017 , Zubkov 's teammate in two - man bobsled and four - man bobsled , Alexey Voyevoda was also disqualified . 24 November 2017 Speed skating Women 's 500 metres Russia ( RUS ) -- 1 − 1 On 24 November 2017 , the IOC disqualified speedskater Olga Fatkulina and she was stripped of her silver medal . 27 November 2017 Biathlon Women 's sprint Russia ( RUS ) -- 1 − 1 On 27 November 2017 , the IOC disqualified biathlete Olga Vilukhina and she was stripped of her silver medal .", "7": "27 November 2017 Biathlon Women 's relay Russia ( RUS ) -- 1 − 1 On 27 November 2017 , the IOC disqualified biathletes Olga Vilukhina and Yana Romanova and they were stripped of their relay silver . On 1 December 2017 , fellow team member Olga Zaitseva was also disqualified . 22 December 2017 Luge Men 's singles Team relay Russia ( RUS ) -- 2 − 2 On 22 December 2017 , the IOC disqualified lugers Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova who won a combined two silver medals . Their results were made void . 1 February 2018 Cross-country skiing Men 's 50 kilometre freestyle Men 's team sprint Men 's 4 × 10 kilometre relay Skeleton Men 's event Women 's event Speed skating Women 's 500 metres Luge Men 's singles Team relay Russia ( RUS ) + 2 + 6 + 1 + 9 On 1 February 2018 , the Court of Arbitration for Sport reinstated the results for medalists Aleksander Tretyakov and Elena Nikitina in skeleton , Alexander Legkov and Maxim Vylegzhanin in cross-country skiing , Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova in luge , and Olga Fatkulina in speed skating . List of official changes by country NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Russia ( RUS ) − 2 − 2 − 4 See also ( edit ) 2014 Winter Paralympics medal table Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Russia is legally considered to be the successor state of the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ The gold medal counts were previously topped by host nations the United States in 1932 , Norway in 1952 , and Canada in 2010 . References ( edit ) General Specific Jump up ^ `` Sochi 2014 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics : Schedules , Medals , Results '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 22 September 2015 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Bühler , Konrad G. ( 2001 ) . State Succession and Membership in International Organisations . Legal Aspects of International Organisation Series . Volume 38 . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . pp. 161 -- 4 . ISBN 9789041115539 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 Lake Placid Winter Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Oslo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics -- Medals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 28 Russians have Olympic doping bans lifted '' . nbcsports.com. 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bergsma breaks Olympic record to lead fourth Dutch medal sweep '' . Xinhuanet. 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Herman , Martyn ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Maze amazes as she wins Slovenia 's first gold '' . Reuters . Rosa Khutor , Russia . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 8 February 2014 ) . `` The Winning Formula of Luge 's ' Old Man ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Armin Zöggeler '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Sochi Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's downhill results '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sochi 2014 : Sven Kramer defends 5,000 m speed skating title '' . BBC Sport. 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` In Women 's Downhill , a Nice Round Historic Tie '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alpine skiing -- Men 's super-G '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Face Olympics Ban as Doping Scheme Is Confirmed '' . New York Times . 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McClaren report part II '' ( PDF ) . 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ghiaccio , pattinaggio . Scandalo Sochi 2014 . Sospetti sulla Sotnikova : Kostner d'argento ? '' . La Gazzetta dello Sport . Milan , Italy . 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media reported about the possible deprivation of the figure skater Sotnikova gold Sochi 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McClaren doping report may affect Russian figure skaters '' . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Olympic figure skating champion cleared of doping charge by IOC but four Russian skiers disqualified '' . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Six Russian XC Skiers and Two Biathletes Provisionally Suspended due to McLaren Report UPDATED - SkiTrax '' . skitrax.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Pavitt ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` IOC back Rodchenkov as a reliable witness as first details of why Russians disqualified from Sochi 2014 published '' . insidethegames.biz . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release__decision_RUS_IOC_.pdf Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions 11 Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee .", "10": "22 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Statement on CAS Decision '' . International Olympic Committee . 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Liam ( 21 January 2017 ) . `` IBU dismisses cases against 22 Russians named in McLaren Report '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company Ltd . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions five Russian athletes and publishes first full decision as part of the Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 2017 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Four Russia Skeleton Athletes Suspended For Doping At 2014 Sochi Olympics '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Nikitina denies knowledge of any suspension from skeleton competition '' . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC sanctions four Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Liam ( 21 November 2017 ) . `` FIS to provide update on Russian skiers as ice hockey players set to appear before Oswald Commission '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company Ltd . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate = December 12 , 2017 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC sanctions 11 Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC sanctions four Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 .", "11": "^ Jump up to : `` IOC sanctions five Russian athletes and publishes first full decision as part of the Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions three Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions three Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions two Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions four Russian athletes and closes one case as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions one Russian athlete , and closes one case as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 19 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 .", "12": "Events at the 2014 Winter Olympics ( Sochi ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "13": "php?title=2014_Winter_Olympics_medal_table&oldid=833264046 '' Categories : 2014 Winter Olympics Russian sports - related lists Winter Olympics medal tables Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 15 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7627363632917466497	who determines the rules of the us house and us senate	[ "United States Senate", "The Senate" ]	{ "0": "Standing rules of the United States Senate - wikipedia Standing rules of the United States Senate Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President Pro Tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) The Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure . The Senate 's power to establish rules derives from Article One , Section 5 of the United States Constitution : `` Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings ... '' There are currently 44 rules , with the latest revision having been adopted on January 24 , 2013 . ( The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 lobbying reform bill introduces a 44th rule on earmarks ) . The stricter rules are often waived by unanimous consent . The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the Senate , a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . Any senator may request a quorum call by `` suggesting the absence of a quorum '' ; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present . In practice , senators almost always request quorum calls not to establish the presence of a quorum , but to temporarily delay proceedings without having to adjourn the session .", "1": "Such a delay may serve one of many purposes ; often , it allows Senate leaders to negotiate compromises off the floor or to allow Senators time to come to the Senate floor to make speeches without having to constantly be present in the chamber while waiting for the opportunity . Once the need for a delay has ended , any senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call . During debates , senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer is , however , required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak . Thus , the presiding officer has little control over the course of debate . Customarily , the Majority Leader and Minority Leader are accorded priority during debates , even if another senator rises first . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. President '' or `` Madam President . '' Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other Members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , senators do not refer to each other by name , but by state , using forms such as `` the senior senator from Virginia '' or `` the junior senator from California . '' There are very few restrictions on the content of speeches ; there is no requirement that speeches be germane to the matter before the Senate . The Standing Rules of the United States Senate provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day . ( A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment ; hence , it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day . ) The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules ; thus , in most cases , senators may speak for as long as they please . Often , the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits . In other cases ( for example , for the Budget process ) , limits are imposed by statute . In general , however , the right to unlimited debate is preserved . The filibuster is an obstructionary tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely . A filibuster may entail , but does not actually require , long speeches , dilatory motions , and an extensive series of proposed amendments .", "2": "The longest filibuster speech in the history of the Senate was delivered by Strom Thurmond , who spoke for over twenty - four hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture . In most cases , cloture requires the support of three - fifths of the Senate ; however , if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body , a two - thirds majority is required . Cloture is invoked very rarely , particularly because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority . If the Senate does invoke cloture , debate does not end immediately ; instead , further debate is limited to thirty additional hours unless increased by another three - fifths vote . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the Senate votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and Members respond either `` Aye ! '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` No ! '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . Any senator , however , may challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and request a recorded vote . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the senators present . In practice , however , senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . When a recorded vote is held , the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order ; each senator responds when his or her name is called . Senators who miss the roll call may still cast a vote as long as the recorded vote remains open . The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer , but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes . If the vote is tied , the Vice President , if present , is entitled to a casting vote . If the Vice President is not present , however , the motion is resolved in the negative . On occasion , the Senate may go into what is called a secret , or closed session . During a closed session , the chamber doors are closed , and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy , not instructed in the rules of the closed session , or not essential to the session .", "3": "Closed sessions are quite rare , and are usually held only under certain circumstances where the Senate is discussing sensitive subject - matter such as information critical to national security , private communications from the President , or even to discuss Senate deliberations during impeachment trials . Any Senator has the right to call a closed session as long as the motion is seconded . Budget bills are governed under a special rule process called `` Reconciliation '' that disallows filibusters . Reconciliation was devised in 1974 but came into use in the early 1980s . The rules by number ( edit ) The Standing Rules of the Senate detail the rules of order of the United States Senate . The latest version was adopted on April 27 , 2000 and comprises the following 43 rules . The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 introduces a 44th rule on earmarks . SR Rule I : Appointment of a Senator to the Chair SR Rule II : Presentation of Credentials and Questions of Privilege SR Rule III : Oaths SR Rule IV : Commencement of Daily Sessions SR Rule V : Suspension and Amendment of the Rules SR Rule VI : Quorum - Absent Senators May Be Sent For SR Rule VII : Morning Business SR Rule VIII : Order of Business SR Rule IX : Messages SR Rule X : Special Orders SR Rule XI : Papers - Withdrawal , Printing , Reading of , and Reference SR Rule XII : Voting Procedure SR Rule XIII : Reconsideration SR Rule XIV : Joint Resolutions , and Preambles Thereto SR Rule XV : Amendments and Resolutions SR Rule XVI : Appropriations and Amendments to General Appropriation Bills SR Rule XVII : Reference to Committees ; Motions to Discharge ; Reports of Committees ; and Hearings Available SR Rule XVIII : Business Continued from Session to Session SR Rule XIX : Debate SR Rule XX : Questions for Order SR Rule XXI : Session with Closed Doors SR Rule XXII : Precedence of Motions SR Rule XXIII : Privilege of the Floor SR Rule XXIV : Appointments of Committee SR Rule XXV : Standing Committees SR Rule XXVI : Committee Procedure SR Rule XXVII : Committee Staff SR Rule XXVIII : Conference Committees ; Reports ;", "4": "Open Meetings SR Rule XXIX : Executive Sessions SR Rule XXX : Executive Session - Proceedings on Treaties SR Rule XXXI : Executive Session - Proceedings on Nominations SR Rule XXXII : The President Furnished with Copies of Record Executive Sessions SR Rule XXXIII : Senate Chamber - Senate Wing of the Capitol SR Rule XXXIV : Public Financial Disclosure SR Rule XXXV : Gifts SR Rule XXXVI : Outside Earned Income SR Rule XXXVII : Conflict of Interest SR Rule XXXVIII : Prohibition of Unofficial Office Accounts SR Rule XXXIX : Foreign Travel SR Rule XL : Franking Privilege and Radio and Television Studios SR Rule XLI : Political Fund Activity ; Definitions SR Rule XLII : Employment Practices SR Rule XLIII : Representation by Members SR Rule XLIV : Congressionally Directed Spending and Related Items References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113sres16ats/pdf/BILLS-113sres16ats.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Standing Rules of the Senate Official text , Standing Rules of the Senate Standing Rules of the Senate , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , November 4 , 2013 United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Longest - serving members ever Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former senators Living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former representatives Living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured ,", "5": "and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history ,", "6": "and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness ,", "7": "and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Websites House of Representatives Senate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=781876106 '' Categories : Parliamentary procedure United States Senate Standing Rules of the United States Senate Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2017 , at 19 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "8": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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70640340064871933	who won britain's next top model 2016	[ "Chloe Keenan", "Chloe Keenan", "Chloe Keenan", "Chloe Keenan", "Chloe Keenan" ]	{ "0": "Britain 's Next Top Model - wikipedia Britain 's Next Top Model Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Britain 's Next Top Model Also known as Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model ( 2011 -- 13 ) Genre Reality television Created by Tyra Banks Directed by Series director - TJ Sherbrooke . Series producer - David Cheesman . Exec Producers - Cheryl Price and Marty Redman Presented by Lisa Butcher Lisa Snowdon Elle Macpherson Abbey Clancy Paul Sculfor Cindy Bishop Judges Marie Helvin Jonathan Pang Paula Hamilton Gerry DeVeaux Huggy Ragnarsson Louis Mariette Julien Macdonald Charley Speed Grace Woodward Tyson Beckford Whitney Port Dannii Minogue Hilary Alexander Nicky Johnston Max Rogers Country of origin United Kingdom Ireland Original language ( s ) English No. of series 11 No. of episodes 108 Production Running time 60mins ( inc . adverts ) Production company ( s ) Thumbs Up Productions Release Original network Sky Living ( 2005 -- 2013 ) Lifetime ( 2016 -- present ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release Original series : 14 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 14 ) -- 5 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) Revived series : 14 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Britain 's Next Top Model ( or Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model 2011 -- 13 ) , often abbreviated as BNTM , BINTM , or Top Model , is a British - Irish reality television show in which a number of women compete for the title of Britain 's Next Top Model and a chance to start their career in the modelling industry . The first `` cycle '' premiered on 14 September 2005 on Sky Living .", "1": "The winner normally receives a modelling contract , cosmetics campaign , and a spread within a fashion magazine which also includes appearing on the front cover . Other benefits which changed from cycle to cycle include a car , holiday , money , or an apartment among other things . As part of the Top Model franchise , it is based on the American television series America 's Next Top Model . From series 7 onwards , the show was named Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model as it has begun to include contestants from Ireland . On 28 October 2013 , Sky Living confirmed that the show had been cancelled . In April 2015 , the show confirmed via its Twitter account that it would be returning in 2015 on Lifetime . The title was changed back to Britain 's Next Top Model due to licensing issues , but contestants from Ireland were still allowed to apply for the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Format 2.1 Judges 2.2 Requirements 2.3 Exhibition 3 Cycles 3.1 America 's Next Top Model : British Invasion 3.2 Juste Juozapaityte 4 References 5 External links Premise ( edit ) Show logo used from 2005 -- 2016 The series features a group of young female contestants who live together in a house for several weeks while taking part in challenges , photo shoots and meetings with members of the modelling industry . Normally , one poor - performing contestant is eliminated each week until the last contestant remaining is declared `` Britain 's Next Top Model '' and receives a modelling contract along with other prizes . In a BBC interview , Elle Macpherson contrasted the show with the U.S. version , describing BNTM as `` Uniquely British , the sense of humour and the styling is very British ... more hybrid backgrounds ... and I think that is really examplatory ( sic ) of what 's going on in the UK today '' . Format ( edit ) Main article : Top Model series § Format description Each series of Britain 's Next Top Model features from ten to fourteen episodes and begins with twelve to fourteen contestants . Each episode , one contestant is eliminated , though in rare cases a double elimination or no elimination is given by consensus of the judging panel .", "2": "Season 6 saw a live finale where the public chose the winner of the cycle . The series was narrated by Fearne Cotton . Due to maternity leave , Fearne did not fulfill this role for the ninth series . She was replaced by Dawn Porter . When the show got revived on Lifetime , Dawn Porter was replaced by Cycle 5 and America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 18 ) contestant , Annaliese Dayes . Starting with the ninth series , the elimination process was changed . Multiple contestants were in danger of elimination every week , with the number of contestants in danger being lowered as the competition progressed . Judges ( edit ) The season nine panel consisted of Elle Macpherson , Tyson Beckford , and fashion designer , pop star , model , and former X Factor Judge Dannii Minogue . It was originally reported for series 8 that Grace Woodward would leaving the judging panel to be replaced by Kelly Osbourne and that both Charley Speed and Julien Macdonald would continue on the judging panel . However it was later announced that both Speed and Woodward were leaving the panel to be replaced by Tyson Beckford and Whitney Port . Previous judges have included Lisa Butcher , Marie Helvin , Paula Hamilton , Huggy Ragnarsson , industry expert Jonathan Phang and fashion expert Gerry DeVeaux . Usually , an additional guest judge will sit in on the panel every week .", "3": "Judges Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hosts Lisa Butcher Main Lisa Snowdon Main Elle Macpherson Main Abbey Clancy Contestant Guest Main Paul Sculfor Guest Main Judging Panelists Marie Helvin Main Jonathan Phang Main Paula Hamilton Main Gerry DeVeaux Main Huggy Ragnarsson Main Louis Mariette Main Guest Julien Macdonald Main Charley Speed Main Grace Woodward Main Tyson Beckford Guest Main Whitney Port Main Dannii Minogue Main Hilary Alexander Guest Guest Main Nicky Johnston Guest Guest Main Max Rogers Main Requirements ( edit ) According to the show 's official site , anyone with the right to live or work in Britain is free to apply for the show , but must meet the height requirement of 5'8 `` , and be between the ages of 18 - 23 at the time they try out for the show . This is true for seasons 6 - 8 . During the first casting episode of cycle 7 , some producers stated that ' The requirements would be stricter ' in order to accommodate models closer within the range of the real fashion world . Exhibition ( edit ) Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model Live was launched by Media 10 in October 2010 at ExCeL London . The event was created to immerse members of the public into the Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model ( BINTM ) lifestyle . Bringing the TV series to life , the event gave every visitor the opportunity to experience the Top Model lifestyle for themselves . The show featured 45 minute catwalk shows , music performances from celebrities and an exhibition full of clothes and fashion accessories for the visitor to purchase . The 2011 Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model Live took place from 28 -- 30 October at London ExCel .", "4": "Cycles ( edit ) Cycle Premiere date Winner Runner ( s ) - up Other contestants in order of elimination Number of contestants International destination ( s ) 000000002005 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 2005 Lucy Ratcliffe Edwina Joseph Marina Fallahi , Claire Hillier , Shauna Breen , Anne Kent ( quit ) , Hayley Wilkins , Marisa Heath , Stephanie Jones , Naomi Teal , Tashi Brown , Jenilee Harris 12 Paris Milan 000000002006 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 2006 Lianna Fowler Abigail Clancy Yvette Stubbs , Nina Malone , Asha Hibbert , Lucy Flower , Sophia Price , Sam Gerrard , Tamar Higgs & Georgina Edewor - Thorley , Sarah Butler , Amber Niemann , Jasmia Robinson 13 Marrakesh 000000002007 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 July 2007 Lauren McAvoy Louise Watts Dani Lawrence , Krystal Hancock , Abigail Galatia , Natalie Nwagbo , Holly Alexander , Carly Thompson , Sherece Campbell , Lucy Bennett , Stefanie Webber , Rebecca White 12 Rio de Janeiro 000000002008 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2008 Alex Evans Catherine Thomas Sophie Roberts , Musayeroh Barrie , Louise Heywood , Lauren Donaldson - Stanley , Lynzi Arnott , Lisa Fowler , Martha Braddell & Leanne Nagle , Aaron Hunt , Charlotte Denton , Rachael Cairns , Stefanie Wilson 14 Cape Town 5 000000002009 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2009 Mecia Simson Sophie Sumner Lisa - Ann Hillman , Lauren Wee , Kasey Wynter & Chloe Cummings , Madeleine Wheatley , Hayley Buchanan , Annaliese Dayes , Daisy Payne , Viola Szekely , Ashley Brown ,", "5": "Jade McSorley 13 Reykjavík Buenos Aires 6 000000002010 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 2010 Tiffany Pisani Alisha White Hannah Goodeve ( quit ) , Rachelle Harry , Susan Loughnane , Harleen Kaur Nottay , Delita Cole , Amba Hudson - Skye , Nicola Wright , Kirsty Parsons , Olivia Oldham - Stevens , Amelia Thomas , Charlotte Holmes , Joy McLaren 14 Alicante Hardanger Kuala Lumpur 7 000000002011 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 July 2011 Jade Thompson Juste Juozapaityte Kimberleigh Spreadbury & Joanne Northey , Ufuoma Itoje , Hannah Devane , Holly Higgins & Amy Woodman , Tanya Mihailovic & Stacey Haskins , Jessica Abidde , Imogen Leaver & Anastasija Bogatirjova 13 Dublin Miami 8 000000002012 - 07 - 09 - 0000 9 July 2012 Letitia Herod Emma Grattidge Amelia Raven ( quit ) , Emma Sharratt , Penelope Williamson , Tasmin Golding , Anne Winterburn , Kellie Forde , Jennifer Joint , Madeleine Taga , Roxanne O'Connor , Rissikat Oyebade , Lisa Madden , Anita Kaushik 14 Dubai Paris Toronto 9 000000002013 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 June 2013 Lauren Lambert Emma Ward Sarah Kennedy Christina Chalk , Danielle Sandhu , Jess Patterson , Abigail Johns , Laura Young , Emily Garner , Saffron Williams , Holly Carpenter , Angel Mbonu , Naomi Pelkiewicz , Sophie Ellson 14 Bridgetown 10 000000002016 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2016 Chloe Keenan Angel Cole Jessica Workman Jasmine Hodge , Amreen Akhtar ( quit ) , Alex Needham , Jenna McMahon , Megan Brunell & Georgia Butler , Billie Downes , Lexi Kelly ,", "6": "Bethan Sowerby 12 Zagreb Ocho Rios 11 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2017 Olivia Wardell Jennifer Malengele Anastasia Ellis , Abby Heaton , Victoria Clay , Eleanor Sippings ( quit ) , Talulah - Eve Brown , Bianca Thomas , Chloe Lockley - Middleton , Simone Murphy , Tallulah Steed - Fassett , Alannah Beirne 12 Santa Maria 12 000000002017 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 2017 Ivy Watson Eleanor Sippings Kira MacLean Georgia Mason - Mottram , Alisia Grant , Tamsin Hough , Efi Muntoni - Clements ( quit ) , Shaunagh Slattery & Louisa Northcote , Martha Miller ( quit ) , Cirrah Leah Webb , Sophia Chawki 12 Bangkok & Ayutthaya America 's Next Top Model : British Invasion ( edit ) See also : America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 18 ) In 2012 , it was announced that seven past contestants , they being Jasmia Robinson , Louise Watts , Catherine Thomas , Ashley Brown , Annaliese Dayes , Sophie Sumner , and Alisha White , would be appearing on cycle 18 of America 's Next Top Model . Cycle 1 and cycle 7 were unrepresented .", "7": "The returning contestants from Britain 's Next Top Model and their placements for cycle 18 were : Previous season Contestant Original rank Cycle 18 rank Cycle 2 Jasmia Robinson 3rd 14th Cycle 3 Louise Watts Runner - up 12th ( quit ) Cycle 5 Ashley Brown 4th 10th Cycle 4 Catherine Thomas Runner - up 6th Cycle 6 Alisha White Runner - up 4th ( quit ) Cycle 5 Annaliese Dayes 7th 3rd Cycle 5 Sophie Sumner Runner - up Winner Juste Juozapaityte ( edit ) See also : Top Model po - russki ( cycle 5 ) In 2014 , cycle 7 runner - up Juste Juozapaityte participated on Top Model po - russki 's ( the Russian adaptation of Top Model ) fifth cycle , which included contestants from Russia and contestants from other countries with Russian roots . Juozapaityte , from London , was born in Lithuania and is of Russian descent . She finished in second place to Zhenya Nekrasova of Kemerovo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` ' Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model ' axed by Sky Living '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Next Top Model Lifetime '' . Jump up ^ `` ALL NEW BNTM '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ALL NEW BNTM '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 , Front Row , Interview with Mark Lawson -- podcasted 2 July 2010 Jump up ^ Abraham , Tamara ( 4 February 2012 ) . `` She 's so over The Hills : Whitney Port to join Elle Macpherson on new Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model panel '' . London : The Mail Online . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Sky Living HD ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` ' Conditions for entry ' BINTM 8 casting '' . Sky Living .", "8": "Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BINTM Top model live '' . Pottle Productions , Inc. 11 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Юстэ Юзапайтитэ - Участницы - Топ - модель по - русски '' . topmodel.u-tv.ru . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official site Britain 's Next Top Model on IMDb Britain 's Next Top Model at TV.com Britain 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Contestants Winners Lucy Ratcliffe Lianna Fowler Lauren McAvoy Alex Evans Mecia Simson Tiffany Pisani Jade Thompson Letitia Herod Lauren Lambert Chloe Keenan Olivia Wardell Ivy Watson Other alumni Abbey Clancy Jasmia Robinson Georgina Edewor - Thorley Rachael Cairns Sophie Sumner Jade McSorley Charlotte Holmes Susan Loughnane Juste Juozapaityte Lisa Madden Holly Carpenter Related America 's Next Top Model : British Invasion Top Model National franchises United States ( original ) Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada Cambodia China Colombia Croatia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary India ( India 's Next Top Model , Top Model India ) Israel Italy Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Philippines Poland Romania Russia ( Ty - supermodel , Top Model po - russki ) Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Multinational franchises Africa Asia Benelux Caribbean Scandinavia ( Top Model , Top Model Curves ) United Kingdom & Ireland Italics indicate inactive or cancelled franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "9": "php?title=Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model&oldid=836903243 '' Categories : 2000s British reality television series 2010s British reality television series 2005 British television programme debuts 2013 British television programme endings 2016 British television programme debuts Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model British reality television series Sky television programmes Television series revived after cancellation British television series based on American television series Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use British English from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 15 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4884658732028049316	when did las vegas become a gambling town	[ "1931", "In 1931" ]	{ "0": "History of Las Vegas - Wikipedia History of Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 ) This history of Las Vegas covers both the city of Las Vegas , Nevada , and the Las Vegas Valley . Southern Paiutes at Moapa wearing traditional Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe The name Las Vegas was given to the area in 1821 by Rafael Rivera , a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles , and stopped for water there on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico . At that time , several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas ; Las Vegas means the meadows in Spanish . The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash , which runs to the Colorado River . Urbanisation began in 1902 , when a railroad linking Los Angeles and Salt Lake City attracted many farmers to the area , and fresh water was piped into the settlement . In 1911 , the city was incorporated as part of Clark County . In 1931 work started on the Boulder Dam ( now the Hoover Dam ) , bringing a huge influx of young male workers , for whom theatres and casinos were built , largely by the Mafia . Electricity from the dam also enabled the building of many new hotels along the Strip . The arrival of Howard Hughes in 1966 did much to offset mob influence , and helped turn Las Vegas into more of a family tourist centre , now classified as a Megaresort .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 1829 -- 1905 : origins 3 1905 -- 1929 : birth , growth and crisis 4 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover Dam and the first casinos 5 1941 -- 1945 war years 6 1946 -- 1955 : postwar boom 6.1 Atomic testing 7 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas 7.1 Howard Hughes 7.2 Hank Greenspun 7.3 Local government 7.4 Desegregation 8 1970 - 1988 : Explosive growth 9 Since 1989 : the megaresort era 10 Since 2007 : downturn and recovery 11 See also 12 References 13 Sources Prehistory ( edit ) The prehistoric landscape of the Las Vegas Valley and most of Southern Nevada was once a marsh with water and vegetation . The rivers that created the marsh eventually went underground , and the marsh receded . The valley then evolved into a parched , arid landscape that only supported the hardiest animals and plants . At some point in the valley 's early geologic history , the water resurfaced and flowed into what is now the Colorado River . This created a luxurious plant life , forming a wetland oasis in the Mojave Desert landscape . Evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas Valley was found in 1993 , when a group of construction workers discovered the remains of a Columbian mammoth . Palaeontologists estimate that the mammoth roamed the area some 8,000 to 15,000 years ago . Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley , beginning over 10,000 years ago . Archaeologists have discovered baskets , petroglyphs , pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations , including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs . Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700 , migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley , near Big Springs . 1829 -- 1905 : origins ( edit ) A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles .", "2": "Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party . By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley , described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California . The travelers named the area `` Las Vegas '' which is Spanish for `` The Meadows '' . John C. Frémont traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on May 3 , 1844 , while it was still part of Mexico . He was appointed by President John Tyler to lead a group of scientists , scouts , and spies for the United States Army Corps of Engineers who were preparing for a possible war with Mexico . Upon arriving in the valley they made camp at the Las Vegas Springs , establishing a clandestine fort there . A war with Mexico did occur , resulting in the region becoming United States territory . The fort was used in later years by travellers , mountain men , hunters , and traders seeking shelter , but was never permanently inhabited . In 1855 , William Bringhurst led a group of 29 Mormon missionaries from Utah to the Las Vegas Valley . The missionaries built a 150 - square - foot ( 14 m ) adobe fort near a creek and used flood irrigation to water their crops , a process still used at the park . However , because of tensions rising between leaders of the small Mormon community , the summer heat and difficulty growing crops , the missionaries returned to Utah in 1857 , abandoning the fort . For the next few years the area remained unoccupied by Americans except for travelers and traders . Then the U.S. Army , in an attempt to deceive Confederate spies active in southern California in 1864 , falsely publicized that it reclaimed the fort and had renamed it Fort Baker , briefly recalling the area to national attention . After the end of the war in 1865 , Octavius Gass , with a commission from the federal government , re-occupied the fort . The Paiute nation had declined in numbers and negotiated a new treaty with the United States , ceding the area around the fort to the United States in return for relocation and supplies of food and farming equipment . Consequently , Gass started irrigating the old fields and renamed the area ' Las Vegas Rancho . ' Gass made wine at his ranch and Las Vegas became known as the best stop on the Old Spanish Trail .", "3": "In 1881 , because of mismanagement and intrigue with a Mormon syndicate , Gass lost his ranch to Archibald Stewart to pay off a lien Stewart had on the property . In 1884 , Archibald 's wife , Helen J. Stewart became the Las Vegas Postmaster . The property ( increased to 1,800 acres ( 730 ha ) ) , stayed with the family ( despite Archibald Stewart 's murder in July 1884 ) until it was purchased in 1902 by the San Pedro , Los Angeles , and Salt Lake Railroad , then being built across southern Nevada . The railroad was a project of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark . Clark enlisted Utah 's U.S. Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns to ensure the line 's completion through Utah to Las Vegas . The State Land Act of 1885 offered land at $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ) . Clark and Kearns promoted the area to American farmers who quickly expanded the farming plots of the areas . Not until 1895 did the first large - scale migration of Mormons begin in the area , at long last fulfilling Brigham Young 's early dream . Through wells and arid irrigation , agriculture became the primary industry for the next 20 years and in return for his development , the farmers named the area Clark County in honor of the railroad tycoon and Senator . 1905 -- 1929 : birth , growth and crisis ( edit ) St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church near 4th and Bridger in downtown was founded in 1910 . By the early 20th century , wells piped water into the town , providing both a reliable source of fresh water and the means for additional growth . The increased availability of water in the area allowed Las Vegas to become a water stop , first for wagon trains and later railroads , on the trail between Los Angeles , California , and points east such as Albuquerque , New Mexico . The San Pedro , Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was completed in 1905 , linking Salt Lake City to southern California . U.S. Senator William Andrews Clark was the majority owner of the railroad , which was a corporation based in Utah . Among its original incorporators were Utah 's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns and his business partner David Keith .", "4": "Kearns , one of the richest and most powerful men in Utah , and Keith were the owners of Utah 's Silver King Coalition Mine , several mines in Nevada and The Salt Lake Tribune newspaper . Kearns and Keith helped Clark ensure the success of the new railroad across Utah and into Nevada to California . Curiously , for a time there were two towns named Las Vegas . The east - side of Las Vegas ( which encompassed the modern Main Street and Las Vegas Boulevard ) was owned by Clark , and the west - side Las Vegas ( which encompassed the area north of modern - day Bonanza Road ) was owned by J.T. McWilliams , who was hired by the Stewart family during the sale of the Las Vegas Rancho and bought available land west of the ranch . It was from their property that Las Vegas took form . Clark subsequently built another railroad branching off from Las Vegas to the boomtown of Bullfrog called the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad . With the revenue coming down both railways that intersected there , the area of Las Vegas was quickly growing . On May 15 , 1905 , Las Vegas officially was founded as a city , when 110 acres ( 45 ha ) , in what would later become downtown , were auctioned to ready buyers . Las Vegas was the driving force in the creation of Clark County , Nevada in 1909 and the city was incorporated in 1911 as a part of the county . The first mayor of Las Vegas was Peter Buol who served from 1911 - 1913 . Shortly after the city 's incorporation , the State of Nevada reluctantly became the last western state to outlaw gaming . This occurred at midnight , October 1 , 1910 , when a strict anti-gambling law became effective in Nevada . It even forbade the western custom of flipping a coin for the price of a drink . Nonetheless , Las Vegas had a diversified economy and a stable and prosperous business community , and therefore continued to grow until 1917 . In that year , a combination of economic influences and the redirection of resources by the federal government in support of the war effort forced the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad to declare bankruptcy . Although William Clark sold the remains of the company to the Union Pacific Railroad , a nationwide strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state .", "5": "1930 -- 1941 : Hoover dam and the first casinos ( edit ) Hoover Dam in 1942 On July 3 , 1930 , President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam . The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration . Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas ' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000 , with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam . However , the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment . A combination of local Las Vegas business owners , and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers . Despite the influx of known crime figures , the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site . However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath ( this was during the time of Prohibition ) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas . The government ultimately decided that a federal - controlled town , Boulder City , would be erected for the dam workers . Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business , the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931 . Las Vegas , with a small but already well - established illegal gambling industry , was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world . The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club , and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel . Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas and received the city 's first traffic light in 1931 . In reply , the federal government restricted movement of the dam workers to Las Vegas . Smuggling and circuitous routes then were developed . In 1934 , to curtail these activities and the resulting growth of criminal figures in the gambling industry , the city 's leading figures purged gambling dens and started an effort to stem the flow of workers from the dam . This only emboldened some dam workers who still contrived to visit Las Vegas . A celebration of this era has become known as Helldorado Days .", "6": "Although the suppression efforts resulted in declines at gambling venues and resulted in a business downturn , the city was recharged -- both literally and figuratively -- when the dam was completed in 1935 . In 1937 , Southern Nevada Power became the first utility to supply power from the dam , and Las Vegas was its first customer . Electricity flowed into Las Vegas and Fremont Street became known as Glitter Gulch due to the many bright lights powered by electricity from Hoover Dam . Meanwhile , although the dam worker population disappeared , Hoover Dam and its reservoir , Lake Mead , turned into tourist attractions on their own and the need for additional higher class hotels became clear . In 1940 , U.S. Route 95 was finally extended south into Las Vegas , giving the city two major access roads . Also in 1940 Las Vegas 's first permanent radio station , KENO , began broadcasting replacing the niche occupied earlier by transient broadcasters . 1941 -- 1945 war years ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1940s On January 25 , 1941 the U.S. Army established a flexible gunnery school for the United States Army Air Corps in Las Vegas . Mayor John L. Russell signed over land to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for this development . The gunnery school later would become Nellis Air Force Base . The U.S. Army was not pleased with the legal prostitution in Las Vegas and in 1942 forced Las Vegas to outlaw the practice , putting Block 16 , the local red light district permanently out of business . On April 3 , 1941 , hotel owner Thomas Hull opened the El Rancho Vegas . It was the first resort on what would become the Las Vegas Strip . The hotel gained much of its fame from the gourmet buffet that it offered . On October 30 , 1942 , Texas cinema magnate R.E. Griffith rebuilt on the site of a nightclub called Pair - O - Dice , that first opened in 1930 , and renamed it Hotel Last Frontier . A few more resorts were built on and around Fremont Street , but it was the next hotel on the Strip that publicly demonstrated the influence of organized crime on Las Vegas .", "7": "Although ethnic organized crime figures had been involved in some of the operations at the hotels , the Mafia bosses never owned or controlled the hotels and clubs which remained monopolized by hard - bitten local Las Vegas families who were unwilling to cede ground to the crime bosses and proved strong enough to push back . This changed in post-war Las Vegas when Jewish gangster Bugsy Siegel , with help from friend and fellow mob boss Meyer Lansky , poured money through Mormon - owned banks for cover of legitimacy and built The Flamingo in 1946 . Siegel modeled his enterprises on the long - running gambling empire in Galveston , Texas , which had pioneered the high - class casino concepts that became mainstays on the Strip . 1946 -- 1955 : post-war boom ( edit ) Main articles : Las Vegas in the 1940s and Las Vegas in the 1950s The Flamingo initially lost money and Siegel died in a hail of gunfire in Beverly Hills , California in the summer of 1947 . Additionally , local police and Clark County Sheriff deputies were notorious for their heavy - handed tactics toward mobsters who `` grew too big for their pants . '' However , many mobsters saw the potential that gambling offered in Las Vegas . From 1952 to 1957 , through money and institutional lending provided by the Teamsters Union and some Mormon bankers they built the Sahara , the Sands , the New Frontier , the Royal Nevada , the Showboat , The Riviera , The Fremont , Binion 's Horseshoe ( which was the Apache Hotel ) , and finally The Tropicana . Owned and operated by a joint combination of Mormon elders who provided political and business legitimacy and people involved with organized crime who provided unreported income and street muscle , such as Meyer Lansky , these crime hotels became regarded as the epitome of gambling entertainment . Even with the general knowledge that some of the owners of these casino resorts had dubious backgrounds , by 1954 , over 8 million people were visiting Las Vegas yearly pumping $200 million into casinos . Gambling was no longer the only attraction ; the biggest stars of films and music like Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Andy Williams , Liberace , Bing Crosby , Carol Channing , and others performed in intimate settings .", "8": "After coming to see these stars , the tourists would resume gambling , and then eat at the gourmet buffets that have become a staple of the casino industry . However , the confluence of various marginal and / or suspected groups such as Jews , Sicilians , and Mormons into the gambling enterprises in Las Vegas and the subsequent cornering of the gambling market in the city by these groups sparked a two - year investigation by Senator Estes Kefauver and his Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce in 1950 -- 51 . The hearing concluded that organized crime money was incontrovertibly tied to the Las Vegas casinos and was becoming the controlling interest in the city thereby earning for the groups vast amounts of income which was strengthening their influence in the country . This led to a proposal by the Senate to institute federal gambling control . Only through the power and influence of Nevada 's Senator Pat McCarran did the proposal die in committee . Along with their connections in Hollywood and New York City , these interests in Las Vegas were able to use publicity provided by these media capitals to steer the rapid growth of tourism into Las Vegas thereby dooming Galveston , Texas ; Hot Springs , Arkansas ; and other illegal gaming centers around the nation . Nevada 's legal gaming as well as the paradoxical increased scrutiny by local and federal law enforcement in these other locales during the 1950s made their demise inevitable . Atomic testing ( edit ) Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site While the Strip was booming , the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on January 27 , 1951 detonated the first of over a hundred atmospheric explosions at the Nevada Test Site . These atmospheric tests would continue until enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 when the tests moved underground . The last test explosion was in 1992 . Despite the dangers and risks , greatly underestimated at the time , of radiation exposure from the fallout , Las Vegas advertised the explosions as another tourist attraction and offered Atomic Cocktails in Sky Rooms that offered a great view of the mushroom clouds . The influx of government employees for the Atomic Energy Commission and from the Mormon - controlled Bank of Las Vegas spearheaded by E. Parry Thomas during those years funded the growing boom in casinos . But Las Vegas was doing more than growing casinos . In 1948 , McCarran Field was established for commercial air traffic .", "9": "In 1957 the University of Nevada , Las Vegas was first established , initially as a branch of the University of Nevada , Reno and becoming independent in 1969 . In 1959 the Clark County Commission built the Las Vegas Convention Center , which would become a vital part of the area 's economy . A new utility company , Southwest Gas expanded into Las Vegas in 1954 . 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1950s Howard Hughes ( edit ) In 1966 , Howard Hughes , the eccentric hero of the American aviation industry , and noted American entrepreneurial financier with vast connections to long established networks in the country , moved to Las Vegas . Initially staying in the Desert Inn , he refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel . Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate , hotels and media outlets , spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take over many of the well known hotels , especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas . He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city . Hank Greenspun ( edit ) The local newspaper Las Vegas Sun and its editor Hank Greenspun led a crusade in those days to expose all the criminal ties , activities , and government corruption in Las Vegas . His investigative reporting and editorials led to the exposure of Clark County Sheriff Glen Jones ' ownership of a brothel and the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Clifford A. Jones as the state 's national committeeman for the Democratic Party . Before his death in 1989 , Hank Greenspun founded The Greenspun Corporation to manage his family 's assets , and it remains a major influence in Las Vegas , with media holdings in print , television and the Internet ; substantial real estate holdings ; and ownership stakes in a number of casinos . Local government ( edit ) One problem for the City of Las Vegas was that the Strip did not reside in Las Vegas . Because of this , the city lost tax revenue . There was a push to annex the Strip by the City of Las Vegas , but The Syndicate used the Clark County Commissioners to pull a legal maneuver by organizing the Las Vegas Strip properties into an unincorporated township called Paradise .", "10": "Under Nevada Law , an incorporated town , Las Vegas , can not annex an unincorporated township . To this day , virtually all of the Strip remains outside the City of Las Vegas . Desegregation ( edit ) Much like in other American settled counties and towns throughout the United States , entertainment venues were segregated between black - and white - owned businesses . With almost all of the businesses owned and operated by whites , Black Americans were barred from entering the venues which remained focused , regardless of their legitimacy or criminality , on entertaining a white - only clientele . As a result of property deeds , businesses owned by or mainly serving non-whites were confined to clubs on the `` west side '' of the tracks . This also was enforced in many of the work positions . Thus , African Americans ( except those who provided the labor for low - paying menial positions or entertainment ) and Hispanics were limited in employment occupations at the white - owned clubs . However , because of employment deals with black worker groups , many clubs favored black workers , and the Hispanic population actually decreased ninety percent from 2,275 to just 236 by the mid-1950s . Organized crime - owned businesses saw an opportunity in not dividing their clientele by race and , despite property deeds and city and county codes barring such activities , made several attempts at desegregating their businesses in the hopes of putting out of operation the non-white owned clubs and expanding their own market share . An attempt was made at forming an all - integrated night - club modeled on the Harlem Clubs of New York City during the 1920s and 1930s , like those owned by German - Jewish gangster Dutch Schultz . On May 24 , 1955 , Jewish crime boss Will Max Schwartz , along with other investors , opened the Moulin Rouge . It was a very upscale and racially integrated casino that actually competed against the resorts on the Strip , especially the non-white owned strips on the west side . By the end of the year , the casino closed as Schwartz and his partners had a falling out , but the seeds for racial integration were sown . Many sources have credited Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack as a significant driving force behind desegregation in the casinos . One famous story tells of Sinatra 's refusal to perform at the Sands Hotel unless the hotel provided Sammy Davis Jr. with a room .", "11": "The famed performing group made similar demands at other venues , forcing owners to amend their policies over time . However , it took political action for racial desegregation to occur . In 1960 , the NAACP threatened a protest of the city 's casinos for their policies . A meeting between the NAACP , the mayor and local businessmen resulted in citywide casino desegregation , starting with the employees . Many whites were attritioned from positions and their jobs given to the black unions . Along with the rest of the country , Las Vegas experienced the struggle for civil rights . Activists like James B. McMillan , Grant Sawyer , Bob Bailey , and Charles Keller dragged Las Vegas to racial integration . Aside from seeing no business advantage to excluding non-white customers from casinos and clubs , the organized crime groups themselves were composed of people of ethnicities ( Jewish and Italian ) that faced discrimination from WASP America and thus could understand the plight of blacks . This was also a driving force behind the integration advocated by ethnic performers such as Sinatra and Martin . Another big force for equality was Mayor Oran Gragson . Spurred into local politics by a vigilante ring of cops who repeatedly broke into his appliance store , he implemented infrastructure improvements for the minority neighborhoods in Las Vegas , backed the NAACP in its actions , and promoted black workers for jobs . He also championed the cause of the Paiute tribe that owned a small portion of Las Vegas . Gragson stopped the U.S. government from evicting the tribe and actually made infrastructure improvements for them . His work helped reverse the decrease of minority populations in Las Vegas . Local legislation kept up with the national legislation and integration was finally established . The only real violence came as a result of school integration , with violent riots and fights occurring in Clark High School when black gangs and youths began attacking the whites . Integration sparked white flight from the school district from 1965 to 1971 . That school was then later destroyed . 1970 - 1988 : explosive growth ( edit ) On a percentage basis , Las Vegas and Clark County experienced incredibly high growth rates starting in the 1930s and lasting until the late 2000s recession . During that period , the population of the city more than doubled in most decades .", "12": "The rate slowed down in the 1970s with the decrease of the white birth rate , but never dropped below 60 % ( 1980 -- 1990 ) , and even accelerated after 1990 due to immigration . By 2000 , Las Vegas was the largest city founded in the 20th century , and by 2006 it was the 28th largest city in the US , with a population of 552,000 in the city and nearly 1.8 million in Clark County . The explosive growth resulted in rapid development of commercial and residential areas throughout the Las Vegas Valley . The strong boom in the resort business led to many new condominium developments all along the Strip and downtown area . Also urban sprawl development of single - family homes continued across the valley , building the areas of Henderson , North Las Vegas , Centennial Hills , and Summerlin . The rapid development and population growth both halted abruptly in the late 2000s recession . During this period of time , American author and journalist Hunter S. Thompson wrote and published his seminal novel , Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , detailing the experience of his 1971 trip to the city . On November 21 , 1980 the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , suffered a devastating fire . A total of 85 people died and 785 were injured in what remains the worst disaster in Nevada history . The property was eventually sold and reopened as Bally 's Las Vegas , while MGM moved south to Tropicana Avenue . Since 1989 : the megaresort era ( edit ) The Strip resorts in late 2009 The `` Mafia / Rat Pack '' Las Vegas of the mid-20th century came to a gradual end in the 1980s with the aging out of the World War II generation , the decline of organized crime elements , and the rise of baby boomer entrepreneurs who began a new chapter in the city 's history , the so - called megaresort era . Las Vegas began to become a more commercialized , family - oriented place with large corporations coming to own the hotels , casinos , and nightclubs in place of Mafia bosses . The megaresort era kicked off in 1989 with the construction of The Mirage . Built by developer Steve Wynn , it was the first resort built with money from Wall Street , selling $630 million in junk bonds .", "13": "Its 3,044 rooms , each with gold tinted windows , set a new standard for Vegas luxury and attracted tourists in droves , leading to additional financing and rapid growth on the Las Vegas Strip . More landmark hotels and other structures were razed to make way for ever - larger and more opulent resorts including : 1990 : Rio and Excalibur 1993 : MGM Grand , Treasure Island , and Luxor , 1996 : Stratosphere Tower and Monte Carlo 1997 : New York - New York 1998 : Bellagio 1999 : Mandalay Bay , Venetian , and Paris 2000 : Planet Hollywood ( Formerly Aladdin ) 2001 : Palms 2005 : Wynn ( opened in April by Wynn Resorts Limited opened its new flagship , the constructed at a cost of US $2.7 billion . ) The Helldorado Days festival was resumed in 2005 for the City of Las Vegas ' centennial celebration . Since 2007 : downturn and recovery ( edit ) The home mortgage crisis ( 2007 - 2010 ) and the late 2000s recession affected Las Vegas ' economic success . New home construction was stalled , and construction projects were either canceled , postponed , or continued with financial troubles . Some of these projects included the MGM Mirage property of CityCenter , Fontainebleau , Echelon , and The Plaza . The global financial situation also had a negative effect on gaming and tourism revenue , causing many of the companies to report net loss . Nevertheless , new landmark hotels and resorts were still to arise , including : 2007 : Palazzo 2008 : Encore 2009 : CityCenter 2010 : The Cosmopolitan Starting in 2013 , the sector began to turn around with the proposal of the Resorts World projects replacing the Echelon currently under construction . The Alon resort is planned to resume the site formerly the Frontier and originally planned for the Plaza . Fontainbleau is currently being on the process of being sold and resumed . Wynn Resorts is also planning an additional tower with a central lake planned for 2020 and a new stadium opened near the New York New York hotel on 2016 .", "14": "Las Vegas has still managed to host many conventions and major events , such as the annual Latin Grammy Awards , & the Consumer Electronics Show . Many analysts agree that the Las Vegas economy is recovering , with improving conditions in tourism and the housing market for 2013 . Prices are rising and there has been a large increase in the million dollar home market , with many new custom homes being built . January 2013 marks the 19th consecutive month with home sales higher than the same month in the previous year . In addition , Las Vegas was named America 's Top Turn Around Market for 2012 by Trulia . In June 2017 , a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft were grounded , with American Airlines reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff and Las Vegas tying its record high at 117 degrees Fahrenheit . During the late evening of October 1 , 2017 , Las Vegas became the scene of the deadliest mass shooting committed by a single gunman in the history of the United States . A gunman opened fire on Route 91 Harvest festival - goers from the Mandalay Bay resort , killing 58 and injuring 851 . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Las Vegas Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moehring , Eugene P. ; & Green , Michael S. ( 2005 ) . Las Vegas : A Centennial History . University of Nevada Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 615 - 8 Jump up ^ History of Las Vegas Jump up ^ Robert D. McCracken . Las Vegas : the great American playground . University of Nevada Press . 1997 . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 301 - 9 Jump up ^ Lake , Richard ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Road Warrior Q&A : Foliage removed for widening '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.lvol.com/lvoleg/hist/lvhist.html Jump up ^ Land , Barbara ; Land , Myrick ( 2004 ) . A Short History of Las Vegas . University of Nevada Press . p. 4 .", "15": "ISBN 0 - 87417 - 564 - X . Jump up ^ http://lasvegas.sdsu.edu/ Jump up ^ `` Clark County , NV -- FAQs / History '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ H2O University -- 6 through 12 Jump up ^ Chung , Su Kim ( 2005 ) . Las Vegas Then and Now . San Diego , California : Thunder Bay Press . p. 36 . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 734 - 7 . Jump up ^ Las Vegas Made Safe , TIME Magazine , June 1 , 1931 Jump up ^ `` Fremont Street History '' . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , Ed ( 2005 - 01 - 08 ) . `` A history of change '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : An Unconventional History '' . American Experience . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Collins , Marion ( 2002 ) . Without a Trace : Inside the Robert Durst Case . MacMillian . p. 294 . Jump up ^ https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/from-siegel-to-spilotro-mafia-influenced-gambling-regulation-in-las-vegas/ Jump up ^ Utley Robert Marshall ( 2007 ) . Lone Star Lawmen . Oxford . pp. 217 -- 218 . ISBN 9780198035169 . Waldron , Lamar ; Hartmann , Thom ( 2006 ) . Ultimate Sacrifice : John and Robert Kennedy , the Plan for a Coup in Cuba . Basic Books . p. 294 . ISBN 9780786718320 . John Dombrink ; William Norman Thompson ( 1990 ) . The last resort : success and failure in campaigns for casinos . University of Nevada Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Sammy Davis jr , `` Hollywood in a suitcase '' , William Morrow and company , 1980 Jump up ^ `` Sammy Davis Jr '' . Nevada Humanities .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` The Best Bet : Frank Sinatra in Las Vegas '' . Frank Sinatra Enterprises . Jump up ^ City of Las Vegas History Archived 2005 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Vegas Building Boom Goes Bust , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Downturn douses Nevada 's population - growth streak , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ http://www.nevadabusiness.com/2013/03/housing-market-honing-in-on-homes/ Jump up ^ http://www.vegasinc.com/news/2012/mar/19/moodys-analysts-las-vegas-recovery-under-way/ Jump up ^ http://www.8newsnow.com/story/21236124/high-end-home-building-underway-in-las-vegas Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/01/03/2012s-top-turnaround-housing-markets-las-vegas-and-seattle/ Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/20/us/weather-west-heat-wave/ Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/10/02/police-shut-down-part-of-las-vegas-strip-due-to-shooting/ Jump up ^ Torres - Cortez , Ricardo ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Sheriff : Person of interest part of Strip shooting probe ; Paddock had child porn '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Sources ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Las Vegas § Bibliography Las Vegas website Ainlay , Thomas , Jr. , & Gabaldon , Judy Dixon . Las Vegas : The Fabulous First Century , Arcadia Publishing , 2003 . Denton , Sally & Morris , Howard . The Money and the Power : The Making of Las Vegas and Its Hold on America -- 1947 -- 2000 . Knopf , Borzoi Books , 2001 . Land , Barbara & Land , Myrick . A Short History of Las Vegas .", "17": "University of Nevada Press , Reno , 1999 Paher , Stanley W. Las Vegas : As It Began -- As It Grew , Nevada Publications , Las Vegas , NV , 1971 . Orleck , Annelise . `` Storming Caesar 's Palace '' , 1971 demonstration and community organizing by Las Vegas welfare mothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Las_Vegas&oldid=835893542 '' Categories : History of Nevada History of Las Vegas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 12 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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520061723518195831	what are the lives used for in trivia crack	[ "serve as a mechanism to throttle how often new games can be started, and also provide an in-app revenue opportunity for the developer", "as a mechanism to throttle how often new games can be started, and also provide an in-app revenue opportunity for the developer" ]	{ "0": "Trivia Crack - wikipedia Trivia Crack Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Trivia Crack Trivia Crack logo Developer ( s ) Etermax Publisher ( s ) Etermax Director ( s ) Maximo Cavazzani ( CEO and Founder of Etermax ) Platform ( s ) iOS Android Windows Phone Facebook Release iOS October 26 , 2013 Android October 26 , 2013 Amazon App Store May 17 , 2014 Windows Phone September 18 , 2014 Genre ( s ) Trivia Mode ( s ) Multiplayer Trivia Crack ( original Spanish name : Preguntados ) is a mobile app that allows users to compete against friends and people around the world . Modeled after popular games such as Trivial Pursuit , it became the most downloaded game in December 2014 from the Apple App Store . The surge in popularity has been attributed to the addition of The Question Factory which allowed users to submit their own questions . The game initially launched on October 26 , 2013 , specifically to Latin America and was later translated into English . The game is developed by the company Etermax , whose offices are located in Buenos Aires , Argentina . It is available as an app on iOS , Android , Windows Phone , Facebook , and the Amazon App Store , and is available in more than 15 languages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Free spins 3 Power - ups and coins 4 Lives 5 Freebies 6 Trivia Rush 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The game 's questions are based on 6 knowledge categories : Entertainment , Art , Sports , History , Science and Geography .", "1": "The game has 6 cartoonish iconic characters , one to represent each category ( for example , a globe to represent the Geography category ) , which have been recently named ( Tito for Geography , Al for Science , Hector for History , Bonzo for Sports , Tina for Art , and Pop for Entertainment ) . The objective of a Classic - mode game is to answer questions correctly and in doing so , obtain all 6 characters before one 's opponent does . In the Classic and Challenge ( not to be confused with the Challenge during a classic game ) modes , the time limit to answer the given question is 20 seconds , while it is 10 seconds in Trivia Rush . A player may start a new game by pressing the New Game button on the app , as long as they have a `` life '' in the game . They can choose to play against one of their Facebook friends , a friend they have , or they can play against a random opponent . The player starts with 6 empty slots , one to store each of the characters , and an empty 3 - slot `` crown gauge . '' The player tries to populate the crown gauge by spinning a wheel and correctly answering the presented question . The player will repeat this as long as they answer questions correctly or obtains all 6 characters and wins the game . If the player answers a question incorrectly , their turn is over and control of the game is passed to their opponent . The first player can not get more than 3 characters in the first round , so if the third character is obtained in the first player 's first turn the turn ends . The second player can get all 6 characters in the first round . It is also possible to play against any other user of Trivia Crack , even if you or they are not on Facebook , by using the search function and entering a user name . The player will be given a list of user names that are a full or partial match that updates as they type . The wheel consists of 7 slots : 6 category slots ( one for each knowledge category ) , and a 7th special `` crown '' slot . The player spins the wheel and is then presented with a 4 - choice question that is based on the category the wheel lands on . Each time the player answers a question correctly , one slot in the crown gauge is filled .", "2": "The player has a chance to obtain a character anytime the 3 - slot crown gauge is filled by either landing on categories and answering questions correctly 3 times , or by landing on the `` crown '' slot , which automatically fills the crown gauge and immediately grants the opportunity to obtain a character . Each time the player gains the opportunity to obtain a character , they are asked which way they wish to try for it : the `` crown '' method or the `` challenge '' method . If the player chooses the crown method , they are asked to choose which category - based character to try for from a list of characters they have not yet obtained . The player will be presented with a question from the category associated with the character . If the question is answered correctly , the player wins that character and either continues trying for the remaining unattained characters , or wins the game after obtaining all 6 characters . The player can also choose the `` challenge '' method , which gives them an opportunity to steal a character from his opponent , but in doing so must bet one of their own characters . Challenge mode can only be done if both players have at least one character . In challenge mode , the player is given a series of 6 questions in a row to answer ( correctly or incorrectly ) , then their opponent is given the same questions . If the challenger answers more questions correctly , they are able to steal a character from their opponent . If the challenger loses the challenge , they also lose the character they bet . If there is a tie , the defending player receives an extra question , in which the winner of the challenge is dependent on whether the defender answers the question correctly . A game is over after either one of the players obtains all 6 characters , making them the winner , or a total of 25 rounds have been played . A round is completed each time both players play their turns until they answer a question incorrectly . If 25 rounds are played and neither player has obtained all 6 characters , the player with the most characters will be the winner . If both players have the same number of characters , a 6 - question challenge will be presented to each player , and the winner will be the one that answers the most questions . If both players tie the challenge , the player that initially started the game will be the winner . It is possible for a given player to have multiple games in progress at a time .", "3": "The app 's main screen will show the player which games are currently waiting for them to play their turn , which games are waiting for the other player to play their turn , finished games that the player won or lost , games awaiting a Facebook friend 's approval , or games a Facebook friend started that are awaiting the player 's approval . Each game will list the score , that is , how many characters the player has and how many their opponent has . When starting a game against a Facebook friend , the starting player will play their turns until they answer a question incorrectly , and the game will then be in a pending - approval status . Their Facebook - friend opponent can choose to accept or reject the game , and if they accept , game play continues normally until one of players obtains 6 characters or 25 rounds are completed . If a player chooses to start a game against a random opponent , the player will play their turn until they answer incorrectly , then will be randomly matched up with an opponent who has recently played his / her turns . If the starting player gets three characters without missing a question , the game will inform the player that they can not get more than three characters before the opponent has a chance to play . When a game 's turn is passed to a player ( from the opponent answering incorrectly ) , the game will wait up to 72 hours for that player to play their turn . If 72 hours pass and the player has not played his / her turns , the game will force the player to forfeit . A challenge mode is also available . The player names the challenge and then invites friends to play . This will cost the player who started the game a life and all friends who accept the challenges one too . Each player is given the same 12 questions , 2 from each category . The winner is the player who gets the most questions right in the quickest time . The winner gets a set number of coins based on how many players have accepted the challenge . Free spins ( edit ) A newly created player starts with 3 `` free spins . '' If a player spins the wheel and lands on a category they consider difficult , the player may use one of their free spins to spin the wheel again in the hopes of landing on a different category . If a player runs out of free spins , they can request more from their Facebook friends . Free spins are no longer purchaseable .", "4": "Power - ups and coins ( edit ) The game makes three power - ups available ; three in the standard game and two in `` challenge mode , '' which players can use to help answer a question . Using a power - up costs coins , and each power - up costs a different amount . Coins can be obtained by either the player purchasing them , winning them in challenges / standard games , obtaining them by reaching certain game milestones , or by using a prize card from a gem machine . ( 1 . ) Bomb : Using this power - up `` blows away '' ( discards ) two randomly selected wrong answers , narrowing the player 's choices down to the correct answer and a remaining wrong answer . This power - up uses 480 coins . ( 2 . ) Double Chance : If this power - up is used before guessing an answer , the player gets a second chance to pick the correct answer should they answer incorrectly the first time . This power - up uses 240 coins . ( 3 . ) Skip : This allows the player to skip over a question to a new one in the same category . This power up uses 400 coins . In all cases , only one power - up can be used . Once a power - up is used , all power - ups are disabled until the player answers . If the player answers correctly , power - ups will be available for use for the next question . If the player answers incorrectly , power - ups will also be available in the next question , however whether or not the question is answered correctly , the cost and choice to use the power - up is final . Lives ( edit ) `` Lives '' serve as a mechanism to throttle how often new games can be started , and also provide an in - app revenue opportunity for the developer . Each time a player starts a game by pressing the New Game button , or accepts a Facebook friend 's request to play against them , they are charged a Life . A player can have as many lives as they wish , and as they spend lives , the game will automatically replenish one life every hour , provided they are below 5 lives , until the player returns to a full charge of 5 lives .", "5": "A heart icon on the app 's main screen shows how many lives the player currently has , and if they have less than 5 , a timer will also display that ticks down in real time to show how long until the next replenishment . If the player runs out of lives , they must wait for replenishment before they can start any new games or approve a new game started against them by a Facebook friend . A player who does not want to wait can either request lives from their Facebook friends , or can buy lives through an in - app purchase . When the app is updated , players are offered the opportunity to buy unlimited lives . Running out of lives does not affect games that are already in progress , and these games can continue to be played in the meantime when it becomes the player 's turn . A newly updated Trivia Crack allows players to replenish one life by watching a video . Watching ads are one of the ways this free mobile app makes money . Freebies ( edit ) A game update introduced freebies , where the player can collect free coins , lives , and gems . Initially , the player starts with 2 cards , which allows the player to collect 1 life and a coin . The game will then undergo a tutorial ( unless skipped by the user ) to claim another card for free . Answering 50 questions correctly ( they do not have to be consecutive ) awards the player with a gem , which they can spend to buy new cards . Cards are available in four rarities , Common , Aqua , Gold , and Black , and is representative of how great the card is . Three machines are available , using 1 Gem , 3 Gems , and 5 Gems per card . Machines do not have an unlimited number of cards ; a number above the ' Push ' button tells the user how many cards are remaining in the machine , and tapping the question mark beside the machine name will inform the user of how many of each rarity of card remains in the machine . Seasonal machines occasionally appear next to the three machines , and can be purchased at 1 or 2 Gems for the first card per day , then 5 Gems .", "6": "In the mobile versions , a VIP machine is available , and only contains cards that the player has not yet acquired from seasonal machines , but the number of gems needed to obtain one of these cards does not stay the same , and increases in number as fewer cards remain in it . Duplicate cards can also be traded in with five duplicates giving a player per one gem in return for the exchange , with three trade - ins allowed every four hours . Once the player has collected the 5 obtainable cards in a set , the sixth card , a ' Prize Card ' , is unlocked , and is usually better than all of the other cards in the set . If the player has enough Gems , they can also opt to ' Push x9 ' , to get nine cards from that machine . During major holiday and sporting events , Trivia Crack offers special machines with special cards . These cards will give the players who have received all the other cards new chances for free prizes . Such holiday and sporting machines are New Years , Valentine 's Day , St. Patrick 's Day , Easter , Halloween and Christmas machines . Usually , Trivia Crack offers these machines to coincide with special Latin American themed or other world holidays such as Día de muertos and Chinese New Year . The Sporting machines involve both Winter and Summer Olympics and Soccer Tournaments . Trivia Rush ( edit ) A new game update introduced Trivia Rush , in which two players compete head - to - head in 5 questions for coins . A player chooses from 4 entry fees to compete with another player , then a computer - controlled wheel will choose a category for a question . The two players then compete to answer the questions - the winner is determined by the most questions correct out of 5 , and wins slightly less than double the entry fee . In case of a tie , half of the winning prize is refunded , making Trivia Rush unprofitable or very slightly profitable in the long run . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Trivia Crack ' the top download '' . Edmonton Sun . 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How A Trivia App Broke The Record For The Longest Streak At The Top Of The App Store '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Heim , Anna .", "7": "`` How Latin American mobile game Trivia Crack conquered the US market '' . The Next Web . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TriviaCrack.com website '' . Etermax . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Alyssa ( 31 December 2014 ) . `` Trivia Crack : Inside the Free Game Topping App Store Charts '' . ABC News . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rules '' . Etermax . External links ( edit ) Database with all answers to questions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trivia_Crack&oldid=835151393 '' Categories : 2014 establishments in the United States Android ( operating system ) games Browser games Facebook games Internet properties established in 2014 IOS games Quiz video games Video games developed in Argentina Windows Phone games Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from June 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Русский Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 21 : 37 . 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-5107559781320376096	who is the highest paid baseball player in the major leagues	[ "Clayton Kershaw", "Clayton Kershaw", "Alex Rodriguez" ]	{ "0": "List of highest paid Major League baseball players - Wikipedia List of highest paid Major League baseball players Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Alex Rodriguez earned the highest salary in MLB in 2013 at $29,000,000 . He also has the highest career earnings in MLB history . The highest paid player in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from the 2013 season is New York Yankees ' third baseman Alex Rodriguez with an annual salary of $29,000,000 , $4 million higher than the second - highest paid player , Cliff Lee . MLB does not have a hard salary cap , instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season . Free agency did not exist in MLB prior to the end of the reserve clause in the 1970s , allowing owners before that time to wholly dictate the terms of player negotiations and resulting in significantly lower salaries . Babe Ruth , widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players ever , earned an estimated $910,696 ( $14,341,967 inflation - adjusted from 1931 dollars ) over his entire playing career . When asked whether he thought he deserved to earn $80,000 a year ( $1,146,932 inflation - adjusted ) , while the president , Herbert Hoover , had a $75,000 salary , Ruth famously remarked , `` What the hell has Hoover got to do with it ? Besides , I had a better year than he did . '' Rodriguez has signed two record - breaking contracts over the course of his career . First , he signed a $252 million , 10 - year contract with the Texas Rangers in December 2000 ( $350,462,609 inflation - adjusted from 2000 dollars ) . Sandy Alderson called the deal `` stupefying '' , while Sports Illustrated noted that Rodriguez 's early salaries under the contract ( $21 million ) would be greater than the annual payroll of the entire Minnesota Twins team that year ( $15.8 million ) .", "1": "The deal was the largest sports contract in history , doubling the total value of Kevin Garnett 's $126 million National Basketball Association contract ( the previous record holder ) and more than doubling Mike Hampton 's $121 million contract , the previous MLB record which had been signed just days before . The Rangers later traded Rodriguez to the Yankees in exchange for Alfonso Soriano before the 2004 season , though they agreed to pay $67 million of the $179 million outstanding on the contract . Despite this , he opted out of the remainder of his deal after the 2007 season and renegotiated a new $275 million , 10 - year agreement with the Yankees , breaking his own record for the largest sports contract . Under this deal , Rodriguez also receives $6 million each if and when he ties the career home run totals of Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Babe Ruth ( 714 ) , Hank Aaron ( 755 ) , and Barry Bonds ( 762 ) , along with another $6 million for breaking Bonds ' mark . First base was the highest paid position in 2010 ; regular starters at that position earned an average salary of $9,504,165 in compared to an overall average of $3,014,572 . Pitcher Nolan Ryan was the first player to earn an annual salary above $1 million , signing a $4.5 million , 4 - year contract with the Houston Astros in 1979 . Kirby Puckett and Rickey Henderson signed the first contracts which paid an average of $3 million a year in November 1989 , while 2010 was the first season where the MLB average salary rose above that same mark . Five of the twenty highest paid players in 2013 were members of the Yankees . Their team payroll for 2013 was $228,835,490 , roughly $12 million above the second - largest Los Angeles Dodgers . The Yankees have drawn criticism for their payroll , with some claiming it undermines the parity of MLB .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Highest annual salaries in 2015 3 Career earnings 4 Salary progression 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References Key ( edit ) Key Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 1B First baseman 2B Second baseman 3B Third baseman SS Shortstop LF Left fielder CF Center fielder RF Right fielder Catcher SP Starting pitcher RP Relief pitcher DH Designated hitter Highest annual salaries in 2015 ( edit ) This table refers to the salary for 2015 alone , not the overall average value of the contract . Name Position Team ( s ) Salary Ref Clayton Kershaw SP Los Angeles Dodgers $32,571,428 Justin Verlander SP Houston Astros $28,000,000 Ryan Howard 1B Philadelphia Phillies $25,000,000 Cliff Lee SP Philadelphia Phillies $25,000,000 Zack Greinke SP Los Angeles Dodgers $25,000,000 Felix Hernandez SP Seattle Mariners $24,907,142 Albert Pujols 1B Los Angeles Angels $24,050,000 Prince Fielder DH Texas Rangers $24,050,000 Robinson Cano 2B Seattle Mariners $24,000,000 Mark Teixeira 1B New York Yankees $23,125,000 Career earnings ( edit ) Though retired since 2007 , Barry Bonds ' career earnings of over $188 million still ranks fourth highest overall in MLB history . Earnings up to date as of the end of the 2013 season .", "3": "Name Team ( s ) Position Years Earnings Ref Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers New York Yankees SS , 3B 1994 -- 2016 $353,416,252 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees SS 1995 -- 2014 $253,159,364 Ramirez , Manny Manny Ramirez Cleveland Indians Boston Red Sox Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago White Sox Tampa Bay Rays LF 1993 -- 2011 $206,827,769 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds Pittsburgh Pirates San Francisco Giants LF 1986 -- 2007 $188,245,322 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Montreal Expos Seattle Mariners Houston Astros Arizona Diamondbacks New York Yankees San Francisco Giants SP 1988 -- 2009 $175,550,019 Rivera , Mariano Mariano Rivera New York Yankees RP 1995 -- 2013 $169,441,825 Jones , Chipper Chipper Jones Atlanta Braves 3B 1993 -- 2012 $168,552,133 Sheffield , Gary Gary Sheffield Milwaukee Brewers San Diego Padres Florida Marlins Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves New York Yankees Detroit Tigers New York Mets RF 1988 -- 2009 $168,008,550 Helton , Todd Todd Helton Colorado Rockies 1B 1998 -- 2013 $161,490,000 Beltrán , Carlos Carlos Beltrán Kansas City Royals Houston Astros New York Mets San Francisco Giants St. Louis Cardinals New York Yankees Houston Astros CF , RF 1998 -- $160,952,782 Santana , Johan Johan Santana Minnesota Twins New York Mets SP 2000 -- 2012 $155,997,269 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Chicago Cubs Atlanta Braves Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres SP 1986 -- 2008 $153,845,000 Suzuki , Ichiro Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners New York Yankees RF 2001 -- $152,631,483 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr .", "4": "Seattle Mariners Cincinnati Reds Chicago White Sox CF 1988 -- 2010 $151,703,682 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox Toronto Blue Jays New York Yankees Houston Astros SP 1984 -- 2007 $150,601,000 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay Toronto Blue Jays Philadelphia Phillies SP 1998 -- 2013 $148,991,666 Hunter , Torii Torii Hunter Minnesota Twins Los Angeles Angels Detroit Tigers CF 1997 -- 2015 $146,555,000 Sabathia , CC CC Sabathia Cleveland Indians Milwaukee Brewers New York Yankees SP 2001 -- $146,357,142 Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays Florida Marlins New York Mets 1B 1993 -- 2009 $146,299,000 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Los Angeles Dodgers Montreal Expos Boston Red Sox New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies SP 1992 -- 2009 $146,259,585 Salary Progression ( edit ) Nolan Ryan ( pictured ) became the first player to earn an average salary above $1 million in 1979 . Precisely 17 years later Albert Belle became the first player to average above $10 million a year . This list documents the progression of the highest average annual value contracts / contract extensions . Average annual salary Date signed Name Team Position Contract duration ( Years ) Ref ( s ) $ 01170000 ! 1,170,000 01 ! November 19 , 1979 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan Houston Astros SP 03 ! 3 $ 02500000 ! 2,500,000 02 ! December 15 , 1980 Winfield , Dave Dave Winfield New York Yankees RF 10 $ 02600000 ! 2,600,000 03 ! September 4 , 1985 Murray , Eddie Eddie Murray Baltimore Orioles 1B 05 ! 5 $ 02633333 ! 2,633,333 03.1 !", "5": "February 16 , 1989 Hershiser , Orel Orel Hershiser Los Angeles Dodgers SP 03 ! 3 $ 02970000 ! 2,970,000 04 ! November 17 , 1989 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals SP 03 ! 3 $ 03000000 ! 3,000,000 05 ! November 22 , 1989 Puckett , Kirby Kirby Puckett Minnesota Twins CF 03 ! 3 $ 03200000 ! 3,200,000 06 ! December 1 , 1989 Langston , Mark Mark Langston California Angels SP 05 ! 5 $ 03250000 ! 3,250,000 07 ! December 11 , 1989 Davis , Mark Mark Davis Kansas City Royals SP 04 ! 4 $ 03500000 ! 3,500,000 08 ! January 17 , 1990 Stewart , Dave Dave Stewart Oakland Athletics SP 02 ! 2 $ 03750000 ! 3,750,000 09 ! January 22 , 1990 Clark , Will Will Clark San Francisco Giants 1B 04 ! 4 $ 03860000 ! 3,860,000 10 ! April 9 , 1990 Mattingly , Don Don Mattingly New York Yankees 1B 05 ! 5 $ 04700000 ! 4,700,000 11 ! June 28 , 1990 Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics RF / DH 05 ! 5 $ 05380000 ! 5,380,000 12 ! February 2 , 1991 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox SP 04 ! 4 $ 05800000 ! 5,800,000 13 ! December 2 , 1991 Bonilla , Bobby Bobby Bonilla New York Mets 3B / RF 05 ! 5 $ 07100000 !", "6": "7,100,000 14 ! March 2 , 1992 Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs 2B 04 ! 4 $ 07290000 ! 7,290,000 15 ! December 6 , 1992 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 06 ! 6 $ 08500000 ! 8,500,000 16 ! January 31 , 1996 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners CF 04 ! 4 $ 11000000 ! 11,000,000 17 ! November 19 , 1996 Belle , Albert Albert Belle Chicago White Sox LF 05 ! 5 $ 11450000 ! 11,450,000 18 ! March 20 , 1997 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 02 ! 2 $ 11500000 ! 11,500,000 19 ! August 10 , 1997 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Atlanta Braves SP 05 ! 5 $ 12500000 ! 12,500,000 20 ! December 10 , 1997 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Boston Red Sox SP 06 ! 6 $ 13000000 ! 13,000,000 21 ! October 26 , 1998 Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza New York Mets 07 ! 7 $ 13333333 ! 13,333,333 22 ! November 25 , 1998 Vaughn , Mo Mo Vaughn Anaheim Angels 1B 06 ! 6 $ 15000000 ! 15,000,000 23 ! December 12 , 1998 Brown , Kevin Kevin Brown Los Angeles Dodgers SP 07 ! 7 $ 15450000 ! 15,450,000 24 ! August 11 , 2000 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens New York Yankees SP 02 ! 2 $ 17000000 !", "7": "17,000,000 25 ! October 20 , 2000 Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays 1B 04 ! 4 $ 25200000 ! 25,200,000 26 ! December 10 , 2000 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers SS 10 $ 27500000 ! 27,500,000 27 ! December 13 , 2007 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez New York Yankees 3B 10 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Business and economics portal Highest - paid NBA players by season List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries Footnotes ( edit ) `` Earnings '' as discussed here refers to salaries paid to players under MLB contracts and does not include advertising or other sources of income . All values are listed in nominal dollars . `` Average annual value '' is calculated as the total value of a contract ( less bonuses ) divided by the number of years . A $20 million / 2 year contract would have an average annual value of $10 million , even if the player actually received $9 million one season and $11 million in the other . This also does not include contracts for less than a season prorated in value for a full season such as Roger Clemens ' 2006 and 2007 contracts . All values are listed in nominal dollars . Dave Winfield initially negotiated a 10 - year deal in 1980 worth a projected $25 million ( $2.5 million per year ) . However , Yankees ' owner George Steinbrenner reportedly had not fully understood a cost of living adjustment provision in it and the 10 - year contract was renegotiated a few months later . The final precise value is unclear , although it fell between $20 and $25 million in total value ( $2 -- $2.5 million a year ) . Hershiser and Frank Viola both won the 1988 Cy Young Award and Viola signed an identically - sized $7.9 million , 3 - year contract two months after Hershiser .", "8": "Rickey Henderson signed a $12 million , 4 - year contract with the Oakland Athletics on November 28 , 1989 , 6 days after Puckett signed his $9 million , 3 - year contract . Roger Clemens signed a contract extension during the 2000 season covering 2001 and 2002 along with a player option for 2003 . Clemens was paid $10.3 million each year for 2001 and 2002 , with the same $10.3 million available if he elected to play in 2003 under his option . However , Clemens also received $10.3 million if he rejected the option . As a result , he could effectively collect the full $30.9 million of contract value for only two years of play ( $15.45 million annually ) . However , the Yankees valued this deal as a $10.3 million annually , three - year deal . He became a free agent after the 2002 season and ultimately re-signed with the Yankees for a new , one - year contract in which they bought out the previous option . References ( edit ) Bibliography `` USA Today Salaries Database -- Top 25 '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . `` Highest Career and Single - Season Salaries '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Footnotes Jump up ^ `` MLB players , owners announce five - year labor deal '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Fehr does not foresee a salary cap '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Wilborn ( 2009 ) . Babe Ruth : A twentieth - century life . New York : Viking . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 06305 - 5 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Stewart , Wayne ( 2006 ) . Babe Ruth : A biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33596 - 6 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` $252,000,000 : A-Rod , Rangers agree to richest deal in sports history '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Selig gives blessing to mega-merger '' . ESPN.com . February 17 , 2004 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rodriguez finalizes $275 M deal with Yankees '' . ESPN.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB 's average salary eclipses $3 M for first time '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Belth , Alex ( December 2 , 2005 ) . `` From Catfish to A-Rod : Landmark moments from baseball 's free - agent era '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 MLB Salaries by team '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Parity ? Yankees , Red Sox loom large for smaller market teams '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Edginess Over the Yankees ' Payroll '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Kershaw '' . Spotrac.com .", "10": "Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Howard '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Lee '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Zack Greinke '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Hernandez '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Fielder '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Cano '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Teixeira '' . Spotrac.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manny Ramirez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Rivera Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Sheffield Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com .", "11": "Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Helton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Beltran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Santana Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greg Maddux Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Griffey , Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Halladay Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torii Hunter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CC Sabathia Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlos Delgado Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pedro Martinez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Baseball - Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 11 , 2000 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 -- via CNNSI.com . Jump up ^ `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dave Winfield Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com .", "12": "Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 16 , 1980 ) . `` Yanks Sign Winfield for up to $25 million ; $1.5 million for first year Winfield becomes Yankee '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 6 , 1985 ) . `` Eddie Murray 's new contract surpasses all others '' . Anchorage Daily News . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Orel Hershiser Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` Another record for Hershiser : $7.9 million Dodger contract '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Saberhagen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saberhagen highest paid in baseball '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . November 18 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby Puckett Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 23 , 1989 ) . `` Puckett hits the Jackpot : First $3 million man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Langston Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 2 , 1989 ) . `` Angels and Langston agree on $16 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com .", "13": "Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( December 12 , 1989 ) . `` Mark Davis signs with Royals for $13 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart agrees to contract '' . Harlan Daily Enterprise . Associated Press . January 18 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark package zooms to $15 million '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 23 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Mattingly Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 11 , 1990 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; Mattingly : Yankees ' last tradition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Canseco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koppett , Leonard ( June 28 , 1990 ) . `` Canseco gets his pitch : $23.5 million from A 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 9 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; Clemens signs for more than $5 million a year '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Bonilla Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 3 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; How Bonilla got Mets to empty their pockets '' . The New York Times .", "14": "Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ryne Sandberg Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( March 3 , 1992 ) . `` Sandberg becomes highest - paid player , for now '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 6 , 1992 ) . `` Baseball ; Giants make investment : $43 million in Bonds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 1 , 1996 ) . `` Baseball ; Griffey becomes the first $8 million dollar man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Belle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( November 20 , 1996 ) . `` Belle signs the richest deal : 5 years , $55 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Extension gives Bonds top salary '' . The New York Times . February 21 , 1997 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jerry ( August 11 , 1997 ) . `` Maddux 's deal heads salary list '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 11 , 1997 ) . `` Baseball ; Martinez 's $75 million for 6 years raises bar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Piazza Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( October 25 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball ; The Mets agree to make Piazza baseball 's richest player ; Leiter says he is close to a $32 million deal '' . The New York Times .", "15": "Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mo Vaughn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 27 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : On baseball ; Boston , with Vaughn gone , now ca n't win for signing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Brown Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( December 13 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : Brown becomes the richest in baseball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Olney , Buster ( August 12 , 2000 ) . `` Clemens ' New Deal is most unusual '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 21 , 2000 ) . `` Plus : Baseball ; Delgado becomes top - paid player '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket relaunch : Clemens rejoins Astros '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Clemens 2006 Pitching Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens to make about $4.5 million per month '' . ESPN.com . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` If inclined , Yankees would need Rocket 's OK on trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` Dave Winfield finds baseball and business the perfect mix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Winfield finishes business with Yankees and Padres '' . The New York Times . February 3 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Richman , Milton ( February 15 , 1981 ) . `` Today 's Sport Parade '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ `` Viola gets big pact , loss '' . Spokane Chronicle . Associated Press . April 20 , 1989 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rickey Henderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paying it forward : The Mets ' cash troubles are epitomized by the story of Bobby Bonilla '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens staying put in pinstripes : Yankees ' ace re-signs in pursuit of win No. 300 '' . Edmonton Journal . December 31 , 2002 . 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3644312111851521034	how tall was the tsunami that hit japan	[ "up to 40.5 metres (133 ft)", "40.5 metres (133 ft)", "reached heights of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft)", "40.5 metres (133 ft)" ]	{ "0": "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami - Wikipedia 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Jump to : navigation , search `` 2011 Miyagi earthquake '' redirects here . For the aftershock that occurred on 7 April , see April 2011 Miyagi earthquake . 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami An aerial view of the Sendai region with black smoke coming from the Nippon Oil refinery Tokyo Sendai UTC time USGS - ANSS Date 11 March 2011 ; 7 years ago ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) Origin time 14 : 46 : 24 JST ( UTC + 09 : 00 ) Local date Local time Duration 6 minutes Magnitude 9.0 -- 9.1 ( M ) Depth 29 km ( 18 mi ) Epicenter 38 ° 19 ′ 19 '' N 142 ° 22 ′ 08 '' E / 38.322 ° N 142.369 ° E / 38.322 ; 142.369 Coordinates : 38 ° 19 ′ 19 '' N 142 ° 22 ′ 08 '' E / 38.322 ° N 142.369 ° E / 38.322 ; 142.369 Type Megathrust Areas affected Japan ( shaking , tsunami ) Pacific Rim ( tsunami ) Total damage $360 billion USD Max . intensity IX ( Violent ) Peak acceleration 2.99 g Peak velocity 117.41 cm / s Tsunami Up to 40.5 m ( 133 ft ) in Miyako , Iwate , Tōhoku Landslides Yes Foreshocks List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake Aftershocks 11,450 ( as of 3 March 2015 ) Casualties 15,895 deaths , 6,156 injured , 2,539 people missing Citations * Deprecated See documentation .", "1": "The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku ( 東北地方太平洋沖地震 , Tōhoku - chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin ) was a magnitude 9.0 -- 9.1 ( M ) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14 : 46 JST ( 05 : 46 UTC ) on Friday 11 March 2011 , with the epicentre approximately 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 29 km ( 18 mi ) . The earthquake is often referred to in Japan as the Great East Japan Earthquake ( 東日本大震災 , Higashi nihon daishinsai ) and is also known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake , and the 3.11 earthquake . It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan , and the fourth most powerful earthquake in the world since modern record - keeping began in 1900 . The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that reached heights of up to 40.5 metres ( 133 ft ) in Miyako in Tōhoku 's Iwate Prefecture , and which , in the Sendai area , traveled up to 10 km ( 6 mi ) inland . The earthquake moved Honshu ( the main island of Japan ) 2.4 m ( 8 ft ) east , shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm ( 4 in ) and 25 cm ( 10 in ) , increased earth 's rotational speed by 1.8 μs per day , and generated infrasound waves detected in perturbations of the low - orbiting GOCE satellite . Initially , the earthquake caused sinking of part of Honshu 's Pacific coast by up to roughly a metre , but after about three years , the coast rose back and kept on rising to exceed the original height of the coast .", "2": "The latest report from the Japanese National Police Agency report confirms 15,895 deaths , 6,156 injured , and 2,539 people missing across twenty prefectures , and a report from 2015 indicated 228,863 people were still living away from their home in either temporary housing or due to permanent relocation . A March 2018 agency report listed 121,776 buildings totally collapsed , with a further 280,923 buildings `` half collapsed '' , and another 726,574 buildings partially damaged . The earthquake and tsunami also caused extensive and severe structural damage in north - eastern Japan , including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas , and a dam collapse . Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said , `` In the 65 years after the end of World War II , this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan . '' Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water . The tsunami caused nuclear accidents , primarily the level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex , and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents . Many electrical generators were taken down , and at least three nuclear reactors suffered explosions due to hydrogen gas that had built up within their outer containment buildings after cooling system failure resulting from the loss of electrical power . Residents within a 20 km ( 12 mi ) radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) radius of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated . Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US $14.5 to $34.6 billion . The Bank of Japan offered ¥ 15 trillion ( US $183 billion ) to the banking system on 14 March in an effort to normalize market conditions . The World Bank 's estimated economic cost was US $235 billion , making it the costliest natural disaster in history .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Earthquake 1.1 Geology 1.2 Energy 1.3 Geophysical effects 1.4 Aftershocks 1.5 Earthquake Warning System 2 Tsunami 2.1 Japan 2.2 Elsewhere across the Pacific 3 Land subsidence 4 Casualties 4.1 Japan 4.2 Overseas 5 Damage and effects 5.1 Ports 5.2 Dams and water problems 5.3 Electricity 5.4 Oil , gas and coal 5.5 Nuclear power plants 5.5. 1 Fukushima meltdowns 5.5. 2 Incidents elsewhere 5.6 Wind power 5.7 Transport 5.8 Telecommunications 5.9 Defense 5.10 Space center 5.11 Cultural properties 6 Aftermath 7 Humanitarian response 8 Media coverage 9 Scientific and research response 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Earthquake A seismogram recorded in Massachusetts , USA A visual depiction of the type of faulting that caused the main tremor , low - angle thrusting on a west - dipping fault plane The 9.1 - magnitude ( M ) undersea megathrust earthquake occurred on 11 March 2011 at 14 : 46 JST ( 05 : 46 UTC ) in the north - western Pacific Ocean at a relatively shallow depth of 32 km ( 20 mi ) , with its epicenter approximately 72 km ( 45 mi ) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku , Japan , lasting approximately six minutes . The earthquake was initially reported as 7.9 M by the USGS before it was quickly upgraded to 8.8 M , then to 8.9 M , and then finally to 9.0 M. On 11 July 2016 , the USGS further upgraded the earthquake to 9.1 . Sendai was the nearest major city to the earthquake , 130 km ( 81 mi ) from the epicenter ; the earthquake occurred 373 km ( 232 mi ) from Tokyo .", "4": "The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks , with hundreds of aftershocks reported . One of the first major foreshocks was a 7.2 M event on 9 March , approximately 40 km ( 25 mi ) from the epicenter of 11 March earthquake , with another three on the same day in excess of 6.0 M. Following the main earthquake on 11 March , a 7.4 M aftershock was reported at 15 : 08 JST ( 6 : 06 UTC ) , succeeded by a 7.9 M at 15 : 15 JST ( 6 : 16 UTC ) and a 7.7 M at 15 : 26 JST ( 6 : 26 UTC ) . Over eight hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 M or greater have occurred since the initial quake , including one on 26 October 2013 ( local time ) of magnitude 7.1 M. Aftershocks follow Omori 's law , which states that the rate of aftershocks declines with the reciprocal of the time since the main quake . The aftershocks will thus taper off in time , but could continue for years . Geology Map of the Tōhoku earthquake and aftershocks on 11 -- 14 March Hypocentral region boundaries ( Source : The Japanese Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion ) This megathrust earthquake was a recurrence of the mechanism of the earlier 869 Sanriku earthquake , which has been estimated as having a magnitude of at least 8.4 M , which also created a large tsunami that inundated the Sendai plain . Three tsunami deposits have been identified within the Holocene sequence of the plain , all formed within the last 3,000 years , suggesting an 800 to 1,100 year recurrence interval for large tsunamigenic earthquakes . In 2001 it was reckoned that there was a high likelihood of a large tsunami hitting the Sendai plain as more than 1,100 years had then elapsed . In 2007 , the probability of an earthquake with a magnitude of M 8.1 -- 8.3 was estimated as 99 % within the following 30 years . This earthquake occurred where the Pacific Plate is subducting under the plate beneath northern Honshu .", "5": "The Pacific plate , which moves at a rate of 8 to 9 cm ( 3.1 to 3.5 in ) per year , dips under Honshu 's underlying plate , building large amounts of elastic energy . This motion pushes the upper plate down until the accumulated stress causes a seismic slip - rupture event . The break caused the sea floor to rise by several metres . A quake of this magnitude usually has a rupture length of at least 500 km ( 310 mi ) and generally requires a long , relatively straight fault surface . Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in the area of the Honshu rupture is not very straight , it is unusual for the magnitude of its earthquake to exceed 8.5 M ; the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists . The hypocentral region of this earthquake extended from offshore Iwate Prefecture to offshore Ibaraki Prefecture . The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 500 km ( 310 mi ) and a width of 200 km ( 120 mi ) . Analysis showed that this earthquake consisted of a set of three events . Other major earthquakes with tsunamis struck the Sanriku Coast region in 1896 and in 1933 . The source area of this earthquake has a relatively high coupling coefficient surrounded by areas of relatively low coupling coefficients in the west , north , and south . From the averaged coupling coefficient of 0.5 -- 0.8 in the source area and the seismic moment , it was estimated that the slip deficit of this earthquake was accumulated over a period of 260 -- 880 years , which is consistent with the recurrence interval of such great earthquakes estimated from the tsunami deposit data . The seismic moment of this earthquake accounts for about 93 % of the estimated cumulative moment from 1926 to March 2011 . Hence , earthquakes with magnitudes about 7 since 1926 in this area only had released part of the accumulated energy . In the area near the trench , the coupling coefficient is high , which could act as the source of the large tsunami . Most of the foreshocks are interplate earthquakes with thrust - type focal mechanisms .", "6": "Both interplate and intraplate earthquakes appeared in the aftershocks offshore Sanriku coast with considerable proportions . The strong ground motion registered at the maximum of 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara , Miyagi Prefecture . Three other prefectures -- Fukushima , Ibaraki and Tochigi -- recorded an upper 6 on the JMA scale . Seismic stations in Iwate , Gunma , Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured a lower 6 , recording an upper 5 in Tokyo . In Russia , the main shock could be felt in Yuzhno - Sakhalinsk ( MSK 4 ) and Kurilsk ( MSK 4 ) . The aftershock at 06 : 25 UTC could be felt in Yuzhno - Kurilsk ( MSK 5 ) and Kurilsk ( MSK 4 ) . Energy Damage to the antenna of Tokyo Tower The surface energy of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be at 1.9 × 10 joules , which is nearly double that of the 9.1 M 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 230,000 people . If harnessed , the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year . The seismic moment ( M ) , which represents a physical size for the event , was calculated by the USGS at 3.9 × 10 joules , slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake . Japan 's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention ( NIED ) calculated a peak ground acceleration of 2.99 g ( 29.33 m / s ) . The largest individual recording in Japan was 2.7 g , in Miyagi Prefecture , 75 km from the epicentre ; the highest reading in the Tokyo metropolitan area was 0.16 g . Geophysical effects Portions of northeastern Japan shifted by as much as 2.4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) closer to North America , making some sections of Japan 's landmass wider than before . Those areas of Japan closest to the epicenter experienced the largest shifts .", "7": "A 400 - kilometre ( 250 mi ) stretch of coastline dropped vertically by 0.6 metres ( 2 ft 0 in ) , allowing the tsunami to travel farther and faster onto land . One early estimate suggested that the Pacific plate may have moved westward by up to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) , and another early estimate put the amount of slippage at as much as 40 m ( 130 ft ) . On 6 April the Japanese coast guard said that the quake shifted the seabed near the epicenter 24 metres ( 79 ft ) and elevated the seabed off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture by 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) . A report by the Japan Agency for Marine - Earth Science and Technology , published in Science on 2 December 2011 , concluded that the seabed in the area between the epicenter and the Japan Trench moved 50 metres ( 160 ft ) east - southeast and rose about 7 metres ( 23 ft ) as a result of the quake . The report also stated that the quake had caused several major landslides on the seabed in the affected area . Soil liquefaction in Kōtō , Tokyo The Earth 's axis shifted by estimates of between 10 cm ( 4 in ) and 25 cm ( 10 in ) . This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes , including the length of a day , the tilt of the Earth , and the Chandler wobble . The speed of the Earth 's rotation increased , shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth 's mass . The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth 's surface , which changed the planet 's moment of inertia . Because of conservation of angular momentum , such changes of inertia result in small changes to the Earth 's rate of rotation . These are expected changes for an earthquake of this magnitude . The earthquake also generated infrasound waves detected by perturbations in the orbit of the GOCE satellite , which thus serendipitously became the first seismograph in orbit .", "8": "Soil liquefaction was evident in areas of reclaimed land around Tokyo , particularly in Urayasu , Chiba City , Funabashi , Narashino ( all in Chiba Prefecture ) and in the Koto , Edogawa , Minato , Chūō , and Ōta Wards of Tokyo . Approximately 30 homes or buildings were destroyed and 1,046 other buildings were damaged to varying degrees . Nearby Haneda Airport , built mostly on reclaimed land , was not damaged . Odaiba also experienced liquefaction , but damage was minimal . Shinmoedake , a volcano in Kyushu , erupted three days after the earthquake . The volcano had previously erupted in January 2011 ; it is not known if the later eruption was linked to the earthquake . In Antarctica , the seismic waves from the earthquake were reported to have caused the Whillans Ice Stream to slip by about 0.5 metres ( 1 ft 8 in ) . Map of seismic intensity observations resulting from mainshock The first sign international researchers had that the earthquake caused such a dramatic change in the Earth 's rotation came from the United States Geological Survey which monitors Global Positioning Satellite stations across the world . The Survey team had several GPS monitors located near the scene of the earthquake . The GPS station located nearest the epicenter moved almost 4 m ( 13 ft ) . This motivated government researchers to look into other ways the earthquake may have had large scale effects on the planet . Calculations at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory determined that the Earth 's rotation was changed by the earthquake to the point where the days are now 1.8 microseconds shorter . Aftershocks Further information : List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake Japan experienced over 1,000 aftershocks since the earthquake , with 80 registering over magnitude 6.0 M and several of which have been over magnitude 7.0 M . A magnitude 7.4 M at 15 : 08 ( JST ) , 7.9 M at 15 : 15 and a 7.7 M quake at 15 : 26 all occurred on 11 March .", "9": "A month later , a major aftershock struck offshore on 7 April with a magnitude of 7.1 M. Its epicenter was underwater , 66 km ( 41 mi ) off the coast of Sendai . The Japan Meteorological Agency assigned a magnitude of 7.4 M , while the U.S. Geological Survey lowered it to 7.1 M. At least four people were killed , and electricity was cut off across much of northern Japan including the loss of external power to Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant and Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant . Four days later on 11 April , another magnitude 7.1 M aftershock struck Fukushima , causing additional damage and killing a total of three people . On 7 December 2012 a large aftershock of magnitude 7.3 M caused a minor tsunami , and again on 26 October 2013 small tsunami waves were recorded after a 7.1 M aftershock . As of 16 March 2012 aftershocks continued , totaling 1887 events over magnitude 4.0 ; a regularly updated map showing all shocks of magnitude 4.5 and above near or off the east coast of Honshu in the last seven days showed over 20 events . As of 11 March 2016 there had been 869 aftershocks of 5.0 M or greater , 118 of 6.0 M or greater , and 9 over 7.0 M as reported by the Japanese Meteorological Agency . The number of aftershocks was associated with decreased health across Japan . Earthquake warning system One minute before the earthquake was felt in Tokyo , the Earthquake Early Warning system , which includes more than 1,000 seismometers in Japan , sent out warnings of impending strong shaking to millions . It is believed that the early warning by the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) saved many lives . The warning for the general public was delivered about 8 seconds after the first P wave was detected , or about 31 seconds after the earthquake occurred . However , the estimated intensities were smaller than the actual ones in some places , especially in Kanto , Koshinetsu , and Northern Tōhoku regions where the populace warning did not trigger .", "10": "According to the JMA Meteorological Research Institute ( ja ) , reasons for the underestimation include a saturated magnitude scale when using maximum amplitude as input , failure to fully take into account the area of the hypocenter , and the initial amplitude of the earthquake being less than that which would be predicted by an empirical relationship . There were also cases where large differences between estimated intensities by the Earthquake Early Warning system and the actual intensities occurred in the aftershocks and triggered earthquakes . Such discrepancies in the warning were attributed by the JMA to the system 's inability to distinguish between two different earthquakes that happened at around same time , as well as to the reduced number of reporting seismometers due to power outages and connection fails . The system 's software was subsequently modified to handle this kind of situation . Tsunami Energy map of the tsunami from NOAA An upthrust of 6 to 8 metres along a 180 - km - wide seabed at 60 km offshore from the east coast of Tōhoku resulted in a major tsunami that brought destruction along the Pacific coastline of Japan 's northern islands . Thousands of lives were lost when entire towns were devastated . The tsunami propagated throughout the Pacific Ocean region reaching the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile . Warnings were issued and evacuations were carried out in many countries bordering the Pacific . However , although the tsunami affected many of these places , the heights of the waves were minor . Chile 's Pacific coast , one of the furthest from Japan at about 17,000 km ( 11,000 mi ) distant , was struck by waves 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) high , compared with an estimated wave height of 38.9 metres ( 128 ft ) at Omoe peninsula , Miyako city , Japan . Japan The tsunami warning issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency was the most serious on its warning scale ; it was rated as a `` major tsunami '' , being at least 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) high . The actual height prediction varied , the greatest being for Miyagi at 6 m ( 20 ft ) high . The tsunami inundated a total area of approximately 561 km ( 217 sq mi ) in Japan .", "11": "Water column height on 11 March 2011 at DART Station , 690 NM southeast of Tokyo The earthquake took place at 14 : 46 JST ( UTC 05 : 46 ) around 67 km ( 42 mi ) from the nearest point on Japan 's coastline , and initial estimates indicated the tsunami would have taken 10 to 30 minutes to reach the areas first affected , and then areas farther north and south based on the geography of the coastline . Just over an hour after the earthquake at 15 : 55 JST , a tsunami was observed flooding Sendai Airport , which is located near the coast of Miyagi Prefecture , with waves sweeping away cars and planes and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland . The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter , showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it . A 4 - metre - high ( 13 ft ) tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture . Wakabayashi Ward in Sendai was also particularly hard hit . At least 101 designated tsunami evacuation sites were hit by the wave . Like the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , the damage by surging water , though much more localized , was far more deadly and destructive than the actual quake . Entire towns were destroyed in tsunami - hit areas in Japan , including 9,500 missing in Minamisanriku ; one thousand bodies had been recovered in the town by 14 March 2011 . Among several factors causing the high death toll from the tsunami , one was the unexpectedly large size of the water surge . The tsunami walls in several of the affected cities had been constructed to protect against tsunamis of much lower heights . Also , many people who were caught in the tsunami thought that they were located on high enough ground to be safe . According to the conclusions of a special committee on disaster prevention , which had been designated by the Japanese government , the tsunami protection policy had been intended to deal with only those tsunamis that had been scientifically proved to occur repeatedly ; the committee therefore advised that in the future the policy should be changed to protect against the highest possible tsunami .", "12": "Because tsunami walls had been overtopped by this tsunami , the committee also suggested that , besides constructing tsunami walls to a height that can protect against relatively frequent tsunamis , it is still necessary to teach citizens who are protected by tsunami walls how to evacuate if a largest scale tsunami should strike those places . Tsunami flooding on the Sendai Airport runway Large parts of Kuji and the southern section of Ōfunato including the port area were almost entirely destroyed . Also largely destroyed was Rikuzentakata , where the tsunami was three stories high . Other cities destroyed or heavily damaged by the tsunami include Kamaishi , Miyako , Ōtsuchi , and Yamada ( in Iwate Prefecture ) , Namie , Sōma and Minamisōma ( in Fukushima Prefecture ) and Shichigahama , Higashimatsushima , Onagawa , Natori , Ishinomaki , and Kesennuma ( in Miyagi Prefecture ) . The most severe effects of the tsunami were felt along a 670 - kilometre - long ( 420 mi ) stretch of coastline from Erimo , Hokkaido , in the north to Ōarai , Ibaraki , in the south , with most of the destruction in that area occurring in the hour following the earthquake . Near Ōarai , people captured images of a huge whirlpool that had been generated by the tsunami . The tsunami washed away the sole bridge to Miyatojima , Miyagi , isolating the island 's 900 residents . A two - metre - high tsunami hit Chiba Prefecture about 21⁄2 hours after the quake , causing heavy damage to cities such as Asahi . On 13 March 2011 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) published details of tsunami observations recorded around the coastline of Japan following the earthquake .", "13": "These observations included tsunami maximum readings of over 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) at the following locations and times on 11 March 2011 , following the earthquake at 14 : 46 JST : Peak tsunami wave height summits , color - coded with red representing most severe 15 : 12 JST -- off Kamaishi -- 6.8 m ( 22 ft ) 15 : 15 JST -- Ōfunato -- 3.2 m ( 10 ft ) or higher 15 : 20 JST -- Ishinomaki - shi Ayukawa -- 3.3 m ( 11 ft ) or higher 15 : 21 JST -- Miyako -- 4.0 m ( 13.1 ft ) or higher 15 : 21 JST -- Kamaishi -- 4.1 m ( 13 ft ) or higher 15 : 44 JST -- Erimo - cho Shoya -- 3.5 m ( 11 ft ) 15 : 50 JST -- Sōma -- 7.3 m ( 24 ft ) or higher 16 : 52 JST -- Ōarai -- 4.2 m ( 14 ft ) Many areas were also affected by waves of 1 to 3 metres ( 3.3 to 9.8 ft ) in height , and the JMA bulletin also included the caveat that `` At some parts of the coasts , tsunamis may be higher than those observed at the observation sites . '' The timing of the earliest recorded tsunami maximum readings ranged from 15 : 12 to 15 : 21 , between 26 and 35 minutes after the earthquake had struck . The bulletin also included initial tsunami observation details , as well as more detailed maps for the coastlines affected by the tsunami waves .", "14": "JMA also reported offshore tsunami height recorded by telemetry from moored GPS wave - height meter buoys as follows : offshore of central Iwate ( Miyako ) -- 6.3 m ( 20 ft ) offshore of northern Iwate ( Kuji ) -- 6.0 m ( 18 ft ) offshore of northern Miyagi ( Kesennuma ) -- 6.0 m ( 18 ft ) On 25 March 2011 , Port and Airport Research Institute ( PARI ) reported tsunami height by visiting the port sites as follows : Play media NOAA animation of the tsunami 's propagation Port of Hachinohe -- 5 -- 6 m ( 16 -- 19 ft ) Port of Hachinohe area -- 8 -- 9 m ( 26 -- 29 ft ) Port of Kuji -- 8 -- 9 m ( 26 -- 29 ft ) Port of Kamaishi -- 7 -- 9 m ( 23 -- 30 ft ) Port of Ōfunato -- 9.5 m ( 31 ft ) Run up height , port of Ōfunato area -- 24 m ( 79 ft ) Fishery port of Onagawa -- 15 m ( 50 ft ) Port of Ishinomaki -- 5 m ( 16 ft ) Shiogama section of Shiogama - Sendai port -- 4 m ( 13 ft ) Sendai section of Shiogama - Sendai port -- 8 m ( 26 ft ) Sendai Airport area -- 12 m ( 39 ft ) The tsunami at Ryōri Bay ( 綾里湾 ) , Ōfunato reached a height of 40.1 m ( run - up elevation ) . Fishing equipment was scattered on the high cliff above the bay . At Tarō , Iwate , the tsunami reached a height of 37.9 m ( 124 ft ) up the slope of a mountain some 200 m ( 656 ft ) away from the coastline .", "15": "Also , at the slope of a nearby mountain from 400 m ( 1,312 ft ) away at Aneyoshi fishery port ( 姉吉漁港 ) of Omoe peninsula ( 重茂半島 ) in Miyako , Iwate , Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology found estimated tsunami run up height of 38.9 m ( 127 ft ) . This height is deemed the record in Japan historically , as of reporting date , that exceeds 38.2 m ( 125 ft ) from the 1896 Meiji - Sanriku earthquake . It was also estimated that the tsunami reached heights of up to 40.5 metres ( 133 ft ) in Miyako in Tōhoku 's Iwate Prefecture . The inundated areas closely matched those of the 869 Sanriku tsunami . A Japanese government study found that 58 % of people in coastal areas in Iwate , Miyagi , and Fukushima prefectures heeded tsunami warnings immediately after the quake and headed for higher ground . Of those who attempted to evacuate after hearing the warning , only five percent were caught in the tsunami . Of those who did n't heed the warning , 49 % were hit by the water . Delayed evacuations in response to the warnings had a number of causes . The tsunami height that had been initially predicted by the tsunami warning system was lower than the actual tsunami height ; this error contributed to the delayed escape of some residents . The discrepancy arose as follows : In order to produce a quick prediction of a tsunami 's height and thus to provide a timely warning , the initial earthquake and tsunami warning that was issued for the event was based on a calculation that requires only about 3 minutes . This calculation is , in turn , based on the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave . The amplitude of the seismic wave is measured using the JMA magnitude scale , which is similar to Richter magnitude scale . However , these scales `` saturate '' for earthquakes that are above a certain magnitude ( magnitude 8 on the JMA scale ) ; that is , in the case of very large earthquakes , the scales ' values change little despite large differences in the earthquakes ' energy . This resulted in an underestimation of the tsunami 's height in initial reports . Problems in issuing updates also contributed to delays in evacuations .", "16": "The warning system was supposed to be updated about 15 minutes after the earthquake occurred , by which time the calculation for the moment magnitude scale would normally be completed . However , the strong quake had exceeded the measurement limit of all of the teleseismometers within Japan , and thus it was impossible to calculate the moment magnitude based on data from those seismometers . Another cause of delayed evacuations was the release of the second update on the tsunami warning long after the earthquake ( 28 minutes , according to observations ) ; by that time , power failures and similar circumstances reportedly prevented the update from reaching some residents . Also , observed data from tidal meters that were located off the coast were not fully reflected in the second warning . Furthermore , shortly after the earthquake , some wave meters reported a fluctuation of `` 20 centimeters '' ( about 8 inches ) , and this value was broadcast throughout the mass media and the warning system , which caused some residents to underestimate the danger of their situation and even delayed or suspended their evacuation . In response to the aforementioned shortcomings in the tsunami warning system , JMA began an investigation in 2011 and updated their system in 2013 . In the updated system , for a powerful earthquake that is capable of causing the JMA magnitude scale to saturate , no quantitative prediction will be released in the initial warning ; instead , there will be words that describe the situation 's emergency . There are plans to install new teleseismometers with the ability to measure larger earthquakes , which would allow the calculation of a quake 's moment magnitude scale in a timely manner . JMA also implemented a simpler empirical method to integrate , into a tsunami warning , data from GPS tidal meters as well as from undersea water pressure meters , and there are plans to install more of these meters and to develop further technology to utilize data observed by them . To prevent under - reporting of tsunami heights , early quantitative observation data that are smaller than the expected amplitude will be overridden and the public will instead be told that the situation is under observation . About 90 seconds after an earthquake , an additional report on the possibility of a tsunami will also be included in observation reports , in order to warn people before the JMA magnitude can be calculated .", "17": "Elsewhere across the Pacific A Bonin petrel trapped in the sand on Midway Atoll by the tsunami , before being rescued Shortly after the earthquake , the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center ( PTWC ) in Hawaii issued tsunami watches and announcements for locations in the Pacific . At 07 : 30 UTC , PTWC issued a widespread tsunami warning covering the entire Pacific Ocean . Russia evacuated 11,000 residents from coastal areas of the Kuril Islands . The United States National Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas in most of California , all of Oregon , and the western part of Alaska , and a tsunami advisory covering the Pacific coastlines of most of Alaska , and all of Washington and British Columbia , Canada . In California and Oregon , up to 2.4 - metre - high ( 7.9 ft ) tsunami surges hit some areas , damaging docks and harbors and causing over US $10 million in damage . In Curry County , Oregon $7 million in damage occurred including the destruction of 1,100 m ( 3,600 ft ) of dockspace at the Brookings harbor ; the county has received over $1 million in FEMA emergency grants . Surges of up to 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) hit Vancouver Island in Canada prompting some evacuations , and causing boats to be banned from the waters surrounding the island for 12 hours following the wave strike , leaving many island residents in the area without means of getting to work . Fishing boats that were moved to higher ground in anticipation of tsunami arrival , in Pichilemu , Chile In the Philippines , waves up to 0.5 m ( 1.6 ft ) high hit the eastern seaboard of the country . Some houses along the coast in Jayapura , Indonesia were destroyed . Authorities in Wewak , East Sepik , Papua New Guinea evacuated 100 patients from the city 's Boram Hospital before it was hit by the waves , causing an estimated US $4 million in damage . Hawaii estimated damage to public infrastructure alone at US $3 million , with damage to private properties , including resort hotels such as Four Seasons Resort Hualalai , estimated at tens of millions of dollars .", "18": "It was reported that a 1.5 - metre - high ( 4.9 ft ) wave completely submerged Midway Atoll 's reef inlets and Spit Island , killing more than 110,000 nesting seabirds at the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge . Some other South Pacific countries , including Tonga and New Zealand , and U.S. territories American Samoa and Guam , experienced larger - than - normal waves , but did not report any major damage . However , in Guam some roads were closed off and people were evacuated from low - lying areas . A sign informing beachgoers about proper tsunami debris disposal procedures at Cape Lookout State Park , Oregon , USA Along the Pacific Coast of Mexico and South America , tsunami surges were reported , but in most places caused little or no damage . Peru reported a wave of 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) and more than 300 homes damaged . The surge in Chile was large enough to damage more than 200 houses , with waves of up to 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) . In the Galápagos Islands , 260 families received assistance following a 3 - metre ( 9.8 ft ) surge which arrived 20 hours after the earthquake , after the tsunami warning had been lifted . There was a great deal of damage to buildings on the islands and one man was injured but there were no reported fatalities . After 2 - meter high surge hitting Chile , it was reported that the reflection from those surges traveled back across the Pacific , causing 30 -- 60 cm surge in Japan , 47 -- 48 hours after the earthquake , according to observation from multiple tide station ( ja ) , including Onahama , Owase , Kushimoto . The tsunami broke icebergs off the Sulzberger Ice Shelf in Antarctica , 13,000 kilometres ( 8,100 mi ) away . The main iceberg measured 9.5 by 6.5 kilometres ( 5.9 mi × 4.0 mi ) ( approximately the area of Manhattan Island ) and about 80 metres ( 260 ft ) thick . A total of 125 square kilometres ( 48 sq mi ; 31,000 acres ) of ice broke away .", "19": "As of April 2012 , wreckage from the tsunami spread around the oceans , including a soccer ball which was found in Alaska and a Japanese motorcycle found in British Columbia , Canada . Land subsidence Land subsidence and soil liquefaction at Shin - Urayasu Station in Urayasu , Chiba , near Tokyo The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan reported land subsidence based on the height of triangulation stations in the area measured by GPS as compared to their previous values from 14 April 2011 . Miyako , Iwate -- 0.50 m ( 1.64 ft ) Yamada , Iwate -- 0.53 m ( 1.73 ft ) Ōtsuchi , Iwate -- 0.35 m ( 1.14 ft ) Kamaishi , Iwate -- 0.66 m ( 2.16 ft ) Ōfunato , Iwate -- 0.73 m ( 2.39 ft ) Rikuzentakata , Iwate -- 0.84 m ( 2.75 ft ) Kesennuma , Miyagi -- 0.74 m ( 2.42 ft ) Minamisanriku , Miyagi -- 0.69 m ( 2.26 ft ) Oshika Peninsula , Miyagi -- 1.2 m ( 3.93 ft ) Ishinomaki , Miyagi -- 0.78 m ( 2.55 ft ) Higashimatsushima , Miyagi -- 0.43 m ( 1.41 ft ) Iwanuma , Miyagi -- 0.47 m ( 1.54 ft ) Sōma , Fukushima -- 0.29 m ( 0.95 ft ) Scientists say that the subsidence is permanent . As a result , the communities in question are now more susceptible to flooding during high tides . Casualties Japan Memorials amongst the ruins , Natori In Japan , the National Police Agency has confirmed 15,895 deaths , 6,156 injured , and 2,539 people missing across twenty prefectures .", "20": "In addition , some three thousands extra death have been identified as `` earthquake - related death '' , bringing the total number of death caused by the disaster to 19,575 as of 2017 September . Of the 13,135 fatalities recovered by 11 April 2011 , 12,143 or 92.5 % died by drowning . Victims aged 60 or older accounted for 65.2 % of the deaths , with 24 % of total victims being in their 70s . As of March 2012 , Japanese police data showed that 70 % of the 3,279 still missing were aged 60 or over , all found , including 893 in their 70s and 577 in their 80s . Of the total confirmed victims , 14,308 drowned , 667 were crushed to death or died from internal injuries , and 145 perished from burns . Tsunami damage between Sendai and Sendai Bay `` Earthquake - related death '' is defined as cases where the earthquake did not directly kill those people , however it act as a contributory factor that indirectly caused their death , for the purpose of relief fund distribution . Some of the most widely reported reason for these deaths include `` Physical and mental fatigue caused by life in temporary shelter '' , `` Physical and mental fatigue caused by evacuation '' , `` Delayed treatment due to the inoperative of hospital '' , `` Physical and mental fatigue caused by stress from the earthquake and tsunami '' . A few cases of suicide are also included . Most of these deaths occurred during the first six months after the earthquake and the number dropped thereafter , but as time has passed , the number has continued to increase . Most of these deaths occurred in Fukushima prefecture , where the prefecture government has suggested that they could be due to evacuations caused by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . These indirect casualties have already resulted in more deaths than the number of people killed directly by earthquake and tsunami within the Fukushima prefecture . Save the Children reports that as many as 100,000 children were uprooted from their homes , some of whom were separated from their families because the earthquake occurred during the school day .", "21": "236 children were orphaned in the prefectures of Iwate , Miyagi and Fukushima by the disaster ; 1,580 children lost either one or both parents , 846 in Miyagi , 572 in Iwate , and 162 in Fukushima . The quake and tsunami killed 378 elementary , middle - school , and high school students and left 158 others missing . One elementary school in Ishinomaki , Miyagi , Okawa Elementary , lost 74 of 108 students and 10 of 13 teachers and staff . The Japanese Foreign Ministry has confirmed the deaths of nineteen foreigners . Among them are two English teachers from the United States affiliated with the Japan Exchange and Teaching Program ; a Canadian missionary in Shiogama ; and citizens of China , North and South Korea , Taiwan , Pakistan and the Philippines . By 9 : 30 UTC on 11 March , Google Person Finder , which was previously used in the Haitian , Chilean , and Christchurch , New Zealand earthquakes , was collecting information about survivors and their locations . Japanese funerals are normally elaborate Buddhist ceremonies that entail cremation . The thousands of bodies , however , exceeded the capacity of available crematoriums and morgues , many of them damaged , and there were shortages of both kerosene -- each cremation requires 50 litres -- and dry ice for preservation . The single crematorium in Higashimatsushima , for example , could only handle four bodies a day , although hundreds were found there . Governments and the military were forced to bury many bodies in hastily dug mass graves with rudimentary or no rites , although relatives of the deceased were promised that they would be cremated later . Noted individual fatalities within Japan included 103 - year - old Takashi Shimokawara , holder of the world athletics records in the men 's shot put , discus throw and javelin throw for the over-100s age category . He was killed by the earthquake and tsunami at Kamaishi , Iwate . As of 27 May 2011 , three Japan Ground Self - Defense Force members had died while conducting relief operations in Tōhoku . As of March 2012 , the Japanese government had recognized 1,331 deaths as indirectly related to the earthquake , such as caused by harsh living conditions after the disaster .", "22": "As of 30 April 2012 , 18 people had died and 420 had been injured while participating in disaster recovery or clean - up efforts . Overseas The tsunami is reported to have caused several deaths outside Japan . One man was killed in Jayapura , Papua , Indonesia after being swept out to sea . A man who is said to have been attempting to photograph the oncoming tsunami at the mouth of the Klamath River , south of Crescent City , California , was swept out to sea . His body was found on 2 April along Ocean Beach in Fort Stevens State Park , Oregon , 330 miles ( 530 km ) to the north . Damage and effects Panorama of the Hirota Peninsula in Rikuzentakata swept away Aerial photo of Minato , devastated by both the earthquake and subsequent tsunami The degree and extent of damage caused by the earthquake and resulting tsunami were enormous , with most of the damage being caused by the tsunami . Video footage of the towns that were worst affected shows little more than piles of rubble , with almost no parts of any structures left standing . Estimates of the cost of the damage range well into the tens of billions of US dollars ; before - and - after satellite photographs of devastated regions show immense damage to many regions . Although Japan has invested the equivalent of billions of dollars on anti-tsunami seawalls which line at least 40 % of its 34,751 km ( 21,593 mi ) coastline and stand up to 12 m ( 39 ft ) high , the tsunami simply washed over the top of some seawalls , collapsing some in the process . A fire which broke out in Tokyo after the earthquake Japan 's National Police Agency said on 3 April 2011 , that 45,700 buildings were destroyed and 144,300 were damaged by the quake and tsunami . The damaged buildings included 29,500 structures in Miyagi Prefecture , 12,500 in Iwate Prefecture and 2,400 in Fukushima Prefecture . Three hundred hospitals with 20 beds or more in Tōhoku were damaged by the disaster , with 11 being completely destroyed . The earthquake and tsunami created an estimated 24 -- 25 million tons of rubble and debris in Japan . An estimated 230,000 automobiles and trucks were damaged or destroyed in the disaster .", "23": "As of the end of May 2011 , residents of Iwate , Miyagi , and Fukushima prefectures had requested deregistration of 15,000 vehicles , meaning that the owners of those vehicles were writing them off as unrepairable or unsalvageable . Ports Ship and crane damage at Sendai port All of Japan 's ports were briefly shut down after the earthquake , though the ones in Tokyo and southwards soon re-opened . Fifteen ports were located in the disaster zone . The north eastern ports of Hachinohe , Sendai , Ishinomaki and Onahama were destroyed , while the Port of Chiba ( which serves the hydrocarbon industry ) and Japan 's ninth - largest container port at Kashima were also affected , though less severely . The ports at Hitachinaka , Hitachi , Soma , Shiogama , Kesennuma , Ofunato , Kamashi and Miyako were also damaged and closed to ships . All 15 ports reopened to limited ship traffic by 29 March 2011 . A total of 319 fishing ports , about 10 % of Japan 's fishing ports , were damaged in the disaster . Most were restored to operating condition by 18 April 2012 . The Port of Tokyo suffered slight damage ; the effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the port with parts of the port areas being flooded , including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland 's parking lot . Dams and water problems Dam failure at Fujinuma This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2013 ) The Fujinuma irrigation dam in Sukagawa ruptured , causing flooding and washing away five homes . Eight people were missing and four bodies were discovered by the morning . Reportedly , some locals had attempted to repair leaks in the dam before it completely failed . On 12 March 252 dams were inspected and it was discovered that six embankment dams had shallow cracks on their crests . The reservoir at one concrete gravity dam suffered a small non-serious slope failure . All damaged dams are functioning with no problems . Four dams within the quake area were unreachable . When the roads clear , experts will be dispatched to conduct further investigations .", "24": "In the immediate aftermath of the calamity , at least 1.5 million households were reported to have lost access to water supplies . By 21 March 2011 , this number fell to 1.04 million . Electricity A map of Japan 's electricity distribution network shows the geographic divide between 50 hertz systems and 60 hertz systems According to the Japanese trade ministry , around 4.4 million households served by Tōhoku Electric Power ( TEP ) in northeastern Japan were left without electricity . Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake , reducing TEPCO 's total capacity by 21 GW . Rolling blackouts began on 14 March due to power shortages caused by the earthquake . The Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) , which normally provides approximately 40 GW of electricity , announced that it could only provide about 30 GW . This was because 40 % of the electricity used in the greater Tokyo area was supplied by reactors in the Niigata and Fukushima prefectures . The reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi and Fukushima Dai - ni plants were automatically taken offline when the first earthquake occurred and sustained major damage related to the earthquake and subsequent tsunami . Rolling blackouts of approximately three hours were experienced throughout April and May while TEPCO scrambled to find a temporary power solution . The blackouts affected Tokyo , Kanagawa , Eastern Shizuoka , Yamanashi , Chiba , Ibaraki , Saitama , Tochigi , and Gunma prefectures . Voluntary reduced electricity use by consumers in the Kanto area helped reduce the predicted frequency and duration of the blackouts . By 21 March 2011 , the number of households in the north without electricity fell to 242,927 . Damage to electricity transmission lines Tōhoku Electric Power was not able to provide the Kanto region with additional power , because TEP 's power plants were also damaged in the earthquake . Kansai Electric Power Company ( Kepco ) can not share electricity , because its system operates at 60 hertz , whereas TEPCO and TEP operate their systems at 50 hertz ; this is due to early industrial and infrastructure development in the 1880s that left Japan without a unified national power grid .", "25": "Two substations , one in Shizuoka Prefecture and one in Nagano Prefecture , were able to convert between frequencies and transfer electricity from Kansai to Kanto and Tōhoku , but their capacity to do so is limited to 1 GW . With the damage to so many power plants , it may be years before a long - term solution can be found . In an effort to help alleviate the shortage , three steel manufacturers in the Kanto region contributed electricity produced by their in - house conventional power stations to TEPCO for distribution to the general public . Sumitomo Metal Industries could produce up to 500 MW , JFE Steel 400 MW , and Nippon Steel 500 MW of electric power Auto and auto parts makers in Kanto and Tōhoku agreed in May 2011 to operate their factories on Saturdays and Sundays and close on Thursdays and Fridays to assist in alleviating the electricity shortage during the summer of 2011 . Additionally , the public and other companies were also encouraged to conserve electricity in the 2011 summer months ( Setsuden ) . The expected electricity crisis in 2011 summer have been successfully prevented thanks to all the setsuden measures , peak electricity consumption recorded by TEPCO during the period was 49.22 GW , which is 10.77 GW ( 18 % ) lower than the peal consumption in the previous year . The overall electricity consumption during the entire July and August was also 14 % less than the previous year . The peak electricity consumption within TEP 's area was 12.46 GW during the 2011 summer , 3.11 GW ( 20 % ) less than the peak consumption in the previous year , and the overall consumption have been reduced by 11 % in July with 17 % in August compared to previous year . Japanese government continue to ask the public to conserve electricity for several years until year 2016 , when it predicted that the supply will be sufficient to meet demand , thanks to the deepening of the mindset to conserve electricity among corporate and general public , addition of new electricity providers due to the electricity liberalization policy , increased output from renewable energy as well as fossil fuel power stations , as well as sharing of electricity between different electricity companies .", "26": "Oil , gas and coal Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara A 220,000 - barrel ( 35,000 m ) - per - day oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara , Chiba Prefecture , to the east of Tokyo . It was extinguished after ten days , injuring six people , and destroying storage tanks . Others halted production due to safety checks and power loss . In Sendai , a 145,000 - barrel ( 23,100 m ) - per - day refinery owned by the largest refiner in Japan , JX Nippon Oil & Energy , was also set ablaze by the quake . Workers were evacuated , but tsunami warnings hindered efforts to extinguish the fire until 14 March , when officials planned to do so . An analyst estimates that consumption of various types of oil may increase by as much as 300,000 barrels ( 48,000 m ) per day ( as well as LNG ) , as back - up power plants burning fossil fuels try to compensate for the loss of 11 GW of Japan 's nuclear power capacity . The city - owned plant for importing liquefied natural gas in Sendai was severely damaged , and supplies were halted for at least a month . In addition to refining and storage , several power plants were damaged . These include Sendai # 4 , New - Sendai # 1 and # 2 , Haranomachi # 1 and # 2 , Hirono # 2 and # 4 and Hitachinaka # 1 . Nuclear power plants Further information : Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster The Fukushima Daiichi , Fukushima Daini , Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant and Tōkai nuclear power stations , consisting of a total eleven reactors , were automatically shut down following the earthquake . Higashidōri , also on the northeast coast , was already shut down for a periodic inspection . Cooling is needed to remove decay heat after a Generation II reactor has been shut down , and to maintain spent fuel pools . The backup cooling process is powered by emergency diesel generators at the plants and at Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant .", "27": "At Fukushima Daiichi and Daini , tsunami waves overtopped seawalls and destroyed diesel backup power systems , leading to severe problems at Fukushima Daiichi , including three large explosions and radioactive leakage . Subsequent analysis found that many Japanese nuclear plants , including Fukushima Daiichi , were not adequately protected against tsunamis . Over 200,000 people were evacuated . 7 April aftershock caused the loss of external power to Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant and Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant but backup generators were functional . Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant lost 3 of 4 external power lines and temporarily lost cooling function in its spent fuel pools for `` 20 to 80 minutes '' . A spill of `` up to 3.8 litres '' of radioactive water also occurred at Onagawa following the aftershock . A report by the IAEA in 2012 found that the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant , the closest nuclear plant to the epicenter of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami , had remained largely undamaged . The plant 's 3 reactors automatically shut down without damage and all safety systems functioned as designed . The plant 's 14 - metre - high ( 46 ft ) seawall successfully withstood the tsunami . Europe 's Energy Commissioner Günther Oettinger addressed the European Parliament on 15 March , explaining that the nuclear disaster was an `` apocalypse '' . As the nuclear crisis entered a second month , experts recognized that Fukushima Daiichi is not the worst nuclear accident ever , but it is the most complicated . Nuclear experts stated that Fukushima will go down in history as the second - worst nuclear accident ever ... while not as bad as Chernobyl disaster , worse than Three Mile Island accident . It could take months or years to learn how damaging the release of dangerous isotopes has been to human health and food supplies , and the surrounding countryside . Later analysis indicated three reactors at Fukushima I ( Units 1 , 2 , and 3 ) had suffered meltdowns and continued to leak coolant water , and by summer the Vice-minister for Economy , Trade and Industry , the head of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency , and the head of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy , had lost their jobs .", "28": "Fukushima meltdowns Main articles : Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Loose livestock roam the evacuation zone Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant , resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents . Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that radiation levels inside the plant were up to 1,000 times normal levels , and that radiation levels outside the plant were up to 8 times normal levels . Later , a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima Daini nuclear power plant about 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) south . This brought the total number of problematic reactors to six . It was reported that radioactive iodine was detected in the tap water in Fukushima , Tochigi , Gunma , Tokyo , Chiba , Saitama , and Niigata , and radioactive cesium in the tap water in Fukushima , Tochigi and Gunma . Radioactive cesium , iodine , and strontium were also detected in the soil in some places in Fukushima . There may be a need to replace the contaminated soil . Many radioactive hotspots were found outside the evacuation zone , including Tokyo . Food products were also found contaminated by radioactive matter in several places in Japan . On 5 April 2011 , the government of the Ibaraki Prefecture banned the fishing of sand lance after discovering that this species was contaminated by radioactive cesium above legal limits . As late as July 2013 slightly elevated levels of radioactivity were found in beef on sale at Tokyo markets . Incidents elsewhere A fire occurred in the turbine section of the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant following the earthquake . The blaze was in a building housing the turbine , which is sited separately from the plant 's reactor , and was soon extinguished . The plant was shut down as a precaution . On 13 March the lowest - level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant as radioactivity readings temporarily exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant . Tōhoku Electric Power Co. stated this may have been due to radiation from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accidents but was not from the Onagawa plant itself .", "29": "As a result of 7 April aftershock , Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant lost 3 of 4 external power lines and lost cooling function for as much as 80 minutes . A spill of a couple of litres of radioactive water occurred at Onagawa . The number 2 reactor at Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant was shut down automatically . On 14 March it was reported that a cooling system pump for this reactor had stopped working ; however , the Japan Atomic Power Company stated that there was a second operational pump sustaining the cooling systems , but that two of three diesel generators used to power the cooling system were out of order . Wind power None of Japan 's commercial wind turbines , totaling over 2300 MW in nameplate capacity , failed as a result of the earthquake and tsunami , including the Kamisu offshore wind farm directly hit by the tsunami . Transport A highway bridge damaged and severed Japan 's transport network suffered severe disruptions . Many sections of Tōhoku Expressway serving northern Japan were damaged . The expressway did not reopen to general public use until 24 March 2011 . All railway services were suspended in Tokyo , with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city . In the hours after the earthquake , some train services were resumed . Most Tokyo area train lines resumed full service by the next day -- 12 March . Twenty thousand stranded visitors spent the night of 11 -- 12 March inside Tokyo Disneyland . A tsunami wave flooded Sendai Airport at 15 : 55 JST , about 1 hour after the initial quake , causing severe damage . Narita and Haneda Airport both briefly suspended operations after the quake , but suffered little damage and reopened within 24 hours . Eleven airliners bound for Narita were diverted to nearby Yokota Air Base . Remains of Shinchi Station Various train services around Japan were also canceled , with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day . Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out of contact with operators ; one , a four - car train on the Senseki Line , was found to have derailed , and its occupants were rescued shortly after 8 am the next morning .", "30": "Minami - Kesennuma Station on the Kesennuma Line was obliterated save for its platform ; 62 of 70 ( 31 of 35 ) JR East train lines suffered damage to some degree ; in the worst - hit areas , 23 stations on 7 lines were washed away , with damage or loss of track in 680 locations and the 30 - km radius around the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant unable to be assessed . There were no derailments of Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo , but their services were also suspended . The Tōkaidō Shinkansen resumed limited service late in the day and was back to its normal schedule by the next day , while the Jōetsu and Nagano Shinkansen resumed services late on 12 March . Services on Yamagata Shinkansen resumed with limited numbers of trains on 31 March . Derailments were minimized because of an early warning system that detected the earthquake before it struck . The system automatically stopped all high - speed trains , which minimized the damage . The Tōhoku Shinkansen line was worst hit , with JR East estimating that 1,100 sections of the line , varying from collapsed station roofs to bent power pylons , will need repairs . Services on the Tōhoku Shinkansen partially resumed only in Kantō area on 15 March , with one round - trip service per hour between Tokyo and Nasu - Shiobara , and Tōhoku area service partially resumed on 22 March between Morioka and Shin - Aomori . Services on Akita Shinkansen resumed with limited numbers of trains on 18 March . Service between Tokyo and Shin - Aomori was restored by May , but at lower speeds due to ongoing restoration work ; the pre-earthquake timetable was not reinstated until late September . Train washed away uphill from Onagawa Station The rolling blackouts brought on by the crises at the nuclear power plants in Fukushima had a profound effect on the rail networks around Tokyo starting on 14 March .", "31": "Major railways began running trains at 10 -- 20 minute intervals , rather than the usual 3 -- 5 minute intervals , operating some lines only at rush hour and completely shutting down others ; notably , the Tōkaidō Main Line , Yokosuka Line , Sōbu Main Line and Chūō - Sōbu Line were all stopped for the day . This led to near - paralysis within the capital , with long lines at train stations and many people unable to come to work or get home . Railway operators gradually increased capacity over the next few days , until running at approximately 80 % capacity by 17 March and relieving the worst of the passenger congestion . Telecommunications Damaged utility pole in Ishinomaki Cellular and landline phone service suffered major disruptions in the affected area . Immediately after the earthquake cellular communication was jammed across much of Japan due to a surge of network activity . On the day of the quake , American broadcaster NPR was unable to reach anyone in Sendai with working phone or Internet . Internet services were largely unaffected in areas where basic infrastructure remained , despite the earthquake having damaged portions of several undersea cable systems landing in the affected regions ; these systems were able to reroute around affected segments onto redundant links . Within Japan , only a few websites were initially unreachable . Several Wi - Fi hotspot providers reacted to the quake by providing free access to their networks , and some American telecommunications and VoIP companies such as AT&T , Sprint , Verizon , T - Mobile and VoIP companies such as netTALK and Vonage have offered free calls to ( and in some cases , from ) Japan for a limited time , as did Germany 's Deutsche Telekom . Defense Matsushima Air Field of the Japan Self - Defense Force in Miyagi Prefecture was struck by the tsunami , flooding the base and resulting in damage to all 18 Mitsubishi F - 2 fighter jets of the 21st Fighter Training Squadron. 12 of the aircraft were scrapped , while the remaining 6 were slated for repair at a cost of 80 billion yen ( $1 billion ) , exceeding the original cost of the aircraft . Space Center JAXA ( Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ) evacuated the Tsukuba Space Center in Tsukuba , Ibaraki . The Center , which houses a control room for part of the International Space Station , was shut down and some damage was reported .", "32": "The Tsukuba control center resumed full operations for the space station 's Kibo laboratory and the HTV cargo craft on 21 March 2011 . Cultural Properties Damage to a traditional lantern at Tokiwa shrine in Mito City 754 cultural properties were damaged across nineteen prefectures , including five National Treasures ( at Zuigan - ji , Ōsaki Hachiman - gū , Shiramizu Amidadō , and Seihaku - ji ) ; 160 Important Cultural Properties ( including at Sendai Tōshō - gū , the Kōdōkan , and Entsū - in , with its western decorative motifs ) ; one hundred and forty - four Monuments of Japan ( including Matsushima , Takata - matsubara , Yūbikan , and the Site of Tagajō ) ; six Groups of Traditional Buildings ; and four Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties . Stone monuments at the UNESCO World Heritage Site : Shrines and Temples of Nikkō were toppled . In Tokyo , there was damage to Koishikawa Kōrakuen , Rikugien , Hamarikyū Onshi Teien , and the walls of Edo Castle . Information on the condition of collections held by museums , libraries and archives is still incomplete . There was no damage to the Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi in Iwate Prefecture , and the recommendation for their inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List in June was seized upon as a symbol of international recognition and recovery . Aftermath Rescue operations in the floodwaters in downtown Ishinomaki Main article : Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami included both a humanitarian crisis and a major economic impact . The tsunami resulted in over 340,000 displaced people in the Tōhoku region , and shortages of food , water , shelter , medicine and fuel for survivors . In response the Japanese government mobilized the Self - Defence Forces ( under Joint Task Force -- Tōhoku , led by Lieutenant General Eiji Kimizuka ) , while many countries sent search and rescue teams to help search for survivors . Aid organizations both in Japan and worldwide also responded , with the Japanese Red Cross reporting $1 billion in donations .", "33": "The economic impact included both immediate problems , with industrial production suspended in many factories , and the longer term issue of the cost of rebuilding which has been estimated at ¥ 10 trillion ( $122 billion ) . In comparison to the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake , the East Japan earthquake brought serious damage to an extremely wide range . The aftermath of the twin disasters also left Japan 's coastal cities and towns with nearly 25 million tons of debris . In Ishinomaki alone , there were 17 trash collection sites 180 metres long and at least 4.5 metres high . An official in the city 's government trash disposal department estimated that it would take three years to empty these sites . In April 2015 , authorities off the coast of Oregon discovered debris that is thought to be from a boat destroyed during the tsunami . Cargo contained yellowtail jack fish , a species that lives off the coast of Japan , still alive . KGW estimates that more than 1 million tons of debris still remain in the Pacific Ocean . Humanitarian response Japanese students collecting funds for the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami at the University of Pécs , Hungary Main article : Humanitarian response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Emergency vehicles staging in the ruins of Otsuchi , Japan following the tsunami According to Japan 's foreign ministry , 116 countries and 28 international organizations offered assistance . Japan specifically requested assistance from teams from Australia , New Zealand , South Korea , and the United States . Media coverage Anti-nuclear protest following the disaster Japan 's national public broadcaster , NHK , and Japan Satellite Television suspended their usual programming to provide ongoing coverage of the situation . Other nationwide Japanese and international TV networks also broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the disaster . Ustream Asia broadcast live feeds of NHK , Tokyo Broadcasting System , Nippon TV , Fuji TV , TV Asahi , TV Tokyo , Tokyo MX , TV Kanagawa , and CNN on the Internet starting on 12 March 2011 . YokosoNews , an Internet webcast in Japan , dedicated its broadcast to the latest news gathered from Japanese news stations , translating them in real time to English . It was noted that the Japanese news media has been at times overly cautious to avoid panic and reliance on confusing statements by experts and officials .", "34": "In this national crisis , the Japanese government provided Japanese Sign Language ( JSL ) interpreting at the press conferences related to the earthquake and tsunami . Television broadcasts of the press conferences of Prime Minister Naoto Kan and Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano included simultaneous JSL interpreters standing next to the Japanese flag on the same platform . According to Jake Adelstein , most Japanese media accepted and parroted the misinformation put out by the Japanese government and TEPCO about the unfolding Fukushima nuclear crisis . Notable exceptions , according to Adelstein , were newspapers Sankei Shimbun and Chunichi Shimbun which questioned the accuracy of the information coming from the government and TEPCO . Because of the unquestioning nature of most Japanese media to hold to the `` party line '' , many Japanese mid-level officials and experts spoke to foreign media to get their opinions and observations publicized . Atsushi Funahashi , director of Nuclear Nation notes that `` when the overseas media was calling Fukushima a ' meltdown , ' the Japanese government and media waited two months before admitting it . '' Nine days after the earthquake hit , a visualization and sonification were uploaded to YouTube allowing listeners to hear the earthquake as it unfolded in time . Two days of seismic activity made available by the IRIS Consortium were compressed into two minutes of sound . The large number of views made the video one of the most popular examples of sonification on the web . Also , following the earthquake , for the first time in Japanese history , the Emperor addressed the nation in a pre-recorded television broadcast . Scientific and Research response Seismologists anticipated a very large quake would strike in the same place as the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake -- in the Sagami Trough , southwest of Tokyo . The Japanese government had tracked plate movements since 1976 in preparation for the so - called Tokai earthquake , predicted to take place in that region . However , occurring as it did 373 km ( 232 mi ) north east of Tokyo , the Tōhoku earthquake came as a surprise to seismologists . While the Japan Trench was known for creating large quakes , it had not been expected to generate quakes above an 8.0 magnitude .", "35": "The Headquarters For Earthquake Research Promotion setup by Japanese government have then reassessed the long term risk of trench - type earthquakes around Japan , and it was announced in November 2011 that , combining with researches on 869 Sanriku earthquake , an earthquake similar to this one ( with a magnitude of M 8.4 -- 9.0 ) would take place in the area between off the coast of Pacific side of the Northeast Japan in an average of every 600 years intervals ( See also Seismicity of the Sanriku coast ) , and it is also assessed that a tsunami - earthquake with a tsunami magnitude scales ( Mt ) between 8.6 and 9.0 ( Similar to 1896 Sanriku earthquake , the Mt for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake is 9.1 -- 9.4 ) will have a 30 % chance to occur within 30 years . The quake gave scientists the opportunity to collect a large amount of data so as to model in great detail the seismic events that took place . This data is expected to be used in a variety of ways , providing as it does unprecedented information about how buildings respond to shaking , and other effects . Gravimetric data from the quake has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models , as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves . Researchers have also analysed the economic effects of this earthquake and have developed models of the nationwide propagation via interfirm supply networks of the shock originated in Tōhoku region . Researchers soon after the full extent of the disaster was known launched a project to gather all digital material relating to the disaster into an online searchable archive to form the basis of future research into the events during and after the disaster . The Japan Digital Archive is presented in English and Japanese and is hosted at the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies at Harvard University in Boston , Massachusetts . Some of the first research to come from the archive was a 2014 paper from the Digital Methods Initiative in Amsterdam about patterns of Twitter usage around the time of the disaster . After the 2011 disaster the UNISDR , United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction , held its World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Tohoku in March 2015 , which produced the Sendai Framework document to guide efforts by international development agencies to act before disasters instead of reacting to them after the fact .", "36": "At this time Japan 's Disaster Management Office ( Naikakufu Bosai Keikaku ) published a bi-lingual guide in Japanese and English , Disaster Management in Japan , to outline the several varieties of natural disaster and the preparations being made for the eventuality of each . In the fall of 2016 Japan 's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience ( NIED ; Japanese abbreviation , Bosai Kaken ; full name Bousai Kagaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho ) launched the online interactive `` Disaster Chronology Map for Japan , 416 -- 2013 '' ( map labels in Japanese ) to display in visual form the location , disaster time , and date across the islands . An expedition named Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project have been conducted in year 2012 -- 2013 to drill oceanfloor boreholes through the fault - zone of the earthquake and gathered important data about the rupture mechanism and physical properties of the fault that caused the huge earthquake and tsuanmi which devastated much of northeast Japan . See also Fukushima radiation comparison to other incidents and standards , with graph of recorded radiation levels and specific accident events . ( Note : Does not include all radiation readings from Fukushima Daini site ) Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Health crisis List of earthquakes in 2011 List of earthquakes in Japan List of historical tsunamis Lists of earthquakes Map to chronicle all known disasters in Japan from 416 -- 2013 ( labels in Japanese ) Nuclear power in Japan § Seismicity Ryou - Un Maru Seismicity of the Sanriku coast Notes Jump up ^ In the early days after the earthquake some other names were proposed and used . The Japan Meteorological Agency announced the English name as The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake .", "37": "NHK used Tōhoku Kantō Great Earthquake disaster ( 東北関東大震災 , Tōhoku Kantō Daishinsai ) ; Tōhoku - Kantō Great Earthquake ( 東北・関東大地震 , Tōhoku - Kantō Daijishin ) was used by Kyodo News , Tokyo Shimbun and Chunichi Shimbun ; East Japan Giant Earthquake ( 東日本巨大地震 , Higashi Nihon Kyodaijishin ) was used by Yomiuri Shimbun , Nihon Keizai Shimbun and TV Asahi , and East Japan Great Earthquake ( 東日本大地震 , Higashi Nihon Daijishin ) was used by Nippon Television , Tokyo FM and TV Asahi . Jump up ^ The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami has been assigned GLIDE identifier EQ - 2011 - 000028 - JPN by the Asian Disaster Reduction Center . References Jump up ^ `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ( from `` deaths '' template ) Jump up ^ `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ( from `` injured '' template ) Jump up ^ `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ( from `` missing '' template ) ^ Jump up to : `` M 9.1 -- near the east coast of Honshu , Japan '' . United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) . Archived from the original on 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 震災の揺れは 6 分間キラーパルス少なく東大地震研 '' . Asahi Shimbun . Japan . 17 March 2011 .", "38": "Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Suzuki , W. ; Aoi , S. ; Sekiguchi , H. ; Kunugi , T. ( 2012 ) . Source rupture process of the 2011 Tohoku - Oki earthquake derived from strong - motion records ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the fifteenth world conference on earthquake engineering . Lisbon , Portugal . p. 1 . Jump up ^ https://www.thebalance.com/japan-s-2011-earthquake-tsunami-and-nuclear-disaster-3305662 Jump up ^ `` 震度 1 以上の余震の最大震度別地震回数表 ( 3 月 11 日 ~ ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2013 . on 4 March 2015 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Michael ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Japan 's quake updated to magnitude 9.0 '' . New Scientist ( Short Sharp Science ed . ) . Archived from the original on 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New USGS number puts Japan quake at 4th largest '' . CBS News . Associated Press . 14 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami hits north - eastern Japan after massive quake '' . BBC News . 12 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Conference by Prime Minister Naoto Kan '' . Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kan names quake at pep talk '' . The Japan Times . 2 April 2011 .", "39": "Archived from the original on 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Winter ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Quake shifted Japan coast about 13 feet , knocked Earth 6.5 inches off axis '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake ~ first report ~ '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . March 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Abstract of the 191th ( sic ! ) meeting of CCEP -- website of the Japanese Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction Jump up ^ `` NHK ニュース東北関東大震災 ( 動画 ) '' ... nhk.or.jp . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 仙台放送局東北関東大震災 '' ... nhk.or.jp . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 東日本大震災 -- 一般社団法人共同通信社ニュース特集 '' . Kyodo News . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 東京 ) . `` 東京新聞 : 収まらぬ余震 ... 不安東北・関東大地震 : 東京 ( TOKYO Web ) '' . Tokyo-np.co.jp . Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 中日新聞からのお知らせ ) .", "40": "`` 中日新聞 : 災害義援金受け付け東日本大震災 : 中日新聞からのお知らせ ( CHUNICHI Web ) '' . Chunichi.co.jp . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 東日本巨大地震震災掲示板 : 特集 : YOMIURI ONLINE ( 読売新聞 ) '' . Yomiuri Shimbun . Japan . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ 東日本巨大地震 : 特集 : 日本経済新聞 ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei.com. 1 January 2000 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ( 地震 ) 東日本巨大地震を激甚災害指定政府 '' . News.tv-asahi.co.jp . Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 東日本大地震緊急募金受け付け中 '' . Cr.ntv.co.jp . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 番組表 -- TOKYO FM 80.0 MHz -- 80. Love FM RADIO STATION '' . Tfm.co.jp . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 「報道特番 ~ 東日本大地震 ~ 」 2011 年 3 月 14 日 ( 月 ) 放送内容 '' .", "41": "Kakaku.com . Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan 's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.03 -- website of the United States Geological Survey Jump up ^ Branigan , Tania ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Tsunami , earthquake , nuclear crisis -- now Japan faces power cuts '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan quake -- 7th largest in recorded history '' . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` March 11th tsunami a record 40.5 metres high NHK '' ... nhk.or.jp. 13 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Yomiuri Shimbun evening edition 2 - 11 - 04 - 15 page 15 , nearby Aneyoshi fishery port ( 姉吉漁港 ) ( Google map E39 31 57.8 , N 142 3 7.6 ) 2011 - 04 - 15 , 大震災の津波、宮古で 38.9 m ... 明治三陸上回る by okayasu Akio ( 岡安章夫 ) Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite ^ Jump up to : Roland Buerk ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Japan earthquake : Tsunami hits north - east '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quake shifted Japan by over two metres '' . Deutsche Welle. 14 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 .", "42": "^ Jump up to : Chang , Kenneth ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth 's Spin '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chai , Carmen ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Japan 's quake shifts earth 's axis by 25 centimetres '' . Montreal Gazette . Postmedia News . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 大地震で一日が短縮、軸の振動も変化 '' ( in Japanese ) . National Geographic . 17 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GOCE : The First Seismometer in Orbit '' . 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ 未来を考える力を気仙沼復興レポート 28 地盤の沈下と隆起 2016 - 06 - 11 今川悟 Jump up ^ . TBS Newsi. 2014 - 10 - 11 https://archive.fo/20141011180532/http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/videonews/jnn?a=20141011-00000027-jnn-soci . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 .", "43": "Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ 地盤が隆起漁業者困惑最大 40 センチ、積み荷に影響三陸沿岸で地殻変動か Nikkei 2015 - 03 - 09 Jump up ^ 東北沿岸、地震で沈んだ地盤が謎の隆起マントル影響か Nikkei 2017 - 02 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ( from `` deaths '' template ) Jump up ^ `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ( from `` injured '' template ) Jump up ^ `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ( from `` missing '' template ) Jump up ^ `` 4th Anniversary today '' . Kobe Shinbun. 11 March 2015 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Saira Syed -- `` Japan quake : Infrastructure damage will delay recovery '' -- 16 March 2011 -- BBC News -- Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Archived 17 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Japanese PM : ' Toughest ' crisis since World War II '' . CNN . 13 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : NPR Staff and Wires ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Millions Of Stricken Japanese Lack Water , Food , Heat '' . NPR .", "44": "Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Nearly 1.5 million households had gone without water since the quake struck . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : the CNN Wire Staff ( 6 June 2011 ) . `` Japan : 3 Nuclear Reactors Melted Down -- News Story -- KTVZ Bend '' . Ktvz.com . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3 nuclear reactors melted down after quake , Japan confirms '' . CNN . 7 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Molly Hennessy - Fiske ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Japan earthquake : Insurance cost for quake alone pegged at $35 billion , AIR says '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Uranaka , Taiga ; Kwon , Ki Joon ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` New explosion shakes stricken Japanese nuclear plant '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Bo . `` Top 5 Most Expensive Natural Disasters in History '' . AccuWeather.com . News & Video . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Victoria Kim ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Japan damage could reach $235 billion , World Bank estimates '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Japan earthquake and tsunami : what happened and why World news . The Guardian . Retrieved on 3 April 2011 . Archived 12 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Boadle , Anthony ( 11 March 2011 ) .", "45": "`` UPDATE 3 - USGS upgrades Japan quake to 8.9 magnitude '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan 's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.0 '' . United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) . 14 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Japan Earthquake Not the `` Big One '' ? `` . National Geographic News . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 地震情報 -- 2011 年 3 月 10 日 15 時 6 分 -- 日本気象協会 tenki.jp '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . `` 地震情報 -- 2011 年 3 月 11 日 15 時 15 分 -- 日本気象協会 tenki.jp '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Information '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake strikes near Japan 's Fukushima nuclear plant ; no reports of damage '' . The Star . Toronto . AP . 25 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . A 7.3 - magnitude earthquake struck early Saturday morning off Japan 's east coast ( ... ) Japan 's meteorological agency said the quake was an aftershock of the magnitude - 9.0 earthquake and tsunami that struck the same area in 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marcia McNutt ( 12 March 2011 ) . Energy from quake : if harnessed , could power L.A.", "46": "for a year . CBS News via YouTube ( Google ) . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Sawai , Yuki ; Namegaya , Yuichi ( 9 November 2012 ) . `` Challenges of anticipating the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami using coastal geology '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Letters. 39 ( 21 ) : L21309 . 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Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 気象庁 '' マグニチュードは 9.0 '' NHK ニュース `` ... nhk.or.jp . Archived from the original on 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` asahi.com ( 朝日新聞社 ) : 地殻破壊 3 連鎖、計 6 分専門家、余震拡大に警鐘 -- 東日本大震災 '' . Asahi Shimbun . Japan . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 .", "48": "Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 7 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Spatial distribution and focal mechanisms of aftershocks of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake '' by Y . Asano , T. Saito , Y . Ito , K. Shiomi , H. Hirose , T. Matsumoto , S. Aoi , S. Hori , and S. Sekiguchi . Jump up ^ `` Japan Meteorological Agency Earthquake Information '' . Jma.go.jp . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Quake info '' . Ceme.gsras.ru . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . 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United States Geological Survey .", "49": "Archived from the original on 31 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` How the quake has moved Japan '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Michael ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` Japan quake fault may have moved 40 metres '' . New Scientist . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Japan seabed shifted 24 metres after March quake Reuters.com Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Jiji Press , `` March temblor shifted seabed by 50 metres ( 160 ft ) '' , Japan Times , 3 December 2011 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earth 's day length shortened by Japan earthquake '' . CBS News . 13 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , Bethan ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Can an earthquake shift the Earth 's axis ? '' . BBC News . 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Jump up ^ Gross , Richard ( 19 March 2011 ) . `` Japan Earthquake May Have Shifted Earth 's Axis '' . NPR online . Jump up ^ Magnitude 7.1 -- NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU , JAPAN Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ The CNN Wire Staff ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` Fresh quake triggers tsunami warning in Japan '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Four dead as new tremor hits Japan disaster zone '' . Bangkok Post . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log , IAEA , 7 April 2011 Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ NHK , `` Strong aftershock kills four '' , 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude 6.6 -- EASTERN HONSHU , JAPAN '' . Earthquake.usgs.gov . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` At least 6 killed in new Japan earthquake '' . CNN World News . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . 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Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Talbot , David . `` 80 Seconds of Warning for Tokyo '' . MIT Technology Review . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 .", "52": "Jump up ^ 干場充之 ( 2011 ) 経験則からのずれ ― はじめの数秒と強震動 : τc , Pd , スペクトル , 簡易震源域推定方法 ― 日本地球惑星科学連合 2011 年 MIS036 - P67 Jump up ^ 緊急地震速報と観測された震度の特徴 JMA Meteorological Research Institute ( ja ) 日本地球惑星連合 2011 年予稿集 Jump up ^ 干場充之、尾崎友亮 : 2011 年東北地方太平洋沖地震での緊急地震速報と津波警報地震第 2 輯 Vol. 64 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) No. 3 P155 - 168 Jump up ^ 報道発表資料平成 23 年 3 月 29 日 ( PDF ) . Japan Meteorological Agency ( in Japanese ) . 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 緊急地震速報の改善について '' ( Press release ) . Japan Meteorological Agency . 2011 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ NHK BS News reported 2011 - 04 - 03 - 02 : 55 JST Jump up ^ `` Tsunami bulletin number 3 '' . Pacific Tsunami Warning Center / NOAA / NWS. 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Wire Staff ( 11 March 2011 ) .", "53": "`` Tsunami warnings issued for at least 20 countries after quake '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PTWC warnings complete list '' . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Distance between Dichato , Chile and Sendai , Japan is 17228km '' . Mapcrow.info. 23 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Attwood , James ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` Chile Lifts Tsunami Alerts After Japan Quake Spawns Waves '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chilean site : ( Tsunami ) waves penetrated 70 -- 100 m in different parts of the country '' . Publimetro.cl . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tsunami Warning System information , Japan Meteorological Agency `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Information ( Estimated Tsunami arrival time and Height ) '' . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ 津波による浸水範囲の面積 ( 概略値 ) について ( 第 5 報 ) ( PDF ) ( in Japanese ) . Geospatial Information Authority in Japan ( 国土地理院 ) . 18 April 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 .", "54": "Jump up ^ One estimate of 10 -- 15 minutes came from German seismologist Rainer Kind of the Helmholtz Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam , as interviewed in Japan 's tsunami victims only had 15 minutes warning , Deutsche Welle , 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Another estimate of 15 -- 30 minutes came from Vasily V. Titov , director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Center for Tsunami Research , as reported in Japan tsunami : Toll could rise to more than 1,300 , NDTV - hosted copy of an article by Martin Fackler , The New York Times , 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite ^ Jump up to : `` News : Tsunami rolls through Pacific , Sendai Airport under water , Tokyo Narita closed , Pacific region airports endangered '' . Avherald.com. 6 July 2001 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` 10 - meter tsunami observed in area near Sendai in Miyagi Pref '' . The Japan Times Online . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World English '' . NHK. 12 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 8.9 - magnitude earthquake sparks massive tsunami '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Associated Press . 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Yomiuri Shimbun. 2011 - 06 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 東北地方太平洋沖地震を教訓とした地震・津波対策に関する専門調査会中間とりまとめ '' ( PDF ) . 中央防災会議「東北地方太平洋沖地震を教訓とした地震・津波対策に関する専門調査会」. 2011 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tritten , Travis , J. , and T.D. Flack , `` U.S.", "56": "rescue teams find devastation in northern city of Ofunato '' , Stars and Stripes ( newspaper ) , 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Archived 15 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Whole towns gone - no cars or people seen '' . Yomiuri . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff Reporter ( 12 March 2011 ) `` Wiped off the map : The moment apocalyptic tsunami waves drown a sleepy coast town '' . www.dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Honderden doden in Japanse kuststad ( Hundreds dead in Japanese coastal town ) '' ( in Dutch ) . www.rtlnieuws.nl . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Japan army says 300 -- 400 bodies found in Rikuzentakata : Report '' . Nst.com.my. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Alex , `` JET post best , not ' pityfest ' '' , Japan Times , 7 April 2011 , p. 3 . Archived 6 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Miyagi coastal whaling port pulverized , little more than memory '' , Japan Times , 18 March 2011 , p. 3 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Deaths , people missing set to top 1,600 : Edano '' , Japan Times , 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Survivors in trauma after life - changing nightmare day '' , Japan Times , 13 March 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Death toll may surpass 10,000 in Miyagi '' , Japan Times , 14 March 2011 , p. 1 .", "57": "Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Alabaster , Jay , and Todd Pitman , ( Associated Press ) , `` Hardships , suffering in earthquake zone '' , Japan Times , 15 March 2011 , p. 3 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Gihooly , Rob , `` ' Nothing can prepare you to witness this ' , Japan Times , 20 March 2011 , p. 7 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Stuart Biggs and Aaron Sheldrick ( 11 March 2011 ) . Tsunami Slams Japan After Record Earthquake , Killing Hundreds , Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan disaster : 30 powerful images of the earthquake and tsunami '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 16 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Survivors on cut - off isle were ready for disaster '' , Japan Times , 19 March 2011 , p. 2 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Fukue , Natsuko , `` Tsunami came late to unprepared Chiba '' , Japan Times , 30 March 2011 , p. 2 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 ( Tsunami Observation ) , Japan Meteorological Agency , issued 18 : 05 JST 13 March 2011 , Retrieved 14 March 2011 . The Iwate Kamaishi - oki reading was obtained by GPS wave meter. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 ( Tsunami Observation ) , Japan Meteorological Agency , issued 18 : 05 JST 13 March 2011 , Retrieved 14 March 2011 . ( Tohoku district . )", "58": "Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 ( Tsunami Observation ) , Japan Meteorological Agency , issued 18 : 05 JST 13 March 2011 , Retrieved 14 March 2011 . ( Kanto / Chubu district . ) Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 ( Tsunami Observations ) '' Archived 24 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Japan Meteorological Agency . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ 行政情報システム室 ( 25 March 2011 ) . `` Executive Summary of Urgent Field Survey of Earthquake and Tsunami Disasters by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake '' ( PDF ) . Yokosuka , Japan : Port and Airport Research Institute ( PARI ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers : 30 - meter tsunami in Ofunato '' . NHK . Archived from the original on 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ 日本で一番大きな津波は何ですか ? , JMA Jump up ^ `` 38 - meter - high tsunami triggered by 11 March quake : survey '' . Kuwait News Agency ( KUNA ) . Kyodo News . 4 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ 宮古市田老小堀内漁港での津波遡上高 ( Tsunami run up height at Miyako city , Taro Koborinai fishing port ) ( in Japanese ) . Earthquake Research Institute , University of Tokyo . 3 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 .", "59": "Jump up ^ Yoshida , Reiji , `` 869 Tohoku tsunami parallels stun '' , Japan Times , 11 March 2012 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jiji Press , `` 42 % did n't immediately flee tsunami '' , Japan Times , 18 August 2011 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` 東北地方太平洋沖地震による津波被害を踏まえた津波警報の改善の方向性について ( 最終とりまとめ ) '' ( PDF ) . Japan Meteorological Agency . 2011 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` 津波警報の改善について '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Evacuate all coastal areas immediately , Hawaii Civil Defense says '' . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Text of PTWC Pacific - wide tsunami warning '' . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami from Japanese quake prompts evacuation of 11,000 residents on Russia 's Pacific islands '' . 1310News.com . The Associated Press . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Warning and Advisory No. 7 issued 03 / 11 / 2011 at 3 : 39 am PST '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` B.C. tsunami threat passes '' . Canada : CBC. 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 .", "60": "Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Helen Jung and Jeff Manning , `` Waves bring destruction to Oregon 's south coast '' , The Oregonian , 12 March 2011 , p. 1 + Jump up ^ `` $1.2 M FEMA Tsunami Grant To Ore. 's Curry County -- Oregon -- Northwest News Story -- KTVZ Bend '' . Ktvz.com. 9 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Twilight tsunami evacuation . Courier Mail ( 14 March 2011 ) . Retrieved on 3 April 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Girl , Bowen. ( 16 March 2011 ) Diary of a Bowen girl : Japan . Bowendiaries.blogspot.com . Retrieved on 3 April 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Tsunami destroys houses in Jayapura '' . The Jakarta Post . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PNG 's Wewak hospital damaged by tsunami waves '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 16 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Nakaso , Dan ( 14 March 2011 ) Tsunami damage estimate for Hawaii now tens of millions Star Advertiser . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Archived 15 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Tsunami washes away feathered victims west of Hawaii '' . CNN . 19 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Pacific islands hit by tsunami swells '' . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tsunami Warning For Guam Extended Until 11 p.m . Pacificnewscenter.com ( 11 March 2011 ) .", "61": "Retrieved on 3 April 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite ^ Jump up to : Minor damage in Latin America by Japan 's tsunami , channelnewsasia.com , 13 March 2011 Jump up ^ ( Spanish ) Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas . ANSA Latina. 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ ( Spanish ) Caldera : 80 viviendas resultaron destruidas en Puerto Viejo por efecto de las olas . Radio Bio-Bio. 3 December 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ ( Spanish ) Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas que azotaron las costas chilenas La Tercera. 3 December 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite ^ Jump up to : Keall , Chris ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Gareth Morgan 's Galapagos hotel destroyed by tsunami '' . National Business Review . Archived from the original on 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador Sends Aid To Galapagos After Islands Hit By Tsunami From Japan '' . LATIN AMERICA NEWS DISPATCH. 15 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tsunami Aftermath in Galapagos : Update from CDRS ' Director Dr. J. Gabriel Lopez . Galapagos.org . Retrieved on 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ 「津波太平洋を往復」 Nikkei 2014 - 05 - 02 Morning News Jump up ^ 2014 - 05 - 01 Japan Geoscience Union ( ja ) , Meteorological Research Institute ( ja ) visiting scholar Masami Okada . Jump up ^ `` Japan tsunami caused icebergs to break off in Antarctica '' . European Space Agency . 9 August 2011 .", "62": "Jump up ^ Brunt , Kelly M. ; Emile A. Okal ; Douglas R. MacAyeal ( 1 October 2011 ) . `` Antarctic ice - shelf calving triggered by the Honshu ( Japan ) earthquake and tsunami , March 2011 '' . Journal of Glaciology . International Glaciological Society . 57 ( 205 ) : 785 -- 788 . Bibcode : 2011JGlac ... 57 ... 785B . doi : 10.3189 / 002214311798043681 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . ( fee required for full article ) Jump up ^ Japan tsunami victim 's soccer ball found in Alaska 24 April 2012 . Associated Press Jump up ^ `` Tsunami motorcycle owner located in Japan '' . Cbc.ca. 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ 平成 23 年 ( 2011 年 ) 東北地方太平洋沖地震に伴う地盤沈下調査 ( Land subsidence caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ) ( in Japanese ) . Geospatial Information Authority of Japan . 14 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Values announced from Geospatial Information Authority of Japan , news report by Yomiuri Shimbun 15 April 2011 ver . 13S page 33 Jump up ^ Alabaster , Jay ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Quake Shifted Japan ; Towns Now Flood at High Tide '' , Associated Press , ABC News . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ( from `` deaths '' template ) Jump up ^ `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 .", "63": "( from `` injured '' template ) Jump up ^ `` Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures ... 9 March 2018 '' National Police Agency of Japan . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ( from `` missing '' template ) Jump up ^ 東日本大震災における震災関連死の死者数 ( 平成 29 年 3 月 31 日現在 ) ( 平成 29 年 6 月 30 日公表 ) Jump up ^ 震災関連死の死者数等について Jump up ^ 平成 23 年 ( 2011 年 ) 東北地方太平洋沖地震 ( 東日本大震災 ) の被害状況 ( 平成 29 年 9 月 1 日現在 ) 2017 - 09 - 01 , Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` 90 % of disaster casualties drowned '' , Japan Times , 21 April 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Jiji Press , `` 70 % of missing aged 60 and older '' , Japan Times , 8 March 2012 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ 3.11 「震災関連死」という問い福島県の分析を通して野口典子 Jump up ^ 福島の震災関連死 2000 人超す原発避難の長期化影響 2015 - 12 - 28 Nikkei Jump up ^ Smith , Alexander ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Fukushima evacuation has killed more than earthquake and tsunami , survey says '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 .", "64": "Jump up ^ `` Stress - induced deaths in Fukushima top those from 2011 natural disasters '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Stress - induced deaths in Fukushima top those from 2011 natural disasters '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Japan earthquake : 100,000 children displaced , says charity '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` More quake orphan benefits sought '' , Japan Times , 18 September 2011 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse / Jiji Press , `` At least 82 children were orphaned by disaster , government says '' , Japan Times , 10 April 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Grandparents stifle grief to raise orphaned boy '' , Japan Times , 23 February 2012 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Tōhoku teen feels guilt of being lone survivor '' , Japan Times , 24 February 2012 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` 378 students killed , 158 missing in disaster '' , Japan Times , 29 April 2011 , p. 2 . The victims included 234 elementary , 111 junior high and 191 high school students . Direct quote : `` Out of the 378 students confirmed dead , 273 were in Miyagi , 59 in Fukushima and 46 in Iwate . The list of missing students is made up of 74 in Miyagi , 52 in Iwate and 32 in Fukushima . '' As of 25 December 2011 , 342 elementary and junior high school students were declared dead or missing ( Kyodo News , `` 3 / 11 tsunami killed 35 % of students ' saved ' by parents '' , Japan Times , 25 December 2011 , p. 2 . ) Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Loss - staggered school reopens Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ''", "65": ", Japan Times , 19 April 2011 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Loss - hit Ishinomaki school opens '' , Japan Times , 22 April 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` School that lost 70 % of its pupils mourns Archived 2 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Japan Times , 29 April 2011 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Japan confirms death of 19 foreigners in March 11 quake , tsunami '' . Kyodo News . 5 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Body of second American found in Japan '' . CNN . 7 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . 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Jakarta Globe . 12 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California tsunami death : NorCal man drowns trying to photograph tsunami -- KSWB '' . Fox5sandiego.com . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Man swept out to sea by tsunami was Bend native '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath tsunami victim identified ; search comes up empty '' . The Times - Standard .", "67": "Eureka , CA . 13 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Body found in Oregon identified as missing tsunami victim '' . BNO News . Archived from the original on 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Tsunami victim remains wash ashore near Fort Stevens . Koinlocal6.com ( 12 March 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2 May 2011 . 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Fukushima News . 12 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A quick report on Japanese Dams after the Earthquake '' . Chinese National Committee on Large Dams. 12 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Uranaka , Taiga ; Kwon , Ki Joon ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Quake - hit Japan battles to avert radiation leak '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nomiyama , Chiz ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Factbox : Japan disaster in figures '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 21 March 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Inajima , Tsuyoshi ; Okada , Yuji ( 11 March 2011 ) `` Japanese Quake Forces Evacuation Near Nuclear Reactor ; Oil Refinery Burns '' , Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Utilities ' monopoly on power backfires '' , Japan Times , 30 March 2011 , p. 2 . 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Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Japan quake begins to impact LNG trade Argus Media , 15 March 2011 . Accessed : 18 March 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Tsunami Disaster : `` Japan 's Sendai says LNG Infrastructure Badly Damaged '' Argus Media , 16 March 2011 . Accessed : 18 March 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Kanekiyo , Kensuke ; Ishimura , Akira , eds . ( March 2011 ) . `` Eastern Japan paralyzed by unprecedented earthquake '' ( PDF ) . Japan Energy Brief . The Institute of Energy Economics ( 12 ) . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan earthquake : Evacuations ordered as fears grow of radiation leak at nuclear plant ; News.com.au '' . AFP . 12 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan initiates emergency protocol after earthquake '' . Nuclear Engineering International . 11 March 2011 .", "73": "Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . 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The New York Times , 13 March 2011 Jump up ^ Chico Harlan : Japan quake : With two natural disasters and a nuclear emergency , recovery begins . The Washington Post , 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Rik Myslewski . Sixth Japanese nuclear reactor loses cooling . The Register , 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 .", "75": "Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` asahi.com ( 朝日新聞社 ) : 福島市内の水道水から放射性物質検出国の基準は下回る -- 東日本大震災 '' . Asahi Shimbun . Japan . 3 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1 都 5 県の水道水から放射性物質、国基準下回る : 科学 '' . Yomiuri Shimbun . Japan . 19 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 水道水制限値を全国で下回る '' . NHK News . Archived from the original on 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ asahi.com ( 朝日新聞社 ) : 福島の土壌から微量ストロンチウム水溶性の放射性物質 -- 社会 Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` asahi.com ( 朝日新聞社 ) : 原発から 40 キロの土壌、高濃度セシウム半減期 30 年 -- 東日本大震災 '' . Asahi Shimbun . Japan . 1 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 .", "76": "Jump up ^ `` asahi.com ( 朝日新聞社 ) : 東京・神奈川含む汚染マップ公表一部で 1 万ベクレル超 -- 東日本大震災 '' . Asahi.com. 6 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jae Hur ( 27 March 2011 ) . `` Food Contamination Set to Rise as Japan Fights Radiation Crisis at Reactor '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` High level of cesium detected in sand lances '' . NHK World . 5 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Ito , Nicholas ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` Radioactive Meat Sold In Japan Market -- Health News Story -- KTVZ Bend '' . Ktvz.com . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . 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The Washington Post , 11 March 2011 Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Sea water injected into troubled Fukushima power plant The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online '' . mb.com.ph. 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cooling system pump stops at Tokai No. 2 plant - Kyodo ; Energy & Oil ; Reuters '' . af.reuters.com. 13 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Takenaka , Kiyoshi ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Tokai No. 2 nuke plant cooling process working -- operator Reuters '' . uk.reuters.com . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Wood , Elisa ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` The Dangers of Energy Generation '' . Renewable Energy World . Archived from the original on 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ NHK World , `` Tōhoku Expressway Reopened To All Traffic '' , 24 March 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile USA Waives Call Charges to Japan and Wi - Fi Calling and Text Messaging Charges to and From Japan '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` netTALK Extends Free Calling to Japan Through April '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vonage offers free calls to Japan '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Telekom : Konzern erleichtert Kommunikation nach Japan '' . Deutsche Telekom. 17 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 .", "81": "Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bids goodbye to F2 aircraft '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake devastates Japan F - 2 sqd '' . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami and earthquake in Japan : latest pictures of the damage '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Air SDF to scrap 12 fighters , citing tsunami damage '' . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Malik , Tariq ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` Quake forces closure of Japanese space center '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` asahi.com ( 朝日新聞社 ) : 茨城の宇宙機構施設が損傷「きぼう」一部管制できず -- サイエンス '' . Asahi Shimbun . Japan . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` spaceflightnow.com '' . Stephen Clark . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Damages to Cultural Properties in `` the Great East Japan Earthquake '' '' ( PDF ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . 16 February 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Rajib Shaw ; Yukiko Takeuchi ( 2012 ) . East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami : Evacuation , Communication , Education and Volunteerism . Singapore : Research Publishing Services . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 07 - 0186 - 4 . Jump up ^ Peter Ford ( 18 July 2011 ) . `` Japan tackles mountains of trash '' . Christian Science Monitor : 12 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Paula . `` Piece of Ship from Japan 's 2011 Tsunami Surfaces in Oregon '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Nebehay , Stephanie ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Japan requests foreign rescue teams , UN says '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ NHK News , 14 : 40 JST .", "83": "Jump up ^ `` Ustream Asia 、民放 TV 各局の東北地方太平洋沖地震報道番組を同時配 jmjffr - INTERNET Watch '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pinola , Melanie . Listen to Live Coverage from Japan In English from YokosoNews , `` lifehacker '' , 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Brasor , Philip . `` Local broadcasters remain calm during the quake crisis , '' Japan Times . 20 March 2011 ; Johnston , Eric . `` Foreign media take flak for fanning fears , '' Japan Times . 21 March 2011 ; Harlan , Chico and Akiko Yamamoto . `` In Japan , disaster coverage is measured , not breathless , '' Washington Post ( US ) . 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First interpreting at government press conference on disaster , '' Deaf News Japan . 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Japan Relief Headquarters for Persons with Disabilities Petition for Support and Accommodation Following Earthquake , '' United States International Council on Disabilities ( USICD ) , 17 March 2011 , retrieved 14 April 2011 ; `` New Komeito post-quake initiatives being adopted , '' New Komeito Party . 20 March 2011 , retrieved 14 April 2011 ; `` Japan 's PM set to visit crippled nuclear plant , '' CTV ( Canada ) . 1 April 2011 ; see photo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 .", "84": "Jump up ^ Adelstein , Jake , `` What 2011 means for Japan in 2012 and beyond , '' Japan Times , 1 January 2012 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` JAPAN 'S RADIOACTIVE NIGHTMARE '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ `` Sonification of the Tōhoku Earthquake '' . Jump up ^ `` Somber Japan emperor makes unprecedented address to nation '' . Reuters. 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Emperor Akihito expresses ' deep concern ' over Fukushima nuclear plant crisis '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Japan Earthquake Not the `` Big One '' ? `` . National Geographic News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Achenbach , Joel ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Japan : The ' Big One ' hit , but not where they thought it would '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Devin ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Japan Quake Epicenter Was in Unexpected Location '' . Wired News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 三陸沖〜房総沖で「 M9 」 30 年以内に 30 % 地震調査委 '' . Sankei Shimbun. 26 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 .", "85": "Jump up ^ `` 三陸沖から房総沖にかけての地震活動の長期評価 ( 第二版 ) について '' . The Headquarters For Earthquake Research Promotion. 2011 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eryn ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` Japan earthquake shifted Earth on its axis '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Montagner , Jean - Paul ; Juhel , Kévin ; Barsuglia , Matteo ; Ampuero , Jean Paul ; Chassande - Mottin , Eric ; Harms , Jan ; Whiting , Bernard ; Bernard , Pascal ; Clévédé , Eric ; Lognonné , Philippe ( 2016 ) . `` Prompt gravity signal induced by the 2011 Tohoku - Oki earthquake '' . Nature Communications . 7 : 13349 . Bibcode : 2016NatCo ... 713349M . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms13349 . Jump up ^ Todo , Yasuyuki ; Nakajima , Kentaro ; Matous , Petr ( 2015 ) . `` How do supply chain networks affect the resilience of firms to natural disasters ? Evidence from the Great East Japan Earthquake '' . Regional Science . 55 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 229 . doi : 10.1111 / jors. 12119 . Jump up ^ Matous , Petr ; Todo , Yasuyuki ( 2016 ) . `` Energy and resilience : The effects of endogenous interdependencies on trade network formation across space among major Japanese firms '' . Network Science . 4 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 163 . doi : 10.1017 / nws. 2015.37 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian.com Fault that Caused Japan 's 2011 Earthquake is Thin and Slippery , Dec.", "86": "5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Christian Science Monitor Japan 's monster quake : Do scientists have key to decode future tremblors ? , Dec. 6 , 2013 Further reading Architectural Institute of Japan , ed. ( 2012 ) . Preliminary Reconnaissance Report of the 2011 Tōhoku - Chiho Taiheiyo - Oki Earthquake . Springer . p. 460 . Birmingham , Lucy ; McNeill , David ( 2012 ) . Strong in the Rain : Surviving Japan 's Earthquake , Tsunami and Fukushima Nuclear Disaster . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 256 . Cabinet Office Disaster Management , Government of Japan ( 2015 ) . Disaster Management in Japan . Online ( bilingual ) , http://www.bousai.go.jp/1info/pdf/saigaipamphlet_je.pdf Levi McLaughlin `` What Have Religious Groups Done After 3.11 ? Part 1 : A Brief Survey of Religious Mobilization after the Great East Japan Earthquake Disasters '' . Levi McLaughlin `` What Have Religious Groups Done After 3.11 ? Part 2 : From Religious Mobilization to `` Spiritual Care . '' `` .", "87": "External links Find more about2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunamiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Japan 's Killer Quake -- NOVA Poster of the Great Tōhoku Earthquake from United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Scientific information about the Tōhoku earthquake Earthquake Swarm Google Earth Animation on YouTube Pacific Tsunami Warning Center at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Map of Tsunami Inundation Areas in Japan from ReliefWeb Massive earthquake hits Japan Photos from The Boston Globe Japan Earthquake : before and after aerial and satellite images from ABC News , credited to Post-earthquake images of Japan Satellite Photos of Japan , Before and After the Quake and Tsunami The New York Times 2011 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami at Google Crisis Response Japan in Crisis : A Series of Interviews with Scholars by Peter Shea at the University of Minnesota Special : The Tōhoku - Oki Earthquake , Japan -- free - access scientific papers from Science magazine 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Japan Gigantic Earthquake and Tsunami 2011 The East Japan Earthquake Archive ( Testimonies of survivors , Photographs and Videos on Google Earth ) Gross , Richard . ( 2011 , 19 March ) `` Japan Earthquake May Have Shifted Earth 's Axis '' -- NPR online PreventionWeb Great East Japan Earthquake 2011 Video archives from NHK Video archives `` Remembering 3 / 11 '' 's channel on YouTube from FNN Interactive Comparisons of Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami at Beslider.com The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and authoritative data for this event .", "88": "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Aftermath Geology Japan Trench Pacific Plate North American Plate Okhotsk Plate Honshu Island Oshika Peninsula Pacific Ocean Affected areas Areas severely damaged Hokkaido Hokkaido Oshima Subprefecture Hakodate Tōhoku Region Iwate Prefecture Kamaishi Miyako Ōfunato Ōtsuchi Rikuzentakata Yamada Miyagi Prefecture East - Matsushima ( Naruse ) Ishinomaki Kesennuma Kurihara Natori Onagawa Sendai South - Sanriku ( Shizugawa ) Yamamoto Fukushima Prefecture Iwaki Ōkuma Sōma South - Sōma ( Haranomachi ) Tomioka Kantō Region Ibaraki Prefecture Hitachinaka Itako Kashima North - Ibaraki ( Isohara ) Ōarai Chiba Prefecture Asahi Chōshi Ichihara Urayasu Affected infrastructure Ichihara refinery Fujinuma Dam Sendai Airport Taro sea wall Rail lines Ōarai - Kashima Line Tōhoku Shinkansen Joban Line Shinchi Station Tomioka Station Senseki Line Nobiru Station Kesennuma Line Nuclear Accidents and Incidents Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Accident reactors Fukushima Daiichi plant Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Units 4 - 6 Sequence of events Timeline reactions International Japanese Radiation effects Topics Casualties Cleanup Fukushima 50 Investigation National Diet Government Comparison Accident Rating Movements Project Sunshine for Japan Safecast ( organization ) Sayonara Nuclear Power Plants Others Reactors / Facilities Fukushima Daini plant Tōkai plant Onagawa plant Higashidori plant Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant Foreshocks , Aftershocks Miyagi , Japan ( 7.1 , 7 April 2011 ) Fukushima , Japan ( 6.", "89": "6 , 11 April 2011 ) Miyagi , Japan ( 7.3 , 7 December 2012 ) People Naoto Kan Yukio Edano Katsuhiko Ishibashi Kiyoo Mogi Masao Yoshida Miki Endo Takashi Shimokawara Hideaki Akaiwa Katsunobu Sakurai ( fr ; ja ) Relief and Recovery Efforts Humanitarian response Operation Pacific Assist Operation Tomodachi Reconstruction Agency Fundraisers All Together Artistes 311 Love Beyond Borders Download to Donate : Tsunami Relief Fight and Smile Songs for Japan Pray for Japan Side by Side Reunion Media Documentaries Pray for Japan Surviving Japan Surviving the Tsunami - My Atomic Aunt The Tsunami and the Cherry Blossom Movies Himizu Homeland Land of Hope Reunion Drama Amachan Songs Side by Side Songs for Japan Anata ga Irukara Books Strong in the Rain Other Impact on video game industry No. 18 Kyotoku - maru Tsunami fish Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project Ryou - Un Maru 869 Sanriku earthquake 2011 local elections Miracle pine ( ja ; fr ) Shinkansen Relay See also : Japanese earthquakes Seismicity of the Sanriku coast List of historical tsunamis Nuclear power in Japan , section Seismicity Nuclear and radioactive incidents ← Earthquakes in 2011 → January Tirúa , Chile ( 7.1 , Jan 2 ) Balochistan , Pakistan ( 7.2 , Jan 19 ) February Christchurch , New Zealand ( 6.3 , Feb 22 ) † March Sendai , Japan ( 7.2 , Mar 9 ) Yunnan , China ( 5.4 , Mar 10 ) Tōhoku , Japan ( Great East Japan ) ( 9.1 , Mar 11 ) † ‡ Shan State , Myanmar ( 6.8 , Mar 24 ) † April Miyagi , Japan ( 7.1 , Apr 7 ) Fukushima , Japan ( 6.6 ,", "90": "Apr 11 ) May Guerrero , Mexico ( 5.7 , May 5 ) Lorca , Spain ( 5.1 , May 11 ) Simav , Turkey ( 5.8 , May 19 ) June Christchurch , New Zealand ( 6.3 , June 13 ) July Fergana Valley ( Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan ) ( 6.2 , July 19 ) August Trinidad , Colorado ( 5.3 , Aug 22 ) Mineral , Virginia ( 5.8 , Aug 23 ) September Aceh Singkil , Indonesia ( 6.7 , Sep 6 ) Sikkim , India ( 6.8 , Sep 18 ) † October Van , Turkey ( 7.2 , Oct 23 ) † November Prague , Oklahoma ( 5.7 , Nov 6 ) Van , Turkey ( 5.6 , Nov 10 ) † December Guerrero , Mexico ( 6.5 , Dec 10 ) † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year Earthquakes in Japan Historical 869 Sanriku 1293 Kamakura 1498 Nankai 1605 Nankai 1611 Sanriku 1703 Genroku 1707 Hōei 1771 Great Yaeyama 1792 Unzen 1847 Nagano 1854 Nankai 1854 Tōkai 1855 Edo 1858 Hietsu 1889 Kumamoto 1891 Mino -- Owari 1894 Tokyo 1896 Sanriku 20th century 1911 Kikai Island 1923 Great Kantō 1927 Kita Tango 1930 North Izu 1933 Sanriku 1936 Miyagi 1943 Tottori 1944", "91": "Tōnankai 1945 Mikawa 1946 Nankai 1948 Fukui 1952 Hokkaido 1963 Kuril Islands 1964 Niigata 1968 Hyūga - nada 1968 Tokachi 1974 Izu Peninsula 1978 Miyagi 1983 Sea of Japan 1984 Otaki 1993 Hokkaidō 1994 offshore Sanriku 1995 Hanshin 1998 Ryukyu Islands 2000 Tottori 21st century 2001 Geiyo 2003 Hokkaidō 2004 Chūetsu 2005 Fukuoka 2005 Miyagi 2006 Kuril Islands 2007 Chūetsu 2007 Kuril Islands 2007 Noto 2008 Iwate -- Miyagi 2009 Izu Islands 2009 Shizuoka 2010 Bonin Islands 2011 Tōhoku April 2011 Fukushima April 2011 Miyagi 2012 Chiba 2012 Kamaishi 2016 Kumamoto 2016 Fukushima Related articles Tōkai earthquakes Nankai megathrust earthquakes Kantō earthquakes Japan Trench megathrust earthquakes Notable Japan Trench megathrust quakes 869 Sanriku earthquake 1611 Sanriku earthquake 1896 Sanriku earthquake 1968 Tokachi earthquake 1994 offshore Sanriku earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Plate tectonics Japan Trench Okhotsk Plate Pacific Plate megathrust earthquake Seismicity of the Sanriku coast Tsunami Retrieved from `` https://en.", "92": "wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= 2011_Tōhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami&oldid = 834404378 '' Categories : 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 2011 earthquakes 2011 in Japan 2011 tsunamis Coasts of Japan Civilian nuclear power accidents Midway Atoll History of Tokyo Megathrust earthquakes in Japan 2011 natural disasters in the United States Natural disasters in British Columbia Natural disasters in California Natural disasters in Hawaii Natural disasters in Oregon Natural disasters in Papua New Guinea Natural disasters in Peru Natural disasters in Washington ( state ) Nuclear energy in Japan Postwar Japan Sendai Tōhoku region Tsunamis in Chile Tsunamis in Japan Tsunamis in the United States March 2011 events Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - 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5890866538303894370	list the seven gifts of the holy spirit	[ "wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord", "wisdom", "understanding", "counsel", "fortitude", "knowledge", "piety", "fear", "wisdom", "understanding", "counsel", "fortitude", "knowledge", "piety", "fear of the Lord", "wisdom", "understanding", "counsel", "fortitude", "knowledge", "piety", "fear of the Lord", "wisdom", "understanding", "counsel", "fortitude", "knowledge", "piety", "fear of the Lord" ]	{ "0": "Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit - wikipedia Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit Jump to : navigation , search For the charisms listed in the New Testament , see spiritual gift . Stained glass symbolic representation of the Holy Spirit as a dove , c. 1660 . The 7 gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of 7 spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors , later elaborated by five intellectual virtues and 4 other groups of ethical characteristics . They are : wisdom , understanding , counsel , fortitude , knowledge , piety , and fear of the Lord . Contents ( hide ) 1 Book of Isaiah 2 In Christianity 2.1 Roman Catholicism 3 The seven gifts of Holy Spirit 4 Relation to the Virtues 5 Augustine 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Book of Isaiah ( edit ) Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit . Folio from Walters manuscript W. 171 ( 15th century ) The seven gifts are found in the Book of Isaiah 11 : 1 - 2 , where the Biblical passage refers to the characteristics of a Messianic figure understood by Christians to be Jesus Christ empowered by the `` Spirit of the Lord '' . In the Hebrew Masoretic text the `` Spirit of the Lord '' is described with six characteristics ( wisdom , understanding , counsel , might , knowledge , fear of the Lord ) , and then the last characteristic ( fear of the Lord ) is mentioned a second time . In the Greek Septuagint the first mention of the fear of the Lord is translated as `` spirit of ( ... ) godliness '' ( πνεῦμα ( ... ) εὐσεβείας ) . Verse Hebrew Masoretic English New International Version Greek Septuagint Latin Vulgate 11.1 א וְיָצָא חֹטֶר , מִגֵּזַע יִשָׁי ; וְנֵצֶר , מִשָּׁרָשָׁיו יִפְרֶה.", "1": "‬ A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse ; from his roots a Branch will bear fruit . και εξελευσεται ραβδος εκ της ριζης ιεσσαι και ανθος εκ της ριζης αναβησεται et egredietur virga de radice Iesse et flos de radice eius ascendet 11.2 ב וְנָחָה עָלָיו , רוּחַ יְהוָה -- רוּחַ חָכְמָה וּבִינָה , רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה , רוּחַ דַּעַת , וְיִרְאַת יְהוָה.", "2": "‬ The Spirit of the LORD will rest on him -- the Spirit of wisdom and of understanding , the Spirit of counsel and of might , the Spirit of the knowledge and fear of the LORD -- και αναπαυσεται επ ' αυτον πνευμα του θεου πνευμα σοφιας και συνεσεως πνευμα βουλης και ισχυος πνευμα γνωσεως και ευσεβειας et requiescet super eum spiritus Domini spiritus sapientiae et intellectus spiritus consilii et fortitudinis spiritus scientiae et pietatis 11.3 ג וַהֲרִיחוֹ , בְּיִרְאַת יְהוָה ; ‬ and he will delight in the fear of the LORD . εμπλησει αυτον πνευμα φοβου θεου et replebit eum spiritus timoris Domini The seven Latin terms are then : sapientia intellectus consilium fortitudo scientia pietas timor Domini . In christianity ( edit ) The Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit is one of several works in Christian devotional literature which follow a scheme of seven . Others include the seven petitions of the Lord 's Prayer , the beatitudes , the seven last words from the cross , the seven deadly sins , and the seven virtues . The seven gifts were often represented as doves in medieval texts and especially figure in depictions of the Tree of Jesse which shows the Genealogy of Jesus . For Saint Thomas Aquinas , the dove signifies by its properties each gift of the Holy Spirit .", "3": "Roman Catholicism ( edit ) Although the New Testament does not refer to Isaiah 11 : 1 - 2 regarding these gifts , Roman Catholicism teaches that initiates receive them at Baptism , and that they are strengthened at Confirmation , so that one can proclaim the truths of the faith : `` The reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace . '' ( 88 ) For `` by the sacrament of Confirmation , ( the baptized ) are more perfectly bound to the Church and are enriched with a special strength of the Holy Spirit . Hence they are , as true witnesses of Christ , more strictly obliged to spread and defend the faith by word and deed . '' ( 89 ) The seven gifts of Holy Spirit ( edit ) According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church , these gifts `` ... complete and perfect the virtues of those who receive them . '' Wisdom is considered the first and the greatest of the gifts . It acts upon both the intellect and the will . According to St. Bernard , it both illumines the mind and instills an attraction to the divine . Adolphe Tanquerey OP explained the difference between the gift of wisdom and that of understanding , `` ... the latter is a view taken by the mind , while the former is an experience undergone by the heart ; one is light , the other love , and so they unite and complete one another . '' Wisdom is the perfection of the theological virtue of charity ; Understanding is a perceptive intuition which illuminates the mind to grasp the truths of faith . It does not involve a comprehensive understanding of the mysteries of faith , but helps a person understand that these mysteries are credible ; compatible with and related to each other ; and not unreasonable . The gift of understanding perfects the theological virtue of faith . Counsel functions as a sort of supernatural intuition , to enable a person to judge promptly and rightly , especially in difficult situations . It perfects the cardinal virtue of prudence . While prudence operates in accord with reason as enlightened by faith , the gift of counsel operates under the guidance of the Holy Spirit to illuminate the will of God . Fortitude is often identified with courage , but Aquinas takes its meaning to also encompass endurance .", "4": "Joseph J. Rickaby describes it as a willingness to stand up for what is right in the sight of God , even if it means accepting rejection , verbal abuse , or physical harm . The gift of fortitude allows people the firmness of mind that is required both in doing good and in enduring evil . It is the perfection of the cardinal virtue of the same name . Knowledge : The gift of knowledge allows one , as far as is humanly possible , to see things from God 's perspective . It `` allows us to perceive the greatness of God and his love for his creatures '' through creation . Piety accords with reverence . A person with reverence recognizes his total reliance on God and comes before God with humility , trust , and love . Thomas Aquinas says that piety perfects the virtue of religion , which is an aspect of the virtue of justice , in that it accords to God that which is due him . In a series of talks on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit , Pope Francis said that piety is a recognition of `` ... our belonging to God , our deep bond with him , a relationship that gives meaning to our whole life and keeps us resolute , in communion with him , even during the most difficult and troubled moments '' . `` Piety is not mere outward religiosity ; it is that genuine religious spirit which makes us turn to the Father as his children and to grow in our love for others , seeing them as our brothers and sisters , ... '' Fear of the Lord is akin to wonder ( or awe ) : With the gift of fear of the Lord , one is made aware of the glory and majesty of God . At a June 2014 general audience Pope Francis said that it `` is no servile fear , but rather a joyful awareness of God 's grandeur and a grateful realization that only in him do our hearts find true peace '' . A person with wonder and awe knows that God is the perfection of all one desires . This gift is described by Aquinas as a fear of separating oneself from God . He describes the gift as a `` filial fear , '' like a child 's fear of offending his father , rather than a `` servile fear , '' that is , a fear of punishment . Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom . It is the perfection of the theological virtue of hope .", "5": "Relation to the virtues ( edit ) In Summa Theologiae I. II , q. 68 , a1 , Saint Thomas Aquinas says that four of these gifts ( wisdom , understanding , knowledge , and counsel ) direct the intellect , while the other three gifts ( fortitude , piety , and fear of the Lord ) direct the will toward God . In some respects , the gifts are similar to the virtues , but a key distinction is that the virtues operate under the impetus of human reason ( prompted by grace ) , whereas the gifts operate under the impetus of the Holy Spirit ; the former can be used when one wishes , but the latter operate only when the Holy Spirit wishes . In the case of Fortitude , the gift has , in Latin and English , the same name as a virtue , which it is related to but from which it must be distinguished . In Summa Theologiae II. II , Thomas Aquinas asserts the following correspondences between the seven Capital Virtues and the seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit : The gift of wisdom corresponds to the virtue of charity . The gifts of understanding and knowledge correspond to the virtue of faith . The gift of counsel ( right judgment ) corresponds to the virtue of prudence . The gift of fortitude corresponds to the virtue of courage . The gift of fear of the Lord corresponds to the virtue of hope . The gift of Reverence corresponds to the virtue of justice . To the virtue of temperance , no Gift is directly assigned ; but the gift of fear can be taken as such , since fear drives somebody to restrict himself from forbidden pleasures . The Rev. Brian Shanley contrasts the gifts to the virtues this way : `` What the gifts do over and above the theological virtues ( which they presuppose ) is dispose the agent to the special promptings of the Holy Spirit in actively exercising the life of the virtues ; the gifts are necessary for the perfect operations of the virtues , especially in the face of our human weakness and in difficult situations . '' Augustine ( edit ) Saint Augustine drew a connection between the gifts of the Holy Spirit and the Beatitudes ( Matt. 5 : 3 - 12 ) . Blessed are the poor in spirit , for theirs is the kingdom of heaven , reflects Fear of the Lord as the `` poor in spirit '' are the humble and God - fearing .", "6": "Blessed are they who mourn , for they will be comforted , corresponds to the Gift of Knowledge , as for Augustine the knowledge of God brings both an increased awareness of personal sin , and to some extent grieving at the abandonment of practices and activities that separate one from God . Blessed are the meek , for they will inherit the land , relates to Piety . Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness , for they will be satisfied , pertains to Fortitude . Blessed are the merciful , for they will be shown mercy demonstrates the Gift of Counsel . Blessed are the clean of heart , for they will see God , the Gift of Understanding . Blessed are the peacemakers , for they will be called children of God , Wisdom . Blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness , for theirs is the kingdom of heaven . See also ( edit ) Fruit of the Holy Spirit Tree of Jesse Theological virtues Works of mercy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , see Victorinus , Commentarii in Apocalypsim Iohannis 1 , 4 : Septiformem spiritum in Esaia legimus ' ( Esa. , XI , 2 ) , spiritum ' videlicet ' sapientiae et intellectus , consilii et fortitudinis , scientiae et pietatis , spiritum amorem Domini . ' Authors such Augustine , Hilary of Poitiers , and John Cassian all speak of the gifts with familiarity . Jump up ^ Macfarlane , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Researching with Integrity . The Ethics of Academic Enquiry . London : Routledge . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88696 - 0 . ISBN 0 - 20388696 - 8 . The theoretical , intellectual virtues consist of philosophical wisdom ( sophia ) , scientific or empirical knowledge ( episteme ) , and intuitive understanding ( nous ) . In addition to these 3 is the virtue of practical wisdom also known as prudence ( phronesis ) and the productive virtues of art , skill , and craft knowledge ( techne ) . Jump up ^ Stump , Eleonore ( 1998 ) .", "7": "Kretzmann , Norman ; MacDonald , Scott Charles ; Stump , Eleonore , eds . Aquinas ' Moral Theory . Essays in honor of Norman Kretzmann . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 43436 - 5 . ISBN 0 - 80143436 - X . Besides the five intellectual virtues and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit , Aquinas recognizes four other groups of ethical characteristics which are important for his discussion of wisdom . Jump up ^ Walters , Barbara R. ; Corrigan , Vincent Justus ; Ricketts , Peter T. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Feast of Corpus Christi . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State Press . p. 451 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 04831 - 4 . ISBN 0 - 27104831 - X . set grasces : these are the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit , which , in the Middle Ages , were probably codified by Thomas Aquinas ... cf . Isaias 11 : 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Robin Lane Fox ( 3 November 2015 ) . Augustine : Conversions to Confessions . Basic Books . pp. 345 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06157 - 0 . Jump up ^ John MacArthur ( 21 February 2011 ) . Luke 1 - 17 MacArthur New Testament Commentary Set . Moody Publishers . pp. 347 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8024 - 8263 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cantalamessa , Raniero ( 2003 ) . Come , Creator Spirit . Meditations on the Veni Creator . Collegeville , Minnesota : Liturgical Press . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 814 - 62871 - 3 . ISBN 0 - 81462871 - 0 . The text from which it takes its rise is Isaiah 1 1 : 1 , 3 .", "8": "In the Hebrew original six gifts are listed , and the last , fear , is mentioned twice : wisdom , understanding , counsel , fortitude , knowledge , and fear of the Lord . Jump up ^ `` katapi New Study Bible : Parallel Greek English Old Testament '' . Septuagint Compiled from the Translation by Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton , 1851 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Isaiah 11 : 1 - 3 ( Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon - Mamre ) Jump up ^ Isaiah 11 : 1 - 3 ( New International Version ) . Jump up ^ `` Online Greek OT ( Septuagint / LXX ) UTF8 '' . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Isaias 11 : 1 - 3 ( Biblia Sacra Vulgata ) . Jump up ^ Anlezark , Daniel ( 2010 ) . Godden , Malcolm ; Keynes , Simon ; Blackburn , Mark , eds . Anglo - Saxon England ( Volume 38 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19406 - 8 . ISBN 0 - 52119406 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rolle , Richard ( 1988 ) . Jeffrey , David Lyle , ed . English Spirituality in the Age of Wyclif . Vancouver : Regent College Publishing . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 573 - 83185 - 7 . ISBN 1 - 57383185 - 9 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Summa Theologiae III , 39 , q. 66 , a6 . The baptizing of Christ . Article 6 . Whether it is fitting to say that when Christ was baptized the Holy Ghost came down on Him in the form of a dove ? Reply to Objection 4 '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Erickson , Millard J. ( 1992 ) .", "9": "Introducing Christian Doctrine . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 03215 - 8 . ISBN 0 - 80103215 - 6 . 2nd ed. 2001 . Chapter Thirty - `` The work of the Holy Spirit '' ( pp. 275ff . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 02250 - 0 . ISBN 0 - 80102250 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Russell ; Stravinskas , Peter M.J. ( 1998 ) . Our Sunday Visitor 's Catholic Encyclopedia . Huntington , Indiana : Our Sunday Visitor Publishing . p. 457 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 879 - 73669 - 9 . ISBN 0 - 87973669 - 0 . Jump up ^ CCC § 1285 . Jump up ^ CCC § 1831 . Jump up ^ Tanquerey , Adolphe . The Spiritual Life , § § 1348 & 1349 Jump up ^ Pope , Charles . `` Distinguishing Knowledge , Wisdom and Understanding '' , Community in Mission , July 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ Harris , Elise . `` Pope Francis : gift of counsel illuminates the will of God '' , Catholic News Agency , May 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Rickaby , John . `` Fortitude . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1909 . 3 September 2017 Jump up ^ Harris , Elise . `` Gift of knowledge attunes us to vision of God , Pope says '' , Catholic News Agency , May 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ Delany , Joseph . `` Virtue of Religion . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 1 September 2017 ) Jump up ^ Glatz , Carol .", "10": "`` Piety is embracing God and others with real love , not fake devotion , says Pope '' , Catholic Herald , June 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis on the gift of piety '' , News.VA , June 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ Harris , Elise . `` Pope : Fear of the Lord an alarm reminding us of what 's right '' , Catholic News Agency , June 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Summa Theologiae . First Part of the Second Part ( Prima Secundæ Partis ) . Question 68 . The gifts . Article 1 . Whether the Gifts differ from the virtues ? '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Summa Theologiae . Second Part of the Second Part ( Secunda Secundæ Partis ) '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Shanley , Brian . Review of Knowledge and Faith in Thomas Aquinas by John I. Jenkins . The Thomist 63 ( 1999 ) , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Augustine . `` On the Sermon on the Mount , Book I '' , Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , First Series , Vol. 6 . ( William Findlay , trans . ) , ( Philip Schaff , ed . ) ( Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1888 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Rickaby , John ( 1909 ) . `` Fortitude '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 6 . New York : Robert Appleton .", "11": "External links ( edit ) Media related to Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit at Wikimedia Commons Portals Access related topics Judaism portal Catholicism portal Christianity portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit&oldid=836984250 '' Categories : Catholic theology and doctrine Christian terminology Spiritual gifts Holy Spirit Hidden categories : Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Français Hrvatski Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Nederlands Polski Português Shqip 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 01 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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4870961414505835033	where is beijing located on the world map	[ "39°55′N 116°23′E / 39.917°N 116.383°E", "northern China", "in northern China" ]	{ "0": "Beijing - wikipedia Beijing This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Peking '' redirects here . For other uses , see Beijing ( disambiguation ) and Peking ( disambiguation ) . Beijing 北京市 Municipality Beijing Municipality Clockwise from top : Beijing CBD skyline , Tiananmen , Temple of Heaven , National Center for the Performing Arts , and Beijing National Stadium Location of Beijing Municipality within China Coordinates : 39 ° 55 ′ N 116 ° 23 ′ E / 39.917 ° N 116.383 ° E / 39.917 ; 116.383 Coordinates : 39 ° 55 ′ N 116 ° 23 ′ E / 39.917 ° N 116.383 ° E / 39.917 ; 116.383 Country People 's Republic of China Established date 1046 BC Divisions - County - level - Township - level 16 districts 289 towns and villages Government Type Municipality Party Secretary Cai Qi Mayor Chen Jining ( acting ) Congress Chairman Li Wei Conference Chairman Ji Lin Area Municipality 16,411 km ( 6,336 sq mi ) Land 16,801 km ( 6,487 sq mi ) Urban 1,368 km ( 528 sq mi ) Rural 15,042 km ( 5,808 sq mi ) Elevation 43.5 m ( 142.7 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Municipality 21,700,000 Density 1,300 / km ( 3,400 / sq mi ) Urban 18,590,000 Metro ( 2010 ) 24,900,000 Ranks in China Population : 27th ; Density : 4th Major ethnic groups Han 95 % Manchu 2 % Hui 2 % Mongol 0.3 % Other 0.", "1": "7 % Time zone CST ( UTC + 8 ) Postal code 100000 -- 102629 Area code ( s ) 10 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 - Total CNY 2.49 trillion USD 375 billion ( 13th ) - Per capita CNY 114,742 USD 17,278 ( 2nd ) - Growth 6.7 % HDI ( 2014 ) 0.869 ( 1st ) -- very high License plate prefixes 京 A , C , E , F , H , J , K , L , M , N , P , Q , Y 京 B ( taxis ) 京 G ( outside urban area ) 京 O , D ( police and authorities ) Abbreviation BJ / 京 ( jīng ) City trees Chinese arborvitae ( Platycladus orientalis ) Pagoda tree ( Sophora japonica ) City flowers China rose ( Rosa chinensis ) Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium ) Website www.ebeijing.gov.cn Beijing `` Beijing '' in regular Chinese characters Chinese 北京 Postal Peking Peiping ( 1368 -- 1403 ; 1928 -- 1937 ; 1945 -- 1949 ) Literal meaning `` Northern Capital '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Běijīng Gwoyeu Romatzyh Beeijing Wade -- Giles Pei - ching IPA ( pèi. tɕíŋ ) ( listen ) Wu Suzhounese Poh - cin Hakka Romanization Bet - gin Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Bākgīng IPA ( pɐ́k̚.", "2": "kéŋ ) Jyutping Bak - ging Southern Min Hokkien POJ Pak - kian Tâi - lô Pak - kiann Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Báe̤k - gĭng Beijing , ( / beɪˈdʒɪŋ / ) formerly romanized as Peking , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China and the world 's second most populous city proper and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a direct - controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . As a city combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is an ever - changing megacity rich in history but also truly modern , exemplified in its global influence in politics , business & economy , education , history , culture , language , music , sporting , architecture , civilization , fashion , art , entertainment , innovation , and technology . Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's political , cultural , and educational center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state - owned companies and is a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high - speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 , the city 's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world , after Shanghai 's subway system . The city 's history dates back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for much of the past eight centuries . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital . Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D.", "3": "The city is renowned for its opulent palaces , temples , parks , gardens , tombs , walls and gates . Its art treasures and universities have made it center of culture and art in China . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that `` few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China . '' Beijing has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites -- the Forbidden City , Temple of Heaven , Summer Palace , Ming Tombs , Zhoukoudian , as well as parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal , all popular locations for tourism . Siheyuans , the city 's traditional housing style , and hutongs , the narrow alleys between siheyuans , are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing . The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics , making it the first city to ever host both Winter and Summer Olympics . Many of Beijing 's 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China , of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities of the world . In 2015 , 52 companies of the Fortune Global 500 company headquarters were located in Beijing , more than any other city in the world , including state - owned enterprises State Grid , China National Petroleum , and Sinopec Group , ranked 2nd , 3rd , and 4th , respectively . Beijing CBD is quickly becoming the center for Beijing 's economic expansion , rapid modernization , and radically changing skyline , with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers . Beijing 's Zhongguancun area is also known as China 's Silicon Valley and China 's center of innovation and technology entrepreneurship . According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey , Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory `` Personal Finance Index , '' a measure of expats ' salaries versus cost of living in the city . Expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east , or in suburban districts such as Shunyi .", "4": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Early Imperial China 2.3 Ming dynasty 2.4 Qing dynasty 2.5 Republic of China 2.6 People 's Republic of China 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Environmental problems 3.2. 1 Air quality 3.2. 1.1 Readings 3.2. 2 Dust storms 4 Politics and government 4.1 Administrative divisions 4.1. 1 Towns 4.1. 2 Neighborhoods 4.2 Judiciary and procuracy 4.3 Diplomatic missions 5 Economy 5.1 Sector composition 5.2 Economic zones 6 Demographics 7 Culture 7.1 Places of interest 7.2 Architecture 7.3 Religion 7.3. 1 Chinese folk religion and Taoism 7.3. 2 Buddhism 7.3. 3 Islam 7.3. 4 Christianity 7.3. 4.1 Catholicism 7.3. 4.2 Protestantism 7.3. 4.3 Eastern Orthodox 8 Media 8.1 Television and radio 8.2 Press 9 Sports 9.1 Events 9.2 Venues 9.3 Clubs 10 Transportation 10.1 Rail and high - speed rail 10.2 Roads and expressways 10.3 Air 10.4 Public transit 10.5 Taxi 10.6 Bicycles 11 Defense and aerospace 12 Nature and wildlife 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) See also : Names of Beijing Over the past 3,000 years , the city of Beijing has had numerous other names . The name Beijing , which means `` Northern Capital '' ( from the Chinese characters 北 for north and 京 for capital ) , was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming Dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing ( the `` Southern Capital '' ) .", "5": "The English spelling is based on the pinyin romanization of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin . An older English spelling , Peking , is the postal romanization of the same two characters as they are pronounced in Chinese dialects spoken in the southern port towns first visited by European traders and missionaries . Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng , prior to a phonetic shift in the northern dialects to the modern pronunciation . Although Peking is no longer the common name for the city , some of the city 's older locations and facilities , such as Beijing Capital International Airport , with IATA Code PEK , and Peking University , still use the former romanization . The single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京 , which appears on automobile license plates in the city . The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is `` BJ '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Beijing Early History ( edit ) The earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District , where Peking Man lived . Homo erectus fossils from the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago . Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived there more recently , about 27,000 years ago . Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality , including in Wangfujing , located in downtown Beijing . The first walled city in Beijing was Ji , a city from the 11th to 7th century BC . Within modern Beijing , Ji was located around the present Guang'anmen area in the south of Xicheng District . This settlement was later conquered by the state of Yan and made its capital under the name Yanjing . Early Imperial China ( edit ) The Tianning Pagoda , built around 1120 during the Liao dynasty . After the First Emperor unified China , Beijing became a prefectural capital for the region . During the Three Kingdoms period , it was held by Gongsun Zan and Yuan Shao before falling to Cao Cao 's Wei Kingdom . The AD 3rd - century Western Jin demoted the town , placing the prefectural seat in neighboring Zhuozhou .", "6": "During the Sixteen Kingdoms period when northern China was conquered and divided by the Wu Hu , Beijing , as Jicheng , was briefly the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan Kingdom . After China was reunified during the Sui Dynasty , Beijing , known as Zhuojun , became the northern terminus of the Grand Canal . Under the Tang Dynasty , Beijing as Fanyang , served as a military frontier command center . During the An - Shi Rebellion and again amidst the turmoil of the late Tang , local military commanders founded their own short - lived Yan Dynasties and called the city Yanjing , or the `` Yan Capital . '' In 938 , after the fall of the Tang , the Later Jin ceded the entire northern frontier to the Khitan Liao Dynasty , which renamed the city Nanjing , or the `` Southern Capital '' , one of four secondary capitals to complement its `` Supreme Capital '' , Shangjing ( modern Baarin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia ) . Some of the oldest surviving structures in Beijing date to the Liao period , including the Tianning Pagoda . Longevity Hill in Beijing where Kublai Khan wrote his poem . The Liao fell to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1122 , which gave the city to the Song Dynasty and then retook it in 1125 during its conquest of northern China . In 1153 , the Jurchen Jin made Beijing their `` Central Capital '' , called Zhongdu . The city was besieged by Genghis Khan 's invading Mongolian army in 1213 and razed to the ground two years later . Two generations later , Kublai Khan ordered the construction of Dadu ( or Daidu to the Mongols , commonly known as Khanbaliq ) , a new capital for his Yuan dynasty to be located adjacent to the Jurchen Jin ruins . The construction took from 1264 to 1293 , but greatly enhanced the status of a city on the northern fringe of China proper . The city was centered on the Drum Tower slightly to the north of modern Beijing and stretched from the present - day Chang'an Avenue to the Line 10 subway . Remnants of the Yuan rammed earth wall still stand and are known as the Tucheng . Ming Dynasty ( edit ) One of the corner towers of the Forbidden City .", "7": "In 1368 , soon after declaring the new Hongwu era of the Ming dynasty , the rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang sent an army to Khanbaliq and conquered it . Since the Yuan continued to occupy Shangdu and Mongolia , however , a new town was established to supply the military garrisons in the area . This was called Beiping and under the Hongwu Emperor 's feudal policies it was given to Zhu Di , one of his sons , who was created `` Prince of Yan '' . The early death of Zhu Yuanzhang 's heir led to a succession struggle on his death , one that ended with the victory of Zhu Di and the declaration of the new Yongle era . Since his harsh treatment of the Ming capital Yingtian ( modern Nanjing ) alienated many there , he established his fief as a new co-capital . The city of Beiping became Shuntian in 1403 . The construction of the new imperial residence , the Forbidden City , took from 1406 to 1420 ; this period was also responsible for several other of the modern city 's major attractions , such as the Temple of Heaven and Tian'anmen ( although the square facing it was not cleared until 1651 ) . On 28 October 1420 , the city was officially designated the capital of the Ming Dynasty in the same year that the Forbidden City was completed . Beijing became the empire 's primary capital ( Jingshi ) and Yingtian -- or called Nanjing -- became the co-capital . ( A 1425 order by Zhu Di 's son , the Hongxi Emperor , to return the capital to Nanjing was never carried out : he died , probably of a heart attack , the next month . He was buried , like almost every Ming emperor to follow him , in an elaborate necropolis to Beijing 's north . ) By the 15th century , Beijing had essentially taken its current shape . The Ming city wall continued to serve until modern times , when it was pulled down and the 2nd Ring Road was built in its place . It is generally believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world for most of the 15th , 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries .", "8": "The first known church was constructed by Catholics in 1652 at the former site of Matteo Ricci 's chapel ; the modern Nantang Cathedral was later built upon the same site . The capture of Beijing by Li Zicheng 's peasant army in 1644 ended the dynasty , but he and his Shun court abandoned the city without a fight when the Manchu army of Prince Dorgon arrived 40 days later . Qing Dynasty ( edit ) A Pekingese chiropodist . John Thomson . China , 1869 . The Wellcome Collection , London Chongwenmen , a gate to the inner walled city , c. 1906 Dorgon established the Qing Dynasty as a direct successor of the Ming ( delegitimising Li Zicheng and his followers ) and Beijing became China 's sole capital . The Qing emperors made some modifications to the Imperial residence but , in large part , the Ming buildings and the general layout remained unchanged . Facilities for Manchu worship were introduced , but the Qing also continued the traditional state rituals . Signage was bilingual or Chinese . This early Qing Beijing later formed the setting for the Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber . During the Second Opium War , Anglo - French forces captured the city , looting and burning the Old Summer Palace in 1860 . Under the Convention of Peking ending that war , Western powers for the first time secured the right to establish permanent diplomatic presences within the city . In 1900 , the attempt by the `` Boxers '' to eradicate this presence , as well as Chinese Christian converts , led to Beijing 's reoccupation by foreign powers . During the fighting , several important structures were destroyed , including the Hanlin Academy and the ( new ) Summer Palace . Republic of China ( edit ) Play media Beijing filmed in 1937 The fomenters of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 sought to replace Qing rule with a republic and leaders like Sun Yat - sen originally intended to return the capital to Nanjing . After the Qing general Yuan Shikai forced the abdication of the last Qing emperor and ensured the success of the revolution , the revolutionaries accepted him as president of the new Republic of China . Yuan maintained his capital at Beijing and quickly consolidated power , declaring himself emperor in 1915 .", "9": "His death less than a year later left China under the control of the warlords commanding the regional armies . Following the success of the Nationalists ' Northern Expedition , the capital was formally removed to Nanjing in 1928 . On 28 June the same year , Beijing 's name was returned to Beiping ( written at the time as `` Peiping '' ) . During the Second Sino - Japanese War , Beiping fell to Japan on 29 July 1937 and was made the seat of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China , a puppet state that ruled the ethnic - Chinese portions of Japanese - occupied northern China . This government was later merged into the larger Wang Jingwei government based in Nanjing . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 In the final phases of the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Liberation Army seized control of the city peacefully on 31 January 1949 in the course of the Pingjin Campaign . On 1 October that year , Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People 's Republic of China from atop Tian'anmen . He restored the name of the city , as the new capital , to Beijing , a decision that had been reached by the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference just a few days earlier . In the 1950s , the city began to expand beyond the old walled city and its surrounding neighborhoods , with heavy industries in the west and residential neighborhoods in the north . Many areas of the Beijing city wall were torn down in the 1960s to make way for the construction of the Beijing Subway and the 2nd Ring Road . A scene from the opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 , the Red Guard movement began in Beijing and the city 's government fell victim to one of the first purges . By the fall of 1966 , all city schools were shut down and over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in Beijing for eight rallies in Tian'anmen Square with Mao . In April 1976 , a large public gathering of Beijing residents against the Gang of Four and the Cultural Revolution in Tiananmen Square was forcefully suppressed .", "10": "In October 1976 , the Gang was arrested in Zhongnanhai and the Cultural Revolution came to an end . In December 1978 , the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress in Beijing under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping reversed the verdicts against victims of the Cultural Revolution and instituted the `` policy of reform and opening up . '' Since the early 1980s , the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd Ring Road in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th Ring Roads . According to one 2005 newspaper report , the size of newly developed Beijing was one - and - a-half times larger than before . Wangfujing and Xidan have developed into flourishing shopping districts , while Zhongguancun has become a major center of electronics in China . In recent years , the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization , such as heavy traffic , poor air quality , the loss of historic neighborhoods , and a significant influx of migrant workers from less - developed rural areas of the country . Beijing has also been the location of many significant events in recent Chinese history , principally the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . The city has also hosted major international events , including the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2015 World Championships in Athletics . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Beijing Landsat 7 Satellite image of Beijing Municipality with the surrounding mountains in dark brown Beijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly triangular North China Plain , which opens to the south and east of the city . Mountains to the north , northwest and west shield the city and northern China 's agricultural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes . The northwestern part of the municipality , especially Yanqing County and Huairou District , are dominated by the Jundu Mountains , while the western part is framed by Xishan or the Western Hills . The Great Wall of China across the northern part of Beijing Municipality was built on the rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes .", "11": "Mount Dongling , in the Western Hills and on the border with Hebei , is the municipality 's highest point , with an altitude of 2,303 metres ( 7,556 ft ) . Remnants of the Great Wall of China in the mountains north of the city . Major rivers flowing through the municipality , including the Chaobai , Yongding , Juma , are all tributaries in the Hai River system , and flow in a southeasterly direction . The Miyun Reservoir , on the upper reaches of the Chaobai River , is the largest reservoir within the municipality . Beijing is also the northern terminus of the Grand Canal to Hangzhou , which was built over 1,400 years ago as a transportation route , and the South -- North Water Transfer Project , constructed in the past decade to bring water from the Yangtze River basin . The urban area of Beijing , on the plains in the south - central of the municipality with elevation of 40 to 60 metres ( 130 -- 200 feet ) , occupies a relatively small but expanding portion of the municipality 's area . The city spreads out in concentric ring roads . The Second Ring Road traces the old city walls and the Sixth Ring Road connects satellite towns in the surrounding suburbs . Tian'anmen and Tian'anmen Square are at the center of Beijing , directly to the south of the Forbidden City , the former residence of the emperors of China . To the west of Tian'anmen is Zhongnanhai , the residence of China 's current leaders . Chang'an Avenue , which cuts between Tiananmen and the Square , forms the city 's main east - west axis . Climate ( edit ) Beijing has a monsoon - influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dwa ) , characterized by higher humidity in the summers due to the East Asian monsoon , and colder , windier , drier winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone . Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert across the Mongolian steppe , accompanied by rapidly warming , but generally dry , conditions . Autumn , like Spring , is a season of transition and minimal precipitation .", "12": "The monthly daily average temperature in January is − 3.7 ° C ( 25.3 ° F ) , while in July it is 26.2 ° C ( 79.2 ° F ) . Precipitation averages around 570 mm ( 22 in ) annually , with close to three - fourths of that total falling from June to August . With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 47 % in July to 65 % in January and February , the city receives 2,671 hours of bright sunshine annually . Extremes since 1951 have ranged from − 27.4 ° C ( − 17.3 ° F ) on 22 February 1966 to 41.9 ° C ( 107.4 ° F ) on 24 July 1999 ( unofficial record of 42.6 ° C ( 108.7 ° F ) was set on 15 June 1942 ) . ( show ) Climate data for Beijing ( normals 1971 -- 2000 , extremes 1951 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 33.5 ( 92.3 ) 41.1 ( 106 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 41.9 ( 107.4 ) 38.3 ( 100.9 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 41.9 ( 107.4 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.9 ( 87.6 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 25.", "13": "8 ( 78.4 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 17.9 ( 64.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 8.4 ( 16.9 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) 0.4 ( 32.7 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) − 5.8 ( 21.6 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 22.8 ( − 9 ) − 27.4 ( − 17.3 ) − 15 ( 5 ) − 3.2 ( 26.2 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) − 3.5 ( 25.7 ) − 12.3 ( 9.9 ) − 18.3 ( − 0.9 ) − 27.4 ( − 17.3 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 2.7 ( 0.106 ) 4.9 ( 0.193 ) 8.3 ( 0.327 ) 21.2 ( 0.835 ) 34.2 ( 1.346 ) 78.1 ( 3.075 ) 185.2 ( 7.291 ) 159.7 ( 6.287 ) 45.5 ( 1.791 ) 21.8 ( 0.858 ) 7.4 ( 0.291 ) 2.8 ( 0.", "14": "11 ) 571.8 ( 22.51 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 1.8 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.8 9.7 13.6 12.0 7.6 5.0 3.5 1.7 70.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 44 44 46 46 53 61 75 77 68 61 57 49 56.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 194.1 194.7 231.8 251.9 283.4 261.4 212.4 220.9 232.1 222.1 185.3 180.7 2,670.8 Percent possible sunshine 65 65 63 64 64 59 47 52 63 64 62 62 60 Source : China Meteorological Administration , China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System , all - time record high , May record high Environmental problems ( edit ) Beijing has a long history of environmental problems . Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing 's urban extent quadrupled , which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions , but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally , even if emissions of human society are not included . For example , surface albedo , wind speed and humidity near the surface were decreased , whereas ground and near - surface air temperatures , vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased . Because of the combined factors of urbanization and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel , Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems , which lead to health issues of many inhabitants . In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China , in total 600 million people . After this `` pollution shock '' air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China .", "15": "After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution , for example by lowering the share of coal from 24 % in 2012 to 10 % in 2017 , while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources . Air quality ( edit ) Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city 's pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces . On average 35 -- 60 % of the ozone can be traced to sources outside the city . Shandong Province and Tianjin Municipality have a `` significant influence on Beijing 's air quality '' , partly due to the prevailing south / southeasterly flow during the summer and the mountains to the north and northwest . Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog . These photographs , taken in August 2005 , show the variations in Beijing 's air quality . In preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics and to fulfill promises to clean up the city 's air , nearly 17 billion USD was spent . Beijing implemented a number of air improvement schemes for the duration of the Games , including halting work at all construction sites , closing many factories in Beijing permanently , temporarily shutting industry in neighboring regions , closing some gas stations , and cutting motor traffic by half by limiting drivers to odd or even days ( based on their license plate numbers ) , reducing bus and subway fares , opening new subway lines , and banning high - emission vehicles . The city further assembled 3,800 natural gas - powered buses , one of the largest fleets in the world . Beijing became the first city in China to require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4 emission standard . Coal burning accounts for about 40 % of the PM 2.5 in Beijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide . Since 2012 , the city has been converting coal - fired power stations to burn natural gas and aims to cap annual coal consumption at 20 million tons . In 2011 , the city burned 26.3 million tons of coal , 73 % of which for heating and power generation and the remainder for industry . Much of the city 's air pollutants are emitted by neighboring regions .", "16": "Coal consumption in neighboring Tianjin is expected to increase from 48 to 63 million tons from 2011 to 2015 . Hebei Province burned over 300 million tons of coal in 2011 , more than all of Germany , of which only 30 % were used for power generation and a considerable portion for steel and cement making . Power plants in the coal - mining regions of Shanxi , Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi , where coal consumption has tripled since 2000 , and Shandong also contribute to air pollution in Beijing . Shandong , Shanxi , Hebei and Inner Mongolia , respectively rank from first to fourth , among Chinese provinces by coal consumption . There were four major coal - fired power plants in the city to provide electricity as well as heating during the winter . The first one ( Gaojing Thermal Power Plant ) was shut down in 2014 . Another two were shut in March 2015 . The last one ( Huaneng Thermal Power Plant ) would be shut in 2016 . Between 2013 and 2017 , the city planned to reduce 13 million tons of coal consumption and cap coal consumption to 15 million tons in 2015 . The government sometimes uses cloud - seeding measures to increase the likelihood of rain showers in the region to clear the air prior to large events , such as prior to the 60th anniversary parade in 2009 as well as to combat drought conditions in the area . More recently , however , the government has increased its usage of such measures as closing factories temporarily and implementing greater restrictions for cars on the road , as in the case of `` APEC blue '' and `` parade blue , '' short periods during and immediately preceding the APEC China 2014 and the 2015 China Victory Day Parade , respectively . During and prior to these events , Beijing 's air quality improved dramatically , only to fall back to unhealthy levels shortly after . Beijing air quality is often poor , especially in winter . In mid-January 2013 , Beijing 's air quality was measured on top of the city 's US embassy at a PM2. 5 density of 755 micrograms per cubic meter , which went off the US Environmental Protection Agency 's air quality index . It was widely reported , originally through a Twitter account , that the category was `` crazy bad '' .", "17": "This was later changed to `` beyond index '' . On 8 and 9 December 2015 Beijing had its first smog alert which shut down a majority of the industry and other commercial businesses in the city . Later in the month another smog `` red alert '' was issued . According to Beijing 's environmental protection bureau 's announcement in November 2016 , starting from 2017 highly polluting old cars wil be banned from being driven whenever Smog `` red alerts '' are issued in the city or neighboring regions . Readings ( edit ) Due to Beijing 's high - level of air pollution , there are various readings by different sources on the subject . Daily pollution readings at 27 monitoring stations around the city are reported on the website of the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau ( BJEPB ) . The American Embassy of Beijing also reports hourly fine particulate ( PM2. 5 ) and ozone levels on Twitter . Since the BJEPB and US Embassy measure different pollutants according to different criteria , the pollution levels and the impact to human health reported by the BJEPB are often lower than that reported by the US Embassy . Air pollution in Beijing in 2016 , measured by Air Quality Index Severely Polluted Heavily Polluted Moderately Polluted Lightly Polluted Good Excellent Dust storms ( edit ) Dust from the erosion of deserts in northern and northwestern China results in seasonal dust storms that plague the city ; the Beijing Weather Modification Office sometimes artificially induces rainfall to fight such storms and mitigate their effects . In the first four months of 2006 alone , there were no fewer than eight such storms . In April 2002 , one dust storm alone dumped nearly 50,000 tons of dust onto the city before moving on to Japan and Korea . Politics and government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Beijing Municipal government is regulated by the local Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , led by the Beijing CPC Secretary ( Chinese : 北京市委书记 ) . The local CPC issues administrative orders , collects taxes , manages the economy , and directs a standing committee of the Municipal People 's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing the local government . Government officials include the mayor ( Chinese : 市长 ) and vice-mayor . Numerous bureaus focus on law , public security , and other affairs .", "18": "Additionally , as the capital of China , Beijing houses all of the important national governmental and political institutions , including the National People 's Congress . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : List of administrative divisions of Beijing and List of township - level divisions of Beijing Beijing Municipality currently comprises 16 administrative county - level subdivisions including 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . On 1 July 2010 , Chongwen and Xuanwu were merged into Dongcheng and Xicheng , respectively . On 13 November 2015 Miyun and Yanqing were upgraded to districts . Administrative divisions of Beijing Dongcheng Xicheng Chaoyang Haidian Fengtai Shijingshan Mentougou Fangshan Tongzhou Shunyi Changping Daxing Pinggu Huairou Yanqing Miyun Color key Inner city inside the 2nd Ring Road ( former city walls ) Urban area between the 2nd and 5th Ring Road Inner suburbs linked by the 6th Ring Road Outer suburbs areas within city limits . Division code Division Area in km Population 2010 Seat Postal code Subdivisions Subdistricts Towns Townships Ethnic townships Residential communities Villages 110000 Beijing 16411.0 19,612,368 Dongcheng / Tongzhou 100000 128 167 19 2538 3857 110101 Dongcheng 40.6 919,253 Jingshan Subdistrict 100000 17 216 110102 Xicheng 46.5 1,243,315 Jinrong Street Subdistrict 100000 15 259 110105 Chaoyang 470.8 3,545,137 Chaowai Subdistrict 100000 21 20 358 5 110106 Fengtai 304.2 2,112,162 Fengtai Subdistrict 100000 14 254 73 110107 Shijingshan 89.8 616,", "19": "083 Lugu Subdistrict 100000 9 130 110108 Haidian 426.0 3,280,670 Haidian Subdistrict 100000 22 5 603 84 110109 Mentougou 1331.3 290,476 Dayu Subdistrict 102300 9 124 179 110111 Fangshan 1866.7 944,832 Gongchen Subdistrict 102400 14 6 108 462 110112 Tongzhou 870.0 1,184,256 Beiyuan Subdistrict 101100 10 40 480 110113 Shunyi 980.0 876,620 Shengli Subdistrict 101300 6 19 61 449 110114 Changping 1430.0 1,660,501 Chengbei Subdistrict 102200 15 180 303 110115 Daxing 1012.0 1,365,112 Xingfeng Subdistrict 102600 14 64 547 110116 Huairou 2557.3 372,887 Longshan Subdistrict 101400 12 27 286 110117 Pinggu 1075.0 415,958 Binhe Subdistrict 101200 14 23 275 110118 Miyun 2335.6 467,680 Gulou Subdistrict 101500 18 57 338 110119 Yanqing 1980.0 317,", "20": "426 Rulin Subdistrict 102100 11 34 376 ( show ) Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations English Chinese Pinyin Beijing Municipality 北京市 Běijīng Shì Dongcheng District 东城区 Dōngchéng Qū Xicheng District 西城区 Xīchéng Qū Chaoyang District 朝阳区 Cháoyáng Qū Fengtai District 丰台区 Fēngtái Qū Shijingshan District 石景山区 Shíjǐngshān Qū Haidian District 海淀区 Hǎidiàn Qū Mentougou District 门头沟区 Méntóugōu Qū Fangshan District 房山区 Fángshān Qū Tongzhou District 通州区 Tōngzhōu Qū Shunyi District 顺义区 Shùnyì Qū Changping District 昌平区 Chāngpíng Qū Daxing District 大兴区 Dàxīng Qū Huairou District 怀柔区 Huáiróu Qū Pinggu District 平谷区 Pínggǔ Qū Miyun District 密云区 Mìyún Qū Yanqing District 延庆区 Yánqìng Qū Jump up ^ Including `` area '' ( 地区 ) . Jump up ^ Including other township related subdivisions . Shichahai , in the Xicheng District , is traditionally considered one of Beijing 's most beautiful and charming scenic areas . Towns ( edit ) Main article : List of township - level divisions of Beijing Beijing 's 16 county - level divisions ( districts ) are further subdivided into 273 lower third - level administrative units at the township level : 119 towns , 24 townships , 5 ethnic townships and 125 subdistricts .", "21": "Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urban area include ( but are not limited to ) : Changping 昌平 Huairou 怀柔 Miyun 密云 Liangxiang 良乡 Liulimiao 琉璃庙 Tongzhou 通州 Yizhuang 亦庄 Tiantongyuan 天通苑 Beiyuan 北苑 Xiaotangshan 小汤山 Several place names in Beijing end with mén ( 门 ) , meaning `` gate '' , as they were the locations of gates in the former Beijing city wall . Other place names end in cūn ( 村 ) , meaning `` village '' , as they were originally villages outside the city wall . Neighborhoods ( edit ) This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( October 2017 ) The Niujie Mosque is an important historical attraction Main article : Neighborhoods in Beijing Neighborhoods may extend across multiple districts .", "22": "Major neighborhoods in urban Beijing include : Qianmen 前门 Tian'anmen 天安门 Di'anmen 地安门 Chongwenmen 崇文门 Xuanwumen 宣武门 Fuchengmen 阜成门 Xizhimen 西直门 Deshengmen 德胜门 Andingmen 安定门 Sanlitun 三里屯 Dongzhimen 东直门 Chaoyangmen 朝阳门 Yongdingmen 永定门 Zuo'anmen 左安门 You'anmen 右安门 Guangqumen 广渠门 Guang'anmen 广安门 Huashi 花市 Xibianmen 西便门 Hepingmen 和平门 Fuxingmen 复兴门 Jianguomen 建国门 Gongzhufen 公主坟 Fangzhuang 方庄 Guomao 国贸 Hepingli 和平里 Ping'anli 平安里 Beixinqiao 北新桥 Jiaodaokou 交道口 Kuanjie 宽街 Wangjing 望京 Wangfujing 王府井 Dengshikou 灯市口 Wudaokou 五道口 Xidan 西单 Dongdan 东单 Zhongguancun 中关村 Panjiayuan 潘家园 Beijing CBD 北京商务中心区 Yayuncun 亚运村 Shifoying 石佛营 Judiciary and procuracy ( edit ) The judicial system in Beijing consists of the Supreme People 's Court , the highest court in the country , the Beijing Municipal High People 's Court , the high people 's court of the municipality , three intermediate people 's courts , one intermediate railway transport court , 14 basic people 's court ( one for each of the municipality 's districts and counties ) , and one basic railway transport court .", "23": "The Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People 's Court in Shijingshan oversees the basic courts of Haidian , Shijingshan , Mentougou , Changping and Yanqing . The Beijing No. 2 Intermediate People 's Court in Fengtai oversees the basic courts of Dongcheng , Xicheng , Fengtai , Fangshan and Daxing . The Beijing No. 3 Intermediate People 's Court in Laiguangying , is the newest of the three intermediate people 's courts and opened on 21 August 2013 . It oversees the district courts of Chaoyang , Tongzhou , Shunyi , Huairou , Pinggu and Miyun . Each court in Beijing has a corresponding people 's procuratorate . Diplomatic missions ( edit ) Main article : List of diplomatic missions in China About 163 countries have embassies in Beijing , which are concentrated in Jianguomenwai , Sanlitun and Liangmaqiao in Chaoyang District . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Beijing Wangfujing Street is one of the oldest and busiest shopping streets in Beijing with nearly 100,000 visitors daily ( August 2008 ) . The sale of consumer goods both retail and wholesale accounted for about 1⁄8 of Beijing 's economic output in 2013 . Beijing 's economy ranks among the most developed and prosperous in China . In 2013 , the municipality 's nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) was CN ¥ 1.95 trillion ( US $314 billion ) , about 3.43 % of the country 's total output , and ranked 13th among province - level administrative units . Per capita GDP , at CN ¥ 93,213 ( US $15,051 ) in nominal terms and Int $ 21,948 at purchasing power parity , was 2.2 times the national average and ranked second among province - level administrative units . The economy tripled in size from 2004 to 2012 , and grew at an annual rate of 7.7 % in 2013 . Due to the concentration of state owned enterprises in the national capital , Beijing in 2013 had more Fortune Global 500 Company headquarters than any other city in the world .", "24": "Sector Composition ( edit ) The Taikoo Li Sanlitun shopping arcade is a popular destination among locals and visitors The city has a post-industrial economy that is dominated by the tertiary sector ( services ) , which generated 76.9 % of output , followed by the secondary sector ( manufacturing , construction ) at 22.2 % and the primary sector ( agriculture , mining ) at 0.8 % . The services sector is broadly diversified with professional services , wholesale and retail , information technology , commercial real estate , scientific research , and residential real estate each contributing at least 6 % to the city 's economy in 2013 . The single largest sub-sector remains industry , whose share of overall output has shrunk to 18.1 % in 2013 . The mix of industrial output has changed significantly since 2010 when the city announced that 140 highly - polluting , energy and water resource intensive enterprises would be relocated from the city in five years . The relocation of Capital Steel to neighboring Hebei province had begun in 2005 . In 2013 , output of automobiles , aerospace products , semiconductors , pharmaceuticals , and food processing all increased . In the farmland around Beijing , vegetables and fruits have displaced grain as the primary crops under cultivation . In 2013 , the tonnage of vegetable , edible fungus and fruit harvested was over three times that of grain . In 2013 , overall acreage under cultivation shrank along with most categories of produce as more land was reforested for environmental reasons . Economic zones ( edit ) Main article : List of economic and technological development zones in Beijing Beijing CBD Zhongguancun is a technology hub in Haidian District In 2006 , the city government identified six high - end economic output zones around Beijing as the primary engines for local economic growth . In 2012 , the six zones produced 43.3 % of the city 's GDP , up from 36.5 % in 2007 . The six zones are : Zhongguancun , China 's silicon village in Haidian District northwest of the city , is home to both established and start - up tech companies .", "25": "As of the second quarter of 2014 , of the 9,895 companies registered in one of the six zones , 6,150 were based in Zhongguancun . Beijing Financial Street , in Xicheng District on the west side of the city between Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen , is lined with headquarters of large state banks and insurance companies . The country 's financial regulatory agencies including the central bank , bank regulator , securities regulator , and foreign exchange authority are located in the neighborhood . Beijing Central Business District ( CBD ) , is actually located to the east of downtown , near the embassies along the eastern Third Ring Road between Jianguomenwai and Chaoyangmenwai . The CBD is home to most of the city 's skyscraper office buildings . Most of the city 's foreign companies and professional service firms are based in the CBD . Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area , better known as Yizhuang , is an industrial park the straddles the southern Fifth Ring Road in Daxing District . It has attracted pharmaceutical , information technology , and materials engineering companies . Beijing Airport Economic Zone was created in 1993 and surrounds the Beijing Capital International Airport in Shunyi District northwest of the city . In addition to logistics , airline services , and trading firms , this zone is also home to Beijing 's automobile assembly plants . Beijing Olympic Center Zone surrounds the Olympic Green due north of downtown and is developing into an entertainment , sports , tourism and business convention center . Shijingshan , on the western outskirts of the city , is a traditional heavy industrial base for steel - making . Chemical plants are concentrated in the far eastern suburbs . Less legitimate enterprises also exist . Urban Beijing is known for being a center of infringed goods ; anything from the latest designer clothing to DVDs can be found in markets all over the city , often marketed to expatriates and international visitors . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Beijing Historical population Year Pop . ± % p.a.", "26": "1953 2,768,149 -- 1964 7,568,495 + 9.57 % 1982 9,230,687 + 1.11 % 1990 10,819,407 + 2.00 % 2000 13,569,194 + 2.29 % 19,612,368 + 3.75 % 2013 21,150,000 + 2.55 % 2014 21,516,000 + 1.73 % Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions . In 2013 , Beijing had a total population of 21.148 million within the municipality , of which 18.251 million resided in urban districts or suburban townships and 2.897 million lived in rural villages . Within China , the city ranked second in urban population after Shanghai and the third in municipal population after Shanghai and Chongqing . Beijing also ranks among the most populous cities in the world , a distinction the city has held for much of the past 800 years , especially during the 15th to early 19th centuries when it was the largest city in the world . About 13 million of the city 's residents in 2013 had local hukou permits , which entitles them to permanent residence in Beijing . The remaining 8 million residents had hukou permits elsewhere and were not eligible to receive some social benefits provided by the Beijing municipal government . The population increased in 2013 by 455,000 or about 7 % from the previous year and continued a decade - long trend of rapid growth . The total population in 2004 was 14.213 million . The population gains are driven largely by migration . The population 's rate of natural increase in 2013 was a mere 0.441 % , based on a birth rate of 8.93 and a mortality rate of 4.52 . The gender balance was 51.6 % males and 48.4 % females . Working age people account for nearly 80 % of the population .", "27": "Compared to 2004 , residents age 0 -- 14 as a proportion of the population dropped from 9.96 % to 9.5 % in 2013 and residents over the age of 65 declined from 11.12 % to 9.2 % . According to the 2010 census , nearly 96 % of Beijing 's population are ethnic Han Chinese . Of the 800,000 ethnic minorities living in the capital , Manchu ( 336,000 ) , Hui ( 249,000 ) , Korean ( 77,000 ) , Mongol ( 37,000 ) and Tujia ( 24,000 ) constitute the five largest groups . In addition , there were 8,045 Hong Kong residents , 500 Macau residents , and 7,772 Taiwan residents along with 91,128 registered foreigners living in Beijing . A study by the Beijing Academy of Sciences estimates that in 2010 there were on average 200,000 foreigners living in Beijing on any given day including students , business travellers and tourists are not counted as registered residents . From 2000 to 2010 , the percentage of city residents with at least some college education nearly doubled from 16.8 % to 31.5 % . About 22.2 % have some high school education and 31 % had reached middle school . Culture ( edit ) The Old Beijing Observatory A scene from a Peking opera A Chinese cloisonné dish from the Qing dynasty People native to urban Beijing speak the Beijing dialect , which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of spoken Chinese . This speech is the basis for putonghua , the standard spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan , and one of the four official languages of Singapore . Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of Hebei province , which surrounds Beijing Municipality . Beijing or Peking opera ( 京剧 , Jīngjù ) is a traditional form of Chinese theater well known throughout the nation . Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of Chinese culture , Beijing opera is performed through a combination of song , spoken dialogue , and codified action sequences involving gestures , movement , fighting and acrobatics . Much of Beijing opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from Modern Standard Chinese and from the modern Beijing dialect .", "28": "Beijing cuisine is the local style of cooking . Peking Roast Duck is perhaps the best known dish . Fuling Jiabing , a traditional Beijing snack food , is a pancake ( bing ) resembling a flat disk with a filling made from fu ling , a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine . Teahouses are common in Beijing . The cloisonné ( or Jingtailan , literally `` Blue of Jingtai '' ) metalworking technique and tradition is a Beijing art speciality , and is one of the most revered traditional crafts in China . Cloisonné making requires elaborate and complicated processes which include base - hammering , copper - strip inlay , soldering , enamel - filling , enamel - firing , surface polishing and gilding . Beijing 's lacquerware is also well known for its sophisticated and intrinsic patterns and images carved into its surface , and the various decoration techniques of lacquer include `` carved lacquer '' and `` engraved gold '' . Younger residents of Beijing have become more attracted to the nightlife , which has flourished in recent decades , breaking prior cultural traditions that had practically restricted it to the upper class . Today , Houhai , Sanlitun and Wudaokou are Beijing 's nightlife hotspots . Places of interest ( edit ) See also : Major National Historical and Cultural Sites ( Beijing ) and List of Beijing landmarks ... the city remains an epicenter of tradition with the treasures of nearly 2,000 years as the imperial capital still on view -- in the famed Forbidden City and in the city 's lush pavilions and gardens ... -- National Geographic Qianmen Avenue , a traditional commercial street in Beijing At the historical heart of Beijing lies the Forbidden City , the enormous palace compound that was the home of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties ; the Forbidden City hosts the Palace Museum , which contains imperial collections of Chinese art . Surrounding the Forbidden City are several former imperial gardens , parks and scenic areas , notably Beihai , Shichahai , Zhongnanhai , Jingshan and Zhongshan .", "29": "These places , particularly Beihai Park , are described as masterpieces of Chinese gardening art , and are popular tourist destinations with tremendous historical importance ; in the modern era , Zhongnanhai has also been the political heart of various Chinese governments and regimes and is now the headquarters of the Communist Party of China and the State Council . From Tiananmen Square , right across from the Forbidden City , there are several notable sites , such as the Tiananmen , Qianmen , the Great Hall of the People , the National Museum of China , the Monument to the People 's Heroes , and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong . The Summer Palace and the Old Summer Palace both lie at the western part of the city ; the former , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , contains a comprehensive collection of imperial gardens and palaces that served as the summer retreats for the Qing imperial family . Beijing 's Temple of Heaven as photographed in the early 20th century Among the best known religious sites in the city is the Temple of Heaven ( Tiantan ) , located in southeastern Beijing , also a UNESCO World Heritage Site , where emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties made visits for annual ceremonies of prayers to Heaven for good harvest . In the north of the city is the Temple of Earth ( Ditan ) , while the Temple of the Sun ( Ritan ) and the Temple of the Moon ( Yuetan ) lie in the eastern and western urban areas respectively . Other well - known temple sites include the Dongyue Temple , Tanzhe Temple , Miaoying Temple , White Cloud Temple , Yonghe Temple , Fayuan Temple , Wanshou Temple and Big Bell Temple . The city also has its own Confucius Temple , and a Guozijian or Imperial Academy . The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception , built in 1605 , is the oldest Catholic church in Beijing . The Niujie Mosque is the oldest mosque in Beijing , with a history stretching back over a thousand years . Inside the Forbidden City Beijing contains several well - preserved pagodas and stone pagodas , such as the towering Pagoda of Tianning Temple , which was built during the Liao Dynasty from 1100 to 1120 , and the Pagoda of Cishou Temple , which was built in 1576 during the Ming Dynasty .", "30": "Historically noteworthy stone bridges include the 12th - century Lugou Bridge , the 17th - century Baliqiao bridge , and the 18th - century Jade Belt Bridge . The Beijing Ancient Observatory displays pre-telescopic spheres dating back to the Ming and Qing dynasties . The Fragrant Hills ( Xiangshan ) is a popular scenic public park that consists of natural landscaped areas as well as traditional and cultural relics . The Beijing Botanical Garden exhibits over 6,000 species of plants , including a variety of trees , bushes and flowers , and an extensive peony garden . The Taoranting , Longtan , Chaoyang , Haidian , Milu Yuan and Zizhu Yuan parks are some of the notable recreational parks in the city . The Beijing Zoo is a center of zoological research that also contains rare animals from various continents , including the Chinese giant panda . There are 144 museums and galleries ( as of June 2008 ) in the city . In addition to the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City and the National Museum of China , other major museums include the National Art Museum of China , the Capital Museum , the Beijing Art Museum , the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution , the Geological Museum of China , the Beijing Museum of Natural History and the Paleozoological Museum of China . Located at the outskirts of urban Beijing , but within its municipality are the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty , the lavish and elaborate burial sites of thirteen Ming emperors , which have been designated as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties . The archaeological Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian is another World Heritage Site within the municipality , containing a wealth of discoveries , among them one of the first specimens of Homo erectus and an assemblage of bones of the gigantic hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris . There are several sections of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Great Wall of China , most notably Badaling , Jinshanling , Simatai and Mutianyu . Architecture ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Beijing City skyline Three styles of architecture are predominant in urban Beijing .", "31": "First , there is the traditional architecture of imperial China , perhaps best exemplified by the massive Tian'anmen ( Gate of Heavenly Peace ) , which remains the People 's Republic of China 's trademark edifice , the Forbidden City , the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Temple of Heaven . Next , there is what is sometimes referred to as the `` Sino - Sov '' style , with structures tending to be boxy and sometimes poorly constructed , which were built between the 1950s and the 1970s . Finally , there are much more modern architectural forms , most noticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD in east Beijing such as the new CCTV Headquarters , in addition to buildings in other locations around the city such as the Beijing National Stadium and National Center for the Performing Arts . Since 2007 , buildings in Beijing have received the CTBUH Skyscraper Award for best overall tall building twice , for the Linked Hybrid building in 2009 and the CCTV Headquarters in 2013 . The CTBUH Skyscraper award for best tall overall building is given to only one building around the world every year . In the early 21st century , Beijing has witnessed tremendous growth of new building constructions , exhibiting various modern styles from international designers , most pronounced in the CBD region . A mixture of both 1950s design and neofuturistic style of architecture can be seen at the 798 Art Zone , which mixes the old with the new . Beijing 's current completed tallest building is the 330 - meter China World Trade Center Tower III , but will be surpassed by the 528 - meter China Zun in 2018 when it is completed . Both buildings are in the Beijing CBD . Beijing is famous for its siheyuans , a type of residence where a common courtyard is shared by the surrounding buildings . Among the more grand examples are the Prince Gong Mansion and Residence of Soong Ching - ling . These courtyards are usually connected by alleys called hutongs . The hutongs are generally straight and run east to west so that doorways face north and south for good Feng Shui . They vary in width ; some are so narrow only a few pedestrians can pass through at a time . Once ubiquitous in Beijing , siheyuans and hutongs are rapidly disappearing , as entire city blocks of hutongs are replaced by high - rise buildings .", "32": "Residents of the hutongs are entitled to live in the new buildings in apartments of at least the same size as their former residences . Many complain , however , that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs can not be replaced , and these properties are often government owned . Religion ( edit ) Religion in Beijing ( 2010s ) Chinese religion or not religious and atheists ( 86.26 % ) Buddhism ( 11.2 % ) Islam ( 1.76 % ) Christianity ( 0.78 % ) A Temple of the Goddess in Gubeikou . Fire God Temple in Di'anmen . The religious heritage of Beijing is rich and diverse as Chinese folk religion , Taoism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam and Christianity all have significant historical presence in the city . As the national capital , the city also hosts the State Administration for Religious Affairs and various state - sponsored institutions of the leading religions . In recent decades , foreign residents have brought other religions to the city . According to Wang Zhiyun of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2010 there were 2.2 million Buddhists in the city , equal to 11.2 % of the total population . According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009 , Christians constitute 0.78 % of the city 's population . According to a 2010 survey , Muslims constitute 1.76 % of the population of Beijing . Rear hall of the Capital City God Temple of Beijing . Chinese folk religion and Taoism ( edit ) Beijing has many temples dedicated to folk religious and communal deities , many of which are being reconstructed or refurbished in the 2000s and 2010s . Yearly sacrifices to the God of Heaven ( 祭天 jìtiān ) at the Temple of Heaven have been resumed by Confucian groups in the 2010s . There are temples dedicated to the worship of the Goddess ( 娘娘 Niángniáng ) in the city , one of them near the Olympic Village , and they revolve around a major cult center at Mount Miaofeng .", "33": "There are also many temples consecrated to the Dragon God ( 龙神 Lóngshén ) , to the Medicine Master ( 药王 Yàowáng ) , to Divus Guan ( 关帝 Guāndì ) , to the Fire God ( 火神 Huǒshén ) , to the Wealth God ( 财神 Cáishén ) , temples of the City God ( 城隍神 Chénghuángshén ) , and at least one temple consecrated to the Yellow Deity of the Chariot Shaft ( 轩辕黄帝 Xuānyuán Huángdì ) in Pinggu District . Many of these temples are governed by the Beijing Taoist Association , such as the Fire God Temple of the Shicha Lake , while many others are not and are governed by popular committees and locals . A great Temple of Xuanyuan Huangdi will be built in Pinggu ( possibly as an expansion of the already existing shrine ) within 2020 , and the temple will feature a statue of the deity which will be amongst the tallest in the world . The national Chinese Taoist Association and Chinese Taoist College have their headquarters at the White Cloud Temple of Quanzhen Taoism , which was founded in 741 and rebuilt numerous times . The Beijing Dongyue Temple outside Chaoyangmen is the largest temple of Zhengyi Taoism in the city . The local Beijing Taoist Association has its headquarters at the Lüzu Temple near Fuxingmen . Buddhism ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beijing 's Tianning Temple , in Xicheng District . Altar of Tsongkhapa of the Hall of the Wheel of the Law of the Yonghe Temple of Tibetan Buddhism . 11 % of the population of Beijing practices Buddhism .", "34": "The Buddhist Association of China , the state 's supervisory organ overseeing all Buddhist institutions in mainland China , is headquartered in the Guangji Temple , a temple founded over 800 years ago during the Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in what is now Fuchengmennei . The Beijing Buddhist Association along with the Buddhist Choir and Orchestra are based in the Guanghua Temple , which dates to the Yuan Dynasty over 700 years ago . The Buddhist Academy of China and its library are housed in the Fayuan Temple near Caishikou . The Fayuan Temple , which dates to the Tang Dynasty 1300 years ago , is the oldest temple in urban Beijing . The Tongjiao Temple inside Dongzhimen is the city 's only Buddhist nunnery . The West Yellow Temple originally dates to the Liao Dynasty . In 1651 , the temple was commissioned by the Qing Emperor Shunzhi to host the visit of the Fifth Dalai Lama to Beijing . Since then , this temple has hosted the 13th Dalai Lama as well as the Sixth , Ninth and Tenth Panchen Lamas . The largest Tibetan Buddhist Temple in Beijing is the Yonghe Temple , which was decreed by the Qing Emperor Qianlong in 1744 to serve as the residence and research facility for his Buddhist preceptor of Rölpé Dorjé the third Changkya ( or living Buddha of Inner Mongolia ) . The Yonghe Temple is so - named because it was the childhood residence of the Yongzheng Emperor , and retains the glazed tiles reserved for imperial palaces . The Lingguang Temple of Badachu in the Western Hills also dates to the Tang Dynasty . The temple 's Zhaoxian Pagoda was first built in 1071 during the Liao Dynasty to hold a tooth relic of the Buddha . The pagoda was destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and the tooth was discovered from its foundation . A new pagoda was built in 1964 . The six aforementioned temples : Guangji , Guanghua , Tongjiao , West Yellow , Yonghe and Lingguang have been designated National Key Buddhist Temples in Han Chinese Area .", "35": "In addition , other notable temples in Beijing include the Tanzhe Temple ( founded in the Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 420 ) is the oldest in the municipality ) , Tianning Temple ( oldest pagoda in the city ) , Miaoying Temple ( famed for Yuan - era white dagoba ) , the Wanshou Temple ( home to the Beijing Art Museum ) and Big Bell Temple . Buddhist temples in Beijing Badachu Bailin Temple Big Bell Temple Changchun Temple Cheng'en Temple Dahui Temple Dajue Temple Fahai Temple Fayuan Temple Guanghua Temple Guangji Temple Hongluo Temple Jietai Temple Miaoying Temple Tanzhe Temple Temple of Azure Clouds Tianning Temple Wanshou Temple Wofo Temple Xifeng Temple Yonghe Temple Yunju Temple Zhenjue Temple Zhihua Temple Islam ( edit ) The headquarters of the Islamic Association of China near Niujie in Xicheng District . Beijing has about 70 mosques recognized by the Islamic Association of China , whose headquarters are located next to the Niujie Mosque , the oldest and most famous mosque in the city . The Niujie Mosque was founded in 996 during the Liao Dynasty and is frequently visited by Muslim dignitaries . Other notable mosques in the old city include the Dongsi Mosque , founded in 1346 ; the Huashi Mosque , founded in 1415 ; Nan Douya Mosque , near Chaoyangmen ; Jinshifang Street Mosque , in Xicheng District ; and the Dongzhimen Mosque . There are large mosques in outlying Muslim communities in Haidian , Madian , Tongzhou , Changping , Changying , Shijingshan and Miyun . The China Islamic Institute is located in the Niujie neighborhood in Xicheng District . Christianity ( edit ) Church of the Saviour , also known as the Xishiku Church , founded in 1703 . Catholicism ( edit ) In 1289 , John of Montecorvino came to Beijing as a Franciscan missionary with the order from the Pope . After meeting and receiving the support of Kublai Khan in 1293 , he built the first Catholic church in Beijing in 1305 .", "36": "The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association ( CPCA ) , based in Houhai is the government oversight body for Catholics in mainland China . Notable Catholic churches in Beijing include : the Nantang or Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception also known as the Xuanwumen Church , which was founded in 1605 and whose current Archbishop Joseph Li Shan is one of the few bishops in China to have the support of both the Vatican and the CPCA . the Dongtang or St. Joseph 's Church , better known as the Wangfujing Church , founded in 1653 . the Beitang or Church of the Saviour , also known as the Xishiku Church , founded in 1703 . the Xitang or Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel also known as the Xizhimen Church , founded in 1723 . The National Seminary of Catholic Church in China is located in Daxing District . Protestantism ( edit ) The earliest Protestant churches in Beijing were founded by British and American missionaries in the second half of the 19th century . Protestant missionaries also opened schools , universities and hospitals which have become important civic institutions . Most of Beijing 's Protestant churches were destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and rebuilt . In 1958 , the 64 Protestant churches in the city were reorganized into four and overseen by the state through the Three - Self Patriotic Movement . Eastern Orthodox ( edit ) There were a significant amount of Orthodox Christian in Beijing . Orthodox has come to Beijing along with Russian prisoners from Albazino conflicts in the 17th century . In 1956 , Viktor , the bishop of Beijing returned to the Soviet Union , and the Soviet embassy took over the old cathedral and demolished it . In 2007 , Russian embassy has rebuilt a new church in its garden to serve the Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing . Media ( edit ) Television and Radio ( edit ) The China Central Television Headquarters building Beijing Television broadcasts on channels 1 through 10 , and China Central Television , China 's largest television network , maintains its headquarters in Beijing . Three radio stations feature programmes in English : Hit FM on FM 88.7 , Easy FM by China Radio International on FM 91.5 , and the newly launched Radio 774 on AM 774 .", "37": "Beijing Radio Stations is the family of radio stations serving the city . Press ( edit ) The well - known Beijing Evening News ( Beijing Wanbao , 北京晚报 ) , covering news about Beijing in Chinese , is distributed every afternoon . Other newspapers include Beijing Daily , The Beijing News ( Xin Jing Bao , 新京报 ) , the Beijing Star Daily , the Beijing Morning News , and the Beijing Youth Daily ( Beijing Qingnian Bao ) , as well as English - language weeklies Beijing Weekend and Beijing Today . The People 's Daily , Global Times and the China Daily ( English ) are published in Beijing as well . Publications primarily aimed at international visitors and the expatriate community include the English - language periodicals Time Out Beijing , City Weekend , Beijing This Month , Beijing Talk , That 's Beijing , and The Beijinger . Sports ( edit ) Events ( edit ) Fireworks above Olympic venues during the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Games Tai chi ( Taijiquan ) practitioners at the Fragrant Hills Park Beijing has hosted numerous international and national sporting events , the most notable was the 2008 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games . Other multi-sport international events held in Beijing include the 2001 Universiade and the 1990 Asian Games . Single - sport international competitions include the Beijing Marathon ( annually since 1981 ) , China Open of Tennis ( 1993 -- 97 , annually since 2004 ) , ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Cup of China ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 and 2010 ) , WPBSA China Open for Snooker ( annually since 2005 ) , Union Cycliste Internationale Tour of Beijing ( since 2011 ) , 1961 World Table Tennis Championships , 1987 IBF Badminton World Championships , the 2004 AFC Asian Cup ( football ) , and 2009 Barclays Asia Trophy ( football ) . Beijing hosted the 2015 IAAF World Championships in Athletics . Beijing 's LeSports Center will be one of the main venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup .", "38": "The city hosted the second Chinese National Games in 1914 and the first four National Games of China in 1959 , 1965 , 1975 , 1979 , respectively , and co-hosted the 1993 National Games with Sichuan and Qingdao . Beijing also hosted the inaugural National Peasants ' Games in 1988 and the sixth National Minority Games in 1999 . In November 2013 , Beijing made a bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics . On 31 July 2015 , the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics to the city . Venues ( edit ) Major sporting venues in the city include the National Stadium , also known as the `` Birds ' Nest '' , National Aquatics Center , also known as the `` Water Cube '' , National Indoor Stadium , all in the Olympic Green to the north of downtown ; the MasterCard Center at Wukesong west of downtown ; the Workers ' Stadium and Workers ' Arena in Sanlitun just east of downtown and the Capital Arena in Baishiqiao , northeast of downtown . In addition , many universities in the city have their own sport facilities . Clubs ( edit ) Professional sports teams based in Beijing include : China Baseball League Beijing Tigers Chinese Basketball Association Beijing Ducks Beikong Fly Dragons Women 's Chinese Basketball Association Beijing Shougang Kontinental Hockey League HC Kunlun Red Star Chinese Super League Beijing Guoan Beijing Renhe China League One Beijing BG China League Two Beijing BIT Chinese Women 's National League Beijing BG The Beijing Olympians of the American Basketball Association , formerly a Chinese Basketball Association team , kept their name and maintained a roster of primarily Chinese players after moving to Maywood , California in 2005 . China Bandy Federation is based in Beijing , one of several cities in which the potential for bandy development is explored . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Beijing Beijing Railway Station , one of several rail stations in the city Traffic jam in the Beijing CBD Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International Airport A Line 1 train on the Beijing Subway , which is among the longest and busiest rapid transit systems in the world . An articulated Beijing bus . Bicyclists during rush hour at the Chang'an Avenue .", "39": "Typical Beijing traffic signage found at intersections . Beijing is an important transport hub in North China with five ring roads , nine expressways , eleven National Highways , nine conventional railways , and two high - speed railways converging on the city . Rail and high - speed rail ( edit ) Beijing serves as a large rail hub in China 's railway network . Ten conventional rail lines radiate from the city to : Shanghai ( Jinghu Line ) , Guangzhou ( Jingguang Line ) , Kowloon ( Jingjiu Line ) , Harbin ( Jingha Line ) , Baotou ( Jingbao Line ) , Qinhuangdao ( Jingqin Line ) , Chengde ( Jingcheng Line ) , Tongliao , Inner Mongolia ( Jingtong Line ) , Yuanping , Shanxi ( Jingyuan Line ) and Shacheng , Hebei ( Fengsha Line ) . In addition , the Datong -- Qinhuangdao Railway passes through the municipality to the north of the city . Beijing also has three high - speed rail lines : the Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway , which opened in 2008 ; the Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2011 ; and the Beijing -- Guangzhou High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2012 . The city 's main railway stations are the Beijing Railway Station , which opened in 1959 ; the Beijing West Railway Station , which opened in 1996 ; and the Beijing South Railway Station , which was rebuilt into the city 's high - speed railway station in 2008 . As of 1 July 2010 , Beijing Railway Station had 173 trains arriving daily , Beijing West had 232 trains and Beijing South had 163 . The Beijing North Railway Station , first built in 1909 and expanded in 2009 , had 22 trains . Smaller stations in the city including Beijing East Railway Station and Qinghuayuan Railway Station handle mainly commuter passenger traffic . The Fengtai Railway Station has been closed for renovation . In outlying suburbs and counties of Beijing , there are over 40 railway stations . From Beijing , direct passenger train service is available to most large cities in China . International train service is available to Mongolia , Russia , Vietnam and North Korea . Passenger trains in China are numbered according to their direction in relation to Beijing .", "40": "Roads and expressways ( edit ) Further information : Expressways of Beijing and China National Highways of Beijing Beijing is connected by road links to all parts of China as part of the National Trunk Road Network . Nine expressways of China serve Beijing , as do eleven China National Highways . Beijing 's urban transport is dependent upon the five `` ring roads '' that concentrically surround the city , with the Forbidden City area marked as the geographical centre for the ring roads . The ring roads appear more rectangular than ring - shaped . There is no official `` 1st Ring Road '' . The 2nd Ring Road is located in the inner city . Ring roads tend to resemble expressways progressively as they extend outwards , with the 5th and 6th Ring Roads being full - standard national expressways , linked to other roads only by interchanges . Expressways to other regions of China are generally accessible from the 3rd Ring Road outward . A final outer orbital , the Capital Ring Expressway ( G95 ) , is being built and will extend into neighboring Tianjin and Hebei . Within the urban core , city streets generally follow the checkerboard pattern of the ancient capital . Many of Beijing 's boulevards and streets with `` inner '' and `` outer '' are still named in relation to gates in the city wall , though most gates no longer stand . Traffic jams are a major concern . Even outside of rush hour , several roads still remain clogged with traffic . Beijing 's urban design layout further exacerbates transportation problems . The authorities have introduced several bus lanes , which only public buses can use during rush hour . In the beginning of 2010 , Beijing had 4 million registered automobiles . By the end of 2010 , the government forecast 5 million . In 2010 , new car registrations in Beijing averaged 15,500 per week . Towards the end of 2010 , the city government announced a series of drastic measures to tackle traffic jams , including limiting the number of new license plates issued to passenger cars to 20,000 a month and barring cars with non-Beijing plates from entering areas within the Fifth Ring Road during rush hour . More restrictive measures are also reserved during major events or heavily polluted weather .", "41": "Air ( edit ) Beijing 's primary airport is the Beijing Capital International Airport ( IATA : PEK ) about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of the city centre . The airport is the second busiest airport in the world after Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport . After renovations for the 2008 Olympics , the airport now boasts three terminals , with Terminal 3 being one of the largest in the world . Most domestic and nearly all international flights arrive at and depart from Capital Airport . It is the main hub for Air China and a hub for China Southern and Hainan Airlines . The airport links Beijing with almost every other Chinese city with regular air passenger service . The Airport Expressway links the airport to central Beijing ; it is a roughly 40 - minute drive from the city centre during good traffic conditions . Prior to the 2008 Olympics , the 2nd Airport Expressway was built to the airport , as well as a light rail system , which now connects to the Beijing Subway . Other airports in the city include Liangxiang , Nanyuan , Xijiao , Shahe and Badaling . These airports are primarily for military use and are less well known to the public . Nanyuan serves as the hub for only one passenger airline . A second international airport , to be called Beijing Daxing International Airport , is currently being built in Daxing District , and is expected to be open by 2017 . As of 1 January 2013 , tourists from 45 countries are permitted a 72 - hour visa - free stay in Beijing . The 45 countries include Singapore , Japan , the United States , Canada , all EU and EEA countries ( except Norway and Liechtenstein ) , Switzerland , Brazil , Argentina and Australia . The programme benefits transit and business travellers with the 72 hours calculated starting from the moment visitors receive their transit stay permits rather than the time of their plane 's arrival . Foreign visitors are not permitted to leave Beijing for other Chinese cities during the 72 hours . Public transit ( edit ) The Beijing Subway , which began operating in 1969 , now has 19 lines , 345 stations , and 574 km ( 357 mi ) of lines . It is the second longest subway system in the world and first in annual ridership with 3.66 billion rides delivered in 2016 .", "42": "In 2013 , with a flat fare of ¥ 2.00 ( 0.31 USD ) per ride with unlimited transfers on all lines except the Airport Express , the subway was also the most affordable rapid transit system in China . The subway is undergoing rapid expansion and is expected to reach 30 lines , 450 stations , 1,050 kilometres ( 650 mi ) in length by 2020 . When fully implemented , 95 % of residents inside the Fourth Ring Road will be able to walk to a station in 15 minutes . The Beijing Suburban Railway provides commuter rail service to outlying suburbs of the municipality . On December 28 , 2014 , the Beijing Subway switched to a distance - based fare system from a fixed fare for all lines except the Airport Express . Under the new system a trip under 6 km will cost ¥ 3.00 ( 0.49 USD ) , an additional ¥ 1.00 will be added for the next 6 kilometres ( 3.7 miles ) and the next 10 kilometres ( 6.2 miles ) until the distance for the trip reaches 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) . For every 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) after the original 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) an additional ¥ 1.00 is added . For example , a 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) trip would cost ¥ 8.00 . There are nearly 1,000 public bus and trolleybus lines in the city , including four bus rapid transit lines . Standard bus fares are as low as ¥ 1.00 when purchased with the Yikatong metrocard . Taxi ( edit ) Metered taxi in Beijing start at ¥ 13 for the first 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) , ¥ 2.3 Renminbi per additional 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) and ¥ 1 per ride fuel surcharge , not counting idling fees which are ¥ 2.3 ( ¥ 4.6 during rush hours of 7 -- 9 am and 5 -- 7 pm ) per 5 minutes of standing or running at speeds lower than 12 kilometres per hour ( 7.5 mph ) . Most taxis are Hyundai Elantras , Hyundai Sonatas , Peugeots , Citroëns and Volkswagen Jettas .", "43": "After 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) , the base fare increases by 50 % ( but is only applied to the portion over that distance ) . Different companies have special colours combinations painted on their vehicles . Usually registered taxis have yellowish brown as basic hue , with another color of Prussian blue , hunter green , white , umber , tyrian purple , rufous , or sea green . Between 11 pm and 5 am , there is also a 20 % fee increase . Rides over 15 km ( 9 mi ) and between 23 : 00 and 06 : 00 incur both charges , for a total increase of 80 % . Tolls during trip should be covered by customers and the costs of trips beyond Beijing city limits should be negotiated with the driver . The cost of unregistered taxis is also subject to negotiation with the driver . Bicycles ( edit ) Beijing has long been well known for the number of bicycles on its streets . Although the rise of motor traffic has created a great deal of congestion and bicycle use has declined , bicycles are still an important form of local transportation . Large numbers of cyclists can be seen on most roads in the city , and most of the main roads have dedicated bicycle lanes . Beijing is relatively flat , which makes cycling convenient . The rise of electric bicycles and electric scooters , which have similar speeds and use the same cycle lanes , may have brought about a revival in bicycle - speed two - wheeled transport . It is possible to cycle to most parts of the city . Because of the growing traffic congestion , the authorities have indicated more than once that they wish to encourage cycling , but it is not clear whether there is sufficient will to translate that into action on a significant scale . Recently , cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity thanks to the emergence of a large number of dockless app based bikeshares such as Mobike , Bluegogo and Ofo . Defense and aerospace ( edit ) Chinese President Xi Jinping and a military honor guard welcomes South Korean president Park Geun - hye in June 2013 . The command headquarters of China 's military forces are based in Beijing . The Central Military Commission , the political organ in charge of the military , is housed inside the Ministry of National Defense , located next to the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution in western Beijing .", "44": "The Second Artillery Corps , which controls the country 's strategic missile and nuclear weapons , has its command in Qinghe , Haidian District . The headquarters of the Beijing Military Region , one of seven nationally , is based further west in Gaojing . The Beijing Military Region oversees the Beijing Garrisons as well as the 27th , 38th and 65th Armies , which are based in Hebei . Military institutions in Beijing also include academies and thinktanks such as the PLA National Defence University and Academy of Military Science , military hospitals such as the 301 , 307 and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences , and army - affiliated cultural entities such as the 1 August Film Studios and the PLA Song and Dance Troupe . The China National Space Administration , which oversees country 's space program , and several space - related state owned companies such as CASTC and CASIC are all based in Beijing . The Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center , in Haidian District tracks the country 's manned and unmanned flight and other space exploration initiatives . Nature and Wildlife ( edit ) Beijing Municipality has 20 nature reserves that have a total area of 1,339.7 km ( 517.3 sq mi ) . The mountains to the west and north of the city are home to a number of protected wildlife species including leopard , leopard cat , wolf , red fox , wild boar , masked palm civet , raccoon dog , hog badger , Siberian weasel , Amur hedgehog , roe deer , and mandarin rat snake . The Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center protects the Chinese giant salamander , Amur stickleback and mandarin duck on the Huaijiu and Huaisha Rivers in Huairou District . The Beijing Milu Park south of the city is home to one of the largest herds of Père David 's deer , now extinct in the wild . The Beijing barbastelle , a species of vesper bat discovered in caves of Fangshan District in 2001 and identified as a distinct species in 2007 , is endemic to Beijing . The mountains of Fangshan are also habitat for the more common Beijing mouse - eared bat , large myotis , greater horseshoe bat and Rickett 's big - footed bat .", "45": "Each year , Beijing hosts 200 - 300 species of migratory birds including the common crane , black - headed gull , swan , mallard , common cuckoo and the endangered yellow - breasted bunting . In May 2016 , Common cuckoos nesting in the wetlands of Cuihu ( Haidian ) , Hanshiqiao ( Shunyi ) , Yeyahu ( Yanqing ) were tagged and have been traced to far as India , Kenya and Mozambique . In the fall of 2016 , the Beijing Forest Police undertook a month - long campaign to crack down on illegal hunting and trapping of migratory birds for sale in local bird markets . Over 1,000 rescued birds of protected species including streptopelia , Eurasian siskin , crested myna , coal tit and great tit were handed to the Beijing Wildlife Protection and Rescue Center for repatriation to the wild . The city flowers are the Chinese rose and chrysanthemum . The city trees are the Chinese arborvitae , an evergreen in the cypress family and the Pagoda Tree , also called the Chinese scholar tree , a deciduous tree of the Fabaceae family . The oldest scholar tree in the city was planted in what is now Beihai Park during the Tang Dynasty , 1,300 years ago . See also ( edit ) Beijing portal China portal 2045 Peking -- the name of an asteroid Beijing city fortifications Historical capitals of China Large Cities Climate Leadership Group List of hospitals in Beijing List of mayors of Beijing List of twin towns and sister cities in China References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Township divisions '' . the Official Website of tGovernment . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in China -- Survey '' . Ministry Of Commerce -- People 's Republic Of China . Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 北京市 2014 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 ( Beijing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Beijing Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2015 .", "46": "Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Urban Policy Reviews : China 2015 '' . OECD . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 年北京人均可支配收入 3.29 万实际增长 7.2 % '' . People.com.cn. 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ 《 2013 中国人类发展报告》 ( PDF ) ( in Chinese ) . United Nations Development Programme China . 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Loaned earlier via French `` Pékin '' . Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Merriam - Webster , Incorporated . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ China Postal Album : Showing the Postal Establishments and Postal Routes in Each Province , 1st ed. , Shanghai : Directorate General of Posts , 1907 Jump up ^ Figures based on 2006 statistics published in 2007 National Statistical Yearbook of China and available online at 2006 年中国乡村人口数中国人口与发展研究中心 ( archive ) . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Information '' . Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year to date Passenger Traffic '' . Airports Council International . 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peking ( Beijing ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 ( 15th edition , Macropædia ed . ) . p. 468 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Cities Through History '' . things made unthinkable .", "47": "Retrieved 28 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing '' . World Book Encyclopedia . 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 走进北京七大世界文化遗产 -- 千龙网 18 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` IOC : Beijing To Host 2022 Winter Olympics '' . The Huffington Post . Associated Press . 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 年北京市高校名单 ( 共 91 所 ) '' . gaokao.com. 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Global Universities in China '' . US News . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing has most Fortune 500 global HQs '' . Beijing Municipal Government . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune Global 500 '' . Fortune . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Startup Grind '' . Startup Grind . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nylander , Johan ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Beijing best Asian city to make money , expats say '' . www.atimes.com . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Areas and suburbs in Beijing '' . Expat Arrivals . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hucker , Charles O. `` Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty '' , p. 5 -- 6 . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , Vol. 21 ( Dec. 1958 ) . Harvard - Yenching Institute . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Lane Harris ( 2008 ) .", "48": "`` A ' Lasting Boon to All ' : A Note on the Postal Romanization of Place Names , 1896 -- 1949 '' . Twentieth Century China . 34 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 109 . doi : 10.1353 / tcc. 0.0007 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Wm. H. & Sagart , Laurent . `` Baxter -- Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . ( 1.93 MB ) , p. 63 . 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Coblin , W. South . `` A Brief History of Mandarin '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society 120 , no . 4 ( 2000 ) : 537 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Standardization Administration of China ( SAC ) . `` GB / T - 2260 : Codes for the administrative divisions of the People 's Republic of China . '' Jump up ^ `` The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian '' . Jump up ^ `` Beijing 's History '' . China Internet Information Center . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Haw , Stephen . Beijing : A Concise History . Routledge , 2007 . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Grousset , Rene ( 1970 ) . The Empire of the Steppes . Rutgers University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1304 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing -- Historical Background '' . The Economist. 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Hook , Beijing and Tianjin : Towards a Millennial Megalopolis , p. 2 Jump up ^ 元大都土城遗址公园 . Tuniu.com ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 15 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China .", "49": "Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Susan Naquin , Peking : Temples and City Life , 1400 -- 1900 , p xxxiii Jump up ^ `` An Illustrated Survey of Dikes and Dams in Jianghan Region '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Temple of Heaven '' . China.org. 13 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiananmen Square '' . Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Hymes ( 2000 ) . John Stewart Bowman , ed . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11004 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Renewal of Ming Dynasty City Wall '' . Beijing This Month . 1 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2005 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosenburg , Matt T. `` Largest Cities Through History '' . About.com . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 33 Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- History -- The Ming and Qing Dynasties '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ MacKerras & Yorke 1991 , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` Incident on 7 July 1937 '' . Xinhua News Agency . 27 June 2005 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 .", "50": "Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Cheung , Andrew ( 1995 ) . `` Slogans , Symbols , and Legitimacy : The Case of Wang Jingwei 's Nanjing Regime '' . Indiana University . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 168 Jump up ^ `` `` 毛主席八次接见红卫兵的组织工作 '' 中国共产党新闻网 7 April 2011 ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 255 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 252 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 249 -- 250 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 255 -- 256 Jump up ^ Picture Power : Tiananmen Standoff BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Election '' . IOC . Archived from the original on 6 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . People 's Daily . March 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Extreme Temperatures Around the World '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 .", "51": "Jump up ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集 ( 1971 - 2000 年 ) ( in Chinese ) . China Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System . December 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burt , Christopher C. `` UPDATE June 1 : Record May Heat Wave in Northeast China , Koreas '' . Wunderground . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ J.R. McNeill , Something New Under the Sun : An Environmental History of the 20th - Century World . New York : Norton , 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029509 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mark Z . Jacobson , Son V. Nghiem , Alessandro Sorichetta , Natasha Whitney , Ring of impact from the mega-urbanization of Beijing between 2000 and 2009 . In : Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres 120 , Issue 12 , ( 2015 ) , 5740 -- 5756 , doi : 10.1002 / 2014JD023008 . Jump up ^ Peter Sheehan , Enjiang Cheng , Alex English , Fanghong Sun , China 's response to the air pollution shock . In : Nature Climate Change 4 , ( 2014 ) , 306 -- 309 , doi : 10.1038 / nclimate2197 . Jump up ^ David G. Streetsa , Joshua S. Fub , Carey J. Jangc , Jiming Haod , Kebin Hed , Xiaoyan Tange , Yuanhang Zhange , Zifa Wangf , Zuopan Lib , Qiang Zhanga , Litao Wangd , Binyu Wangc , Carolyne Yua , Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games < ( 1 ) > accessed 23 April 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Green Olympics Effort Draws UN Environment Chief to Beijing '' . Sundance Channel .", "52": "Jump up ^ `` Beijing petrol stations to close '' . BBC News . 15 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Yardley , Jim ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Smoggy Beijing Plans to Cut Traffic by Half for Olympics , Paper Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Olympics Beijing car restrictions to take effect next month '' . News.xinhuanet.com. 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Only ' green ' vehicles permitted to enter Beijing '' . Autonews.gasgoo.com. 22 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` China : Beijing launches Euro 4 standards '' . Automotiveworld.com. 4 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James West , Mother Jones . 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing to switch from coal to gas to go green '' . China Daily . 8 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Li Jing , `` Beijing 's air quality will worsen without coal control , Greenpeace says '' . South China Morning Post . 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detecting the Heavy Metal Concentration of PM2. 5 in Beijing '' , Greenpeace.org. 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Lyu ( 24 Mar 2015 ) . `` Beijing shuts two more coal - fired power plants '' . The China Daily . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanway , David ( 23 Jul 2014 ) . `` Beijing shuts big coal - fired power plant to ease smog - Xinhua '' . Reuters . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Demick , Barbara ( 2 October 2009 ) .", "53": "`` Communist China celebrates 60th anniversary with instruments of war and words of peace '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Liu , Charles ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` '' Parade Blue '' Joins `` APEC Blue '' as Distant Memories as Nasty Air Returns to Beijing `` . The Nanfang . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` Beijing Air Pollution Off the Charts '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) . `` As Beijing Shuts Down Over Smog Alert , Worse - Off Neighbors Carry On '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing issues second red alert for choking smog '' . ABC News . ABC . 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` Beijing to ban polluting cars during smog alerts '' . www.atimes.com . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 首页 '' . Beijing Municipal Web . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Demick ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` U.S. Embassy air quality data undercut China 's own assessment '' . Los Angeles Times . ( login required ) Jump up ^ `` China says it made rain to wash off sand '' . MSNBC. 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm '' . BBC News . 17 April 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Lisa Rose ( 4 April 2002 ) . `` More than a dust storm in a Chinese teacup '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- Administration and society -- Government '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 .", "54": "Jump up ^ 国家统计局统计用区划代码 Archived 5 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 《保定经济统计年鉴 2011 》 Jump up ^ shi , Guo wu yuan ren kou pu cha ban gong ; council , Guo jia tong ji ju ren kou he jiu ye tong ji si bian = Tabulation on the 2010 population census of the people 's republic of China by township / compiled by Population census office under the state ; population , Department of ; statistics , employment statistics national bureau of ( 2012 ) . Zhongguo 2010 nian ren kou pu cha fen xiang , zhen , jie dao zi liao ( Di 1 ban . ed . ) . Beijing Shi : Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she . ISBN 978 - 7 - 5037 - 6660 - 2 . Jump up ^ 《中国民政统计年鉴 2012 》 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) `` 北京市第三中级人民法院、北京市人民检察院第三分院同日成立 '' Xinhua Archived 29 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine .", "55": "6 August 2013 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京市高级人民法院关于我市中级人民法院管辖调整有关问题的规定 ( 暂行 ) '' 2 August 2013 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 国家统计局北京调查总队 , `` 北京市 2013 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 '' , 北京市统计局 13 February 2014 Jump up ^ GDP - 2013 are quarterly figures according to provisional data of China NBS ( China NBS National DATA -- quarterly figures ( 中文 ) or China Statistical database -- Quarterly Data ( English ) Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ) ; the comparable data of the world economies sources materials from IMF -- WEO -- Database April 2014 ; the annual average exchange rate CN ¥ 6.1932 to USD 1 in 2013 ; for purchasing power parity , CNY 4.247 is equal to intl $. 1 in 2013 according to IMF -- WEO -- Database April 2014 . Jump up ^ GDP per capita figures are according to the 2013 Statistical Communiqué of the provinces on National Economic and Social Development Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , The annual average exchange rate is CNY 6.1932 per US dollar ; purchasing power parity ( PPP ) figures are according to April 2014 IMF data . CNY 4.247 is equivalent to Intl. $ 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jones Lang LaSalle Research Report -- Five years after the Olympics -- Growth in Beijing has continued , what to expect next ? '' August 2013 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京五年淘汰 140 余家 `` 三高 '' 企业北京商报 17 November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Capital Steel opens new branch to step up eastward relocation '' . People 's Daily Online . 23 October 2005 .", "56": "Jump up ^ Spencer , Richard ( 18 July 2008 ) . `` Beijing abandons Mao 's dream of workers ' paradise '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 六大功能区 Archived 14 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 涂露芳 , 六大功能区创造北京四成多 GDP 北京日报 9 October 2013 Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京市统计局六大高端产业功能区主要经济指标 Jump up ^ `` Statistical Communique on the 2003 National Economic and Social Development of the City of Beijing '' . Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ShiJingShan '' . Beijing Economic Information Center . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates weave tangled web on ' Spidey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters. 27 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Age Composition and Dependency Ratio of Population by Region ( 2004 ) in China Statistics 2005 '' . Retrieved 5 July 2010 .", "57": "^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据情况 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京市少数民族人口状况 30 May 2011 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 在北京外国人数量或已达 20 万人超过市人口总数 1 % 9 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Jingxi '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- Chinese Cloisonné Enamelware '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Beijing Lights Up the Night '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing , Places of a Lifetime '' . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 29 December 1986 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beihai Park Behind Behai park locates Hou Hai , which is one of the most popular visited tourist places . Hou hai is the largest of the three lakes , along with Qianhai ( lit . the `` Front Lake '' ) and Xihai ( lit . the `` Western Lake '' ) , that comprise Shichahai , the collective name for the three northern-most lakes in central Beijing . Since the early 2000s , the hutong neighborhood around Houhai has become known for its nightlife as many residences along the lake shore have been converted into restaurants , bars , and cafes. `` . UNECO World Heritage . Archived from the original on 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Littlewood , Misty and Mark Littlewood ( 2008 ) . Gateways to Beijing : a travel guide to Beijing . Armour Publishing Pte Ltd.", "58": "p. 182 . ISBN 981 - 4222 - 12 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Palace , an Imperial Garden in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Temple of Heaven : an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) ( 北京地区博物馆名录 ( 截止 2008 年 6 月 ) ) 6 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` About Beijing '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing 's Museums & Galleries '' . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 10 December 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 31 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Business Buide to Beijing and North - East China ( 2006 -- 2007 ed . ) . Hong Kong : China Briefing Media . 2006 . p. 108 . ISBN 988 - 98673 - 3 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Shen , Wei ( 16 February 2004 ) . `` Chorography to record rise and fall of Beijing 's Hutongs '' . China Daily . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Amy Stone ( Spring 2008 ) . `` Farewell to the Hutongs : Urban Development in Beijing '' . Dissent magazine . Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p.", "59": "253 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Beijing 's urban makeover : the ' hutong ' destruction '' . Open Democracy . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京的宗教文化 china.com.cn 11 July 2008 Jump up ^ Lai , Hongyi . China 's Governance Model : Flexibility and Durability of Pragmatic Authoritarianism . Routledge , 2016 . ISBN 1 - 317 - 85952 - 9 . p. 167 Jump up ^ China General Social Survey ( CGSS ) 2009 . Report by : Xiuhua Wang ( 2015 , p. 15 ) Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Min Junqing . The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China . JISMOR , 8 . 2010 Islam by province , page 29 . Data from : Yang Zongde , Study on Current Muslim Population in China , Jinan Muslim , 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 平谷轩辕山国际旅游区概念性规划 . Jump up ^ 2020 世界休闲大会战略规划 -- -- 北京平谷旅游发展重大项目储备规划 . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京市道教协会协会简介 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 伊斯兰教简介 Archived 30 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine .", "60": "Accessed 2016 - 04 - 04 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京市清真寺文物等级 Accessed 2016 - 04 - 04 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京市部分清真寺介绍 Accessed 2016 - 04 - 04 Jump up ^ Eric Widmer , The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century , pp23 , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 78129 - 5 Google Books Jump up ^ The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup , FIBA.com , Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing and Zhangjiakou launch joint bid to host 2022 Winter Olympic Games '' . insidethegames.biz . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 Winter Olympics to Beijing '' . Jump up ^ Some 350,000 residents were expected to be relocated to make room for the constructions of stadiums for the 2008 Summer Games . Davis , Mike ( 2006 ) . Planet of Slums . Verso . p. 106 . ISBN 1844670228 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Olympics Bird 's Nest ready '' . BBC News . 28 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . chinabandy.org . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京市火车站大全 '' Last Accessed 8 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` Beijingers spend lives on road as traffic congestion worsens '' . China Daily . Xinhua News Agency . 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Automobile numbers could be capped '' . China Daily . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing city to have five mln cars on roads by year end '' . Gasgoo. 12 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 .", "61": "Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` To Tackle Traffic Jam , Beijing Sets New Car Plate Quota , Limits Out - of - Towners '' . ChinaAutoWeb.com . Jump up ^ `` China plans to build world 's biggest airport near Beijing '' . In.news.yahoo.com. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing 's second airport to be ready by 2017 '' . english.eastday.com. 22 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing grants three - day visa - free access '' . TTGmice. 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing 72 - hour Visa - free '' ChinaTour.Net Accessed 6 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` 30 subway lines to cover Beijing by 2020 '' . China Daily . 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing to Increase Public Transportation Fare Prices Next Month '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan ( 24 January 2010 ) . `` Campaign to boost cycling in Beijing '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ofo , Mobike , BlueGogo : China 's Messy Bikeshare Market '' . What 's on Weibo . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ 北京市自然保护区名录 ( 截至 2011 年底 ) 24 August 2012 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京一级保护野生动物 Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Archived 16 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine .", "62": "Accessed 4 April 2013 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Accessed 4 April 2013 Jump up ^ Michael Rank , Wild leopards of Beijing , Danwei.org 31 July 2007 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center Accessed 5 April 2013 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 70 年解密大足鼠耳蝠吃鱼 14 April 2007 Archived 19 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 : 候鸟翱翔野鸭湖 Xinhua 2016 - 11 - 16 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京开始 `` 清网行动 '' 保护候鸟森林公安公布举报电话 , 北京晚报 2016 - 10 - 30 Jump up ^ Beijing Cuckoo Project Accessed 2016 - 11 - 28 Jump up ^ `` With a Cuckoo 's Journey from China , a Mystery is Solved , and Cheers Go Up '' N.Y. Times 2016 - 11 - 11 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京集中一个月打击非法捕售鸟抓获 36 名违法者 '' 新京报 2016 - 10 - 31 ^ Jump up to : `` 首都之窗 - 北京市政务门户网站 - 市花市树 '' . eBeijing.gov.cn . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京市市树 -- -- 国槐 18 February 2004 Archived 13 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Cotterell , Arthur . ( 2007 ) .", "63": "The Imperial Capitals of China : An Inside View of the Celestial Empire . London : Pimlico . pp. 304 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 009 - 5 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Palo Alto , California , United States : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 2 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Li , Lillian ; Dray - Novey , Alison ; Kong , Haili ( 2007 ) . Beijing : From Imperial Capital to Olympic City . New York City , United States : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6473 - 4 . Bonino , Michele ; De Pieri , Filippo ( 2015 ) . Beijing Danwei : Industrial Heritage in the Contemporary City . Berlin : Jovis . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86859 - 382 - 2 . Cammelli , Stefano Storia di Pechino e di come divenne capitale della Cina , Bologna , Il Mulino , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 15 - 09910 - 5 Chen , Gaohua : The Capital of the Yuan Dynasty . ( Dadu or Khanbaliq ) . Silkroad Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4332 - 44 - 6 ( Print ) ; ISBN 978 - 981 - 4339 - 55 - 1 ( eBook ) Harper , Damian , Beijing : City Guide , 7th Edition , Oakland , California : Lonely Planet Publications , 2007 . Harper , Damian , Beijing : City Guide , 6th Edition , Oakland , California : Lonely Planet Publications , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 782 - 6 . MacKerras , Colin ; Yorke , Amanda ( 1991 ) . The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China . Cambridge , England , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38755 - 8 .", "64": "Retrieved 22 July 2009 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBeijingat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Beijing Government website ( in Chinese ) Economic profile for Beijing at HKTDC Visit Beijing Facebook Page Photograph of The approach to Peking -- outside the walls taken in 1890 by Sir Henry Norman Preceded by Lin'an ( Song Dynasty ) Capital of China ( as Dadu of Yuan ) 1264 -- 1368 Succeeded by Nanjing ( Ming Dynasty ) Preceded by Nanjing ( Ming Dynasty ) Capital of China 1420 -- 1928 Succeeded by Nanjing ( ROC ) Preceded by Nanjing ( ROC ) Capital of the People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Succeeded by present capital Places adjacent to Beijing Zhangjiakou , Hebei Chengde , Hebei Chengde , Hebei Zhangjiakou , Hebei Beijing Langfang , Hebei Baoding , Hebei Langfang , Hebei Tianjin Articles related to Beijing ( hide ) Beijing History Politics Geography Toponym Administration Districts Dongcheng Xicheng Chaoyang Haidian Fengtai Shijingshan Mentougou Fangshan Tongzhou Shunyi Changping Daxing Huairou Pinggu Miyun Yanqing Defunct Chongwen Xuanwu Yanshan Other Administrative divisions Township - level divisions Economic and technological development zones Education List of universities Peking University Tsinghua University Beijing Normal University Renmin University Transportation Ring roads Expressways Highways Subway Suburban Railway Bus Airports : Capital International , Nanyuan , Daxing ( under construction ) Train Stations : Beijing West , Beijing , Beijing East , Beijing South , Beijing North , Shahe ,", "65": "Fengtai Visitor attractions Landmarks ( Major National Historical and Cultural Sites ) List of hotels in Beijing Museums Parks and gardens Municipal agencies Administration of Prisons Commission of Education Public Security Bureau ( Police Department ) Portal Commons Provincial - level divisions of the People 's Republic of China Provinces Anhui Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guizhou Hainan Hebei Heilongjiang Henan Hubei Hunan Jiangsu Jiangxi Jilin Liaoning Qinghai Shaanxi Shandong Shanxi Sichuan Yunnan Zhejiang Autonomous regions Guangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Tibet Xinjiang Municipalities Beijing Chongqing Shanghai Tianjin Special administrative regions Hong Kong 1 Macau 1 Other Taiwan 1 Note : Taiwan is claimed by the People 's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China ( see Political status of Taiwan ) . Hong Kong and Macau are claimed as provincial - level divisions , but as listed on the constitutional documents and joint declarations their statuses are better to be interpreted as first - level divisions instead . Metropolitan cities of China Major Metropolitan regions Jingjinji ( JJJ ) Pearl River Delta ( PRD ) / Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area Yangtze River Delta ( YRD ) Central Plain ( Zhongyuan ) Chengyu Cross-Strait Western Coast Guanzhong Mid-Southern Liaoning Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Mid-Reaches ( Yangtze River Valley ) Major Cities National Central Cities Beijing Chongqing Guangzhou Shanghai Tianjin Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong Macau Regional Central Cities Chengdu Nanjing Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xi'an", "66": "Sub-provincial cities Changchun Chengdu Dalian Guangzhou Hangzhou Harbin Jinan Nanjing Ningbo Qingdao Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xiamen Xi'an Provincial capitals ( Prefecture - level ) Changsha Fuzhou Guiyang Haikou Hefei Kunming Lanzhou Nanchang Shijiazhuang Taiyuan Xining Zhengzhou Taibei Autonomous regional capitals Hohhot Lhasa Nanning Ürümqi Yinchuan Comparatively large cities Anshan Baotou Benxi Datong Fushun Handan Huainan Jilin Luoyang Suzhou Tangshan Qiqihar Wuxi Xuzhou Zibo Prefecture - level cities by Province Hebei Shijiazhuang * Tangshan * Qinhuangdao Handan * Xingtai Baoding Zhangjiakou Chengde Cangzhou Langfang Hengshui Shanxi Taiyuan * Datong * Yangquan Changzhi Jincheng Shuozhou Jinzhong Yuncheng Xinzhou Linfen Lüliang Inner Mongolia Hohhot * Baotou * Wuhai Chifeng Tongliao Ordos Hulunbuir Bayannur Ulanqab Liaoning", "67": "Shenyang * Dalian * Anshan * Fushun * Benxi * Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Panjin Tieling Chaoyang Huludao Jilin Changchun * Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Heilongjiang Harbin * Qiqihar * Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yīchun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Jiangsu Nanjing * Wuxi * Xuzhou * Changzhou Suzhou * Nantong Lianyungang Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Tàizhou Suqian Zhejiang Hangzhou * Ningbo * Wenzhou Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Tāizhou Lìshui Anhui Hefei * Wuhu Bengbu Huainan * Ma'anshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Fùyang Sùzhou Lu'an Bozhou Chizhou Xuancheng Fujian Fúzhou * Xiamen * Putian Sanming Quanzhou Zhangzhou Nanping Longyan Ningde Jiangxi Nanchang * Jingdezhen", "68": "Píngxiang Jiujiang Xinyu Yingtan Ganzhou Jí'ān Yíchun Fǔzhou Shangrao Shandong Jinan * Qingdao * Zibo * Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weifang Jĭning Tai'an Weihai Rizhao Laiwu Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou Heze Henan Zhengzhou * Kaifeng Luoyang * Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi Xinxiang Jiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian Hubei Wuhan * Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangyang Ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jinzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Hunan Changsha * Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Shaoyang Yueyang Changde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Loudi Guangdong Guangzhou * Shaoguan Shenzhen * Zhuhai Shantou Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Chaozhou Jieyang Yunfu Guangxi Nanning ", "69": "Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yùlin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Hainan Haikou Sanya Sansha Danzhou Sichuan Chengdu * Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Ya'an Bazhong Ziyang Guizhou Guiyang * Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Yunnan Kunming * Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lìjiang Pu'er Lincang Tibet Lhasa * Shigatse Chamdo Nyingchi Shannan Shaanxi Xi'an * Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yúlin Ankang Shangluo Gansu Lanzhou * Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Qinghai Xining * Haidong Ningxia Yinchuan * Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei", "70": "Xinjiang Ürümqi * Karamay Turpan Hami Taiwan ( none ) Other cities ( partly shown below ) Prefecture - level capitals ( County - level ) ( Inner Mongolia : Ulanhot Xilinhot ) Jiagedaqi , Heilongjiang Enshi , Hubei Jishou , Hunan ( Sichuan : Xichang Kangding Barkam ) ( Guizhou : Xingyi Kaili Duyun ) ( Yunnan : Chuxiong Mengzi Wenshan Jinghong Dali Mangshi Shangri - La Lushui ) ( Gansu : Linxia Hezuo ) ( Qinghai : Yushu Delingha ) ( Xinjiang : Changji Bole Korla Yining Artux Aksu Kashgar Hotan Tacheng Altay ) Province - governed cities ( Sub-prefecture - level ) Jiyuan , Henan ( Hubei : Xiantao Qiánjiang Tianmen Shennongjia ) ( Hainan : Wuzhishan Qionghai Wenchang Wanning Dongfang ) ( Xinjiang - XPCC ( Bingtuan ) cities : Shihezi Aral Tumxuk Wujiaqu Beitun Tiemenguan Shuanghe Kokdala Kunyu ) Former Prefecture - level cities Chaohu , Anhui Yumen , Gansu Dongchuan , Yunnan Shashi , Hubei ( Sichuan : Fuling Wanxian ) ( Jilin : Meihekou Gongzhuling ) Sub-prefecture - level cities ( Prefecture - governed ) Qian'an , Hebei Manzhouli , Inner Mongolia Erenhot , Inner Mongolia Golmud , Qinghai", "71": "County - level cities by Province Hebei Xinji Jinzhou Xinle Zunhua Qian'an * Wu'an Nangong Shahe Zhuozhou Dingzhou Anguo Gaobeidian Botou Renqiu Huanghua Hejian Bazhou Sanhe Shenzhou Shanxi Gujiao Lucheng Gaoping Jiexiu Yongji Hejin Yuanping Houma Huozhou Xiaoyi Fenyang Inner Mongolia Holingol Manzhouli * Yakeshi Zhalantun Ergun Genhe Fengzhen Ulanhot * Arxan Erenhot * Xilinhot * Liaoning Xinmin Wafangdian Zhuanghe Haicheng Donggang Fengcheng Linghai Beizhen Gaizhou Dashiqiao Dengta Diaobingshan Kaiyuan Beipiao Lingyuan Xingcheng Jilin Yushu Dehui Jiaohe Huadian Shulan Panshi Gongzhuling Shuangliao Meihekou Ji'an Linjiang Fuyu Taonan Da'an Yanji Tumen Dunhua Hunchun Longjing Helong Heilongjiang Shangzhi Wuchang Nehe Hulin Mishan Tieli Tongjiang Fujin Fuyuan Suifenhe Hailin Ning'an Muling", "72": "Dongning Bei'an Wudalianchi Anda Zhaodong Hailun Jiangsu Jiangyin Yixing Xinyi Pizhou Liyang Changshu Zhangjiagang Kunshan Taicang Qidong Rugao Haimen Dongtai Yizheng Gaoyou Danyang Yangzhong Jurong Jingjiang Taixing Xinghua Zhejiang Jiande Lin'an Yuyao Cixi Fenghua Rui'an Yueqing Haining Pinghu Tongxiang Zhuji Shengzhou Lanxi Yiwu Dongyang Yongkang Jiangshan Wenling Linhai Longquan Anhui Chaohu Jieshou Tongcheng Tianchang Mingguang Ningguo Fujian Fuqing Changle Yong'an Shishi Jinjiang Nan'an Longhai Shaowu Wuyishan Jian'ou Zhangping Fu'an Fuding Jiangxi Leping Ruichang Gongqingcheng Lushan Guixi Ruijin Jinggangshan Fengcheng Zhangshu Gao'an Dexing Shandong Zhangqiu Jiaozhou Jimo Pingdu Laixi Tengzhou Longkou Laiyang Laizhou Penglai Zhaoyuan Qixia Haiyang Qingzhou Zhucheng Shouguang Anqiu", "73": "Gaomi Changyi Qufu Zoucheng Xintai Feicheng Rongcheng Rushan Laoling Yucheng Linqing Henan Gongyi Xingyang Xinmi Xinzheng Dengfeng Yanshi Wugang Ruzhou Linzhou Weihui Huixian Qinyang Mengzhou Yuzhou Changge Yima Lingbao Dengzhou Yongcheng Xiangcheng Jiyuan * Hubei Daye Danjiangkou Yidu Dangyang Zhijiang Laohekou Zaoyang Yicheng Zhongxiang Yingcheng Anlu Hanchuan Shishou Honghu Songzi Macheng Wuxue Chibi Guangshui Enshi * Lichuan Xiantao * Qianjiang * Tianmen * Hunan Liuyang Liling Xiangxiang Shaoshan Leiyang Changning Wugang Miluo Linxiang Jinshi Yuanjiang Zixing Hongjiang Lengshuijiang Lianyuan Jishou * Guangdong Lechang Nanxiong Taishan Kaiping Heshan Enping Lianjiang Leizhou Wuchuan Gaozhou Huazhou Xinyi Sihui Xingning Lufeng Yangchun Yingde Lianzhou Puning Luoding Guangxi Cenxi Dongxing", "74": "Guiping Beiliu Jingxi Yizhou Heshan Pingxiang Hainan Wuzhishan * Qionghai * Wenchang * Wanning * Dongfang * Sichuan Dujiangyan Pengzhou Qionglai Chongzhou Jianyang Guanghan Shifang Mianzhu Jiangyou Emeishan Langzhong Huaying Wanyuan Barkam * Kangding * Xichang * Guizhou Qingzhen Chishui Renhuai Xingyi * Kaili * Duyun * Fuquan Yunnan Anning Xuanwei Tengchong Chuxiong * Mengzi * Gejiu Kaiyuan Mile Wenshan * Jinghong * Dali * Ruili Mangshi * Lushui * Shangri - La * Tibet ( none ) Shaanxi Xingping Hancheng Huayin Gansu Yumen Dunhuang Linxia * Hezuo * Qinghai Yushu * Golmud * Delingha * Ningxia Lingwu Qingtongxia Xinjiang Changji * Fukang Bole * Alashankou Korla * Aksu * Artux * Kashgar * Hotan * Yining * Kuytun Korgas Tacheng * Wusu", "75": "Altay * Shihezi * Aral * Tumxuk * Wujiaqu * Beitun * Tiemenguan * Shuanghe * Kokdala * Kunyu * Taiwan ( none ) Notes * Indicates this city has already occurred above . Direct - controlled Municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state - planning cities . Special Economic Zone Cities . Coastal development cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs . Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir , Inner Mongolia as part of it . Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China . The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC , due to lack of actual jurisdiction . See Template : Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead . All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture - level cities by province . Largest cities or towns in China Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China ( 2010 ) Rank Name Province Pop . Rank Name Province Pop . Shanghai Beijing Shanghai Shanghai 20,217,700 11 Foshan Guangdong 6,771,900 Chongqing Guangzhou Beijing Beijing 16,858,700 12 Nanjing Jiangsu 6,238,200 Chongqing Chongqing 12,389,500 13 Shenyang Liaoning 5,890,700 Guangzhou Guangdong 10,641,400 14 Hangzhou Zhejiang 5,849,500 5 Shenzhen Guangdong 10,358,400 15 Xi'an Shaanxi 5,399,300 6 Tianjin Tianjin 10,007,", "76": "700 16 Harbin Heilongjiang 5,178,000 7 Wuhan Hubei 7,541,500 17 Dalian Liaoning 4,222,400 8 Dongguan Guangdong 7,271,300 18 Suzhou Jiangsu 4,083,900 9 Chengdu Sichuan 7,112,000 19 Qingdao Shandong 3,990,900 10 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7,055,071 20 Zhengzhou Henan 3,677,000 Capitals of Asia Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics North and Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West and Southwest Asia Ashgabat , Turkmenistan Astana , Kazakhstan * Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe , Tajikistan Moscow , Russia * Tashkent , Uzbekistan East Asia Beijing , China Hong Kong , Hong Kong ( China ) Macau , Macau ( China ) Pyongyang , North Korea Seoul , South Korea Taipei , Taiwan ( ROC ) Tokyo , Japan Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia Kabul , Afghanistan Dhaka , Bangladesh Diego Garcia , BIOT ( UK ) Islamabad , Pakistan Kathmandu , Nepal Kotte , Sri Lanka Malé , Maldives New Delhi , India Thimphu , Bhutan Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Bangkok , Thailand Dili , East Timor Flying Fish Cove , Christmas Island ( Australia ) Hanoi , Vietnam Jakarta , Indonesia * Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Manila , Philippines Naypyidaw , Myanmar Phnom Penh , Cambodia Central Area , Singapore Vientiane , Laos West Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Amman , Jordan Ankara , Turkey * Baghdad , Iraq Baku , Azerbaijan * Beirut , Lebanon Cairo , Egypt * Sana'a , Yemen Stepanakert , Nagorno - Karabakh * Sukhumi , Abkhazia * Tbilisi ,", "77": "Georgia * Tehran , Iran Tskhinvali , South Ossetia * Yerevan , Armenia * * Transcontinental country . † See : Positions on Jerusalem . Both Israel and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as capital . Jerusalem contains the Israeli parliament and almost all Israeli government ministries . Tel Aviv contains most foreign embassies in Israel ; Ramallah is the administrative seat of the Palestinian Authority . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : none 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : none 1944 : none 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Summer Paralympic Games host cities 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Tel Aviv 1972 : Heidelberg 1976 : Toronto 1980 : Arnhem 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St.", "78": "Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing Winter Paralympic Games host cities 1976 : Örnsköldsvik 1980 : Geilo 1984 : Innsbruck 1988 : Innsbruck 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : PyeongChang 2022 : Beijing Host cities of Asian Games Summer 1951 : Delhi 1954 : Manila 1958 : Tokyo 1962 : Jakarta 1966 : Bangkok 1970 : Bangkok 1974 : Tehran 1978 : Bangkok 1982 : Delhi 1986 : Seoul 1990 :", "79": "Beijing 1994 : Hiroshima 1998 : Bangkok 2002 : Busan 2006 : Doha 2010 : Guangzhou 2014 : Incheon 2018 : Jakarta / Palembang 2022 : Hangzhou Winter 1986 : Sapporo 1990 : Sapporo 1996 : Harbin 1999 : Kangwon 2003 : Aomori 2007 : Changchun 2011 : Astana - Almaty 2017 : Sapporo Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics 1983 : Helsinki 1987 : Rome 1991 : Tokyo 1993 : Stuttgart 1995 : Gothenburg 1997 : Athens 1999 : Seville 2001 : Edmonton 2003 : Saint - Denis 2005 : Helsinki 2007 : Osaka 2009 : Berlin 2011 : Daegu 2013 : Moscow 2015 : Beijing 2017 : London 2019 : Doha 2021 : Eugene World 's twenty most populous metropolitan areas 1 Tokyo - Yokohama 2 Jakarta 3 Shanghai 4 Karachi 5 Delhi 6 Seoul - Incheon 7 Mexico City 8 Beijing 9 Lagos 10 São Paulo 11 Mumbai 12 New York 13 Osaka 14 Dhaka 15 Kolkata 16 Tehran 17 Istanbul 18 London 19 Los Angeles 20 Buenos Aires World 's fifty most - populous urban areas Tokyo -- Yokohama ( Keihin ) Jakarta ( Jabodetabek ) Delhi Manila ( Metro Manila )", "80": "Seoul -- Incheon ( Sudogwon ) Shanghai Karachi Beijing New York City Guangzhou -- Foshan ( Guangfo ) São Paulo Mexico City ( Valley of Mexico ) Mumbai Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto ( Keihanshin ) Moscow Dhaka Greater Cairo Los Angeles Bangkok Kolkata Greater Buenos Aires Tehran Istanbul Lagos Shenzhen Rio de Janeiro Kinshasa Tianjin Paris Lima Chengdu Greater London Nagoya ( Chūkyō ) Lahore Chennai Bengaluru Chicago Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Hyderabad Dongguan Johannesburg -- East Rand Wuhan Taipei - Taoyuan Hangzhou Hong Kong Chongqing Ahmedabad Kuala Lumpur ( Klang Valley ) Quanzhou VIAF : 312565158 LCCN : n79076155 GND : 4075971 - 4 BNF : cb11957264c ( data ) NDL : 00646810 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beijing&oldid=807340674 '' Categories : Beijing Burial sites of the House of Holstein - Gottorp - Romanov Capitals in Asia Independent cities Metropolitan areas of China North China Plain Hidden categories : Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with Chinese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from", "81": "2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing cleanup from October 2017 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Articles including recorded pronunciations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་", "82": "ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî", "83": "Кыргызча Ladino Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română", "84": "Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "85": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-9151459252301477194	when did the legal drinking age changed to 21	[ "October 1986", "By mid-1988" ]	{ "0": "U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State - wikipedia U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State Jump to : navigation , search Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 ( when almost all states had their lowest age limit ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 18 Detail on dual age limits Both age limits apply for following states : Washington , D.C. : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Illinois : The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Kansas : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Maryland : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . North Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Oklahoma : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . South Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . South Dakota : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Virginia : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor .", "1": "Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 ( one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time . The history is given in the table below . Unless otherwise noted , if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages , the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits , as was the case in several states , the age in the table will read as `` 18 '' , not `` 21 '' ) . In addition , the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages , although they have often been the same . As one can see in the table below , there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 . Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December , most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time . Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s . From 1969 to 1976 , some 30 states lowered their purchase ages , generally to 18 . This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment . A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response , most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973 . Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them . From 1976 to 1983 , several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 ( or , less commonly , 20 or 21 ) , in part to combat drunk driving fatalities . In 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act , which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10 % of their federal highway funds .", "2": "By mid-1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 ( but not Puerto Rico , Guam , or the Virgin Islands , see Additional Notes below ) . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate . The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans , because of it being higher than the age of majority ( 18 in most states ) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries . The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment . Although debates have not been highly publicized , a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age , while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010 . State Pre-Prohibition ( prior to 1919 ) Post-Prohibition ( after 1933 ) 1970s / 26th Amendment ( adopted in 1971 ) 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 21st century Alabama Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 ( none with consent of parent ) 21 1975 : Lowered to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 21 ( no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28 - 1 ) Alaska ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause ( if born before January 1 , 1965 ) 21 Arizona ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Arkansas Pre 1925 : None 1925 : 21 21 21 21 21 California Pre 1891 : Regulated by municipality / county ( common age was 16 ) 1891 : 18 ( statewide ) 1933 : 21 21 21 21 ( except small amounts for religious ceremonies ) Colorado None 1945 : 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 18 Raised to 21 in 1987 21 Connecticut ?", "3": "21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1982 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( exemptions : ( 1 ) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30 - 90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person 's employment or business , ( 2 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician , or ( 3 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent , guardian or spouse of the minor , who has attained the age of twenty - one . Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person 's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection ( a ) of section 52 - 571b . Delaware ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 District of Columbia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause . 21 Florida ? 18 1980 : 19 1985 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 Georgia ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1984 : Raised to 19 1985 : Raised to 20 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Hawaii ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Idaho ? 20 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 1972 : Lowered to 19 ( all ) 1987 : Raised to 21 in 1987 ( Apr 11 ) with grandfather clause 21 Illinois 1872 : Age of majority ( none with written consent of parent ) pre 1961 : Age of majority 1961 : Raised to 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1980 : Raised to 21 21 Indiana ?", "4": "Post-1934 : 21 21 21 21 Iowa ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 in 1972 ( Jul 1 ) 1973 : Lowered to 18 in 1973 ( Jul 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Jul 1 ) 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Jul 1 ) with grandfather clause . 21 Kansas ? 1949 : 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for beer and wine with 4 % ABV or more 21 : for liquor 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( However , anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property ) Kentucky ? 1938 : 21 21 21 21 Louisiana ? As of 1948 : 18 18 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987 , but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole . 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed . 1996 : In 1996 , briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision , raising to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain . 21 ( Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . ) Maine ?", "5": "21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Maryland ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Massachusetts ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) Raised to 21 in 1985 21 Michigan ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ) , 18 days later . First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21 Minnesota ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 ( June 1 ) 1976 : Raised to 19 ( Sept 1 ) First state to raise age after lowering . 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Mississippi ? 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) 18 Raised to 21 in 1986 21 Missouri ? 1945 : 21 21 21 21 Montana ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1987 : Raised to 21 21 Nebraska ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 19 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Nevada ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire ?", "6": "21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico ? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina ? 18 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 North Dakota ? 1936 : 21 21 21 21 Ohio ? 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 21 ( However , anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) Oklahoma ? Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age . 1983 : Raised to 21 21 Oregon ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 Pennsylvania ?", "7": "1935 : 21 21 21 21 Rhode Island ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 South Carolina 21 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 21 South Dakota ? 1934 : 21 ( all ) 1939 : Lowered to 18 : for 3.2 % beer Raised to 19 : for 3.2 % beer 1972 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1988 : Raised to 21 21 Tennessee Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 21 1964 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 21 Texas Pre 1909 : 21 None ( with written permission of parent or guardian ) Post 1909 : 21 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1981 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 Utah ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Vermont ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Virginia ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine ( 21 : for liquor remained ) 1981 : Raised to 19 for off - premises consumption 1983 : Raised to 19 ( all beer ) 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Washington `` Age of majority '' since 1877 21 21 21 21 West Virginia ?", "8": "18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Wisconsin 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21 . 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales , remained 18 for on - premises ) . 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted . 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1 , 1986 ) 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Wyoming ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21 American Samoa ? ? ? 21 ? 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- -- ? 21 ? 21 Puerto Rico ? 18 18 Kept at 18 despite 10 % highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act . 18 Virgin Islands ? ? ? 18 18 Guam ? 21 ? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 Additional Notes ( edit ) Contrary to popular belief , since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 , not all states specifically prohibit minors ' and young adults ' consumption of alcohol in private settings . That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession , not private consumption , and contains several exceptions . As of January 1 , 2007 , 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright , and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws .", "9": "Federal law explicitly provides for religious , medical , employment and private club possession exceptions ; as of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C. ) was 18 ; the age for hard liquor was 21 . Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol . In Louisiana , the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding , while still allowing 18 - to 20 - year - olds to drink as before . Not only did it still allow 18 - to 20 - year - olds to consume in private , it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18 - to 20 - year - olds without penalty ( despite purchase being technically illegal ) which meant that the de facto age was still 18 . In other words , the drinking age was 21 only on paper . This loophole was closed in 1995 , but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional . That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18 , causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision , raising the age to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain to this day , including drinking in a private residence , and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state . Some states were `` dry '' well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919 , in some cases since achieving statehood . Also , some states did not become fully `` wet '' until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 ( e.g. Mississippi in 1966 ) . Since 1966 , all states and territories of the USA have been `` wet '' , but dry counties and towns still exist in some states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking '' . Report.nih.gov. 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hunter .", "10": "`` Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970 's history 128 blog '' . History128.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Traci L. ; Nelson , Toben F. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. 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Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( 1996 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1 , 2010 , Alcohol Policy Information System Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking ages set by the states '' . New York Times . June 27 , 1984 . Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat . Magazine.loyola.edu ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving . Drivingdrunk.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland increases drinking age to 21 '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . February 26 , 1982 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Legal drinking age going up '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . April 15 , 1979 . p. 16A . Jump up ^ `` Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age '' . New York Times . February 18 , 1979 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Hingson , RW ; Scotch , N ; Mangione , T ; Meyers , A ; Glantz , L ; Heeren , T ; Lin , N ; Mucatel , M ; Pierce , G ( 1983 ) . `` Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 73 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 73.2. 163 . PMC 1650505 . PMID 6849474 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender , January 4 , 1972 , `` Drinking age lowered in Michigan '' ( ProQuest archive ) . Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Collegian , March 16 , 1979 , `` Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 3 ) ) Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues , Legal Age in Minnesota , 2009 . Leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com , Pioneer Press , August 20 , 2008 -- B8 Editorial , `` A lower legal drinking age ? '' ( 4 ) ( twincities.com website ) Jump up ^ `` Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit '' . Sarasota Herald = Tribune . Associated Press . June 28 , 1971 . p. 7B . Jump up ^ `` Drinking age opposed '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . October 23 , 1975 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Platform plank : Dems want to lower drinking age to 18 . Helenair.com ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , March 10 , 1987 , `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' ( ProQuest archive ) .", "15": "^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age History '' , Nebraska Liquor Control Commission Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu : Above the Law . The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ P.L. 1880 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 1888 , p. 253 . '' ( PDF ) . rutgers.edu . Jump up ^ Jersey , New ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Compiled Statutes of New Jersey '' . Soney & Sage -- via Google Books . 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Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON ( Staff Writer ) ( August 23 , 1982 ) . `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume III , Number 15 : New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners '' .", "16": "dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) ; Atlantic Economic Journal , Volume 13 , Number 1 / March , 1985 , `` Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit '' by Paul M. Sommers ( SpringerLink online abstract ) Jump up ^ Daily Collegian , February 9 , 1984 , `` Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 5 ) ) Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline . Ric.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 85 , Number 94 : SOUTH CAROLINA 'S LIQUOR LAW '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1893 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota v. Dole '' . Oyez.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The home journal. , April 27 , 1881 , Image 2 : The Minor Liquor Law '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . Library of Congress . April 27 , 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brownsville daily herald. , April 23 , 1909 , Image 4 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lubbock avalanche. , September 26 , 1912 , Image 9 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18 ? 2007 . M.reporternews.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Winckler , Suzanne .", "17": "`` The Street of Vrrrrmmmms '' ( in `` The Reporter '' ) . Texas Monthly . Emmis Communications , January 1984 . Volume 12 , No. 1 . ISSN 0148 - 7736 . Start : p. 74 . CITED : p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking at Midd : past and present '' . Media.www.middleburycampus.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Legal Drinking Age '' . Abc.state.va.us. 1966 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash. ? . Blog.seattlepi.com ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18 , New York Times , June 10 , 1972 Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 , `` The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin '' ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State Raises Drinking Age '' . New York Times . March 12 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Knudson , Thomas J. `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' . New York Times , March 10 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer 's . Frommers.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority - Trip Essentials . Mymarianas.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide . Vieques Travel Guide . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips . Virginislandsmap.com .", "18": "Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . 94 . Citation for Wisconsin drinking law : https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=837456968 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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333763277804609492	a player that can shoot pass or dribble is considered to be	[ "Triple threat" ]	{ "0": "Basketball moves - wikipedia Basketball moves Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Basketball moves are generally individual actions used by players in basketball to pass by defenders to gain access to the basket or to get a clean pass to a teammate to score a two pointer or three pointer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dribbling 1.1 Crossover dribble 1.2 Between the legs 1.3 Behind the back 1.4 Wraparound 1.5 In and out dribble 1.6 Different heights dribble 1.7 Ankle breaker dribble 2 After the dribble 2.1 Euro step 2.2 Pro-hop 2.3 Pro-hop euro step 2.4 Power up 2.5 Over-the - head 3 Passes 3.1 Bounce pass 3.2 Chest pass 3.3 Over the head pass 3.4 Touch pass 3.5 Lance pass 3.6 Jump pass 3.7 Blind pass 3.8 Behind - the - back 4 Two person game 4.1 Give and go 4.2 Dribble pitch - handoff 4.3 Pick and roll 4.4 Backdoor 4.5 Alley - oop 5 Shots 5.1 Layups 5.1. 1 Reverse layup 5.1. 2 Finger roll 5.1. 3 Tear drop 5.1. 4 Power stop / drive 5.1.", "1": "5 Double clutch 5.2 Bank shot 5.3 Putback and tip - in 6 Triple threat position and related moves 6.1 Pivot 6.2 Jab step 6.3 Pump fake 6.4 Drawing contact 6.5 Shuffle 7 Posting up 7.1 Up and under 7.2 Hook shot 7.3 Drop step 7.4 Power move 7.5 Spin and drive 7.6 Sikma move 7.7 Dream shake 8 Shooting 8.1 Pull up jumper 8.2 Turnaround jump shot 8.3 Fadeaway 8.4 Step - back jump shot 9 See also 10 References Dribbling ( edit ) Main article : Dribble Dribbling is bouncing the ball continuously with one hand at a time without ever holding the ball . Dribbling is required in order for a player to take steps while possessing the ball . Crossover dribble ( edit ) Main article : Crossover dribble In a crossover dribble , the ball handler changes the ball from one hand to the other using a single dribble . The crossover is a fundamental dribbling technique in basketball used to keep the ball in the hand farthest from the defender ( preventing a steal ) while maintaining a desired speed and orientation on the court . It is very efficient when executing a drive . Make the crossover , get around your defender , and drive to the basket . A crossover functions best when the ball handler looks and acts like they are headed in one direction , before crossing over to the other direction . This can often be achieved by a simple head fake , or a step in that intended direction . Some of the players famous for their crossover dribble include Allen Iverson , Kyrie Irving , Stephen Curry , and Kobe Bryant . Between the legs ( edit ) This is a commonly used variation of the crossover in which the ball - handler bounces the ball off of the floor between his / her legs and catches it with the other hand on the opposite side of his / her body . It is used as a safer way to cross over while directly facing a defender , but requires more slowing of forward momentum than the crossover dribble .", "2": "Behind the back ( edit ) This advanced form of crossover involves the ball handler bouncing the ball off of the floor behind his feet and catching it with the other hand , usually while his / her feet are no more than shoulder - width apart . If there are no defensive players around the ball handler except one directly facing him / her , and that defender does not expect this type of dribble , it can be an even safer way of crossing over compared to a between - the - legs . In all other cases , it is generally a dangerous move that can result in the ball bouncing off of the dribbler 's feet or a steal . This dribble is especially useful for when the offensive player is really close to their defender and needs to change dribble hands , but does n't have space to use a regular crossover . Wraparound ( edit ) The wraparound is similar to a behind - the - back except ; instead of the ball being thrown in a sideways direction and bouncing behind the ballhandler 's back , it is swung further around the back and thrown in a forward direction , bouncing on the side or in front of the ballhandler 's body . This move is mostly used when a defender lunges toward one side of the ballhandler 's body for a steal . The ballhandler would then simply throw the ball around his body and quickly pass his defender . In and out dribble ( edit ) An in and out dribble is widely used as a counter move to a crossover , whereby the ball handler fakes the crossover , and pushes the ball back out on the same hand . Different heights dribble ( edit ) This technique involves dribbling the ball in different heights . This is usually combined with other dribbling techniques to make it more effective . It is mostly effective on players smaller or taller than you but NOT quite on players that has the same height as you . The fundamentals are if you have a smaller opponent , you can lure them by pretending to bring the ball low and then suddenly turning the ball very high . If the opponent is taller , you can lure them by pretending to bring the ball high and suddenly changing its height very low . This dribbling technique can be used if you want to drive past your opponents . If your opponent does not bite on your lure / trap , maintain the height of your dribble , and you can drive through them but with more speed .", "3": "Note , if you 're going to pass or shoot after your dribble , make sure that you will go back to your usual pace to maintain the momentum for your dribbling . Ankle breaker dribble ( edit ) This is when an offensive player does a move that makes their defender stumble to the ground . Players ' collapsing due to this rarely occurs under normal circumstances . Typically this happens when a defender loses balance , trips over their own feet , or even slips . An offensive player ca n't consistently control whether the defender falls , but using speed , body momentum , body contact and sharp changes of direction make it much more likely to happen . After the dribble ( edit ) Euro step ( edit ) Main article : Euro step The Euro step ( sometimes `` Eurostep '' ) is a move developed in European basketball in which a player , after picking up his dribble , takes a step in one direction , and then quickly takes a second step in the other direction before they attempt a layup . It is an attempt to evade at least one defender before attacking the basket . Šarūnas Marčiulionis , a Lithuanian , is generally credited with bringing the move to the NBA . It was popularized in North America by Manu Ginóbili , an Argentine who arrived in the NBA from the Italian league , and has since been used by many US - born players , such as Dwyane Wade , James Harden , and Russell Westbrook Pro-hop ( edit ) The combination of a euro step and a jump - stop , the pro-hop is a move in which a player picks up their dribble with a synchronized right hand dribble / right foot step , or ... a synchronized left hand dribble with left foot step . The player then rips the ball to the opposite side of their body while landing on a jump - stop . The pro hop 's ability to split defenders , or throw an opposing defender off rhythm through ' change of direction speed ' is a move popularized by Shantay Legans , former point guard for University of California at Berkeley . Pro-hop euro step ( edit ) It is a pro-hop , without landing on a jump stop . Player picks up their dribble with a synchronized right hand dribble / right foot step , or a left hand dribble with left foot step .", "4": "Player then rips the ball to opposite side of their body ( behind the back if skilled ) , takes two steps , and finishes with a reverse layup . Power up ( edit ) The power up is a move in which the player lands on their outside foot then inside foot , and powers up toward the basket . An effective move because of its balance and power resulting from a two - foot gather and take off . Over-the - head ( edit ) The over-the - head move is a move in which the player rotates the ball over their head in a circular fashion . This is done as the player is stepping to one side of the defender , while trying to get past him / her at the same time . It is essentially used as a way to prevent the ball from getting stolen . It is typically used when driving to the basket , and on fast breaks . Passes ( edit ) See also : Assist ( basketball ) Bounce pass ( edit ) The bounce pass is a fundamental and very effective passing technique . This pass consists of one player passing the ball to a teammate by bouncing the ball off the floor . Because the ball will be at ground level as it passes a defender , a successful bounce pass can easily result in a scoring assist because a bounce pass is harder for defenders to steal . Still , a bounce pass may be stolen due to its slower speed . So , a player must use his best judgment when he decides whether to make such a pass . Chest pass ( edit ) This pass is performed best by stepping towards your target with one foot , then throwing the ball out towards their chest with two hands while turning the hands over , ending with the thumbs pointing down . It is best used in an open court and on the perimeter . Over the head pass ( edit ) An over the head pass is another fundamental passing technique . It is used by snapping the ball over the head , like a soccer throw - in . This pass is especially effective in helping to initiate a fast break . After a defensive rebound , a well - thrown overhead , or outlet , pass can allow a breaking offensive player to quickly score without even dribbling by catching the ball near the basket . Touch pass ( edit ) A touch pass is an advanced passing technique in which a prior pass or a loose ball is immediately redirected to another player by tipping or slapping the ball .", "5": "This is the quickest pass in basketball and is therefore very effective when executed correctly . Lance pass ( edit ) The lance pass or baseball pass is a long pass in which the passer throws the ball with one hand , as if it were a baseball or a football . It is infrequently used , mainly to set up last - second plays off a baseline inbounding situation . Jump pass ( edit ) A jump pass is a pass performed while the passing player 's feet are off the floor . When done intentionally , usually when a teammate gets open during the shot , it can sometimes confuse the defender , causing him to believe that the passer is shooting instead of passing . At times , however , it is done as a result of the player having their shooting lane blocked and often leads to the player turning the ball over to the opposing team . This kind of pass is risky to execute , and the chances of perfectly passing the ball to an open teammate are considerably low , as it leaves the offensive player very vulnerable to turnovers . Blind pass ( edit ) Also known as a no - look pass , the blind pass is performed when a player looks in one direction but passes the ball to his target in another direction . Blind passes are risky and infrequently attempted , but when done correctly , they can confuse the defense . The no - look pass has been popularized by players such as Magic Johnson , Isiah Thomas , Stephen Curry , Pete Maravich , Larry Bird , Jason Kidd , Rajon Rondo , Michael Jordan , John Stockton , Ricky Rubio , Jason Williams , and Steve Nash . Šarūnas Jasikevičius also frequently used it during his glory years in the EuroLeague . Behind - the - back ( edit ) Behind - the - back passes are passes dealt to a target behind the passer 's back . Usually done to confuse the defender , behind the back passes can either be bounced off the floor or passed directly to a teammate 's chest . However , most behind - the - back passes are direct . Earl Monroe was famous for this move . Steve Nash used this move often , and Chris Webber is famed for using this move down in the paint .", "6": "Two person game ( edit ) Give and go ( edit ) `` Give and Go '' is an offensive play that involves passing the ball ( give ) and then running ( go ) to an open spot to receive the ball back , usually near the basket , for an easy score . This play can be effective when the defender pays too much attention to the ball instead of the player who moves after passing the ball . This is also known as a `` One - Two '' in street ball . Dribble pitch - handoff ( edit ) The dribble pitch or the handoff , is an offensive play , whereby the ball - handler passes to a player ( often a bigger player ) and runs by him to collect the ball , whilst the big sets a screen . Pick and roll ( edit ) Main article : Pick and roll `` Pick and Roll '' is an offensive play in which a player stops to screen ( block ) a defender for the teammate handling the ball and then slips behind the defender to accept a pass as the handler makes a move towards the basket . In the NBA , John Stockton and Karl Malone of the Utah Jazz are the quintessential pick and roll tandem and used this play to great effect in the 1990s . Steve Nash and Amar'e Stoudemire when playing for the Phoenix Suns proved to be extremely effective at the pick and roll throughout the 2000s . Kyrie Irving and LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers and Blake Griffin and Chris Paul of the Los Angeles Clippers are currently among the best pick and roll tandems . From the initial position of the pick and roll maneuver , the player who receives the ball has many different options as to whether he / she passes it , or fakes and then goes for a jump shot . These variations typically include the pick and pop , where by the roll man instead of heading to the basket trails behind and is wide open for a jumper , hence the ' pop ' , as well as slipping the screen , whereby the defender of the screener attempts to cheat and get ahead of the screener , at which point the screener does not set a screen , but merely slips by , leaving him open as his defender trails behind . Backdoor ( edit ) A backdoor play is when a player without the ball gets behind the defense and receives a pass for an easy score .", "7": "This can be executed if the defenders are unaware of the open space behind them . Also , when a defender strongly commits on defense ( e.g. tries to steal or deny a pass ) , they are vulnerable to a backdoor play . Alley - oop ( edit ) Main article : Alley oop Aaron Harrison assists on an Aaron Gordon alley oop at the 2013 McDonald 's All - American Boys Game An alley - oop is an offensive play which involves one teammate lofting the ball up near the rim in anticipation of another teammate jumping up to catch and dunk it . Because this move requires both teammates to know what the other is thinking , the alley - oop is a rare and exciting play . The Los Angeles Clippers , led by point guard Chris Paul , and big men Blake Griffin , and DeAndre Jordan , were known for their spectacular alley - oops . For that , they earned the name `` Lob City '' . Shots ( edit ) Layups ( edit ) Main article : Layup A layup is a two - point attempt made by leaping from the ground , releasing the ball with one hand up near the basket , and using one hand to tip the ball over the rim and into the basket ( lay - in ) or banking it off the backboard and into the basket ( lay - up ) . The motion and one - handed reach distinguish it from a jump shot . The layup is considered the most basic shot in basketball . An undefended layup is usually a high - percentage shot . The main challenge is getting near the rim and avoiding blocks by taller defenders who usually stand near the basket . Common layup strategies are to create space , releasing the ball from different spots or using an alternate hand . A player tall enough ( or with sufficient leaping ability ) to reach over the rim might choose to perform a more spectacular and higher percentage slam dunk ( dropping or throwing the ball through the basket from above the rim ) instead . As the game has evolved through the years , so has the layup . Several different versions of the layup are used today . Layups can be broadly categorized into two types : the underarm and the overarm . The underarm layup involves using most of the wrist and the fingers to ' lay ' the ball into the basket or off the board .", "8": "The underarm layup is more commonly known as the finger roll . Notable current NBA players who rely heavily on the underarm finger roll are Mike Bibby and Dwyane Wade . Finger - rolls today have many forms , including the Around the World which involves a complete circle around the player before the layup and a variety of faking in the approach to the rim . A classic example is a play by former Kings point guard Jason Williams during his time with Sacramento , in which Williams brings the ball behind his back with his right hand , in a fake of a back pass , and then brings it front again with the same hand for the finish ( reminiscent of Bob Cousy who pioneered the move ) . The other layup is the overhand shot , similar to a jump shot but from considerably closer range . Overhand layups almost always involved the use of the backboard . Players like Scottie Pippen ( formerly of Chicago ) and Karl Malone ( formerly Utah ) have used this move to great effect . In addition , another variation of the lay - up is the wrong - foot layup . Typically , this move can be seen by inexperienced players with poor footwork , however , when done intentionally , a wrong - footed layup can deceive a defender into mistiming his block attempt . In a normal layup , the left foot is used to step off when laying in with the right hand , and vice versa . However , in a wrong - footed layup , the right foot is used to step off when laying in with the right hand . This also helps to shield the defender from reaching across to block the shot ; in reaching across however , the defender will likely get called for a defensive foul . Tony Parker of the San Antonio Spurs relies heavily on the wrong footed layup , largely due to his smaller size and deceptive quickness . Reverse layup ( edit ) Isaiah Hicks does a reverse layup at the 2013 McDonald 's All - American Boys Game A reverse layup is a layup that is finished on the opposite side of the court 's split - line , than the player began the attack on . Finger roll ( edit ) Main article : Finger roll A finger roll is performed when a player shoots the ball with one hand during a layup and then lifts his fingers , rolling the ball into the basket .", "9": "The rotation produced provides the ball with a soft touch , and the ball will roll around the rim and then drop into the basket . The former Philadelphia 76ers forward Julius Erving is credited with the creation of the finger roll layup . Former San Antonio Spurs guard George `` The Iceman '' Gervin was known for having one of the best finger rolls in the game along with Lakers center Wilt Chamberlain . Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen are other notable practitioners , while former NBA star Jason Kidd is renowned for his smooth finger rolls as well . Tear drop ( edit ) The tear drop , also called a runner or a floater , is usually performed by undersized players ( mainly point guards ) . A player usually starts the layup procedure a good distance away from the basket . The ball is generally released earlier and in a higher arc than the normal layup . The ball should be away before the taller defender has the chance to block it . The purpose of this shooting move is to make the defender miss blocking the ball as the ball is released from the hand one moment sooner than expected . It is so - named because the ball drops down from the high point of the arc like a falling tear drop . Gary Payton of the Seattle SuperSonics and John Stockton of the Utah Jazz during their primes , the former in the mid-to - late 90s and the latter in the early - to - mid 90s were considered to have the best tear drops in the game . Chris Paul of the Houston Rockets , Tony Parker of the San Antonio Spurs and Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors frequently use the tear drop with great success . Antawn Jamison had one of the most highly effective tear drop shots in the league despite being a power forward . Ben Gordon of the Charlotte Bobcats , Juan Carlos Navarro of FC Barcelona , Steve Nash ( Retired ) , Rajon Rondo of the New Orleans Pelicans , J.J. Barea from the Dallas Mavericks , and Derrick Rose from the Cleveland Cavaliers are currently known for the tear drop move . Power stop / drive ( edit ) Power drive is a continuous shooting move in which a player stops dribbling and makes a huge leap forward , while securing the ball in both hands from the dribbling hand , then making a layup .", "10": "The move is generally used as a layup because the huge movement coming from the leap provides the momentum for the player to jump forward for a layup . The move is a great way to squeeze the player under the basket for a fast layup . Double clutch ( edit ) A double clutch is a move associated with a layup or a dunk ; it is a change of ball position in mid-air ( similar to the `` up and under '' move , but performed while the player is in the air ) . It is effectively used by many players . Bank shot ( edit ) A bank shot in basketball is a shot that relies on the ball bouncing off the backboard and into the basket . It is frequently used for mid-range jump shots from around a 45 ° angle and layups . It is not commonly used for long - range shots or shots from the middle or near the baseline . The purpose of using the backboard is to try to hit the backboard at an angle , thus slowing the speed of the ball and increasing its chances of falling into the hoop . Researchers at North Carolina State University found that bank shots may be 20 percent more effective up to a distance of about 12 feet than direct shots . Another term for a bank shot is `` off the glass . '' NBA players known for using the bank shot often are Sam Jones , George Gervin , Tim Duncan , Dwyane Wade , Dirk Nowitzki , Scottie Pippen , and Kobe Bryant . Putback and tip - in ( edit ) A putback describes a situation where a player secures an offensive rebound , then immediately scores a basket . If the player secures the rebound while in the air , for the shot to be considered a putback , the player can land on the ground before shooting , but can not dribble before taking the shot . If the player does not secure the rebound but instead taps the ball into the basket , it is considered a tip - in . There is a point where the difference between a putback and a tip - in is subjective ( e.g. , a one - handed rebound in the air followed by a shot before touching the ground ) . A putback jam is a spectacular alternative to the tip - in , where the ball is slam - dunked off the rebound in the same motion .", "11": "Josh Smith and Kenyon Martin are the perfectors of the putback jam . It is also a primary source of scoring for All - Star center Dwight Howard , who led the NBA in dunks in the 2008 -- 2009 , 2009 -- 2010 and 2010 -- 2011 seasons . Triple threat position and related moves ( edit ) Triple threat is the position when a player facing a defender receives a pass but has not dribbled yet . The offensive player 's feet are slightly wider than shoulder width and slightly on the balls of their feet , their knees flexed , with both hands on the basketball in front of them or almost resting on their thigh , presenting the defender with an opponent able to move in any direction . One foot is held as the pivot and the other slightly ahead . From this , the player can choose from three options : to jump - shoot , to dribble ( drive ) past the defender or to pass it to a teammate . There are also options to get the defender out of their defensive stance by using jab steps and pump fakes . Pivot ( edit ) Pivoting is the act of rotating one 's body while keeping the ball of one foot in place on the floor . Most of the player 's balance should be on the pivot foot while slightly raising the heel in order to pivot on the ball of the foot . Pivoting can be done with or without the ball as it is an important tool to quickly change direction or orientation to the basket . Jab step ( edit ) A jab step , also known as side step , is performed when a player holds onto the ball before dribbling while his non-pivot leg performs a jabbing forward or side motion . This move is used to test defender 's defensive weaknesses and stance . A combination of the pump fake , the drive , the shot and the crossover drive can be performed along with the jab step to lure the opponent out of his defense . New York Knicks forward Carmelo Anthony is well known for taking the jab step , as was 13 - year pro Kiki Vandeweghe . When the player does this , the defender falls off from their defensive stance , creating a space between the player and the defender , allowing them to take a quick mid-range jumper , a three - pointer , or a drive `` to the lane . ''", "12": "Pump fake ( edit ) A pump fake ( also called a shot fake ) is a feigned attempt at a jump shot , restrained before the feet leave the ground . The pump fake is a fundamental move in basketball , used to cause defenders to jump ( known in basketball slang as `` lifting '' the defender ) or be shifted off - balance . Its main applications are in the low post area , where a player is much more likely to have his or her shot blocked . On the perimeter , it is useful in creating open lanes to the basket by `` showing '' the ball enough to entice a defender to attempt to block or steal it , allowing the dribbler to penetrate easily . Michael Jordan , Kobe Bryant , and Dwyane Wade are known to be masters of the pump fake . Drawing contact ( edit ) An offensive move intended to produce a foul call on the defensive player . A typical strategy is to drive into a defensive player whose feet are not stationary . When the two players make bodily contact , a blocking foul can be called on the defensive player . If the defensive player has a set position ( i.e. , both feet are stationary and arms are not in a downward motion ) , the contact can result in a charging foul against the offensive player ( this is known as taking the charge for the fouled defensive player ) . Another way of drawing contact is to pump fake and then jump towards the defender , make contact and then shoot ; this gets you to the foul line . If you make the basket ( often made in the paint ) , you get the basket and one foul shot . Players like DeMar DeRozan and Kobe Bryant have mastered the art of drawing contact . Shuffle ( edit ) This move is similar to the jab step , but smaller . It is when a player uses multiple very little jab steps to throw off a defender and keep him constantly guessing whether you will go to the basket or not . It was used frequently by former San Antonio Spurs forward Tim Duncan . Posting up ( edit ) To `` post up '' is to establish a position in the low post , the area near the basket below the foul line , usually in order to take advantage of a smaller defender . The offensive player usually faces away from the basket , so that his body can protect the ball from the defender .", "13": "From this position , options such as spinning or backing down the defender to close in to the basket for better scoring opportunities become available . Up and under ( edit ) Mason Rocca making a hook shot for Eldo Napoli , 2006 The up and under is a move consisting of two parts : a shot fake ( the up ) and a step - through ( the under ) . First the player with the ball fakes a shot by thrusting the ball above his head as if to take a shot , then when the defender jumps in an attempt to block the shot , the offensive player steps by him and attempts a clear , unguarded shot . Generally used by post players , Hakeem Olajuwon and Kevin McHale were considered masters of this move . Hook shot ( edit ) Main article : Hook shot The hook shot is one of the most effective inside moves , but it is also quite difficult to execute . A hook shot begins when the player puts his body between the ball and the opponent . He then releases the ball towards the basket with his outside hand in a `` hook '' motion . The hook shot and variations such as the jump - hook and skyhook are effective because they are very difficult for the defender to block , although it is harder to hit the shot with precision . The advantage the hook shot offers is the space it creates between the offensive player and his defender . This extra space can reduce or eliminate the advantages enjoyed by a taller defender . The hook shot is most often used by post players because it is difficult to make the shot from a distance . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar became the NBA 's all - time leading scorer by using his almost indefensible skyhook . Drop step ( edit ) Also called a reverse pivot , the drop step is a move in which the player posting up takes a back step on the side of a defender behind him and spins to that side to gain leverage . Power move ( edit ) The power move is executed by pivoting towards the basket to seal the defender , then using a two handed power dribble followed by a jump stop to get closer to the basket . Immediately after the jump stop the player jumps up for a power shot or jump hook .", "14": "Spin and drive ( edit ) When the offensive player receives the ball in the low post , the player either fakes in one direction and then spins in the opposite direction , or immediately after catching the ball , the player spins around the defender and goes up for the shot or takes one hard dribble and then takes the shot . Sikma move ( edit ) Named after Jack Sikma , the post player receives the ball with their back to the basket and keeps the ball at forehead level . The post then pivots to face the basket while bringing the ball overhead ( almost behind the head ) to shoot a jump shot . The ball is released high over the head making it difficult for the defense to block . Dream shake ( edit ) Named after former Houston Rocket Hakeem `` The Dream '' Olajuwon , this move is executed when a post player dribbles alongside the baseline and with one hand under the ball fakes a layup , then pivots to the outside for a jump hook . If the defender recovers and jumps at the hook shot , the post player can pump fake the hook and step through for the unguarded layup ( similar to the up and under move ) . Shooting ( edit ) Pull up jumper ( edit ) A pull - up jumper is an offensive move , where the ball handler in the act of dribbling , ' pulls up ' to shoot the basketball . This is especially effective as the defender is not able to react in time to affect or block the shot . This move is widely used by many players in the NBA , including notable stars such as Demar Derozan of the Toronto Raptors , Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder , Stephen Curry and Kevin Durant of the Golden State Warriors , and LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers . Turnaround jump shot ( edit ) When a player posts up , in order to shoot he has to turn around to face the basket . This can be done by turning in the air , timing the jump shot when the defender is not likely to jump and challenge the shot . Though a fade - away version of this move was perfected by Larry Bird and Dirk Nowitzki , players such as Michael Jordan , Kobe Bryant , Hakeem Olajuwon , and Kevin Garnett are also well known for it .", "15": "Fadeaway ( edit ) Main article : Fadeaway A fadeaway shot is a variation on a set jump shot in which the shooter attempts his shot leaning backward , creating the effect of `` fading away '' from his defender . This makes it more difficult for the defender to contest the shot . The fadeaway usually has less range than a regular jump shot , because the ball has backwards momentum due to its inertia , making it somewhat tougher to project the ball over long distances . Michael Jordan , Reggie Miller , Kobe Bryant , Dwyane Wade , Dirk Nowitzki , Karl Malone , Steve Nash , and DeMar DeRozan are famous for their use of the fadeaway . Wilt Chamberlain was criticized for his frequent use of the fadeaway jumper , since the follow - through usually carries the shooter away from the basket and out of rebounding position . Step - back jump shot ( edit ) The shooter takes a quick jab step away from the basket and takes a normal jump shot . Stephen Curry and James Harden are famous for their step - back jumper . This move is great for creating space right before the shot , but stay more on balance than on the fadeaway shot . See also ( edit ) Basketball portal Basketball Glossary of basketball terms Free throw Jump shot Slam dunk Stutter step Layup Crossover dribble References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxoTzyvUO0s ^ Jump up to : Gandolfi , Giorgio . NBA Coaches Playbook : Techniques , Tactics , and Teaching Points. , p. 29 . Human Kinetics , Champaign , IL . ISBN 9780736063555 . Jump up ^ Gandolfi , Giorgio . NBA Coaches Playbook : Techniques , Tactics , and Teaching Points. , p. 29 - 30 . Human Kinetics , Champaign , IL . ISBN 9780736063555 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRPBG2LD4n4 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvXsBJxH-aM&t=1s Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott .", "16": "`` With Hop and Flick , Little Guys Get Upper Hand '' , New York Times , May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kulikowski , Mick ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` The physics of bank shots '' . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Krause , Jerry V. , Jerry Meyer , and Don Meyer . Basketball Skills & Drills : Third Edition , p. 9 . Human Kinetics , Champaign , IL . ISBN 9780736067072 . Jump up ^ Gandolfi , Giorgio . NBA Coaches Playbook : Techniques , Tactics , and Teaching Points. , p. 45 . Human Kinetics , Champaign , IL . ISBN 9780736063555 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , David . Scouting breakdown : The game 's best post players , espn.com , accessed March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gandolfi , Giorgio . NBA Coaches Playbook : Techniques , Tactics , and Teaching Points. , p. 44 - 45 . Human Kinetics , Champaign , IL . ISBN 9780736063555 . Jump up ^ Gandolfi , Giorgio . NBA Coaches Playbook : Techniques , Tactics , and Teaching Points. , p. 42 - 44 . Human Kinetics , Champaign , IL . ISBN 9780736063555 . Jump up ^ Krause , Jerry V. , Jerry Meyer , and Don Meyer . Basketball Skills & Drills : Third Edition , p. 140 . Human Kinetics , Champaign , IL . ISBN 9780736067072 . Jump up ^ Gandolfi , Giorgio . NBA Coaches Playbook : Techniques , Tactics , and Teaching Points. , p. 47 . Human Kinetics , Champaign , IL . ISBN 9780736063555 . Jump up ^ Low Post Spin Move on YouTube Jump up ^ Gandolfi , Giorgio . NBA Coaches Playbook : Techniques , Tactics , and Teaching Points. , p. 48 .", "17": "Human Kinetics , Champaign , IL . ISBN 9780736063555 . Jump up ^ Sikma Move on YouTube Jump up ^ Bobb , Maurice . `` SLAM 147 : Hall of Famer and low - post wizard Hakeem Olajuwon is happy to share his knowledge with today 's stars '' . SLAM Online . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hakeem Olajuwon Dream Shake on YouTube Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5tqiwPBwHQ Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.", "18": "com/watch?v=A5RDpCAY6yo ( hide ) Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "19": "php?title=Basketball_moves&oldid=832321197 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 07 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-938578705122215845	where does the spinal cord become cauda equina	[ "from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris", "L1 or L2", "the conus medullaris" ]	{ "0": "Cauda equina - wikipedia Cauda equina Jump to : navigation , search Cauda equina Cauda equina and filum terminale seen from behind . Human caudal spinal cord anterior view Details Artery Iliolumbar artery Identifiers Latin Cauda equina MeSH A08. 800.800. 720.725. 150 TA A14. 2.00. 036 FMA 52590 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The cauda equina ( Latin for `` horse 's tail '' ) is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets , consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs , the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs , and the coccygeal nerve , all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord . The cauda equina occupies the lumbar cistern , a subarachnoid space inferior to the conus medullaris . The nerves that compose the cauda equina innervate the pelvic organs and lower limbs to include motor innervation of the hips , knees , ankles , feet , internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter . In addition , the cauda equina extends to sensory innervation of the perineum and , partially , parasympathetic innervation of the bladder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Cauda equina syndrome 3 History 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In humans , the spinal cord stops growing in infancy and the end of the spinal cord is about the level of the third lumbar vertebra , or L3 , at birth . Because the bones of the vertebral column continue to grow , by about 12 months of age , the end of the cord reaches its permanent position at the level of L1 or L2 ( closer to the head ) . However , due to normal anatomical variations , the final cord end position may occur anywhere from T12 twelfth thoracic vertebra ( T12 ) to L3 .", "1": "Individual spinal nerve roots arise from the cord as they get closer to the head , but as the differential growth occurs , the top end of the nerve stays attached to the spinal cord while the lower end of the nerve exits the spinal column at its proper level . This results in a `` bundle '' - like structure of nerve fibers that extends caudally from the end of the spinal cord , gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column . Clinical significance ( edit ) The cauda equina exists within the lumbar cistern , a gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter of the spinal cord , called the subarachnoid space . Cerebrospinal fluid also exists within this space . Because the spinal cord terminates at level L1 / L2 , lumbar puncture ( or colloquially , `` spinal tap '' ) is performed from the lumbar cistern between two vertebrae at level L3 / L4 , or L4 / L5 , where there is no risk of accidental injury to the spinal cord , when a sample of CSF is needed for clinical purposes . Cauda equina Syndrome ( edit ) Cauda equina syndrome , a rare disorder affecting the bundle of nerve roots ( cauda equina ) at the lower ( lumbar ) end of the spinal cord , is a surgical emergency . Cauda equina syndrome occurs when the nerve roots in the lumbar spine are compressed , disrupting sensation and movement . Nerve roots that control the function of the bladder and bowel are especially vulnerable to damage . It can lead to permanent paralysis , impaired bladder and / or bowel control , loss of sexual sensation , and other problems if left untreated . Even with immediate treatment , some patients may not recover complete function . Cauda equina syndrome most commonly results from a massive disc herniation in the lumbar region . A disc herniation occurs when one of the soft flexible discs that functions as an elastic shock absorber between the bones of the spinal column displaces from its normal position . The herniation occurs after the disc begins to break down with aging and can be precipitated by stress or a mechanical problem in the spine . The result is that the softer , center portion of the disc pushes out and causes pressure on the nerve roots in the lumbar spine .", "2": "Other causes include spinal lesions and tumors , spinal infections or inflammation , lumbar spinal stenosis , trauma to the lower back , birth abnormalities , spinal arteriovenous malformations ( AVMs ) , spinal hemorrhages ( subarachnoid , subdural , epidural ) , narrowing of the spinal canal , postoperative lumbar spine surgery complications or spinal anesthesia . History ( edit ) The cauda equina was named after its resemblance to a horse 's tail ( Latin : cauda equina ) by the French anatomist Andreas Lazarius ( André du Laurens ) in the 17th century . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Spinal cord Cauda equina syndrome Conus medullaris References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LSUHSC School of Medicine - Search Results '' . www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` Cauda Equina Syndrome - OrthoInfo - AAOS '' . orthoinfo.aaos.org . ^ Jump up to : http://www.aans.org/Patient%20Information/Conditions%20and%20Treatments/Cauda%20Equina%20Syndrome.aspx Jump up ^ `` Cauda Equina Syndrome -- The Spine Hospital at The Neurological Institute of New York '' . `` Cauda Equina Syndrome . '' Columbia University Department of Neurological Surgery . Columbia University Medical Center , 2015 . Web . 1 Dec. 2015 . `` Cauda Equina Syndrome . '' OrthoInfo . American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons , May 2014 . Web . 1 Dec. 2015 . `` Cauda Equina Syndrome . '' Patient Information . American Association of Neurological Surgeons , Nov. 2005 . Web . 1 Dec. 2015 . Saladin , Kenneth S. Anatomy and Physiology The Unity of Form and Funct Smith 's Anesthesia for infants and children . 8th edition , Chapter 1 , Page 8 .", "3": "External links ( edit ) VIRTUAL Spine - Online Learning Resource MedlinePlus Image 19504 Anatomy photo : 02 : 08 - 0106 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Cross section image : pembody / body12a -- Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna Dissection of deep back and spinal cord video : great view of the Cauda Equina http://www.caudaequinauk.com/welcome.php - Cauda Equina Syndrome UK Charity social network ( hide ) The spinal cord General features Cervical enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equina Meninges Grey matter Posterior grey column Marginal nucleus Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius Spinal lamina V Spinal lamina VI Lateral grey column Intermediolateral nucleus Posterior thoracic nucleus Anterior grey column Interneuron Alpha motor neuron Onuf 's nucleus Gamma motor neuron Other Rexed laminae Central gelatinous substance Gray commissure Central canal Terminal ventricle White matter Sensory Posterior Posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway : Gracile Cuneate Lateral : Spinocerebellar dorsal ventral Spinothalamic lateral anterior Posterolateral Spinotectal Spinoreticular tract Spino - olivary tract Motor Lateral Corticospinal Lateral Extrapyramidal Rubrospinal Olivospinal Raphespinal Anterior Corticospinal Anterior Extrapyramidal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Both Anterior white commissure External features Ventral Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Dorsal Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "4": "php?title=Cauda_equina&oldid=801901905 '' Categories : Spinal nerves Bones of the vertebral column Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 17 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8834996069938989383	when did clifford the big red dog first air on tv	[ "September 4, 2000", "September 4, 2000", "September 4, 2000", "September 4, 2000", "September 4, 2000" ]	{ "0": "Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) - wikipedia Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clifford the Big Red Dog Genre Education Comedy Fantasy Based on Clifford the Big Red Dog by Norman Bridwell Directed by John Over Voices of John Ritter Grey DeLisle Cree Summer Kel Mitchell Cam Clarke Kath Soucie Gary LeRoi Gray Ulysses Cuadra Earl Boen Edie McClurg Nick Jameson Tony Plana Composer ( s ) Josh Mancell Mark Mothersbaugh Country of origin United States United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 65 ( 130 Segments ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Deborah Forte Gary Conrad Running time 30 minutes ( 15 minutes per segment ) ( approx .", "1": "per episode ) Production company ( s ) Scholastic Productions Mike Young Productions Distributor ITV Studios Release Original network PBS Kids ( US ) BBC ( UK ) ( 2002 -- present ) Original release September 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) -- February 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 25 ) Chronology Followed by Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford the Big Red Dog is an American - British educational animated children 's television series , based upon Norman Bridwell 's children 's book series of the same name . Produced by Scholastic Productions , it originally aired on PBS Kids from September 4 , 2000 to February 25 , 2003 . The UK version ( where it was dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original American soundtrack ) originally aired on BBC 2 on April 1 , 2002 . Two 15 - minute stories made up each half - hour cartoon . Usually one story featured Clifford and his canine friends , Cleo and T - Bone among them ; the other story would focus on Clifford 's owner Emily Elizabeth and her friends . During scenes focusing on the dog character 's perspective , human speech would replace barking to engage viewers in the storyline from the dogs ' point of view . John Ritter voiced Clifford in all episodes . This was originally done by Brent Titcomb in the series that debuted in 1988 and ran into the early 1990s . Generally speaking , his schedule dictated the production of Clifford the Big Red Dog . By the time the last of the 68 half - hour cartoons and the movie were completed , Ritter was back on ABC 's prime - time schedule , starring in 8 Simple Rules . Ritter 's death on September 11 , 2003 came less than a week before PBS debuted Clifford 's Puppy Days , a function of keeping Clifford 's legacy going . While no new Clifford episodes have been released since Ritter 's death in 2003 , voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the Ready to Learn PBS Kids PSAs . The film Clifford 's Really Big Movie serves as the series finale due to Ritter 's death , as no new episodes were made to continue from where it left off .", "2": "However , Clifford 's Puppy Days still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Dogs 1.2 Humans 2 Setting 3 Format 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Episodes 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Video games 7.2. 1 Original series 7.2. 2 Modern series 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Characters ( edit ) Dogs ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( voiced by John Ritter ; Tom Eastwood in the British version ) : A giant red Labrador Retriever / Vizsla cross . The depiction of Clifford 's size is inconsistent ; he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall ( 7.6 m ) from paws to head , but can appear far larger . The character is based on the imaginary friend of creator Norman Bridwell 's wife . Clifford is devoted to his owner Emily Elizabeth . He is friendly , shy , lovable , loyal , gentle and helpful but sometimes gets into trouble because of his size , or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets . Despite being the protagonist , he seldom has episodes focusing on him , usually serving as the voice - of - reason for his friend 's adventures . Cleo ( voiced by Cree Summer ; Regine Candler in the British version ) : An energetic , selfish , trouble - making purple poodle with a tendency to not tell the truth . Her catchphrase is `` Have I ever steered you wrong ? '' which she inadvertently does immediately after . She is one of Clifford 's best friends . Her owner is Mrs. Diller . T - Bone ( voiced by Kel Mitchell ; Benjamin Small in the British version ) : A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite . He is often cowardly , clumsy , and cautious , but does have his moments of bravery . He is one of Clifford 's best friends . T - Bone is in love with Mimi , another dog who visits from time to time . His owner is Sheriff Lewis .", "3": "T - Bone had a best friend named Hamburger ( voiced by Kel Mitchell 's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson ) who moved away before Clifford arrived . Mac ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : A male blue greyhound with an inflated sense of self - importance , who shifts between aloofness and wanting to be part of Clifford , Cleo , and T - Bone 's circle of friends . Mac competes in dog shows . He can be vain , bossy and selfish . However , he appears to be devoted to his owner Jetta . It is revealed in a few episodes that his name is short for Machiavelli . Humans ( edit ) Emily Elizabeth Howard ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ; Joanna Ruiz in the British version ) : Clifford 's eight - year - old owner . A friendly , curious , and helpful girl . The best skater on the island , and also very good at soccer . Emily Elizabeth adopted Clifford when he was a very small puppy , when her parents gave him to her on her 6th birthday . Emily 's love apparently caused Clifford to grow enormous , thus starting their new lives on Birdwell Island . Just like Clifford , she rarely has episodes about her and ends up being the voice of reason . Emily was named for creator Norman Bridwell 's daughter and based on the imaginary adventures of Bridwell 's wife . Caroline Howard ( also voiced by Grey DeLisle ) : Emily Elizabeth 's mom Mark Howard ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : Emily Elizabeth 's dad Charley ( voiced by Gary LeRoi Gray ) : Emily Elizabeth 's best friend and the best soccer player on the Birdwell Birds ( the school soccer team ) . He lives on a houseboat with his father , who owns a restaurant . Samuel ( voiced by Terrence C. Carson ) : Charley 's father and the Jamaican owner of Samuel 's Fish and Chips . He is a great storyteller and runs most of the pier . Jetta Handover ( voiced by Kath Soucie ) : Mac 's owner . She is a wealthy , self - centered friend of Emily Elizabeth who is often oblivious to others ' feelings . She is often shown leading parades and competing in talent shows as a majorette .", "4": "Jetta often claims her accomplishments are bigger or better than others ' and finds herself humbled when she aims too high to the point where she needs help . Her mother owns one of the island stores and seems somewhat oblivious to Jetta 's behavior . She often appears to dislike Clifford , criticizing him for minor accidents caused by his size , but occasionally she will show that she really does like him . Cosmo Handover ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) is the infant brother of Jetta . He is first seen in the episode `` And Baby Makes 4 '' . Vaz ( voiced by Ulysses Cuadra ) : Somewhat clumsy and shy boy who is friends with Emily Elizabeth and Charley . Sheriff Lewis ( voiced by Nick Jameson ) : T - Bone 's owner . The island 's sheriff and the soccer coach . He feeds T - Bone often , ( explaining why T - Bone is overweight ) . He had a best friend named Chief Wilson who moved away with T - Bone 's best buddy , Hamburger . Ms. Diller ( voiced by Cree Summer ) : Cleo 's owner . Horace Bleakman ( voiced by Earl Boen ) lives with his wife Violet . He is often grumpy and impatient about the noise and mess Clifford inadvertently causes , but he is still a good neighbor and helps Clifford and the others from time to time . Violet Bleakman ( voiced by Edie McClurg ) is the first neighbor of the Howards to introduce herself . She is a little more nice , calm , and patient than her cranky husband Horace . Pedro and Victor ( both voiced by Tony Plana ) are dock workers who help unload the boat in `` Welcome to Birdwell Island '' . Setting ( edit ) Birdwell Island Series Clifford the Big Red Dog Type Island First appearance `` My Best Friend '' Last appearance Clifford 's Really Big Movie The TV series takes place in the fictional island of Birdwell Island , where Clifford lives . The name is inspired by Norman Bridwell , the author of the books , but the letters I and R are switched . It is based on Martha 's Vineyard , where Bridwell lived .", "5": "Emily Elizabeth used to live in an apartment in New York City , but she moved away with her parents and Clifford to Birdwell Island because her mother told her that a small apartment is no place for a big dog like Clifford . Format ( edit ) The series has at least 5 segments in the show , which are : Theme Song 1st Story - The opening theme is followed by the first central story , which is about the dogs , and a problem they face . Storytime with Speckle - Between the first and second story , Emily Elizabeth reads Clifford the Speckle Story , a small 60 seconds ( approximately ) time filler about a fictional dog ( Speckle ) , and his animal friends . 2nd Story - This is followed by another central story , about Emily Elizabeth and her friends . Clifford 's Big Ideas - Before the credits , another 30 - second short takes place called Clifford 's Big Ideas . The short is basically an animation of an etiquette , a proverb , or basic truth such as `` Play Fair '' , `` Help Others '' , etc. , with narration by Emily Elizabeth . Production ( edit ) This series was produced by Mike Young Productions and Scholastic Studios . Broadcast ( edit ) Clifford The Big Red Dog is shown on BBC One and Tiny Pop in United Kingdom . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Clifford the Big Red Dog episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 40 September 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) December 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 05 ) 25 May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) February 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 25 ) In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In 2004 , Warner Bros. Pictures distributed a feature - length animated film based on the show titled Clifford 's Really Big Movie . It was about Clifford , Cleo and T - Bone joining an animal show to win a lifetime supply of dog food to provide for Clifford . This was John Ritter 's last film as he died on September 11 , 2003 , after completing voice work for the film .", "6": "The film was dedicated to his memory . The movie also stars Wayne Brady as Shackleford the Ferret , Judge Reinhold as Amazing Larry , John Goodman as George Wolfsbottom , and Jenna Elfman as Dorothy the Cow . The film also serves as the series finale . Video games ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Clifford 's Reading Clifford 's Thinking Games Modern series ( edit ) Clifford 's Learning Activities Clifford 's Musical Memory Games Clifford 's Phonics Clifford 's Big Puzzle Game ( A Wendy 's Kids ' Meal DVD game , available for a limited time only ) See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie References ( edit ) ^ Media and Culture , 5th ed. , Richard Campbell , Christopher R. Martin and Bettina Fabos . ^ Jump up to : `` Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) ( 2000 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He 's Big ! He 's Red ! He 's Coming to PBS Kids ! Scholastic Productions ' `` Clifford the Big Red Dog '' Animated Series Debuts on PBS Fall 2000 '' ( Press release ) . PBS . January 7 , 2000 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( July 13 , 2000 ) . `` PBS gives kids new Saturday morning shows '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Markstein , Donald D. `` Don Markstein 's Toonopedia : Clifford the Big Red Dog '' . www.toonopedia.com . Jump up ^ `` The Cast of Clifford the Big Red Dog ® '' . PBS Kids . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little Clifford '' 19 September 2000 , 6 candles on cake Jump up ^ Alvarez , Victor Paul ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) . `` ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' Author Dies at 86 '' . Boston.com .", "7": "Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog on IMDb Official site of book series Clifford the Big Red Dog at TV.com Good article about Clifford 's creation Norman Bridwell 's Clifford the Big Red Dog Clifford ( character ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 1988 series ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) List of episodes Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Thomas & Friends ( 1989 -- 2017 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ?", "8": "( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ?", "9": "( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers !", "10": "The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! 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( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Luna Around the World ( Fall 2018 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go !", "12": "PBS Kids Preschool Block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog_(TV_series)&oldid=838436176 '' Categories : Television programs based on children 's books American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Series of children 's books PBS network shows English - language television programs 2000s American animated television series 2000 American television series debuts 2003 American television series endings Television shows set in Vermont Preschool education television series 2000s British animated television series 2000 British television programme debuts 2003 British television programme endings BBC children 's television programmes Television shows about dogs Television series about friendship Size change in fiction PBS Kids shows American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series British children 's animated television programmes British fantasy television series American television series with live action and animation British television series with live action and animation Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from July 2013 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 00 : 53 . 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-2953491529624297458	when was the last time kentucky won ncaa	[ "2012", "2012", "2012", "2012", "2012" ]	{ "0": "Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball - wikipedia Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball Jump to : navigation , search Kentucky Wildcats 2018 -- 19 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team University University of Kentucky First season 1903 All - time record 2,256 -- 697 (. 764 ) Athletic director Mitch Barnhart Head coach John Calipari ( 9th season ) Conference SEC Location Lexington , Kentucky Arena Rupp Arena ( Capacity : 23,500 ) Nickname Wildcats Student section eRUPPtion Zone Colors Blue and White Uniforms Home Away Pre-tournament Premo - Porretta champions 1934 Pre-tournament Helms champions 1933 NCAA Tournament champions 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1966 , 1975 , 1997 , 2014 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1942 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1966 , 1975 , 1978 , 1984 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1942 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1961 , 1962 , 1966 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1964 ,", "1": "1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1942 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Conference tournament champions 1921 , 1933 , 1937 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1984 , 1986 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ,", "2": "2018 Conference regular season champions 1926 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1937 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 The Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team is an American college basketball team that represents the University of Kentucky . Kentucky is the most successful NCAA Division I basketball program in history in terms of both all - time wins ( 2,256 ) and all - time winning percentage (. 764 ) . The Wildcats are currently coached by John Calipari . Kentucky leads all schools in total NCAA tournament appearances ( 58 ) , NCAA tournament wins ( 126 ) , NCAA Tournament games played ( 177 ) , NCAA Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 43 ) , NCAA Elite Eight appearances ( 37 ) , and total postseason tournament appearances ( 65 ) . Further , Kentucky has played in 17 NCAA Final Fours ( tied for 2nd place all - time with UCLA ) , 12 NCAA Championship games , and has won 8 NCAA championships ( second only to UCLA 's 11 ) . In addition to these titles , Kentucky won the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in both 1946 and 1976 , making it the only school to win multiple NCAA and NIT championships . Kentucky also leads all schools with sixty - two 20 - win seasons , fifteen 30 - win seasons , and six 35 - win seasons . Throughout its history , the Kentucky basketball program has featured many notable and successful players , both on the collegiate level and the professional level .", "3": "Kentucky holds the record for the most NBA Draft selections ( 121 ) as well as the most # 1 NBA Draft picks ( 3 ) . The Wildcats have also been led by many successful head coaches , including Adolph Rupp , Joe B. Hall , Eddie Sutton , Rick Pitino , Tubby Smith , and John Calipari . Kentucky is the only program with 5 different NCAA Championship coaches ( Rupp , Hall , Pitino , Smith , and Calipari ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1903 -- 1930 ) 1.1. 1 George Buchheit and the `` Wonder Team '' ( 1919 -- 1925 ) 1.1. 2 C.O Applegran , Ray Eklund , and Basil Hayden ( 1925 -- 1927 ) 1.1. 3 John Mauer and the `` Mauermen '' ( 1927 -- 1930 ) 1.2 Adolph Rupp ( 1930 -- 1972 ) 1.2. 1 The Beardless Wonders ( 1944 ) 1.2. 2 Kentucky 's first championship ( 1948 ) 1.2. 3 Back - to - back championships ( 1949 ) 1.2. 4 A new decade ( 1950 ) 1.2. 5 Third championship and point shaving scandal ( 1951 ) 1.2. 6 Undefeated but no tournament ( 1954 ) 1.2. 7 Rupp 's fourth championship ( 1958 ) 1.2. 8 Rupp 's Runts ( 1966 ) 1.2. 9 The late Rupp years ( 1967 -- 1972 ) 1.3 Joe B. Hall ( 1972 -- 1985 ) 1.3. 1 The Super Kittens ( 1975 ) 1.3. 2 The Season Without Celebration and fifth championship ( 1978 ) 1.4 Eddie Sutton ( 1985 -- 1989 ) 1.4. 1 Early Sutton era ( 1985 -- 1988 ) 1.4.", "4": "2 Emery scandal ( 1989 ) 1.5 Rick Pitino ( 1989 -- 1997 ) 1.5. 1 Post season ban and rebuilding with the Unforgettables ( 1989 -- 1992 ) 1.5. 2 Return to the Final Four ( 1993 ) 1.5. 3 The Mardi Gras Miracle ( 1994 ) 1.5. 4 The Untouchables and Championship Number Six ( 1996 ) 1.5. 5 The Unbelievables ( 1997 ) 1.6 Orlando `` Tubby '' Smith ( 1997 -- 2007 ) 1.6. 1 New coach and a seventh championship ( 1998 ) 1.6. 2 Final Four drought ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 1.7 Billy Gillispie ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.7. 1 Decline in form ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1.8 John Calipari ( 2009 -- present ) 1.8. 1 Calipari 's first class ( 2010 ) 1.8. 2 Run to the Final Four ( 2011 ) 1.8. 3 The road to an eighth championship ( 2012 ) 1.8. 4 Starting anew ( 2013 ) 1.8. 5 The Tweakables ( 2014 ) 1.8.", "5": "6 Pursuit of perfection ( 2015 ) 2 Season by season results 3 Coaches 4 Postseason results 4.1 National championships 4.2 Final Four history 4.3 NCAA Tournament seeding history 5 Wildcats of note 5.1 Honored players 5.2 Honored coaches 5.3 Honored contributors 6 All - Time Statistical leaders 7 Awards 7.1 Naismith Hall of Fame Members 7.2 Olympians 7.3 Wildcats in the NBA 8 Memorable teams 8.1 Three point streak 9 Facilities 9.1 Rupp Arena ( 1976 -- present ) 9.2 Joe Craft Center ( 2007 -- present ) 9.3 Memorial Coliseum ( 1950 -- 76 ) 9.4 Alumni Gymnasium ( 1924 -- 50 ) 9.5 Woodland Park Auditorium ( 1914 -- 16 ) 9.6 Buell Armory Gymnasium ( 1910 -- 24 ) 9.7 State College Gymnasium ( 1902 -- 14 ) 10 Cumulative all - time statistics 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( 1903 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) Records indicate that the first head coach of the Wildcats was W.W.H. Mustaine , who in 1903 called together some students , took up a collection totaling $3 for a ball , and told the students to start playing . The first recorded intercollegiate game at the college was a 15 -- 6 defeat to nearby Georgetown College . The team went 1 -- 2 for their first `` season '' , also losing to Kentucky University ( later Transylvania University ) but defeating the Lexington YMCA . Through 1908 , the team did not manage a winning season , and had an all - time record of 15 -- 29 . In the fall of that year a full - time head coach was hired . This made him the first paid coach in Kentucky 's basketball history .", "6": "That year , the team went 5 -- 4 , and only three years later , boasted their first undefeated season with nine victories and no losses . During this early era Kentucky was unstable in that the school went through multiple coaches , many stayed only one or two seasons . George Buchheit and the `` Wonder team '' ( 1919 -- 1925 ) ( edit ) In 1919 , George Buchheit became the new head coach of the Wildcats . An alumnus of the University of Illinois , he brought with him a new system of basketball . The `` Buchheit system '' or `` Illinois system '' , focused on defense and featured one player standing under each basket , while three roamed the court . Buckheit varied the system he learned in Illinois in one important way . While the Illinois system employed a zone defense , Buchheit 's system used an aggressive man - to - man scheme . On offense , he used a complicated system of passing called the `` zig - zag '' or `` figure eight '' offense . Although the team had a losing season in Buchheit 's first year , they won the first - ever Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association tournament the next year , defeating the heavily favored Georgia Bulldogs . Both of these teams were composed entirely of native Kentuckians , anchored by All - American Basil Hayden . The tournament victory was considered Kentucky 's first major success , and the 1921 team became known as the `` Wonder Team . '' In 1922 , the team was unable to build on the success of the `` Wonder Team . '' Although every player was eligible in 1922 , two key players , Hayden and Sam Ridgeway , were injured before the start of the season . Hayden returned from his knee injury during the season , but was never able to play at the level he had the previous year . Ridgeway fought a year - long battle with diphtheria , and although he recovered , never played for the Wildcats again . The remaining three members of the `` Wonder Team '' went 9 -- 5 for the season , and bowed out of the SIAA tournament in the second round .", "7": "C.O applegran , Ray Eklund , and Basil Hayden ( 1925 -- 1927 ) ( edit ) Buchheit remained as coach through the 1924 season before moving on to coach Trinity College ( later Duke University ) . A different coach would guide the team for each of the next four years . C.O. Applegran immediately followed Buchheit , and his 1925 team posted a respectable 13 -- 8 record . Applegran in college had played for the University of Illinois , where he became an All - American . The next year , Ray Eklund led the team to a 15 -- 3 record , and produced UK 's second All - American , Burgess Carey . The record was enough for Kentucky to win their first regular season conference championship in the Southern Conference . Seeing the cupboard largely bare for the upcoming year , Eklund resigned shortly before the start of the 1927 season . The team scrambled to find a new coach , and former player Basil Hayden left his coaching job at Kentucky Wesleyan College to answer the call . An inexperienced coach and a roster largely depleted of talent left the Wildcats with a 3 -- 13 record that year . The disappointment convinced Hayden that he was n't the `` coaching type '' , and he resigned after the season . Fortunately for the Wildcats , 1927 would be their last losing season for six decades . John Mauer and the `` Mauermen '' ( 1927 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) The Wildcats ' new coach for the 1927 - 28 season was John Mauer . Although he had a talented group of players moving up from the junior varsity team , Mauer quickly discovered that his players did n't know the fundamentals of the game . He began a regimen of three - hour practices five days a week during the preseason . The practice began with half an hour of shooting drills and usually ended with a full - court scrimmage . Between the two , Mauer worked on skill drills and scenarios . Mauer 's teams were nicknamed the `` Mauermen . '' Teamwork was the hallmark of Mauer 's system . Every player worked on every aspect of the game ; there were no specialists . Like Buchheit , Mauer employed a strong man - to - man defense .", "8": "He utilized a slow - break offense that relied on a complicated system of short passes to get a good shot . Two elements of Mauer 's system were new to basketball in the south -- the offensive screen and the bounce pass . The latter was so new to most of UK 's opponents that it was referred to as the `` submarine attack . '' Over his three - year tenure , Mauer led the Wildcats to an overall record of 40 -- 14 . One major prize eluded him , however . Despite having teams that were almost universally acknowledged as the `` class of the South '' , Mauer never led a team to the Southern Conference title . Despite his innate ability for coaching , Mauer lacked the ability to heighten his team 's emotions for a big game , a fault that was cited as the reason for his lack of tournament success . Mauer left the Wildcats to coach the Miami University Redskins following the 1930 season . Adolph Rupp ( 1930 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball under Adolph Rupp In 1930 , the university hired Adolph Rupp , who had played as a reserve for the University of Kansas 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams , under coach Forest C. `` Phog '' Allen . At the time of his hiring , Rupp was a high school coach in Freeport , Illinois . Rupp coached the University of Kentucky men 's basketball team from 1930 to 1972 . There , he gained the nicknames , `` Baron of the Bluegrass '' , and `` The Man in the Brown Suit '' . Rupp , who was an early innovator of the fast break and set offense , quickly gained a reputation as an intense competitor , a strict motivator , and a fine strategist , often driving his teams to great levels of success . Rupp 's Wildcat teams won 4 NCAA championships ( 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 ) , one NIT title in 1946 , appeared in 20 NCAA tournaments , had 6 NCAA Final Four appearances , captured 27 Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) regular season titles , and won 13 SEC tournaments . Rupp 's Kentucky teams also finished ranked No.", "9": "1 on 6 occasions in the final Associated Press college basketball poll and 4 times in the United Press International ( Coaches ) poll . In addition , Rupp 's 1966 Kentucky squad ( nicknamed `` Rupp 's Runts '' , as no starting player on the squad was taller than 6'5 `` ) finished runner - up in the NCAA tournament , and his 1947 Wildcats finished runner - up in the NIT . Rupp 's 1933 and 1954 Kentucky squads were also awarded the Helms National Championship , and his 1934 and 1947 teams were retroactively recognized as the national champion by the Premo - Porretta Power Poll . The Beardless Wonders ( 1944 ) ( edit ) One of Rupp 's early successful teams , he would give the ' 44 team the nickname `` the Beardless Wonders '' and `` Wildkittens '' because according to Rupp , `` It was like running a Kindergarten . '' Of the young players , Kentucky 's best player was freshman Bob Brannum , who at the age of 17 , would be named consensus All - American , making him the youngest player to ever earn the title . The Beardless Wonders would win nineteen of their twenty - one games , enough to be invited into the NIT . There they would be matched up with an equally young and talented Utah team nicknamed the `` Blitz Kids . '' The game made for an exciting outing with both teams going into the half tied at 24 , but with the help of Brannum Kentucky would pull away to win 46 -- 38 . Kentucky would lose the next game to home town Saint John 's . Kentucky 's first championship ( 1948 ) ( edit ) On the way to its first NCAA title , Kentucky would go on to a record of 36 -- 3 . Of these three losses , all were either away or at neutral sites , keeping Kentucky undefeated at home throughout the entire season . Kentucky started off the beginning of the season with a 7 -- 0 record heading into their away game at Temple . However , Temple was able to give the Cats their first loss by one point , 60 -- 59 .", "10": "Still , this loss was not enough to keep the Wildcats down , as they rolled off an 11 - win streak before playing at Notre Dame , where they lost 55 -- 64 . They would not lose a game for the rest of the regular season . Kentucky continued through the NCAA Tournament to the finals , where they faced the Baylor Bears . Kentucky won its first NCAA title in a decisive 77 -- 59 victory . The season did not end after the NCAA Tournament , as Kentucky who would play in the Olympic Trials , where they went 2 -- 1 , only losing to the Phillips Oilers once . This was performance enough to help represent the United States in the 1948 Olympic Games . Despite only being a college team , the starting 5 of Kentucky would help defeat all of its competition in London , making Kentucky the only team to win both a NCAA title and an Olympic gold medal . Adolph Rupp soon gave this team the nickname `` The Fabulous Five '' , in honor of their accomplishments . Back - to - back Championships ( 1949 ) ( edit ) For the 1949 season Kentucky had high expectations with most of the Fabulous Five returning . Big Blue Nation 's expectations were met as the 1949 team won one more game than the previous year including both a SEC regular season and SEC tournament championship , while also getting back to the Final Four that March . In the finals Kentucky faced the Oklahoma A&M Cowboys , a team that had previously seen success in the tournament with back - to - back championships in 1945 and 1946 . The Fab Five would succeed again winning 46 -- 36 and Kentucky 's only back - to - back NCAA championship . Kentucky was the second program in NCAA history to win back - to - back championships ( there have been six other schools since ) . A new decade ( 1950 ) ( edit ) With a returning star player like Bill Spivey , Kentucky hoped to carry their success into the new decade . All did n't look well after the Wildcats lost their first game by 11 to Saint John 's at home , but they would pull it together for the Sugar Bowl Tournament which they won beating NCAA runner up Bradley . Heading into rival Tennessee now No. 2 Kentucky was looking at the beginning of a tough six away game stretch ; and tough it was .", "11": "After losing to Tennessee , Kentucky would struggle to chain two wins together , losing every other game . They would defeat their next fourteen opponents , including getting revenge in SEC tournament championship over Tennessee . Heading into the post-season , No. 3 Kentucky would play a powerhouse CCNY team in the NIT , missing the NCAA tournament . The Wildcats were no match and were thrashed by the CCNY Beavers , 50 -- 83 . The same CCNY would go to win the NIT , and then the NCAA championship . They are the only team in college basketball history to accomplish this feat . Third championship and point shaving scandal ( 1951 ) ( edit ) Coming off a successful but titleless 1950 season , the Wildcats continued their dominance into the new decade . Over the season Kentucky would defeat four top 15 teams including four top 10 teams , and would be ranked in the top 5 the entire season . And with only one loss heading into the SEC tournament it looked like Kentucky would once again claim both SEC championships and their dominance over their conference . Vanderbilt had a different idea however , and would knock off the top ranked Wildcats in the SEC tournament finals denying them an eighth straight SEC tournament title . Kentucky was determined to not repeat the result it had in the SEC tournament in the NCAA finals , where they defeated fourth ranked Kansas State 68 -- 58 . Adolph Rupp was the head coach at Kentucky during the year of the point shaving scandal of 1951 . In 1945 former Kentucky football player Nick Englisis met Kentucky basketball legend Ralph Beard while the two played football at Kentucky . Englisis entered the gambling business when he left the football team in 1946 , then approached three Kentucky basketball players Ralph Beard , Alex Groza , and Dale Barnstable with his associates in late 1948 about potentially point shaving ( fixing the score of games ) during the upcoming season in exchange for money . The three players agreed to point shave and successfully shaved points in several games during the 1948 -- 1949 season until an effort to point shave caused the Wildcats to lose to the Loyola Ramblers in the National Invitation Tournament . Groza , Beard , and Barnstable attempted to win the game under the point spread but kept the score too close , allowing the Ramblers to win the game with an impressive performance at the end of the second half .", "12": "Kentucky faced Villanova in their first game of the NCAA Tournament following the loss to Loyola and the three players attempted to win over the point spread . When Groza , Beard , and Barnstable failed to win over the point spread , it caused Englisis to lose all of his money and ended the point shaving deals between Englisis and these three players . On October 20 , 1951 , Alex Groza , Ralph Beard , and Dale Barnstable were arrested for taking bribes from gamblers to shave points during several games including the National Invitation Tournament game against the Loyola Ramblers in the 1948 -- 49 season . At the conclusion of this scandal , a subsequent NCAA investigation found that Kentucky had committed several rule violations , including giving illegal spending money to players on several occasions , and also allowing some ineligible athletes to compete . As a result , the Southeastern Conference voted to ban Kentucky from competing for a year and the NCAA requested all other basketball - playing members not to schedule Kentucky , with eventually none doing so . As a result of these actions , Kentucky was forced to cancel the entire 1952 -- 53 basketball season . Years later , Walter Byers , the first executive director of the NCAA , unofficially referred to this punishment as the first de facto NCAA death penalty , despite the current rule first coming into effect in 1985 , thus the NCAA having no such enforcement power previous to that . Echoing Mr. Byers ' view , the NCAA 's official stance is very much the same , and they now state in hindsight , `` In effect , it was the Association 's first death penalty , though its enforcement was binding only through constitutional language that required members to compete against only those schools that were compliant with NCAA rules . Despite fears that it would resist , Kentucky accepts the penalty and , in turn , gives the NCAA credibility to enforce its rules . '' Undefeated but No. Tournament ( 1954 ) ( edit ) The team returned with a vengeance the next year , posting a perfect 25 -- 0 record ( Rupp 's only undefeated season ) , for which it was awarded the 1954 Helms National Championship . In addition , Kentucky also finished ranked No. 1 in the final Associated Press poll . On the team were three players who had graduated at the conclusion of the previous academic year .", "13": "When , at the last minute , the NCAA ruled these players ineligible from post-season play , Rupp decided to skip the 1954 NCAA Tournament in protest . Rupp 's fourth championship ( 1958 ) ( edit ) Early into the season it was obvious that the `` Fiddlin ' Five '' were not like Rupp 's teams earlier in the decade . They played around and made mistakes , which Rupp described as fiddling . In fact the Fiddlin ' Five still has the most losses out of any Kentucky 's championships , with six , three of those were in four games . Unlike the Fab Five or the 1951 teams , the Fiddling Five would yoyo in the rankings with their lowest a No. 13 coming after 56 -- 57 loss to unranked Loyola Chicago . Kentucky would catch fire through the tournament though and would win their fourth title over No. 18 Seattle in the confides of Louisville 's Freedom Hall . Rupp 's Runts ( 1966 ) ( edit ) Rupp 's last Final Four team and one of his last chances at a 5th NCAA title occurred in the 1965 -- 66 season , with Kentucky going all the way to the NCAA title game . The now historic 1966 NCAA championship game against Texas Western ( now University of Texas - El Paso or UTEP ) marked the first occurrence that an all - white starting five ( Kentucky ) played an all - black starting five ( Texas Western ) in the NCAA championship game . Texas Western won the game 72 -- 65 , on the night of March 19 , 1966 . Contrary to popular belief , this game was not a huge `` upset '' as while Kentucky entered the tournament with only one loss and ranked No. 1 , Texas Western also had only one loss and entered the tournament ranked second . Kentucky was a 6.5 point favorite in the game The game was depicted in the film Glory Road . This game , and the result of it , were especially significant as the game came at a time when the civil rights movement was coming into full swing around the country .", "14": "In 1969 , after actively recruiting black players for over six years ( his first formal scholarship offer was in 1964 , despite most of the other SEC teams threatening to boycott if a black player took the court ) , Rupp finally signed his first black player , Tom Payne , an athletic 7 ' - 1 '' center out of Louisville . This ended the aspect of all - white Kentucky teams forever , and marked a new era with many notable black Kentucky basketball legends , including Jack Givens , Sam Bowie , Kenny Walker , Jamal Mashburn , Tayshaun Prince , Rajon Rondo , John Wall , Anthony Davis , and Karl Anthony Towns . The late Rupp years ( 1967 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) Though he was born and raised in Indiana , Dan Issel would commit to the Wildcats in 1966 ( the year of the famous Kentucky - UTEP game ) . Over the next four years Issel would score an average of 25.7 per game , adding up to 2,137 points in his college career . This made Issel the player with the most points to ever play at Kentucky , a feat that has to this day not been matched . This included his 53 points scored against Mississippi State in 1970 , the most by a Kentucky player in a single game and breaking the previous record of 51 points held by Cliff Hagan . Issel would not capture the national championship in his college years but would go on to make a name for himself in the ABA . Rupp was forced into retirement in March 1972 , after reaching age 70 . At the time , this was the mandatory retirement age for all University of Kentucky employees . He was a 5 - time National Coach - of - the - Year award winner , a 7 - time Conference Coach - of - the - Year award winner , and was elected a member of both the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and College Basketball Hall of Fame . Further , since 1972 , the Adolph Rupp Trophy , considered one of the nation 's premier basketball awards , has been given by Commonwealth Athletic Club to the nation 's top men 's college basketball player .", "15": "In addition , the University of Kentucky retired a jersey in his honor in the rafters of Rupp Arena , a 23,500 - seat arena named after him , dedicated in 1976 . Joe B. Hall ( 1972 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) Joe B. Hall was the head basketball coach at Kentucky from 1972 to 1985 . Although he had been an assistant at Kentucky since 1965 , Coach Hall was given a difficult task : to follow in the footsteps of his legendary predecessor , Adolph Rupp . In the 1978 NCAA Tournament , he coached the Wildcats to their fifth NCAA championship . He was named National Coach of the Year in 1978 and SEC Coach of the Year on four different occasions . His record at UK was 297 -- 100 , and 373 -- 156 over his career . Coach Hall would win the title once in 1978 as well as making the final four in 1975 and 1984 , and the elite eight in 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 1983 . Coach Hall is one of only three men to both play on a NCAA championship team ( 1949 -- Kentucky ) and coach a NCAA championship team ( 1978 -- Kentucky ) , and the only one to do so for the same school . The only others to achieve this feat are : Bob Knight -- Player for Ohio State in 1960 and coach at Indiana in 1976 , 1981 , and 1987 . Dean Smith -- Player for Kansas in 1952 and coach at North Carolina in 1982 and 1993 . The Super Kittens ( 1975 ) ( edit ) After a year of playing in the freshman league and a disappointing sophomore season , Hall 's Super Kittens returned with hopes of finally bringing Kentucky its fifth title . They nearly did just that , guiding Kentucky to a runner - up finish to UCLA in the 1975 NCAA tournament but not before avenging their 20 - point defeat to an undefeated Indiana team . Despite losing in the championship game , it would give freshman Jack Givens a taste for success that would help propel Kentucky to the title three years later .", "16": "The season without Celebration and fifth championship ( 1978 ) ( edit ) It had been twenty years without a championship in Lexington , and along with pressure of following a hall of fame coach , Hall would nickname the 1978 season the `` Season Without Celebration . '' The pressure to win was immense on both players and coach to bring home the title , especially with a senior laden team that had gone to the finals as freshmen . Kentucky would hardly lose its composure all season or break under pressure , winning 30 of 32 games and defeating eight ranked teams along the way . By the time Kentucky reached the tournament finals they seemed bound to win the title , though Duke would give Kentucky their all . With the help of senior Jack `` Goose '' Givens ' 41 points , Kentucky defeated the Blue Devils 94 -- 88 , and finally won their fifth title and first in 20 years . Eddie Sutton ( 1985 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early Sutton era ( 1985 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) In 1985 , Eddie Sutton succeeded Joe B. Hall . He coached the Wildcats for four years , leading them to the Elite Eight of the 1986 NCAA Tournament . Two seasons later , Sutton and the 25 -- 5 Wildcats captured their 37th SEC title and were ranked as the 6th college basketball team in the nation by the Associated Press and UPI before losing to Villanova in the Tournament . Emery scandal ( 1989 ) ( edit ) Kentucky entered the 1988 -- 89 season with a gutted roster . Ed Davender , Robert Lock and Winston Bennett had all graduated from school , while All - SEC sophomore Rex Chapman left school early to enter the 1988 NBA draft . Additionally , sophomore standout Eric Manuel was suspected of cheating on his college entrance exam and voluntarily agreed to sit out until the investigation was finished . Potential franchise recruit Shawn Kemp transferred out of Kentucky after signing with the school early that year .", "17": "Unfortunately , Manuel was forced to sit out the entire season as the investigation dragged on , essentially leaving the Wildcats in the hands of inexperienced sophomore LeRon Ellis and true freshman Chris Mills . The two underclassmen struggled to fill the talent vacuum on the court and the Wildcats finished with a losing record of 13 -- 19 , the team 's first losing full - season record since 1927 . To add insult to injury , the NCAA announced at the end of the season that its investigation into the basketball program had found the school guilty of violating numerous NCAA policies . The scandal broke when Emery Worldwide employees claimed to have discovered $1,000 in cash in an envelope Kentucky assistant coach Dwane Casey sent to Mills ' father . Later Emery settled a libel lawsuit filed by Casey for a substantial amount of money . Casey was not in Lexington when the envelope was supposedly mailed and the father of Mills said they received no money . The NCAA rescinded its show cause order immediately after the settlement of the lawsuit , and Casey 's career has flourished as an NBA coach . Another player , Eric Manuel , was alleged to have received improper assistance on his college entrance exams and was banned from NCAA competition . Whether Manuel was directly involved has been questioned . Kentucky was already on probation stemming from allegations of an extensive scheme of payments to recruits , and the NCAA seriously considered hitting the Wildcats with the `` death penalty '' , which would have shut down the entire basketball program ( as opposed to simply being banned from postseason play ) for up to two years . However , school president David Roselle forced Sutton and athletic director Cliff Hagan to resign . The Wildcats were slapped with three years ' probation , a two - year ban from postseason play and a ban from live television in 1989 -- 90 . Rick Pitino ( 1989 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Post season ban and rebuilding with the Unforgettables ( 1989 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) In 1989 , Rick Pitino left the NBA 's New York Knicks and became the coach at a Kentucky program reeling from the aforementioned scandal . Kentucky would be banned from the 1990 and 1991 post season , with the 1990 season suffering a 14 -- 14 record .", "18": "Kentucky would improve in 1991 with a beavy of home - grown upperclassmen such as Sean Woods , John Pelphrey , Richie Farmer , Deron Feldhaus , and Reggie Hanson along with the talented freshman Jamal Mashburn . Despite their record of 22 -- 6 , Kentucky was still banned from the post season and would have to wait another year to see the Unforgettables succeed in the tournament . Beginning with the 1992 season , Kentucky was free of post season bans . Though they lost one more game than last season , this team was most memorable for going to the Elite Eight ( for the first time since Sutton 's 1986 team ) with many returning upperclassmen from Kentucky . The team is also known for playing in what could be considered one of the greatest games in NCAA tournament history against Duke . In this game defending champion Duke were looking to return to the Final Four once again , Kentucky for the first time in almost a decade . The game was hard fought and physical on both sides all game including Laettner 's infamous stomp on Aminu Timberlake , which resulted in a technical . The teams took the lead back and forth until the final minute of the game which resulted in a first buzzer beater shot by Kentucky 's Sean Woods to take the lead 103 -- 102 , and then Laettner 's shot to win the game for the Blue Devils in the final seconds 104 -- 103 . This team came to be known as the `` Unforgettables '' for helping put Kentucky back on the path to success in the 1990s and because the team was made up of home grown Kentucky kids . Return to the Final Four ( 1993 ) ( edit ) Kentucky returned a junior Mashburn , along with Travis Ford and Tony Delk . They were expected to reach the Final Four for the first time since Joe B. Hall 's 1984 team . The expectations were right , as Kentucky would head into the post-season with only 2 losses and a No. 5 ranking . After winning the SEC Tournament once again , Kentucky stormed to the NCAA Final Four to meet up with Michigan 's `` Fab Five '' a team of young and highly talented recruits that brought Michigan to the championship game the year before .", "19": "As talented as Kentucky was they would fail to reach the championship game with a 78 -- 81 overtime loss to the Wolverines . But this would be the just a glimpse of a run Kentucky would have later in the decade . The Mardi Gras Miracle ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Kentucky started the next season ranked # 1 but would underachieve , falling short of the Elite Eight for the only time under Pitino . The highlight of the season was the `` Mardi Gras Miracle '' , a game where Kentucky trailed LSU 68 -- 37 with 15 : 34 left , but outscored them 62 -- 27 over the remainder of regulation to win 99 -- 95 . The Untouchables and championship number six ( 1996 ) ( edit ) Starting in 1996 , Kentucky would put together a string of Final Fours with help from 9 future NBA players . The `` Untouchables '' as they were nicknamed , would only lose twice , to Final Four bound UMass Minutemen ( coached by current Kentucky coach John Calipari ) and Mississippi State . It was with their overwhelming talent and chemistry that would win Kentucky their sixth national title in the 1996 NCAA Tournament , Kentucky 's first NCAA championship in 18 years . The Unbelievables ( 1997 ) ( edit ) The following year , Pitino 's Kentucky team made it back to the national title game , losing to Arizona in overtime in the finals of the 1997 NCAA Tournament . Pitino 's fast - paced teams at Kentucky were favorites of the school 's fans . It was primarily at Kentucky where he implemented his signature style of full - court pressure defense . By the end of the Pitino era , Kentucky went from banned from the post season to going to three of the last five Final Fours and five of the last six Elite Eights . For this the 1997 team was dubbed the `` Unbelievables '' for taking a team that was not expected much of to return the Wildcats back to the championship game for a second time . Pitino left Kentucky in 1997 to coach the NBA 's Boston Celtics , he then went on to coach Kentucky 's in - state rival , the University of Louisville .", "20": "Orlando `` Tubby '' Smith ( 1997 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Orlando `` Tubby '' Smith was introduced by UK Athletic Director C.M. Newton as the Wildcats ' 20th head coach on May 12 , 1997 , charged with the unenviable task of replacing popular coach Rick Pitino . The Wildcats were at the top of the basketball world at the time , having won a national title in 1996 and , according to many , missing a second straight title in 1997 by the torn ACL of shooting guard Derek Anderson . ( Anderson tore his ACL in January against SEC foe Auburn ; Kentucky lost the 1997 title game in overtime to the Arizona Wildcats . ) The team Smith inherited sported seven players from the Arizona loss , and five from the 1996 championship team . However , since most of the players who had left after the 1996 and 1997 seasons were high NBA draft picks , his team had the lowest pre-season ranking since Kentucky came off probation in 1991 . New coach and a seventh championship ( 1998 ) ( edit ) In his first season at UK , he coached the Wildcats to their seventh NCAA championship , including a come - from - behind victory against Duke in the Elite Eight , and another comeback win against Stanford , then Utah in the Finals . His 1998 National Championship is unique in modern times , as being along with 1985 Villanova the 2nd team in over twenty years to win without a First Team All American or future NBA Lottery Pick ( see 1998 NCAA Tournament ) . The 1998 team was also unlike Kentucky 's past two championship teams , often falling behind in games before roaring back to win rather than dominating their competition . Smith 's teams , known primarily for a defense - oriented slower style of play coined `` Tubbyball '' , received mixed reviews among Kentucky fans who have historically enjoyed a faster , higher - scoring style of play under previous coaches . Smith was also under pressure from Kentucky fans to recruit better players .", "21": "Final Four drought ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) After leading Kentucky to one National Championship in 1998 , Kentucky would complete a perfect 16 -- 0 regular season conference record in 2003 , win five SEC regular season championships ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 ) and five SEC Tournament titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 ) . Smith led the Wildcats to six Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) and four Elite Eight appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) in his ten seasons . He totaled 100 wins quicker than any other Wildcat coach before him except Hall of Famer Adolph Rupp , reaching the plateau in 130 games ( John Calipari subsequently broke this record in 114 games ) . In 2003 , he was named AP College Coach of the Year . Although Smith compiled an impressive resume during his UK career , he came under considerable pressure from many UK fans , who believed that his failure to achieve even a single Final Four appearance in his last nine seasons was inadequate by UK standards . This drought is the longest of any coach in UK history , although Smith did come just a double - overtime loss short of another Final Four appearance in 2005 . On March 22 , 2007 , Smith resigned his position of UK Head Coach to accept the head coach position at the University of Minnesota . Billy Gillispie ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) On April 6 , 2007 , Billy Gillispie was formally announced as the new head coach of the University of Kentucky by UK athletic director Mitch Barnhart . He fielded questions from the media during the press conference held at UK 's new practice facility , the Joe Craft Center . He expressed his excitement and joy to be not only considered for the position but to have been given the honor and the opportunity to coach what former UK coach Rick Pitino referred to as the `` Roman Empire '' of college basketball . `` I 'm very , very grateful and honored to be here , but we have a lot of work to do . ''", "22": "Gillispie became only the sixth head coach in the last 76 years at the school . Decline in form ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Gillispie 's second season again started out rocky in 2008 as the ' Cats fell to VMI in their season opener . The second game of the season saw the Wildcats fall to North Carolina by 19 points . UK rebounded to win 11 of their next 12 games , improving their record to 11 -- 3 . On January 4 , the Wildcats lost a heart breaker to archrival Louisville 74 -- 71 after a 25 ft. shot by Edgar Sosa with 2.3 seconds remaining in the game . Prior to the shot , UK was down 7 with 38.5 seconds left , and Jodie Meeks was fouled shooting a three , proceeded to make all three free throw shots , Patrick Patterson stole an inbound and passed it to Meeks who laid it in to bring the game to 71 -- 69 with 29.6 left , and then an inbound pass went long and Meeks snatched the pass , drove to the hoop and was fouled , and then made both free throws to tie the game at 71 with 22.9 left . So all in all , UK and Meeks got seven points in about 15 seconds to tie the game . Kentucky disposed of Vanderbilt to win their SEC opener on January 10 , 70 -- 60 . On January 13 , in a road game against Tennessee , Jodie Meeks set a new Kentucky scoring record by dropping 54 points on the Volunteers . This total bested Dan Issel 's 39 - year - old scoring record by 1 point , and propelled UK to a 90 -- 72 win and 2 -- 0 start in conference play . Kentucky followed up this effort with a 68 -- 45 victory at Georgia , improving to 14 -- 4 on the season . With wins over Auburn and Alabama , Kentucky moved to 5 -- 0 in the SEC . On January 26 , UK was ranked in the AP Poll ( 24th ) for the first time since week 1 of the 2007 -- 08 season .", "23": "UK promptly dropped 3 in a row ( to Ole Miss , South Carolina , and Mississippi State ) before rebounding at home with a thrilling 68 -- 65 win over Florida . Jodie Meeks scored 23 points in the contest , including the fade - away contested 3 point basket with less than 5 seconds remaining to seal the win for UK . On Valentine 's Day Kentucky handily defeated Arkansas at Bud Walton Arena 79 -- 63 behind another strong performance from Meeks . Meeks contributed 45 points and helped UK win despite the absence of Patrick Patterson ( sprained ankle ) . With the win , UK remained tied with South Carolina and Tennessee for 1st in the SEC East at 7 -- 3 . Following the win UK completely collapsed , losing 5 of its last 6 games to finish the regular season 19 -- 12 with an 8 -- 8 SEC record . Entering the SEC tournament many felt UK would need to win the championship game to get into the NCAA tournament , but UK was defeated in the second game vs. LSU . With an unimpressive regular season and quick elimination in the SEC tournament , UK did indeed miss the NCAA tournament for the first time in 18 years and instead received an invitation to the NIT tournament where the team was defeated in the quarterfinal round against Notre Dame . On March 27 , 2009 an 18 - minute - long meeting occurred between Billy Gillispie , President Dr. Lee Todd , Jr. and Athletic Director Mitch Barnhart , after which it was announced that Gillispie would not be returning as the head coach the next season . Barnhart stressed the firing was due to more than wins and losses , citing `` philosophical differences '' and `` a clear gap in how the rules and responsibilities overseeing the program are viewed '' . John Calipari ( 2009 -- present ) ( edit ) Calipari 's first class ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2010 -- 11 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team On April 1 , 2009 , John Calipari replaced former head coach Billy Gillispie as the Wildcats head coach . To begin his tenure at the University of Kentucky , John Calipari signed one of the best all time recruiting classes .", "24": "The class was headlined by four five - star recruits : John Wall , DeMarcus Cousins , Daniel Orton , and Eric Bledsoe . On December 19 , 2009 , the Wildcats defeated Austin Peay 90 -- 69 extending their record to 11 -- 0 , and John Calipari broke Adolph Rupp 's record for the most consecutive wins to start a season for a first - year head coach at Kentucky . Kentucky defeated the Drexel Dragons 88 -- 44 on December 21 , 2009 to become the first program in college basketball history to claim their 2000th victory . By January 25 , 2010 , Coach `` Cal '' had the Kentucky Wildcats ranked No. 1 in both the ESPN / Coaches poll and AP poll with a record of 19 -- 0 . By this point , these feats were not even considered his greatest accomplishment at the school , as John Calipari had raised in excess of $1.5 million to aid the country of Haiti during the aftermath of a natural disaster . President Barack Obama called the Wildcats to thank them for their relief efforts and wish them luck in their future endeavors . To finish off the 2009 -- 10 regular season , Kentucky won its 44th SEC regular season championship ( with a final 14 -- 2 SEC record ) , and won its 26th SEC Tournament Championship , beating Mississippi State in the finals . The Wildcats then received a No. 1 seed ( their 10th No. 1 seed in history ) in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament , where they eventually lost to West Virginia in the Elite Eight . This also marked Kentucky 's record 50th NCAA Tournament appearance . Run to the Final Four ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2010 -- 11 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team In 2011 the Wildcats got off to a good start in the regular season with a record of 12 -- 2 , with their only losses being North Carolina away and UConn in the Maui Invitational Finals . Conference play was a different matter , and Kentucky would struggle in the SEC losing 6 out of their 8 away games , all of one were against unranked opponents . To close out the season with a three - game defeat No. 13 Florida , No.", "25": "23 Vanderbilt and Tennessee at home for a 22 -- 8 record . The hot streak would continue and Kentucky would win their 27th SEC Tournament Title . This was enough for No. 4 seed on the East regional where they played Princeton in a very close first - round game that ended in a 59 - 57 victory for the Cats . Knight , Jones and company would exact their revenge in the second round against West Virginia , who knocked off Kentucky in the 2010 tourney . In the Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight they would upset the No. 1 seed Ohio State Buckeyes and No. 2 seed North Carolina Tar Heels on their way to the school 's 14th Final Four . They lost in the Final Four to eventual National Champion No. 3 seed UConn 56 -- 55 . The road to an eighth championship ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2011 -- 12 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team In the 2011 -- 12 season , he led Kentucky to being 16 -- 0 in SEC regular season play , clinching its 45th SEC regular season championship . The last team to do so in the SEC was the 2002 -- 03 Kentucky Wildcats , and before that , the 1995 -- 96 Kentucky Wildcats . Kentucky 's regular season record was 30 -- 1 , with its only loss being by one point coming from a 3 - pointer buzzer - beater by the Indiana Hoosiers ' Christian Watford at Assembly Hall on December 10 , 2011 . In the SEC Tournament , Kentucky fell to Vanderbilt in the championship game , making its overall record 32 -- 2 going into the NCAA Tournament . Kentucky was both selected as the No. 1 seed in the South Region and also the No. 1 seed overall of the entire NCAA Tournament . The Sweet 16 match - up on March 23 , 2012 was a rematch against Indiana , in which this time the Wildcats prevailed over the Hoosiers 102 -- 90 . On March 25 , 2012 , Kentucky won the South Regional , setting up a Final Four semifinal with the Louisville Cardinals . Calipari 's Wildcats defeated the Cardinals ( coached by former Kentucky coach Rick Pitino ) by a score of 69 -- 61 .", "26": "This sent Kentucky to the National Championship game against the Kansas Jayhawks , where they defeated Kansas 67 -- 59 , winning UK 's 8th NCAA championship , along with John Calipari 's first NCAA Championship as a head coach . This Kentucky team had a record six players drafted in the 2012 NBA draft , including the first time two teammates have been chosen with the first two picks : Anthony Davis ( 1st overall ) , Michael Kidd - Gilchrist ( 2nd ) , Terrence Jones ( 18th ) , Marquis Teague ( 29th ) , Doron Lamb ( 42nd ) and Darius Miller ( 46th ) . Starting anew ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2012 -- 13 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team The 2012 -- 13 season 's recruiting class ranked either first or second by various recruiting experts led by top center Nerlens Noel , guard Archie Goodwin , forward Alex Poythress , and four - star center Willie Cauley - Stein . Kentucky also brought in transfer guard Julius Mays , a graduate student who had previously played at Wright State University and North Carolina State . Mays was eligible to play immediately , because UK offered a master 's degree program that Wright State did not . However , the only returner that saw significant minutes from the championship squad was back - up power forward Kyle Wiltjer , who averaged 11 minutes per game ( Ryan Harrow sat out the previous season after transferring from NC State before the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Although the team saw the rise of Jarrod Polson in the first game of the season against Maryland , they struggled to close out closer games and play with the will to win that Calipari demands . On February 12 , Noel tore his ACL in a loss against Florida . UK was 17 -- 7 including that game , and went 4 -- 5 the remainder of the season , losing all 5 games away from Rupp Arena . The fourth of those losses was against Vanderbilt in the first round of the SEC tournament , and UK missed the NCAA tournament altogether , being the overall No. 1 seed of the NIT . UK was upset by Robert Morris in the first round of the NIT , ending their season with a 21 -- 12 record .", "27": "In the press conference following the loss to Robert Morris , Calipari stated that his 2013 -- 14 team would be a `` tough , hard - nosed , fighting team . '' Noel and Goodwin both entered the NBA draft and were both taken in the first round at 6th and 29th , respectively . Ryan Harrow transferred to Georgia State to be closer to his father that had suffered from a stroke , and Kyle Wiltjer transferred to Gonzaga . Kentucky brought in the No. 1 recruiting class , featuring a record six McDonald 's All - Americans in Julius Randle , Andrew Harrison , Aaron Harrison , James Young , Dakari Johnson , and Marcus Lee , as well as Kentucky natives Derek Willis and Dominique Hawkins , and walk - on E.J. Floreal ( son of Edrick Floréal , head coach of UK 's track and field team ) . Alex Poythress and Willie Cauley - Stein did not declare for the 2013 NBA draft , and decided to return for their sophomore seasons . The Tweakables ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2013 -- 14 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team In 2013 -- 14 , Kentucky looked to make up for its struggles in the previous season . Despite making the NIT , there were high expectations for this team . The team , however , would be without some of its top players from the 2012 -- 13 team including Nerlens Noel and starting shooting guard Archie Goodwin , who were first - round draft choices in the 2013 NBA draft . Starting power forward Kyle Wiltjer transferred to Gonzaga and starting point guard Ryan Harrow transferred to Georgia State . Returning was former McDonald 's All - American Alex Poythress and starting center Willie Cauley - Stein . The poor success of the 2012 -- 13 team did not stop John Calipari from again producing another number one recruiting class . The entering class included a record six McDonald 's All - Americans highlighted by Julius Randle and the Harrison Twins , Aaron and Andrew . Many recruiting analysts and experts proclaimed that the 2013 signing class was the greatest recruiting class since the infamous Fab Five in the 1990s . The team began the season ranked number 1 in both the AP and Coaches polls .", "28": "The season was full of ups and downs . Early in the season the team experienced close losses to Baylor , Michigan State , and North Carolina . Despite those losses the team was able to defeat in - state rival Louisville . Nothing changed in SEC play for them either . The team ended the regular season losing three of their last four games including once to South Carolina , who finished the season 14 -- 20 overall . The team limped into the SEC Tournament unranked , and desperately looking for any answer to their disappointing season . Calipari during his weekly radio call - in show mentioned the team was given a `` tweak '' . The `` tweak '' sparked speculation and curiosity among the fans and the media to what it could be . The `` tweak '' was never fully revealed . However , the `` tweak '' caused the team to go on an historic run through both the SEC and NCAA tournaments . UK was the runner - up to number one Florida in the SEC Tournament . During the NCAA Tournament UK became the first team in history to eliminate three teams from the previous Final Four ( Wichita State , Louisville , Michigan ) . UK was the National Runner - up after losing to Connecticut in the National Championship Game . Pursuit of perfection ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2014 -- 15 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team After the 2014 season , Kentucky only lost Randle and Young to the NBA draft . The returning players consisted of a record - tying nine McDonald 's All - Americans . Juniors Cauley - Stein and Poythress returned with sophomores Aaron and Andrew Harrison , Johnson , and Lee to join the No. 2 ranked 2015 recruiting class which was highlighted of Gatorade Player of the Year Karl - Anthony Towns for the 2015 season . The team began its season in the Bahamas on a six - game tour against international clubs and teams . While in the Bahamas the team established a `` platoon system '' which featured two groups of five players that would rotate every four minutes within the game . The `` platoon system '' was put on display nationally in a 72 to 40 victory over No. 5 Kansas in the Champions Classic in November . In December , the team defeated UCLA 83 to 44 .", "29": "Kentucky led 41 to 7 at halftime , the lowest UCLA point total for a half in its storied history . The SEC regular season began with two overtime victories over Ole Miss and Texas A&M , the closest games Kentucky would play all season . Kentucky finished the regular season with a perfect 31 and 0 record , the best start in school history . In the SEC Tournament , the team won each game by double - digits , including a 78 to 63 victory over Arkansas in the finals . Cauley - Stein was named the MVP of the Tournament . In the NCAA Tournament Kentucky played its first two games at the KFC Yum ! Center in Louisville . Prior to the regional semifinal against West Virginia , Mountaineers guard Daxter Miles proclaimed that Kentucky would be 36 and 1 after the game . The comment fueled the team as they defeated West Virginia 78 to 39 , tying the largest margin of victory in the Sweet 16 in NCAA Tournament history . In the regional final Kentucky narrowly defeated Notre Dame 68 to 66 . The only loss of the season was in the Final Four to Wisconsin , who Kentucky defeated the previous season in the Final Four . The 2014 -- 15 team tied the NCAA record for most wins in a season ( 38 ) . After the season Cauley - Stein and Towns were named consensus All - Americans among other awards received . Season by season results ( edit ) For complete season - by - season results , see List of Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball seasons . Coaches ( edit ) See also : List of Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball head coaches The Wildcats have had 22 coaches in their 112 - year history . John Calipari is the current coach . To date , 6 Wildcats coaches have won the National Coach - of - the - Year award : Adolph Rupp in 1950 , 1954 , 1959 , 1966 , and 1970 , Joe B. Hall in 1978 , Eddie Sutton in 1986 , Rick Pitino in 1990 and 1992 , Tubby Smith in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 , and John Calipari in 2012 and 2015 .", "30": "Additionally , 7 Wildcats coaches have been named Southeastern Conference Coach - of - the - Year : Adolph Rupp in 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 and 1972 , Joe B. Hall in 1973 , 1975 , 1978 and 1983 , Eddie Sutton in 1986 , Rick Pitino in 1990 , 1991 and 1996 , Tubby Smith in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 , Billy Gillispie in 2008 , and John Calipari in 2010 , 2012 , and 2015 . Postseason results ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) The following is a list of Kentucky 's 8 National Championships : Year Coach Opponent Score Record 1948 Adolph Rupp Baylor 58 -- 42 36 -- 3 1949 Adolph Rupp Oklahoma State 46 -- 36 32 -- 2 1951 Adolph Rupp Kansas State 68 -- 58 32 -- 2 1958 Adolph Rupp Seattle 84 -- 72 23 -- 6 1978 Joe B. Hall Duke 94 -- 88 30 -- 2 Rick Pitino Syracuse 76 -- 67 34 -- 2 1998 Tubby Smith Utah 78 -- 69 35 -- 4 2012 John Calipari Kansas 67 -- 59 38 -- 2 National Championships 8 1948 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Elite 8 Columbia 76 -- 51 Final 4 Holy Cross 60 - 35 Championship Baylor 58 -- 42 1949 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Elite 8 Villanova 85 -- 72 Final 4 Illinois 76 -- 47 Championship Oklahoma State 46 -- 36 1951 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Sweet 16 Louisville 79 -- 68 Elite 8 St.", "31": "John 's 59 -- 43 Final 4 Illinois 76 -- 74 Championship Kansas State 68 -- 58 1958 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Sweet 16 Miami ( OH ) 94 -- 70 Elite 8 Notre Dame 89 -- 56 Final 4 Temple 61 -- 60 Championship Seattle 84 -- 72 1978 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round No. 1 Florida State 85 -- 76 Sweet 16 Miami ( OH ) 91 -- 69 Elite Eight Michigan State 52 -- 49 Final 4 Arkansas 64 -- 59 Championship Duke 94 -- 88 1996 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round No. 1 San Jose State 110 -- 72 Round No. 2 Virginia Tech 84 -- 60 Sweet 16 Utah 101 -- 70 Elite 8 Wake Forest 83 -- 63 Final 4 UMass 81 -- 74 Championship Syracuse 76 -- 67 1998 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round No. 1 South Carolina State 82 -- 67 Round No. 2 Saint Louis 88 -- 61 Sweet 16 UCLA 94 -- 68 Elite 8 Duke 86 -- 84 Final 4 Stanford 86 -- 85 OT Championship Utah 78 -- 69 2012 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round No. 2 Western Kentucky 81 -- 66 Round No.", "32": "3 Iowa State 87 -- 71 Sweet 16 Indiana 102 -- 90 Elite 8 Baylor 82 -- 70 Final 4 Louisville 69 -- 61 Championship Kansas 67 -- 59 Final Four history ( edit ) 1942 - Semifinalist 1948 - Champion 1949 - Champion 1951 - Champion 1958 - Champion 1966 - Runner - Up 1975 - Runner - Up 1978 - Champion 1984 - Semifinalist 1993 - Semifinalist 1996 - Champion 1997 - Runner - Up 1998 - Champion 2011 - Semifinalist 2012 - Champion 2014 - Runner - Up 2015 - Semifinalist NCAA Tournament seeding history ( edit ) The NCAA began seeding the tournament with the 1979 edition . Years → ' 80 ' 81 ' 82 ' 83 ' 84 ' 85 ' 86 ' 87 ' 88 ' 92 ' 93 ' 94 ' 95 ' 96 ' 97 ' 98 ' 99 Seeds → 6 12 8 Years → ' 00 ' 01 ' 02 ' 03 ' 04 ' 05 ' 06 ' 07 ' 08 ' 10 ' 11 ' 12 ' 14 ' 15 ' 16 ' 17 ' 18 Seeds → 5 1 * 8 8 11 1 * 8 1 * 5 The * represents overall number one seed which began with the 2004 Tournament . Wildcats of note ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "33": "( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Forty - two former Kentucky men 's basketball players , coaches , and contributors are honored in Rupp Arena with banners representing their numbers hung from the rafters . Due to the number of players honored , the fact that several of them have shared numbers , and NCAA rules requiring players to only wear jersey numbers containing digits 0 thru 5 , their numbers are not officially retired . To have a banner hung , the person must be elected to the UK Athletics Hall of Fame . Honored players ( edit ) Number Name Years Awards and Achievements 22 Cliff Barker 1947 -- 49 1948 NCAA Champion , 1949 NCAA Champion , One of the Fabulous Five 12 Ralph Beard 1946 -- 49 1948 NCAA Champion , 1949 NCAA Champion , One of the Fabulous Five 22 Jerry Bird 1954 -- 56 50 Bob Burrow 1955 -- 56 1956 Second Team All - America 56 Burgess Carey 1925 -- 26 24 Johnny Cox 1957 -- 59 1958 NCAA Champion , 1959 First Team All - America 10 Louie Dampier 1965 -- 67 1967 Second Team All - America 7 John DeMoisey 1932 -- 34 00 Tony Delk 1993 -- 96 1996 NCAA Champion , 1996 First Team All - America , 1996 SEC Player of the Year , 1996 NCAA Tournament M.O.P. 42 Bill Evans 1952 -- 55 32 Richie Farmer 1989 -- 92 One of the Unforgettables 12 Deron Feldhaus 1989 -- 92 One of the Unforgettables 21 Jack Givens 1975 -- 78 1978 NCAA Champion , 1978 Second Team All - America , 1978 SEC Player of the Year , 1978 NCAA Tournament M.O.P.", "34": "44 Phil Grawemeyer 1954 -- 56 15 Alex Groza 1945 -- 49 1948 NCAA Champion , 1949 NCAA Champion , One of the Fabulous Five 35 Kevin Grevey 1973 -- 75 1975 First Team All - America , 1973 and 1975 SEC Player of the Year 6 Cliff Hagan 1951 -- 54 1951 NCAA Champion , 1952 First Team All - America , 1954 First Team All - America 52 Vernon Hatton 1956 -- 58 1958 NCAA Champion -- Basil Hayden 1920 -- 22 44 Dan Issel 1968 -- 70 UK All - time leading scorer , 1970 First Team All - America 27 Wallace Jones 1946 -- 49 1948 NCAA Champion , 1949 NCAA Champion , One of the Fabulous Five Kyle Macy 1978 -- 80 1978 NCAA Champion , 1980 First Team All - America , 1980 SEC Player of the Year 44 Cotton Nash 1962 -- 64 1964 First Team All - America 24 Jamal Mashburn 1991 -- 93 1993 First Team All - America , 1993 SEC Player of the Year 34 John Pelphrey 1989 -- 92 One of the Unforgettables 30 Frank Ramsey 1951 -- 54 1951 NCAA Champion , 1954 Second Team All - America 26 Kenny Rollins 1943 -- 48 1948 NCAA Champion 42 Pat Riley 1965 -- 67 1966 First Team All - America , 1966 SEC Player of the Year 53 Rick Robey 1975 -- 78 1978 NCAA Champion , 1978 Second Team All - America Layton Rouse 1938 -- 40 -- Forest Sale 1931 -- 33 -- Carey Spicer 1929 -- 31 77 Bill Spivey 1950 -- 51 1951 NCAA Champion ,", "35": "1951 First Team All - America 20 Gayle Rose 1953 -- 55 16 Lou Tsioropoulos 1951 -- 54 1951 NCAA Champion 34 Kenny Walker 1983 -- 86 1986 First Team All - America , 1985 -- 86 SEC Player of the Year 11 Sean Woods 1990 -- 92 One of the Unforgettables Honored coaches ( edit ) Number Names Years Awards and Achievements -- Joe B. Hall 1972 -- 85 1978 NCAA Championship head coach , 4x SEC Coach of the Year -- Rick Pitino 1989 -- 97 1996 NCAA Championship head coach , 3x SEC Coach of the Year , Naismith Hall of Fame Class of 2013 -- Adolph Rupp 1930 -- 72 4x NCAA Championship head coach ( 1948 - 1949 , 1951 , 1958 ) , 7x SEC Coach of the Year , Naismith Hall of Fame Class of 1969 Honored contributors ( edit ) Number Name Years Notes -- Bill Keightley 1962 -- 2008 Mr. Wildcat , Equipment Manager -- Cawood Ledford 1953 -- 92 Voice of the Wildcats All - Time Statistical leaders ( edit ) Points Name Years Points Dan Issel 1967 -- 1970 2,138 Kenny Walker 1982 -- 1986 2,080 Jack Givens 1975 -- 1978 2,038 Keith Bogans 1999 -- 2003 1,923 Tony Delk 1992 -- 1996 1,890 Jamal Mashburn 1990 -- 1993 1,843 Kevin Grevey 1972 -- 1975 1,801 Tayshaun Prince 1998 -- 2002 1,775 Cotton Nash 1961 -- 1964 1,770 Alex Groza 1945 -- 1949 1,", "36": "744 Rebounds Name Years Rebounds Dan Issel 1967 -- 1970 1,078 Frank Ramsey 1950 -- 1954 1,038 Cliff Hagan 1950 -- 1954 1,035 Johnny Cox 1956 -- 1959 1,004 Cotton Nash 1961 -- 1964 962 Kenny Walker 1982 -- 1986 942 Chuck Hayes 2001 -- 2005 910 Sam Bowie 1979 -- 1984 843 Rick Robey 1974 -- 1978 838 Bob Burrow 1954 -- 1956 823 Assists Name Years Assists Dirk Minniefield 1979 -- 1983 646 Anthony Epps 1993 -- 1997 544 Roger Harden 1982 -- 1986 498 Wayne Turner 1995 -- 1999 494 Sean Woods 1988 -- 1992 482 Kyle Macy 1976 -- 1980 470 Cliff Hawkins 2000 -- 2004 468 Ed Davender 1984 -- 1988 436 Travis Ford 1990 -- 1994 428 Tyler Ulis 2014 -- 2016 381 Steals Name Years Steals Wayne Turner 1995 -- 1999 238 Tony Delk 1992 -- 1996 201 Cliff Hawkins 2000 -- 2004 199 Ed Davender 1984 --", "37": "1988 191 Jared Prickett 1992 -- 1997 187 Anthony Epps 1993 -- 1997 184 John Pelphrey 1988 -- 1992 173 Chuck Hayes 2001 -- 2005 169 Rodrick Rhodes 1992 -- 1995 163 Rajon Rondo 2004 -- 2006 156 Dirk Minniefield 1979 -- 1983 156 Blocked Shots Name Years Blocks Jamaal Magloire 1996 -- 2000 268 Willie Cauley - Stein 2012 -- 2015 233 Melvin Turpin 1980 -- 1984 226 Sam Bowie 1979 -- 1984 218 Andre Riddick 1991 -- 1995 212 Anthony Davis 2011 -- 2012 186 Perry Stevenson 2006 -- 2010 160 Souleymane Camara 1998 -- 2003 155 Patrick Patterson 2007 -- 2010 152 Tayshaun Prince 1998 -- 2002 142 Games Played Name Years Games Darius Miller 2008 -- 2012 152 Wayne Turner 1995 -- 1999 151 Jamaal Magloire 1996 -- 2000 145 Jared Prickett 1992 -- 1997 143 Saul Smith 1997 -- 2001 143 Anthony Epps", "38": "1993 -- 1997 141 Ralph Beard 1945 -- 1949 139 Jeff Sheppard 1993 -- 1998 139 Souleymane Camara 1998 -- 2003 136 Keith Bogans 1999 -- 2003 135 Jim Line 1946 -- 1950 135 Tayshaun Prince 1998 -- 2002 135 Awards ( edit ) Main article : Honored Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball players National Coach of the Year Adolph Rupp -- 1950 Adolph Rupp -- 1954 Adolph Rupp -- 1959 Adolph Rupp -- 1966 Adolph Rupp -- 1970 Joe B. Hall -- 1978 Eddie Sutton -- 1986 Rick Pitino -- 1990 Rick Pitino -- 1991 Tubby Smith -- 1998 Tubby Smith -- 2003 Tubby Smith -- 2005 John Calipari -- 2010 John Calipari -- 2015 SEC Coach of the Year Adolph Rupp -- 1964 Adolph Rupp -- 1966 Adolph Rupp -- 1968 Adolph Rupp -- 1969 Adolph Rupp -- 1970 Adolph Rupp -- 1971 Adolph Rupp -- 1972 Joe B. Hall -- 1973 Joe B. Hall -- 1975 Joe B. Hall -- 1978 Joe B. Hall -- 1983 Eddie Sutton -- 1986 Rick Pitino -- 1990 Rick Pitino -- 1991 Rick Pitino -- 1996 Tubby Smith -- 1998 Tubby Smith -- 2003 Tubby Smith -- 2005 Billy Gillispie -- 2008 John Calipari − 2010 John Calipari -- 2012 John Calipari --", "39": "2015 National Player of the Year Forest Sale -- 1933 Leroy Edwards -- 1935 Jack Givens -- 1978 John Wall -- 2010 Anthony Davis -- 2012 SEC Player of the Year Pat Riley -- 1966 Tom Parker -- 1972 Kevin Grevey -- 1973 Kevin Grevey -- 1975 Kyle Macy -- 1980 Kenny Walker -- 1985 Kenny Walker -- 1986 Jamal Mashburn -- 1993 Tony Delk -- 1996 Ron Mercer -- 1997 Tayshaun Prince -- 2001 Keith Bogans -- 2003 John Wall -- 2010 Anthony Davis -- 2012 Tyler Ulis -- 2016 Malik Monk -- 2017 National Freshman of the Year John Wall -- 2010 Anthony Davis -- 2012 SEC Rookie of the Year Patrick Patterson -- 2008 DeMarcus Cousins -- 2010 Terrence Jones -- 2011 Anthony Davis -- 2012 Nerlens Noel -- 2013 Julius Randle -- 2014 Karl - Anthony Towns -- 2015 Malik Monk -- 2017 Kevin Knox - 2018 NCAA Tournament MOP 's Alex Groza -- 1948 Alex Groza -- 1949 Jack Givens -- 1978 Tony Delk -- 1996 Jeff Sheppard -- 1998 Anthony Davis -- 2012 SEC Tournament MVP 's Kyle Macy -- 1979 Dirk Minniefield -- 1982 Rex Chapman -- 1988 Jamal Mashburn -- 1992 Travis Ford -- 1993 Travis Ford -- 1994 Antoine Walker -- 1995 Ron Mercer -- 1997 Wayne Turner -- 1998", "40": "Scott Padgett -- 1999 Tayshaun Prince -- 2001 Keith Bogans -- 2003 Gerald Fitch -- 2004 John Wall -- 2010 Darius Miller -- 2011 Willie Cauley - Stein -- 2015 Tyler Ulis -- 2016 De'Aaron Fox -- 2017 Shai Gilgeous - Alexander - 2018 Naismith Hall of Fame members ( edit ) The following Kentucky players , coaches , and contributors have been enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Year Inducted Name Position Years at Kentucky 1969 Adolph Rupp Head Coach 1930 -- 1972 1978 Cliff Hagan Player , Administrator 1950 -- 1954 ; 1975 -- 1989 1982 Frank Ramsey Player 1950 -- 1953 1993 Dan Issel Player 1967 -- 1970 Cawood Ledford Broadcaster 1953 -- 1992 2000 C.M.", "41": "Newton Player , Administrator 1949 -- 1951 ; 1989 -- 2000 2008 Pat Riley Player 1964 -- 1967 Adrian Smith Player 1956 -- 1958 2013 Rick Pitino Head Coach 1989 -- 1997 2015 John Calipari Head Coach 2009 -- present 2015 Louie Dampier Player 1964 -- 1967 Olympians ( edit ) The following Kentucky players and coaches have represented their country in basketball in the Summer Olympic Games : Year Player / Coach Country Location Medal 1948 Cliff Barker United States ( USA ) London Gold 1948 Ralph Beard United States ( USA ) London Gold 1948 Alex Groza United States ( USA ) London Gold 1948 Wah Wah Jones United States ( USA ) London Gold 1948 Ken Rollins United States ( USA ) London Gold 1948 Adolph Rupp ( asst . coach ) United States ( USA ) London Gold 1956 Billy Evans United States ( USA ) Melbourne Gold 1960 Adrian Smith United States ( USA ) Rome Gold 2000 Tubby Smith ( asst . coach ) United States ( USA ) Sydney Gold 2008 Tayshaun Prince United States ( USA ) Beijing Gold 2012 Anthony Davis United States ( USA ) London Gold 2016 DeMarcus Cousins United States ( USA ) Rio de Janeiro Gold Wildcats in the NBA ( edit ) Main article : List of Kentucky Wildcats in the NBA Draft Wildcats in the NBA NBA Draft Selections Total selected : 110 Lottery Picks in Draft : 17 1st round : 47 No. 1 Picks : 3 Position Name Height Weight ( lbs . ) Hometown Draft Year Pick All - Star Selections NBA Championships NBA Team Ulis , Tyler Tyler Ulis 5'10 '' 160 Southfield ,", "42": "Michigan 2016 34th 0 0 Phoenix Bledsoe , Eric Eric Bledsoe 6'1 '' 190 Birmingham , Alabama 18th 0 0 Milwaukee Booker , Devin Devin Booker 6'6 '' 206 Moss Point , Mississippi 2015 13th 0 0 Phoenix Cauley - Stein , Willie Willie Cauley - Stein 7'1 '' 242 Olathe , Kansas 2015 6th 0 0 Sacramento Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins 6'11 '' 270 Mobile , Alabama 5th 4 ( 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) 0 New Orleans Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis 6'11 '' 225 Chicago , Illinois 2012 1st 5 ( 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) 0 New Orleans Goodwin , Archie Archie Goodwin 6'5 '' 200 Sylvania , Arkansas 2013 29th 0 0 Brooklyn Harrison , Aaron Aaron Harrison 6'6 '' 212 Richmond , Texas 2015 UD 0 0 Charlotte F-C Hayes , Chuck Chuck Hayes 6'6 '' 238 Modesto , California 2005 UD 0 0 FA Jones , Terrence Terrence Jones 6'9 '' 252 Portland , Oregon 2012 18th 0 0 New Orleans Kanter , Enes Enes Kanter * 6'11 '' 255 Istanbul , Turkey 2011 3rd 0 0 New York Kidd - Gilchrist , Michael Michael Kidd - Gilchrist 6'7 '' 230 Somerdale , New Jersey 2012 2nd 0 0 Charlotte Knight , Brandon Brandon Knight 6'3 '' 189 Fort Lauderdale ,", "43": "Florida 2011 8th 0 0 Phoenix Lyles , Trey Trey Lyles 6'10 '' 242 Indianapolis , Indiana 2015 12th 0 0 Utah Meeks , Jodie Jodie Meeks 6'4 '' 208 Norcross , Georgia 2009 41st 0 0 Orlando Mohammed , Nazr Nazr Mohammed 6'10 '' 238 Chicago , Illinois 1998 29th 0 1 ( 2005 San Antonio ) FA Murray , Jamal Jamal Murray 6'4 '' 207 Kitchener , Ontario 2016 7th 0 0 Denver Noel , Nerlens Nerlens Noel 6'11 '' 205 Everett , Massachusetts 2013 6th 0 0 Dallas Patterson , Patrick Patrick Patterson 6'9 '' 235 Huntington , West Virginia 14th 0 0 Oklahoma City Prince , Tayshaun Tayshaun Prince 6'9 '' 215 Compton , California 2002 23rd 0 1 ( 2004 Detroit ) FA Randle , Julius Julius Randle 6'9 '' 240 Dallas , Texas 2014 7th 0 0 Los Angeles Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo 6'1 '' 176 Louisville , Kentucky 2006 21st 4 ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 ) 1 ( 2008 Boston ) New Orleans Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns 6'11 '' 250 Metuchen , New Jersey 2015 1st 1 ( 2018 ) 0 Minnesota Wall , John John Wall 6'4 '' 195 Raleigh , North Carolina 1st 5 ( 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) 0 Washington Young ,", "44": "James James Young 6'6 '' 215 Troy , Michigan 2014 17th 0 0 Boston Though he never played a game at Kentucky , Enes Kanter did attend the University for one full academic year . He also was a part of the men 's basketball team as a student assistant after the NCAA announced he was ineligible . Memorable teams ( edit ) The Wonder Team : Despite coming off a losing season Coach Buchheit and Kentucky 's first All - American Basil Hayden would help a complete turn around in the 1920 -- 21 season . Kentucky finished the season 13 -- 1 and tasted their first post season success by winning the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association conference title . The Mauermen : Coach John Mauer took over the program prior to the 1927 -- 28 season , building a team that would go by the Mauermen . These Mauermen became well known for being well rounded and team oriented as well as having sound fundamentals . By the time John Mauer left after the 1930 -- 31 season , he had compiled a 40 -- 14 record at Kentucky (. 740 ) . However , Kentucky could not break through in the postseason during Mauer 's tenure , and thus , did not win any Southern Conference titles from 1928 -- 30 . The Fabulous Five : The 1947 -- 48 team not only won the NCAA title , but provided the core of the United States 1948 Olympic team that won the gold medal in the London Games . A year later in the 1948 -- 49 season , this nearly the same team would win back - to - back NCAA Championships , making Kentucky only the second team to repeat as NCAA Champions after Oklahoma A&M . The 1951 Team : The 1950 -- 51 team , under the guidance of players such as Cliff Hagan and Bill Spivey , Kentucky would gain a record of 32 -- 2 , and 14 -- 0 in the SEC . They would then go on to win Kentucky its 3rd title in only four years . The Undefeated Team : The 1953 -- 54 team , which went 25 -- 0 in the regular season and defeated LSU in a playoff to earn the Southeastern Conference bid to the NCAA tournament .", "45": "However , several of the team 's players had technically graduated during the 1952 -- 53 season and were prohibited from tournament play the following year . Despite the wishes of the players , Rupp refused to allow the team to play in the tournament , thus leading to the team 's reputation as one of the best teams ever to fail to win an NCAA title . The Fiddlin ' Five : The 1957 -- 58 team was given its nickname by Rupp due to his perception that they tended to `` fiddle '' early in games . However , they would right their ship in time to give Rupp his 4th and last national title . Rupp 's Runts : The 1965 -- 66 team , with no starter taller than 6'5 `` , was arguably the most beloved in UK history . Despite its lack of size , it used devastating defensive pressure and a fast - paced offense to take a 27 -- 1 record and top national ranking into the NCAA final against Texas Western . However , the Miners would deny Rupp another title . For more details on the game , see the articles for Rupp and the Miners ' coach , Don Haskins . Future NBA coach and Hall - of Famer Pat Riley was a starter on this team . So was ABA and NBA star Louie Dampier . Both players were named All - Americans in 1966 . Sportscaster Larry Conley was also a starter , along with Tom Kron and Thad Jaracz . All five starters were All - SEC selections in 1966 . The Season Without Celebration : Going into the 1977 -- 78 season , the Wildcats faced perhaps the most suffocating expectations of any UK team . As freshmen , that year 's senior class lost in the 1975 final to UCLA in John Wooden 's final game as the Bruins ' head coach . The seniors had an outstanding supporting cast , and most Kentucky fans would have accepted nothing less than a national title . Despite its successful run to the title , the team was widely criticized , especially by its own fans , for being too serious and focused , giving rise to the `` season without celebration '' moniker .", "46": "Much of the criticism was directed at Head Coach Joe B. Hall , who felt under tremendous pressure from fans and boosters to win Kentucky 's 5th championship , and did n't let up in his quest . The Unforgettables : The 1991 -- 92 team made up of mostly local players who had stayed behind after a scandal two years before is credited with reestablishing UK basketball in the 1990s . Despite a lack of a height they scrapped their way to a 29 -- 7 record and SEC regular season and tournament championships . They played arguably the greatest college game ever played against Duke in the East Regional Final 1991 -- 92 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team Mardi Gras Miracle : Although the 1993 -- 94 season would be quite a disappointment in terms of the NCAA Tournament ( only non-probation year Pitino failed to take the Cats to at least the Elite Eight ) , this season is best known for the Wildcats ' 31 - point comeback at LSU . Down 68 -- 37 with less than sixteen minutes left in the game , Kentucky outscored LSU 62 -- 27 to win 99 -- 95 in one of the greatest comebacks in NCAA basketball history . The Untouchables : The 1995 -- 96 team was arguably the most talented team in Kentucky basketball history , and quite possibly in NCAA history , with nine players who would eventually play in the NBA : Derek Anderson Tony Delk Walter McCarty Ron Mercer Nazr Mohammed Mark Pope Jeff Sheppard Wayne Turner Antoine Walker This team became the first SEC team in 40 years to go through SEC regular season undefeated . Kentucky would repeat this feat in the 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 , and 2014 -- 2015 seasons . After losing in the SEC Tournament final against Mississippi State , Kentucky would make a dominating run to the Final Four . They avenged an early - season loss to UMass in the NCAA National Semifinals , and then defeated Syracuse in the NCAA Championship game to win their 6th championship . Many of the players on this great Kentucky team returned the following season . The Unbelievables : The 1996 -- 97 team just missed repeating as NCAA Champions when they lost to Arizona in overtime in the NCAA Championship game .", "47": "The nickname comes from the fact that early on in the season , very few UK fans ( or the media ) gave Kentucky much of a chance of repeating on the feats of the previous 1995 -- 96 season . This nickname also gained in importance as the team only had 8 available players for the 1997 NCAA Tournament , which was largely due to injury , NBA draft picks , and transfers . The Comeback Cats : The 1997 -- 98 NCAA National Champions . This was new head coach Tubby Smith 's first year at Kentucky , and the team truly earned this nickname in their last three games . In the South Regional Final against Duke , they gained some measure of payback for Kentucky 's heartbreaking 1992 defeat to Duke , with UK coming back from a 17 - point deficit with 9 : 38 remaining . In the National Semifinal , they came back from a double - digit halftime deficit again , this time against Stanford . In the NCAA Finals against Utah , they became the first team to come back from a double - digit halftime deficit in a NCAA Finals Game . 1997 -- 98 would be Kentucky 's 7th championship . The Draft Cats : The 2009 -- 10 team just missed the Final Four when they lost to West Virginia in the Elite Eight . The name comes from the 2010 NBA draft when they set a record with five players being drafted from the same school in the first round . These players were : John Wall ( 1st selection ) DeMarcus Cousins ( 5th ) Patrick Patterson ( 14th ) Eric Bledsoe ( 18th ) Daniel Orton ( 29th ) . The 8th Wonders The 2011 -- 12 NCAA National Champions , coached by head coach John Calipari , in his third year at Kentucky , earned this nickname due to their remarkable teamwork and overall quest for a NCAA Championship , and for being a team that started three freshman and two sophomores . For much of the season the team was ranked No. 1 in both the major polls , and also went undefeated in SEC regular season conference play ( 16 -- 0 ) . Kentucky stormed to the program 's 8th NCAA Tournament Championship , winning their 6 NCAA Tournament games by an average of 10 points and never trailing in the second half .", "48": "The team set an NCAA record with 38 wins in a season , and finished with a final ranking of No. 1 in both major polls . The team won Kentucky its 8th national championship with three one - and - done freshmen , and two sophomores that also declared for the NBA draft after the season . The team also set two new records for the NBA draft : the first time two players from the same school ever went as the first and second draft picks ( No. 1 was Anthony Davis and No. 2 was Michael Kidd - Gilchrist ) , and the most players taken in a single two - round draft ( six players ) : Anthony Davis Michael Kidd - Gilchrist Terrence Jones Marquis Teague Doron Lamb Darius Miller The Tweakables : This was the memorable 2013 -- 14 team . After losing three of their last four regular season games the Wildcats were given little chance to accomplish much in the postseason . Prior to the SEC tournament , John Calipari announced that he had implemented a `` tweak '' to the team , which was later revealed to be encouraging Andrew Harrison to pass more . They defied their odds beating Louisiana State and Georgia to get to the finals for a rematch with the still top ranked Florida . Again defying odds they came one possession short of beating Florida . Despite this , Kentucky would receive a 8 seed in the Midwest , which included top seed and undefeated Wichita State , fourth seeded arch - rival and defending champion Louisville , second seeded Michigan , and third seeded Duke . Kentucky started their run by defeating Kansas State 56 -- 49 , setting them up with the Wichita State Shockers . In a shocking fashion Kentucky would defeat Wichita State by two points when Wichita missed its last shot ( the second time in school history UK knocked off an undefeated team in the NCAA Tournament ; 1975 against Indiana was the other ) . Kentucky would then go on to beat instate rivals Louisville Cardinals in the Sweet Sixteen after Aaron Harrison hits a late three to put the Wildcats up 70 -- 68 and hitting their last free throws to beat the defending champs . The next two games versus Michigan and Wisconsin would end in similar fashion with Aaron Harrison hitting late game threes to put the Wildcats in the Championship Game for the second time in three years .", "49": "Marcus Lee would also have his break out game versus Michigan with four straight put - back dunks ( and a total of ten points ) and a block . Despite their run , they could not finish off Connecticut to win the title . This made them only the fifth 8 seed to make the Championship game . They are also one of the few teams that beat three out of the previous year 's Final Four teams to get there ( Wichita State , Louisville and Michigan ) . Three point streak ( edit ) The Wildcats had their streak of 1,047 consecutive non-exhibition games with at least one made three - point field goal end on March 15 , 2018 in a 78 -- 73 win over Davidson in the first round of the 2018 NCAA Tournament. , . Three other schools ( Vanderbilt , UNLV and Princeton ) have longer such streaks , having made at least one three - point field goal in every non-exhibition game since the three - point field goal first came to the college game . Facilities ( edit ) Rupp Arena Rupp Arena ( 1976 -- present ) ( edit ) The Kentucky Wildcats presently play their home games in 23,500 + - seat Rupp Arena , the largest arena in the United States built specifically for basketball . It was opened in 1976 and is named after legendary Kentucky head coach Adolph Rupp . Located off - campus , in downtown Lexington , the facility 's official capacity is 23,500 + . The Wildcats have consistently led the country in home attendance since the 1976 -- 77 season ( when Rupp Arena first opened ) , winning the National Attendance Title a record 25 times , including 17 of the past 20 seasons , and 8 of the last 10 seasons . Kentucky also has an impressive 529 -- 64 (. 892 ) all - time record in Rupp Arena . Joe Craft center ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2007 , the university unveiled the Joe Craft Center , a state - of - the - art basketball practice facility and athletics office building attached to the north side of Memorial Coliseum on the `` Avenue of Champions '' at the University of Kentucky campus in Lexington , Kentucky .", "50": "The 102,000 ft2 structure contains separate practice courts for the men 's and women 's basketball programs , separate men 's and women 's locker rooms , state - of - the - art video rooms for game film viewing , new coaches offices , a ticket office , and athletic administration offices . As a result , Memorial Coliseum has more ample space for volleyball and gymnastics practice and games. The facility is named after Joe Craft , a Hazard , Kentucky native , who pledged $6 million towards the completion of the $30 million project . Memorial Coliseum ( 1950 -- 76 ) ( edit ) Coming off back - to - back national championships , the team moved to Memorial Coliseum in 1950 . Nicknamed `` The House That Rupp Built '' , the multipurpose facility cost $4 million and seated 12,000 people . It also housed a swimming pool , physical education equipment , and offices for the athletics staff . The team occupied Memorial Coliseum for twenty - six seasons , and sold out all 345 home games they played there during that period . Kentucky also played a 2009 NIT game at Memorial Coliseum due to Rupp Arena being booked . The Wildcats are 307 -- 38 (. 890 ) all - time at Memorial Coliseum . Alumni Gymnasium ( 1924 -- 50 ) ( edit ) In 1924 , Alumni Gymnasium was completed . It included seating for 2,800 people and cost $92,000 to construct . Kentucky played 271 games at Alumni Gymnasium from 1924 to 1950 , going 247 -- 24 (. 911 ) . Woodland Park Auditorium ( 1914 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Woodland Park Auditorium , opened in 1906 and closed in 1941 , was located on the corner of East High Street and Kentucky Avenue in Lexington , Kentucky . Kentucky used this facility for home games during World War I between 1914 and 1916 going 15 -- 7 there all - time . A 1909 picture of Buell Armory Gymnasium ( right side ) and Alumni Hall ( main building ) on the campus of the University of Kentucky .", "51": "Buell Armory Gymnasium ( 1910 -- 24 ) ( edit ) The Wildcats played 84 home games at Buell Armory Gymnasium from 1910 to 1924 . It was named for Union Civil War General Don Carlos Buell who was a member of the first board of trustees at Kentucky . The armory was also used during World War I to teach truck maintenance and repair among other skills . Kentucky was 59 -- 25 all - time at Buell Armory Gymnasium . State College Gymnasium `` The Gymnasium '' first home basketball court used by the Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team in 1902 . State College Gymnasium ( 1902 -- 14 ) ( edit ) The first home court for the Wildcats was simply called `` The Gymnasium '' or State College Gymnasium until 1910 . It was located in the north wing of Barker Hall on the university campus . Constructed in 1902 , it also housed the university 's physical education classes until 1909 . The facility had a capacity of 650 people , and with no bleachers or seats , fans had to stand to watch the games that were played there . By the 1920s , it had become clear that `` The Gymnasium '' ( by then renamed `` The Ladies ' Gym '' ) was inadequate to house the university 's basketball team . Records show Kentucky was 17 -- 14 at State College Gymnasium . Cumulative all - time statistics ( edit ) All Time Wins : 2237 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) All Time Winning Percentage : . 765 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) NCAA Championships : 8 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) NCAA Championship Game Appearances : 12 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) NCAA Final Four Appearances : 17 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) NCAA Final Four Games Played : 28 ( NCAA rank No. 3 ) NCAA Final Four Wins : 20 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) NCAA Final Four Winning Percentage : . 715 ( NCAA rank No. 8 ) NCAA Elite - 8 Appearances : 36 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) NCAA Sweet - 16 Appearances : 41 ( NCAA rank No.", "52": "1 ) NCAA Tournament Appearances : 54 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) NCAA Tournament Games Played : 168 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) NCAA Tournament Wins : 120 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) NCAA Tournament Winning Percentage : . 719 ( NCAA rank No. 4 ) Total Postseason Tournament Appearances ( NCAA and NIT ) : 63 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) NBA Draft Picks : 110 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) All - Americans : 57 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) All - American Total Selections : 87 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) First Team Consensus All - Americans : 20 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) First Team Consensus All - American Total Selections : 25 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) AP Poll Top - 20 / 25 Weeks Ranked All Time : 825 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) AP Poll Top - 10 Weeks Ranked All Time : 653 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) AP Poll Top - 5 Weeks Ranked All Time : 441 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) AP Poll No. 1 Weeks Ranked All Time : 120 ( NCAA rank No. 3 ) Final AP Poll Top - 25 Finishes : 49 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Final AP Poll Top - 20 Finishes : 49 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Final AP Poll Top - 15 Finishes : 44 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Final AP Poll Top - 10 Finishes : 40 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Final AP Poll Top - 5 Finishes : 29 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Final AP Poll No. 1 Finishes : 10 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) All Time Winning Percentage Against AP - Ranked Opponents : . 615 ( NCAA Rank No. 1 ) Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 25 Finishes : 47 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 20 Finishes : 46 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 15 Finishes : 43 ( NCAA rank No.", "53": "1 ) Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 10 Finishes : 39 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 5 Finishes : 30 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll No. 1 Finishes : 8 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total 20 - Win Seasons : 59 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total 25 - Win Seasons : 33 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Total 30 - Win Seasons : 14 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total 35 - Win Seasons : 6 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Average Victories Per Season Played : 19.4464285714 ( NCAA rank No. 3 ) Average Losses Per Season Played : 6.0 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Winning Seasons : 95 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Total Non-Losing Seasons (. 500 or better ) : 98 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Total Undefeated Seasons : 2 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Total Head Coaches With a NCAA Championship : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Championships : 1 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Championships in the Same Decade : 1 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Head Coaches With a NCAA Championship Game Appearance : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Championship Game Appearances : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Championship Game Appearances in the Same Decade : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Head Coaches With a NCAA Final Four Appearance : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Final Four Appearances : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Final Four Appearances in the Same Decade : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Head Coaches With Both NCAA and NIT Championships : 2 ( NCAA rank No.", "54": "1 ) Total Decades With a NCAA Championship : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Decades With Multiple NCAA Championships : 3 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Decades With a NCAA Championship Game Appearance : 6 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Total Decades With Multiple NCAA Championship Game Appearances : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Decades With a NCAA Final Four Appearance : 7 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Decades With Multiple NCAA Final Four Appearances : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Decades No. 1 in Total Wins ( since 1930 ) : 1 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Total Decades Top - 5 in Total Wins ( since 1930 ) : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Decades Top - 10 in Total Wins ( since 1930 ) : 7 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Decades No. 1 in Winning Percentage ( since 1930 ) : 2 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Decades Top - 5 in Winning Percentage ( since 1930 ) : 6 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Total Decades Top - 10 in Winning Percentage ( since 1930 ) : 7 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) Conference Regular Season Championships : 48 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) Conference Tournament Championships : 29 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) National Attendance Titles : 25 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) ( Of the 71 major categories listed above , Kentucky is No. 1 in 50 of them , No. 2 in 16 of them , No . No. 3 in 3 of them , No. 4 in 1 of them , and No. 8 in 1 of them . )", "55": "Kentucky can also lay claim to several individual achievements for both players and coaches : 13 players winning NBA Championships a total of 20 times 12 players named NBA All - Star a total of 23 times 12 Olympic Gold Medal winners 10 Naismith Hall - of - Fame members 5 players named National Player - of - the - Year 2 players named National Freshman - of - the - Year 6 head coaches named National Coach - of - the Year a total of 14 times 7 head coaches named SEC Coach - of - the - Year a total of 22 times 138 players named All - Conference a total of 231 times 82 players named to the All - Conference Tournament Team a total of 118 times 12 players named Conference Player - of - the - Year a total of 14 times 7 players named Conference Freshman - of - the - Year 31 players named to the All - Conference Freshman Team 15 players named Conference Tournament MVP a total of 16 times 18 players named All - NCAA Final Four a total of 21 times 51 players named All - NCAA Regional a total of 65 times 5 players named NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player a total of 6 times 12 players named NCAA Regional Most Outstanding Player a total of 13 times 74 players who played in the NBA at least one season 60 1000 - point scorers 52 players named McDonald 's All - American 6 times being ranked No. 1 in the season opening AP Poll 6 times being ranked No. 1 in the season opening UPI / Coaches ' Poll 12 times a No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament 4 times being the NCAA official No.", "56": "1 overall seed in the NCAA Tournament Kentucky also holds several other NCAA records and various additional accomplishments : Kentucky has 2 NIT Championships ( 1946 , 1976 ) , 7 Helms Titles ( 1933 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1954 , 1958 , 1978 ) , 2 undefeated seasons ( 1912 , 1954 ) , 5 Sugar Bowl Tournament Championships ( 1937 , 1939 , 1949 , 1956 , 1963 ) , a league best all time SEC regular season record of 943 -- 261 (. 783 ) , a league best 46 SEC Regular Season Championships , a league best all time SEC Tournament record of 124 -- 25 (. 832 ) , and a league best 28 SEC Tournament Championships . Kentucky also holds the SEC 's all time consecutive win streak among all past or present SEC schools at 38 straight victories , and is one of only 2 SEC schools to ever finish at 21 -- 0 for the entire SEC season ( 18 -- 0 record in the SEC Regular Season , plus a 3 -- 0 record in the SEC Tournament ) . Kentucky holds the NCAA records for Consecutive Non-Losing Seasons ( 60 ) , Consecutive Home Court Victories ( 129 ) , for Total Victories in a Season ( 38 ) , and for the best start for any season in NCAA Men 's Basketball history at 38 -- 0 . Kentucky plays in the nation 's largest basketball arena ( Rupp Arena , capacity : 23,500 ) , and has both the nation 's largest radio and television affiliate networks . Kentucky has made a 3 - point basket in 1013 consecutive games ( leads the nation ) , and have won 17 of the last 20 National Attendance Titles , including 8 of the last 10 , and 25 overall .", "57": "Kentucky is the only school to have multiple NCAA ( 8 ) and NIT ( 2 ) Championships , the only school to have 5 different NCAA Championship head coaches , the only school to have 4 coaches with multiple NCAA Championship Game appearances , the only school to have 4 coaches with multiple NCAA Championship Game appearances in the same decade , the only school to have 4 coaches with 3 NCAA Final Four appearances , the only school to win NCAA Championships in 5 different decades , the only school to win multiple NCAA Championships in 3 different decades , the only school to have NCAA Championship Game appearances in 5 different decades , the only school to have multiple NCAA Championship Game appearances in 5 different decades , the only school to have multiple NCAA Final Four appearances in 5 different decades , the only school to have 2 different head coaches win both NCAA and NIT Championships , and the one of only 2 schools to have 2 different head coaches win a NCAA Championship in the same decade . Kentucky has played before the largest regulation basketball game crowd in history ( 79,444 ) , the largest Final Four game crowd in history ( 79,444 ) , the largest NCAA Championship Game crowd in history ( 79,238 ) , and the largest total Final Four game crowd ( both games ) in history ( 158,682 ) . Kentucky is the only school to have 5 players selected in the 1st - Round of the NBA Draft in the same year ( 2010 ) , the only school to have both the No. 1 and No. 2 picks of the NBA Draft in the same year ( 2012 ) , the only school to have 6 players drafted in the first 2 rounds of the NBA draft in the same year ( 2012 , 2015 ) , and the only school to sign 6 McDonald 's All - Americans in the same year ( 2013 ) . Kentucky was the first college program to reach both the 1000 - win and 2000 - win victory plateaus . Kentucky is the first team to be live - broadcast on the SEC Network . Kentucky is one of only three schools to have 9 McDonald 's All - Americans on a single roster . Kentucky is the first school to hold an on - campus NBA Combine .", "58": "See also ( edit ) NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament consecutive appearances Florida -- Kentucky men 's basketball rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Primary Color Palette ( PDF ) . University of Kentucky Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time UK Coaches '' . UK Athletics . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nelli , p. 14 Jump up ^ Stanly , Gregory Kent , `` Before Big Blue -- Sports at the University of Kentucky 1880 -- 1940 '' , ( The University Press of Kentucky , 1996 ) , p. 115 - 116 , ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1991 - X . Jump up ^ Nelli , p. 15 Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 17 -- 20 Jump up ^ Nelli , p. 21 Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Nelli , p. 23 Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ `` KU Basketball : 1922 -- 1923 '' . Rockchalk.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` University of Kentucky Official Athletics Site '' . Ukathletics.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sorry '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York : ESPN Books . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Jump up ^ Scott , Jon . `` Schedule for 1952 -- 53 . ''", "59": "Schedule for 1952 -- 53 . January 26 , 2011 . Web . October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` O'Connor Asks Leniency , Praises ' Co-Operation ' '' . Lexington Her'he incident in any way . ^ Jump up to : Breslin , Jimmy ( March 1953 ) . `` Kentucky Apologizes for Nothing ! '' . Sports Magazine . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK Suspended from SEC Basketball For One Year '' . The Lexington Herald . August 12 , 1952 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Byers , Walter ( 1995 ) . `` Unsportsmanlike Conduct : Exploiting College Athletics '' . University of Michigan Press . Jump up ^ ESPN ( 2009 ) . College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York : Random House Publishing Group . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Chronology of Enforement '' . NCAA . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` February 28 , 1966 AP Men 's Basketball Poll - College Poll Archive - Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings '' . College Poll Archive. 1966 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Adolph Rupp : Fact and Fiction '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott , Jon . `` Statistics for 1987 -- 88 '' . bigbluehistory.net : Kentucky Wildcats Basketball Page . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Jon . `` Kentucky Teams of the Past '' . bigbluehistory.net : Kentucky Wildcats Basketball Page . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Drum , Keith ( November 16 , 1988 ) . `` Commentary '' . United Press International .", "60": "Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( May 20 , 1989 ) . `` Kentucky 's Basketball Program And 2 Players Heavily Penalized '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ York , Michael . `` Kentucky Loves Its Basketball , but Not at Any Price '' The Washington Post , December 11 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Kent ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Dwane Casey Did n't Do It , the Cautionary Tale of a Post Gone Wrong '' . KentSterling.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Eric Manuel Bigbluehistory.net Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Curry . Dodging a Bullet Archived May 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sports Illustrated , May 29 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` The Good , Bad and Blue -- A Timeline of Milestones , Heartbreak , Scandal and Triumph in a Century of Basketball '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . December 22 , 2002 . p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Kelley . `` Final Four coaches savor first - time experience '' . South Coast Today . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davis , Ken . `` Tubby should keep job , despite spoiled fans '' . MSNBC . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Smith leaving Kentucky to coach Minnesota -- Men 's College Basketball '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 23 , 2007 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gillispie `` Honored '' To Be New UK Coach `` . WLEX - TV . Associated Press . April 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2010 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 .", "61": "Jump up ^ McMurray , Jeffrey ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` UK Names Billy Gillispie New Head Basketball Coach '' . WKYT - TV . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Freedom Hall , Louisville , Kentucky ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` Kentucky Wildcats vs. Louisville Cardinals -- Recap -- January 4 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats vs. Tennessee Volunteers -- Recap -- January 13 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA College Basketball Polls , College Basketball Rankings , NCAA Basketball Polls -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats vs. Arkansas Razorbacks -- Recap -- February 14 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Insight . Real Fans. Real Conversations '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Coyne ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` Harangody leads Notre Dame past Kentucky '' . The Journal Gazette . Fort Wayne , Indiana . Associated Press . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Gillispie out as coach of Kentucky Wildcats in second season -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike DeCourcy ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` With Wall , Kentucky could have all - time recruiting class -- NCAA Basketball '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Sports : Rivals.com 2009 Kentucky Commitments '' . Kentucky.rivals.com .", "62": "Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No. 3 Kentucky beats Drexel to reach 2,000 wins '' . SI.com . Lexington , Kentucky : Time Warner Company . December 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Noel to Enter NBA Draft '' . University of Kentucky . April 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kentucky 's Goodwin to enter NBA draft '' . Associated Press . June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Kyle ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Former Kentucky player Kyle Wiltjer transfers to Gonzaga '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Harrow to transfer to Ga . State '' . ESPN . May 31 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Colleen Kane ( March 31 , 2013 ) . `` Kentucky recruits dominate McDonald 's All - American game rosters '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky reloads : Calipari ushers in ' best ever ' freshman class '' . USA Today . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky is No. 1 in preseason USA TODAY Sports Coaches Poll '' . USA Today . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK Ranked No. 1 in Associated Press Preseason Top 25 '' . University of Kentucky . October 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Ron ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Kentucky , UConn have been ' disrespected ' throughout entire tournament '' .", "63": "The Times Picayune . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Kyle ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Kentucky 's James Young declares for NBA draft '' . Courier - Journal . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` James Young declares for draft '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Jeff ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Only one NBA team has as many McDonald 's All - Americans as Kentucky will next year '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Basketball to Take ' Big Blue Bahamas ' Tour '' . UKathletics.com . CBS Interactive . June 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tipton , Jerry ( August 16 , 2014 ) . `` Big Blue Bahamas '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Defense Dominant in Defeat of No. 5 Kansas '' . UKathletics.com . CBS Interactive . June 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Dominant as Kentucky Beats UCLA , Moves to 12 -- 0 '' . UKathletics.com . CBS Interactive . June 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky off to best start in school history after win over Tennessee '' . Sports Illustrated . April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walking the walk : Cats cruise past West Virginia , into Elite Eight '' . UKathletics.com . CBS Interactive . June 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2015 .", "64": "Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Kyle ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` How should the 38 -- 1 Wildcats be remembered ? '' . Courier - Journal . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 2011 -- 12 University of Kentucky Men 's Basketball Media Guide Jump up ^ `` UK Creates Athletics Hall of Fame '' . UK Wildcats News . April 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/statistics/careerpoints.html Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/Statistics/careerrebounds.html Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/Statistics/careerassists.html Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/statistics/careersteals.html Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/Statistics/careerblockedshots.html Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/Statistics/careergamesplayed.html Jump up ^ Wallace , Tom ( October 15 , 2002 ) . `` UK in the NCAA '' . Kentucky Basketball Encyclopedia . Sports Publishing LLC . p. 353 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 569 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats -- 8th Wonders -- NCAA Champions 2011 -- 12 -- Wood Mounted Newspaper Print '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky champions leave no doubt of supremacy -- Philly.com '' . Articles.philly.com. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Tweakables by Inside Joke ( Full Audio ) '' . YouTube . 2014 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dauster , Rob ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) . `` John Calipari reveals what ' the tweak ' actually was CollegeBasketballTalk '' .", "65": "Collegebasketballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Tournament 2018 : Kentucky 's streak of 1,047 games with a 3 - pointer is over '' . ^ Jump up to : Nelli , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : `` Kentucky Wildcats Official Athletic Site -- Men 's Basketball '' . Ukathletics.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball Practice Facility '' . 2007 - 02 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Kernel Editorial : Practice facility will benefit all of UK 's athletic teams '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Memorial Coliseum Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nelli , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Alumni Gymnasium Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Woodland Auditorium Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buell , Don Carlos '' . Kyenc.org . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 . Gymnasium and Armory University of Kentucky Libraries '' . Libraries.uky.edu . January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Buell Armory Gymnasium Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's State College Gymnasium Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 .", "66": "^ Jump up to : 2013 -- 14 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records Book ^ Jump up to : 2013 -- 14 NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four Records Book ^ Jump up to : 2013 -- 14 University of Kentucky Men 's Basketball Fact Book ^ Jump up to : ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : `` Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings '' . College Poll Archive . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official website Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball Venues State College Gymnasium ( 1903 -- 1914 ) Buell Armory Gymnasium ( 1910 -- 1924 ) Alumni Gymnasium ( 1924 -- 1950 ) Memorial Coliseum ( 1950 -- 1976 ) Rupp Arena ( 1976 -- present ) Joe Craft Center ( practice ) Rivalries Centre College ( historical ) Florida Georgetown College ( historical ) Indiana Louisville North Carolina Tennessee Transylvania ( historical ) Culture & Lore Basketbowl Champions Classic Fabulous Five `` The Shot '' The Unforgettables History under Adolph Rupp The Rivalry : Red v. Blue 2011 game vs. Indiana People Head coaches Honored players Honorees NBA draftees Players Recruiting history Seasons 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23", "67": "1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85", "68": "1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Helms and Premo - Porretta national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics ; NCAA championships in bolded italics University of Kentucky Located in : Lexington , Kentucky Academics Colleges : Agriculture , Food , and Environment Arts and Sciences Business and Economics Communications & Information Dentistry Design Education Engineering Fine Arts Health Sciences Law Medicine Nursing Pharmacy Public Health Other : Digital Classicist Kentucky Geological Survey Martin School Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center Sanders -- Brown Center on Aging Athletics Southeastern Conference Baseball Basketball ( Men 's -- Women 's ) Basketbowl `` Big Blue Nation '' Cheerleading Squad Cliff Hagan Stadium Football ( Governor 's Cup ) Joe Craft Center Kentucky Fight Kentucky -- Louisville rivalry Kroger Field Memorial Coliseum On , On ,", "69": "U of K Soccer ( Men 's -- Women 's ) Softball Stoll Field / McLean Stadium UK Sports Network Soccer Complex University Club of Kentucky Wildcat Marching Band Campus Arboretum Art Museum Botanical Garden Buildings Maine Chance Farm Medical Center Residence Halls Singletary Center for the Arts People Alumni Athletic Directors Faculty Presidents Eli Capilouto ( President ) Student life Fraternities The Kentucky Kernel Sororities WRFL - FM WUKY - FM Miscellaneous Linux Athlon Testbed Solar Car Team Transportation Center Founded : 1865 Students : 30,720 Endowment : 1.143 billion Southeastern Conference men 's basketball Teams Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats LSU Tigers Mississippi State Bulldogs Missouri Tigers Ole Miss Rebels South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Texas A&M Aggies Vanderbilt Commodores Championships & awards List of champions SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament Player of the Year Rookie of the Year Big 12 / SEC Challenge SEC -- Big East Challenge Seasons 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "70": "php?title=Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball&oldid=836618916 '' Categories : Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball Basketball teams established in 1903 1903 establishments in Kentucky Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use mdy dates from February 2017 NPOV disputes from February 2014 All NPOV disputes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 21 : 46 . 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1967531558485427303	what was guantanamo bay before it was a prison	[ "Guantanamo Bay Naval Base" ]	{ "0": "Guantanamo Bay detention camp - Wikipedia Guantanamo Bay detention camp Jump to : navigation , search Detainees upon arrival at Camp X-Ray , January 2002 Camp X-Ray , 2002 Camp Delta The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base , also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO ( / ˈɡɪtmoʊ / ) , which is on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba . Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several detainees have alleged torture , the operations of this camp are considered to be a major breach of human rights by Amnesty International . The camp was established by President George W. Bush 's administration in 2002 during the War on Terror . His successor , President Barack Obama , promised that he would close it , but met strong bipartisan opposition , with Congress passing laws to prohibit detainees from Guantanamo being imprisoned in the U.S. During Obama 's administration , the number of inmates was reduced from about 245 to 41 ; most former detainees were freed and transferred to other countries . In January 2018 , President Donald Trump signed an executive order to keep the prison camp open indefinitely .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and history 2 Facilities 3 Detainees 3.1 High - value prisoners 4 Post-Bush statements 5 Conditions 5.1 Detainee complaints 5.2 Suicides and suicide attempts 5.3 Reported suicides of June 2006 5.4 Torture 6 Operating procedures 7 Government and military inquiries 8 Legal issues 8.1 President Bush 's military order 8.2 Rasul v. Bush ( 2004 ) 8.3 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld ( 2006 ) 8.4 Boumediene v. Bush ( 2008 ) 8.5 Other court rulings 8.6 Access to counsel 8.7 International law 8.8 Lease Agreement for Guantanamo 9 Guantanamo military commission 9.1 `` Camp Justice '' 10 Release of prisoners 10.1 Administrative Review Board 10.2 President Obama 11 Subsequent actions of some released detainees 12 Criticism and condemnation 13 President Obama 's attempt to close the camp 14 President Trump 's statements on the camp 15 Media representations 15.1 Film , television specials , and videos 15.2 Games 15.3 Literature 15.4 Music 15.5 Radio 15.6 Theater 16 Artistic responses 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading / viewing 19.1 Declassified documents 20 External links Creation and history ( edit ) At the time of its establishment in January 2002 , Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said the prison camp was established to detain extraordinarily dangerous people , to interrogate detainees in an optimal setting , and to prosecute detainees for war crimes . In practice , the site has long been used for indefinite detention without trial . The Department of Defense at first kept secret the identity of the individuals held in Guantanamo , but , after losing attempts to defy a Freedom of Information Act request from the Associated Press , the U.S. military officially acknowledged holding 779 prisoners in the camp .", "2": "The facility is operated by the Joint Task Force Guantanamo ( JTF - GTMO ) of the United States government in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base . Detention areas consisted of Camp Delta including Camp Echo , Camp Iguana , and Camp X-Ray , which is now closed . After Bush political appointees at the U.S. Office of Legal Counsel , Department of Justice advised the Bush administration that the Guantanamo Bay detention camp could be considered outside U.S. legal jurisdiction , military guards took the first twenty detainees to Camp X-Ray on 11 January 2002 . The Bush administration asserted that detainees were not entitled to any of the protections of the Geneva Conventions . Ensuing U.S. Supreme Court decisions since 2004 have determined otherwise and that the courts have jurisdiction : it ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld on 29 June 2006 , that detainees were entitled to the minimal protections listed under Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions . Following this , on 7 July 2006 , the Department of Defense issued an internal memo stating that detainees would , in the future , be entitled to protection under Common Article 3 . Current and former detainees have reported abuse and torture , which the Bush administration denied . In a 2005 Amnesty International report , the facility was called the `` Gulag of our times . '' In 2006 , the United Nations demanded unsuccessfully for the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be closed . In January 2009 , Susan J. Crawford , appointed by Bush to review DoD practices used at Guantanamo Bay and oversee the military trials , became the first Bush administration official to concede that torture occurred at Guantanamo Bay on one detainee . On 22 January 2009 , President Obama issued a request to suspend proceedings at Guantanamo military commission for 120 days and to shut down the detention facility that year . On 29 January 2009 , a military judge at Guantanamo rejected the White House request in the case of Abd al - Rahim al - Nashiri , creating an unexpected challenge for the administration as it reviewed how the United States brings Guantanamo detainees to trial . On 20 May 2009 , the United States Senate passed an amendment to the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2009 ( H.R. 2346 ) by a 90 -- 6 vote to block funds needed for the transfer or release of prisoners held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp .", "3": "President Obama issued a Presidential memorandum dated 15 December 2009 , ordering Thomson Correctional Center , Thomson , Illinois to be prepared to accept transferred Guantanamo prisoners . The Final Report of the Guantanamo Review Task Force , dated 22 January 2010 , published the results for the 240 detainees subject to the review : 36 were the subject of active cases or investigations ; 30 detainees from Yemen were designated for `` conditional detention '' due to the poor security environment in Yemen ; 126 detainees were approved for transfer ; 48 detainees were determined `` too dangerous to transfer but not feasible for prosecution '' . On 6 January 2011 , President Obama signed the 2011 Defense Authorization Bill , which , in part , placed restrictions on the transfer of Guantanamo prisoners to the mainland or to foreign countries , thus impeding the closure of the facility . In February 2011 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that Guantanamo Bay was unlikely to be closed , due to opposition in the Congress . Congress particularly opposed moving prisoners to facilities in the United States for detention or trial . In April 2011 , WikiLeaks began publishing 779 secret files relating to prisoners in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . On 4 November 2015 , President Barack Obama stated that he was preparing to unveil a plan to close the facility and move some of the terrorism suspects held there to U.S. soil . The plan would propose one or more prisons from a working list that includes facilities in Kansas , Colorado and South Carolina . Two others that were on the list , in California and Washington state , do not appear to have made the preliminary cut , according to a senior administration official familiar with the proposal . By 19 January 2017 , however , the detention center remained open , with 41 detainees remaining . Facilities ( edit ) A Camp Delta recreation and exercise area in Guantánamo Bay , Cuba . The detention block is shown with sunshades drawn on 3 December 2002 Camp Delta is a 612 - unit detention center finished in April 2002 . It includes detention camps 1 through 6 , as well as Camp Echo , where pre-commissions are held . Camp X-Ray was a temporary detention facility , which was closed in April 2002 . Its prisoners were transferred to Camp Delta .", "4": "In 2008 , the Associated Press reported Camp 7 , a separate facility on the naval base that is considered the highest security jail on the base , and its location is classified . It is used to house high - security detainees formerly held by the CIA . In January 2010 , Scott Horton published an article in Harper 's Magazine describing `` Camp No '' , a black site about a mile outside the main camp perimeter , which included an interrogation center . His description was based on accounts by four guards who had served at Guantanamo . They said prisoners were taken one at a time to the camp , where they were believed to be interrogated . He believes that the three detainees that DoD announced as having committed suicide were questioned under torture the night of their deaths . From 2003 to 2006 , the CIA operated a small site , known informally as `` Penny Lane , '' to house prisoners whom the agency attempted to recruit as spies against Al - Qaeda . The housing at Penny Lane was less sparse by the standards of Guantanamo Bay , with private kitchens , showers , televisions , and beds with mattresses . The camp was divided into eight units . Its existence was revealed to the Associated Press in 2013 . Detainees ( edit ) Main article : List of Guantanamo Bay detainees Since January 2002 , 779 men have been brought to Guantanamo . Nearly 200 were released by mid-2004 , before there had been any CSRTs ( Combatant Status Review Tribunal ) to review whether individuals were rightfully held as enemy combatants . Of all detainees at Guantanamo , Afghans were the largest group ( 29 percent ) , followed by Saudi Arabians ( 17 percent ) , Yemenis ( 15 percent ) , Pakistanis ( 9 percent ) , and Algerians ( 3 percent ) . Overall , 50 nationalities were present at Guantanamo . Although the Bush administration said most of the men had been captured fighting in Afghanistan , a 2006 report prepared by the Center for Policy and Research at Seton Hall University Law School reviewed DoD data for the remaining 517 men in 2005 and `` established that over 80 % of the prisoners were captured not by Americans on the battlefield but by Pakistanis and Afghans , often in exchange for bounty payments . '' The U.S.", "5": "widely distributed leaflets in the region and offered $5,000 per prisoner . One example is Adel Noori , a Chinese Uighur and dissident who had been sold to the US by Pakistani bounty hunters . Top Department of Defense ( DoD ) officials often referred to these prisoners as the `` worst of the worst '' , but a 2003 memo by then - Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said `` We need to stop populating Guantanamo Bay ( GTMO ) with low - level enemy combatants ... GTMO needs to serve as an ( redacted ) not a prison for Afghanistan . '' The Center for Policy and Research 's 2006 report , based on DoD released data , found that most detainees were low - level offenders who were not affiliated with organizations on U.S. terrorist lists . Eight men have died in the prison camp ; DoD has said that six were suicides . DoD reported three men , two Saudis and a Yemeni , had committed suicide on 10 June 2006 . Government accounts , including an NCIS report released with redactions in August 2008 , have been questioned by the press , the detainees ' families , the Saudi government , former detainees , and human rights groups . Adnan Farhan Abd Al Latif , one of the eight detainees who died in the prison camp . An estimated 17 to 22 minors under the age of 18 were detained at Guantánamo Bay , and it has been claimed that this is in violation of international law . According to Chaplain Kent Svendsen who served as chaplain for the detention centers from 2004 to 2005 there were no minor detainees at the site upon starting his assignment in early 2004 . He said : `` I was given a tour of the camp and it was explained to me that minors were segregated from the general public and processed to be returned to their families . The camp had long been emptied and closed when I arrived at my duty station '' . In July 2005 , 242 detainees were moved out of Guantanamo , including 173 who were released without charge . Sixty - nine prisoners were transferred to the custody of governments of other countries , according to the U.S. Department of Defense . The Center for Constitutional Rights has prepared biographies of some of the prisoners currently being held in Guantanamo Prison .", "6": "By May 2011 , 600 detainees had been released . Most of the men were released without charges or transferred to facilities in their home countries . According to former U.S. president Jimmy Carter , about half were cleared for release , yet had little prospect of ever obtaining their freedom . As of June 2013 , 46 detainees ( in addition to two who were deceased ) were designated to be detained indefinitely , because the government said the prisoners were too dangerous to transfer and there was insufficient admissible evidence to try them . It has been reported that prisoners cooperating with interrogations have been rewarded with Happy Meals from the McDonald 's on base . High - value prisoners ( edit ) In September 2006 , President Bush announced that fourteen `` high - value detainees '' were to be transferred to military custody of the Guantánamo Bay detention camp from civilian custody by the CIA . He admitted that these suspects had been held in CIA secret prisons overseas , known as black sites . These people include Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , believed to be the No. 3 Al - Qaeda leader before he was captured in Pakistan in 2003 ; Ramzi bin al - Shibh , an alleged would - be 11 September 2001 hijacker ; and Abu Zubaydah , who was believed to be a link between Osama bin Laden and many Al - Qaeda cells , who were captured in Pakistan in March 2002 . Zubaydah has since been found to be a low - level participant of little value . None of the 14 top figures transferred to Guantánamo from CIA custody had been charged with any war crime . In 2011 , human rights groups and journalists found that some of these prisoners had been taken to other locations , including in Europe , and interrogated under torture in the U.S. extraordinary rendition program before arriving at Guantanamo . On 11 February 2008 , The U.S. military charged Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , Ramzi bin al - Shibh , Mustafa Ahmad al - Hawsawi , Ali Abd Al - Aziz Ali and Walid bin Attash of committing the September 11 attacks under the military commission system , as established under the Military Commissions Act of 2006 ( MCA ) . In Boumediene v. Bush ( 2008 ) , the U.S.", "7": "Supreme Court ruled that the MCA was unconstitutional . On 5 February 2009 , charges against Abd al - Rahim al - Nashiri were dropped without prejudice after an order by Obama to suspend trials for 120 days . Abd Al - Rahim Al - Nashiri was accused of renting a small boat connected with the USS Cole bombing . He is one of the detainees known to have been interrogated with waterboarding prior to his transfer to Guantanamo . Post-bush statements ( edit ) In 2010 , Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson , a former aide to Secretary of State Colin Powell , stated in an affidavit that top U.S. officials , including President George W. Bush , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , had known that the majority of the detainees initially sent to Guantánamo were innocent , but that the detainees had been kept there for reasons of political expedience . Wilkerson 's statement was submitted in connection with a lawsuit filed in federal district court by former detainee Adel Hassan Hamad against the United States government and several individual officials . This supports numerous claims made by former detainees like Moazzam Begg , a British citizen who had been held for three years in detention camps in Afghanistan and Guantanamo . Conditions ( edit ) Guantanamo detainees pray in the recreation area . A 2013 Institute on Medicine as a Profession ( IMAP ) report concluded that health professionals working with the military and intelligence services `` designed and participated in cruel , inhumane and degrading treatment and torture of detainees '' . Medical professionals were ordered to ignore ethical standards during involvement in abusive interrogation , including monitoring of vital signs under stress - inducing procedures . They used medical information for interrogation purposes and participated in force - feeding of hunger strikers , in violation of World Medical Association and American Medical Association prohibitions . Supporters of controversial techniques have declared that certain protections of the Third Geneva Convention do not apply to Al - Qaeda or Taliban fighters , claiming that the Convention only applies to military personnel and guerrillas who are part of a chain of command , wear distinctive insignia , bear arms openly , and abide by the rules of war . Jim Phillips of The Heritage Foundation has said that `` some of these terrorists who are not recognized as soldiers do n't deserve to be treated as soldiers . '' Critics of U.S.", "8": "policy , such as George Monbiot , claimed the government had violated the Conventions in attempting to create a distinction between `` prisoners of war '' and `` illegal combatants . '' Amnesty International has called the situation `` a human rights scandal '' in a series of reports . One of the allegations of abuse at the camp is the abuse of the religion of the detainees . The U.S. government has claimed that it respects all religious and cultural sensitivities . Prisoners released from the camp have alleged incidents of abuse of religion including flushing the Quran down the toilet , defacing the Quran , writing comments and remarks on the Quran , tearing pages out of the Quran and denying detainees a copy of the Quran . One of the justifications offered for the continued detention of Mesut Sen , during his Administrative Review Board hearing , was : `` Emerging as a leader , the detainee has been leading the detainees around him in prayer . The detainees listen to him speak and follow his actions during prayer . '' Red Cross inspectors and released detainees have alleged acts of torture , including sleep deprivation , beatings and locking in confined and cold cells . The use of Guantánamo Bay as a military prison has drawn criticism from human rights organizations and others , who cite reports that detainees have been tortured or otherwise poorly treated . Supporters of the detention argue that trial review of detentions has never been afforded to prisoners of war , and that it is reasonable for enemy combatants to be detained until the cessation of hostilities . Detainee Complaints ( edit ) Prisoners play soccer ( undated photo taken and published by the U.S. military ) Play media Interview with Ruhal Ahmed by Laura Poitras in 2010 Three British Muslim prisoners , known in the media at the time as the `` Tipton Three '' , were repatriated to the United Kingdom in March 2004 , where officials immediately released them without charge . The three have alleged ongoing torture , sexual degradation , forced drugging and religious persecution being committed by U.S. forces at Guantánamo Bay . The former Guantanamo detainee Mehdi Ghezali was freed without charge on 9 July 2004 , after two and a half years internment . Ghezali has claimed that he was the victim of repeated torture . Omar Deghayes alleges he was blinded by pepper spray during his detention .", "9": "Juma Al Dossary claims he was interrogated hundreds of times , beaten , tortured with broken glass , barbed wire , burning cigarettes , and sexual assaults . David Hicks also made allegations of torture and mistreatment in Guantánamo Bay , including sensory deprivation , stress positions , having his head slammed into concrete , repeated anal penetration , routine sleep deprivation and forced drug injections . An Associated Press report claims that some detainees were turned over to the U.S. by Afghan tribesmen in return for cash bounties . The first Denbeaux study , published by Seton Hall University Law School , reproduces copies of several leaflets , flyers and posters the U.S. government distributed to advertise the bounty program ; some of which offered bounties of `` millions of dollars . '' Hunger - striking detainees claimed that guards were force feeding them in the fall of 2005 : `` Detainees said large feeding tubes were forcibly shoved up their noses and down into their stomachs , with guards using the same tubes from one patient to another . The detainees say no sedatives were provided during these procedures , which they allege took place in front of U.S. physicians , including the head of the prison hospital . '' `` A hunger striking detainee at Guantánamo Bay wants a judge to order the removal of his feeding tube so he can be allowed to die , one of his lawyers has said . '' Within a few weeks , the Department of Defense `` extended an invitation to United Nations Special Rapporteurs to visit detention facilities at Guantanamo Bay Naval Station . '' This was rejected by the U.N. because of the DoD restrictions : `` that ( the ) three human rights officials invited to Guantánamo Bay would n't be allowed to conduct private interviews '' with prisoners . Simultaneously , the media reports began related to the question of prisoner treatment . District Court Judge Gladys Kessler also ordered the U.S. government to give medical records going back a week before such feedings take place . In early November 2005 , the U.S. suddenly accelerated , for unknown reasons , the rate of prisoner release , but this was not sustained . In 2005 , it was reported that sexual methods were allegedly used by female interrogators to break Muslim prisoners .", "10": "In a leaked 2007 cable , a State Department official requested an interview of a released Libyan national complaining of an arm disability and tooth loss that happened during his detention and interrogations . In May 2013 , detainees undertook a widespread hunger strike ; they were subsequently being force fed until the U.S. Government stopped releasing hunger strike information , due to its having `` no operational purpose '' . During the month of Ramadan that year , the US military claimed that the amount of detainees on hunger strike had dropped from 106 to 81 . However , according to defense attorney Clive Stafford Smith , `` The military are cheating on the numbers as usual . Some detainees are taking a token amount of food as part of the traditional breaking of the fast at the end of each day in Ramadan , so that is now conveniently allowing them to be counted as not striking . '' In 2014 , the Obama administration undertook a `` rebranding effort '' by referring to the hunger strikes as `` long term non-religious fasting . '' Attorney Alka Pradhan is petitioning a military judge to order the release of art made in her client 's Ammar al - Baluchi 's cell . She had complained that painting and drawing was made difficult , and he was not let to give his artwork to his attorneys . Suicides and suicide attempts ( edit ) Main article : Guantanamo Bay detention camp suicide attempts By May 2011 , there had been at least six suicides in Guantánamo that have been reported . During August 2003 , there were 23 suicide attempts . The U.S. officials did not say why they had not previously reported the incident . After this event , the Pentagon reclassified alleged suicide attempts as `` manipulative self - injurious behaviors '' ; camp physicians alleged that detainees do not genuinely wish to end their lives . The prisoners supposedly feel that they may be able to get better treatment or release with suicide attempts . Daryl Matthews , a professor of forensic psychiatry at the University of Hawaii who examined the prisoners , stated that given the cultural differences between interrogators and prisoners , `` intent '' was difficult if not impossible to make . Clinical depression is common in Guantánamo , with 1 / 5 of all prisoners being prescribed antidepressants such as Prozac .", "11": "Guantanamo Bay officials have reported 41 unsuccessful suicide attempts by 25 detainees since the U.S. began taking prisoners to the base in January 2002 . Defense lawyers contend the number of suicide attempts is higher . Reported suicides of June 2006 ( edit ) Main article : Guantanamo Bay homicide accusations On 10 June 2006 three detainees were found dead , who , according to the Pentagon , `` killed themselves in an apparent suicide pact . '' Prison commander Rear Admiral Harry Harris claimed this was not an act of desperation , despite prisoners ' pleas to the contrary , but rather `` an act of asymmetric warfare committed against us . '' At the time , human rights groups called for an independent public inquiry into the deaths . Amnesty International said the apparent suicides `` are the tragic results of years of arbitrary and indefinite detention '' and called the prison `` an indictment '' of the George W. Bush administration 's human rights record . Saudi Arabia 's state - sponsored Saudi Human Rights group blamed the U.S. for the deaths . `` There are no independent monitors at the detention camp so it is easy to pin the crime on the prisoners ... it 's possible they were tortured , '' said Mufleh al - Qahtani , the group 's deputy director , in a statement to the local Al - Riyadh newspaper . Main article : Saudi detainees at Guantanamo Bay Highly disturbed about the deaths of its citizens under U.S. custody , the Saudi government pressed the United States to release its citizens into its custody . From June 2006 through 2007 , the U.S. released 93 detainees ( of an original 133 Saudis detained ) to the Saudi Arabian government . The Saudi government developed a re-integration program including religious education , helping arrange marriages and jobs , to bring detainees back to society . Main article : Guantanamo Bay homicide accusations The Center for Policy and Research published Death in Camp Delta ( 2009 ) , its analysis of the NCIS report , noting many inconsistencies in the government account and said the conclusion of suicide by hanging in their cells was not supported . It suggested that camp administration officials had either been grossly negligent or were participating in a cover - up of the deaths . In January 2010 Scott Horton published an article in Harper 's Magazine disputing the government 's findings and suggesting the three died of accidental manslaughter following torture .", "12": "His account was based on the testimony of four members of the Military Intelligence unit assigned to guard Camp Delta , including a decorated non-commissioned Army officer who was on duty as sergeant of the guard the night of 9 -- 10 June 2006 . Their account contradicts the report published by the Naval Criminal Investigative Service ( NCIS ) . Horton said the deaths had occurred at a black site , known as `` Camp No '' , outside the perimeter of the camp . According to its spokeswoman Laura Sweeney , the Department of Justice has disputed certain facts contained in the article about the soldiers ' account . Torture ( edit ) See also : Enhanced interrogation The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) inspected the camp in June 2004 . In a confidential report issued in July 2004 and leaked to The New York Times in November 2004 , Red Cross inspectors accused the U.S. military of using `` humiliating acts , solitary confinement , temperature extremes , and use of forced positions '' against prisoners . The inspectors concluded that `` the construction of such a system , whose stated purpose is the production of intelligence , can not be considered other than an intentional system of cruel , unusual and degrading treatment and a form of torture . '' The United States government reportedly rejected the Red Cross findings at the time . On 30 November 2004 , The New York Times published excerpts from an internal memo leaked from the U.S. administration , referring to a report from the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) . The ICRC reports of several activities that , it said , were `` tantamount to torture '' : exposure to loud noise or music , prolonged extreme temperatures , or beatings . It also reported that a Behavioral Science Consultation Team ( BSCT ) , also called ' Biscuit , ' and military physicians communicated confidential medical information to the interrogation teams ( weaknesses , phobias , etc . ) , resulting in the prisoners losing confidence in their medical care . The ICRC 's access to the base was conditioned , as is normal for ICRC humanitarian operations , on the confidentiality of their report . Following leaking of the U.S. memo , some in the ICRC wanted to make their report public or confront the U.S. administration .", "13": "The newspaper said the administration and the Pentagon had seen the ICRC report in July 2004 but rejected its findings . The story was originally reported in several newspapers , including The Guardian , and the ICRC reacted to the article when the report was leaked in May . According to a 21 June 2005 New York Times opinion article , on 29 July 2004 , an FBI agent was quoted as saying , `` On a couple of occasions , I entered interview rooms to find a detainee chained hand and foot in a fetal position to the floor , with no chair , food or water . Most times , they had urinated or defecated on themselves and had been left there for 18 , 24 hours or more . '' Air Force Lt. Gen. Randall Schmidt , who headed the probe into FBI accounts of abuse of Guantánamo prisoners by Defense Department personnel , concluded the man ( a Saudi , described as the `` 20th hijacker '' ) was subjected to `` abusive and degrading treatment '' by `` the cumulative effect of creative , persistent and lengthy interrogations . '' The techniques used were authorized by the Pentagon , he said . Many of the released prisoners have complained of enduring beatings , sleep deprivation , prolonged constraint in uncomfortable positions , prolonged hooding , sexual and cultural humiliation , forced injections , and other physical and psychological mistreatment during their detention in Camp Delta . In 2004 Army Specialist Sean Baker , a soldier posing as a prisoner during training exercises at the camp , was beaten so severely that he suffered a brain injury and seizures . In June 2004 , The New York Times reported that of the nearly 600 detainees , not more than two dozen were closely linked to al - Qaeda and that only very limited information could have been received from questionings . In 2006 the only top terrorist was reportedly Mohammed al Qahtani from Saudi Arabia , who is believed to have planned to participate in the September 11 attacks in 2001 . Mohammed al - Qahtani , nicknamed the `` 20th hijacker of 9 / 11 '' was refused entry at Orlando International Airport , which stopped him from his plan to take part in the 9 / 11 attacks .", "14": "During his Guantánamo interrogations , he was given 3 1 / 2 bags IV fluid , then he was forbidden to use the toilet , forcing him to soil himself . Some accounts of the treatment he received are as follows : Water is poured over the detainee . Interrogations start at Midnight , and last 12 hours . When he fell asleep , he was woken up by American pop music and water . Female personnel tried to humiliate and upset him , which was successful . A military dog was used to intimidate him . The soldiers played the American anthem and forced him to salute . They stuck pictures of 9 / 11 victims to him . He was forced to bark like a dog and his beard and hair were shaved . He was stripped nude . Fake menstrual blood was smeared on him and he was forced to wear a bra . Some of the abuses were documented in 2005 , when the Interrogation Log of al - Qathani `` Detainee 063 '' was partially published . The Washington Post , in an 8 May 2004 article , described a set of interrogation techniques approved for use in interrogating alleged terrorists at Guantánamo Bay . Kenneth Roth , executive director of Human Rights Watch , characterized them as cruel and inhumane treatment illegal under the U.S. Constitution . On 15 June , Brigadier General Janis Karpinski , commander at Abu Ghraib in Iraq during the prisoner abuse scandal , said she was told from the top to treat detainees like dogs `` as it is done in Guantánamo ( Camp Delta ) . '' The former commander of Camp X-Ray , Geoffrey Miller , had led the inquiry into the alleged abuses at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq during the Allied occupation . Ex-detainees of the Guantanamo Camp have made serious allegations , including alleging Geoffrey Miller 's complicity in abuse at Camp X-Ray . In `` Whose God Rules ? '' David McColgin , a defense attorney for Guantanamo detainees , recounts how a female government interrogator told Muslim detainees she was menstruating , `` slipped her hand into her pants and pulled it out with a red liquid smeared on it meant to look like menstrual blood . The detainee screamed at the top of his lungs , began shaking , sobbing , and yanked his arms against his handcuffs .", "15": "The interrogator explained to ( the detainee ) that he would now feel too dirty to pray and that she would have the guards turn off the water in his cell so he would not be able to wash the red substance off . ' What do you think your brothers will think of you in the morning when they see an American woman 's menstrual blood on your face ? ' she said as she left the cell . '' These acts , as well as interrogators desecrating the Quran , led the detainees to riots and mass suicide attempts . The BBC published a leaked FBI email from December 2003 , which said that the Defense Department interrogators at Guantánamo had impersonated FBI agents while using `` torture techniques '' on a detainee . In an interview with CNN 's Wolf Blitzer in June 2005 , Dick Cheney defended the treatment of prisoners at Guantánamo : There is n't any other nation in the world that would treat people who were determined to kill Americans the way we 're treating these people . They 're living in the tropics . They 're well fed . They 've got everything they could possibly want . Main article : Periodic Report of the United States of America to the United Nations Committee Against Torture The United States government , through the State Department , makes periodic reports to the United Nations Committee Against Torture . In October 2005 , the report covered pretrial detention of suspects in the `` War on Terrorism '' , including those held in Guantánamo Bay . This Periodic Report is significant as the first official response of the U.S. government to allegations that prisoners are mistreated in Guantánamo Bay . The report denies the allegations but describes in detail several instances of misconduct , which did not rise to the level of `` substantial abuse , '' as well as the training and punishments given to the perpetrators . Writing in The New York Times on 24 June 2012 , former President Jimmy Carter criticized the methods used to obtain confessions : `` ... some of the few being tried ( only in military courts ) have been tortured by waterboarding more than 100 times or intimidated with semiautomatic weapons , power drills or threats to sexually assault their mothers . These facts can not be used as a defense by the accused , because the government claims they occurred under the cover of ' national security ' '' .", "16": "Operating procedures ( edit ) Detainees are shown to their new living quarters ( image taken and released by the U.S. military ) A manual called `` Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedure '' ( SOP ) , dated 28 February 2003 , and designated `` Unclassified / / For Official Use Only '' , was published on Wikileaks . This is the main document for the operation of Guantánamo Bay , including the securing and treatment of detainees . The 238 - page document includes procedures for identity cards and ' Muslim burial ' . It is signed by Major General Geoffrey D. Miller . The document is the subject of an ongoing legal action by the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , which has been trying to obtain it from the Department of Defense . On 2 July 2008 , The New York Times revealed that the U.S. military trainers who came to Guantánamo Bay in December 2002 had based an entire interrogation class on a chart copied directly from a 1957 Air Force study of `` Chinese Communist '' interrogation methodology ( commonly referred to as ' brainwashing ' ) that the United States alleged were used during the Korean War to obtain confessions . The chart showed the effects of `` coercive management techniques '' for possible use on prisoners , including `` sleep deprivation '' , `` prolonged constraint '' ( also known as `` stress positions '' ) , and `` exposure '' . The chart was copied from a 1957 article ( entitled `` Communist Attempts to Elicit False Confessions From Air Force Prisoners of War '' ) written by Albert D. Biderman , working as a sociologist for the Air Force . Biderman had interviewed American prisoners of war returning from Korea who had confessed ( to the `` communists '' ) of having taken part in biological warfare or to involvement in other atrocities . His article sets out that the most common interrogation method used by the Chinese was to indirectly subject a prisoner to extended periods of what would initially be minor discomfort . As an example , prisoners would be required to stand for extended periods , sometimes in a cold environment .", "17": "Prolonged standing and exposure to cold are an accepted technique used by the American military and the CIA to interrogate prisoners whom the United States classifies as `` unlawful combatants '' ( spies and saboteurs in wartime , `` terrorists '' in unconventional conflicts ) although it is classified as torture under the Geneva Conventions . The chart reflects an `` extreme model '' created by Biderman to help in `` understanding what occurred apart from the extent to which it was realized in actuality '' ( It should be noted that Biderman did not have a PhD in Sociology ( usually the minimum qualification required to carry out such work ) and the underlying research was not subjected to peer - review ) . His chart sets out in summary bullet points the techniques allegedly used by the Chinese in Korea . The most extreme of which include `` Semi-Starvation '' , `` Exploitation of Wounds '' , and use of `` Filthy , Infested Surroundings '' to make the prisoner `` Dependent on Interrogator '' , to weaken `` Mental and Physical Ability to Resist '' , and to reduce the `` Prisoner to ' Animal Level ' '' . Biderman himself admits that he was working from a very small sample of American prisoners who claimed to have been mistreated , and of the handful who had reported prolonged mistreatment none had become the `` ideal confessor '' ( the ultimate aim of the model ) . It should be understood that only a few of the Air Force personnel who encountered efforts to elicit false confessions in Korea were subjected to really full dress , all - out attempts to make them behave in the manner I have sketched . The time between capture and repatriation for many was too short , and , presumably , the trained interrogators available to the Communists too few , to permit this . Of the few Air Force prisoners who did get the full treatment , none could be made to behave in complete accordance with the Chinese Communists ' ideal of the `` repentant criminal '' . It is unclear from the article whether the `` sketch '' of techniques set out in the chart are supported by evidence from prisoner interviews or whether it simply presents `` communist '' methodology in idealized form in accordance with the conventions of the time . While the chart ostensibly presents the methodology of the `` enemy '' , it has come to have actual application at home .", "18": "In the military , the techniques outlined by the chart are commonly referred to as `` Biderman 's Principles '' and within the intelligence community it has come to be known as `` Biderman 's Chart of Coercion '' . The chart is also often used by anti-cult web sites to describe how religious cults control their members . The article was motivated by the need for the United States to deal with prominent confessions of war crimes obtained by Chinese interrogators during the Korean War . It was alleged at the time that American prisoners of war who had confessed had been `` brainwashed '' . The allegation was taken seriously by the American military and it led them to develop a training program to counter the use of harsh methods used by an enemy interrogator . Almost all U.S. military personnel now receive Survival , Evasion , Resistance and Escape ( SERE ) training to resist interrogation . Central to this training program is the theoretical model of the `` communist '' interrogation methodology as presented by Mr. Biderman . In 2002 , this training program was adopted as a source of interrogation techniques to be used in the newly declared `` War on Terror '' . When it was adopted for use at the Guantánamo detention and interrogation facility the only change that was made to Biderman 's Chart of Coercion was to change the title ( originally called `` Communist Coercive Methods for Eliciting Individual Compliance '' ) . The training document instructing on the use of these `` coercive '' methods was made public at a United States Senate Armed Services Committee hearing ( 17 June 2008 ) investigating how such tactics came to be employed . Col. Steven Kleinman , who was head of a team of SERE trainers , testified before the Senate committee that his team had been put under pressure to demonstrate the techniques on Iraqi prisoners and that they had been sent home after Kleinman had observed that the techniques were intended to be used as a `` form of punishment for those who would n't cooperate '' , and put a stop to it . Sen. Carl Levin ( chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee ) was quoted after reviewing the evidence as saying : What makes this document doubly stunning is that these were techniques to get false confessions . People say we need intelligence , and we do . But we do n't need false intelligence .", "19": "Government and military inquiries ( edit ) The US Senate Report on CIA Detention Interrogation Program that details the use of torture during CIA detention and interrogation . Senior law enforcement agents with the Criminal Investigation Task Force told msnbc.com in 2006 that they began to complain inside the Defense Department in 2002 that the interrogation tactics used by a separate team of intelligence investigators were unproductive , not likely to produce reliable information and probably illegal . Unable to get satisfaction from the Army commanders running the detainee camp , they took their concerns to David Brant , director of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service ( NCIS ) , who alerted Navy General Counsel Alberto J. Mora . General Counsel Mora and Navy Judge Advocate General Michael Lohr believed the detainee treatment to be unlawful and campaigned among other top lawyers and officials in the Defense Department to investigate , and to provide clear standards prohibiting coercive interrogation tactics . In response , on 15 January 2003 , Donald Rumsfeld suspended the approved interrogation tactics at Guantánamo until a new set of guidelines could be produced by a working group headed by General Counsel of the Air Force Mary Walker . The working group based its new guidelines on a legal memo from the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel written by John Yoo and signed by Jay S. Bybee , which would later become widely known as the `` Torture Memo . '' General Counsel Mora led a faction of the Working Group in arguing against these standards , and argued the issues with Yoo in person . The working group 's final report , was signed and delivered to Guantánamo without the knowledge of Mora and the others who had opposed its content . Nonetheless , Mora has maintained that detainee treatment has been consistent with the law since 15 January 2003 suspension of previously approved interrogation tactics . On 1 May 2005 , The New York Times reported on a high - level military investigation into accusations of detainee abuse at Guantánamo , conducted by Lt. Gen. Randall M. Schmidt of the Air Force , and dealing with : accounts by agents for the Federal Bureau of Investigation who complained after witnessing detainees subjected to several forms of harsh treatment . The F.B.I.", "20": "agents wrote in memorandums that were never meant to be disclosed publicly that they had seen female interrogators forcibly squeeze male prisoners ' genitals , and that they had witnessed other detainees stripped and shackled low to the floor for many hours . In June 2005 , the United States House Committee on Armed Services visited the camp and described it as a `` resort '' and complimented the quality of the food . Democratic members of the committee complained that Republicans had blocked the testimony of attorneys representing the prisoners . On 12 July 2005 , members of a military panel told the committee that they proposed disciplining prison commander Army Major General Geoffrey Miller over the interrogation of Mohamed al - Kahtani , who was regularly beaten , humiliated , and psychologically assaulted . They said the recommendation was overruled by General Bantz J. Craddock , commander of U.S. Southern Command , who referred the matter to the Army 's inspector general . The Senate Armed Services Committee Report on Detainee Treatment was declassified and released in 2009 . It stated , The abuse of detainees in U.S. custody can not simply be attributed to the actions of `` a few bad apples '' acting on their own . The fact is that senior officials in the United States government solicited information on how to use aggressive techniques , redefined the law to create the appearance of their legality , and authorized their use against detainees . Those efforts damaged our ability to collect accurate intelligence that could save lives , strengthened the hand of our enemies , and compromised our moral authority . Legal issues ( edit ) President Bush 's military order ( edit ) On 14 September 2001 , Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists , giving the President of the United States broad powers to prosecute a War on Terror in response to the September 11 attacks . Secretary of State Colin Powell and State Department Legal Advisor William Howard Taft IV advised that the President must observe the Geneva Conventions . Colonel Lawrence Morris proposed holding public hearings modeled on the Nuremberg trials . Major General Thomas Romig , the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army , recommended any new military tribunals be modeled on existing courts - martial .", "21": "However , Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel Jay Bybee , relying on the unitary executive theory developed by Deputy Assistant Attorney General John Yoo , advised the President in a series of memos that he could hold enemy combatants abroad , indefinitely , without Congressional oversight , and free from judicial review . On 13 November 2001 , President George W. Bush signed a military order titled the Detention , Treatment , and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism , which sought to detain and try enemy combatants by military commissions under Presidential authority alone . Rasul v. Bush ( 2004 ) ( edit ) On 19 February 2002 , Guantanamo detainees petitioned in federal court for a writ of habeas corpus to review the legality of their detention . U.S. District Judge Colleen Kollar - Kotelly denied the detainees ' petitions on 30 July 2002 , finding that aliens in Cuba had no access to U.S. courts . In Al Odah v. United States , a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit including Judge Merrick Garland affirmed on 11 March 2003 . On 28 June 2004 , the Supreme Court of the United States decided against the Government in Rasul v. Bush . Justice John Paul Stevens , writing for a five - justice majority , held that the detainees had a statutory right to petition federal courts for habeas review . That same day , the Supreme Court ruled against the Government in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld . Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the four - justice plurality opinion finding that an American citizen detained in Guantanamo had a constitutional right to petition federal courts for habeas review under the Due Process Clause . Hamdan v. Rumsfeld ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Combatant Status Review Tribunal Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz responded by creating `` Combatant Status Review Tribunals '' ( CSRTs ) to determine if detainees were unlawful combatants . Detainees ' habeas petitions to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia were consolidated into two cases . In one , Judge Richard J. Leon rejected the detainees ' petition because they `` have no cognizable Constitutional rights '' on 19 January 2005 .", "22": "In the other , Judge Joyce Hens Green granted the detainees petition , finding the CSRTs violated the detainees ' constitutional rights on 31 January 2005 . Separately , on 8 November 2004 , Judge James Robertson , had granted Salim Hamdan 's petition challenging that the military commission trying the detainee for war crimes was not a competent tribunal , prompting commentary by European law professors . The Combatant Status Reviews were completed in March 2005 . Thirty - eight of the detainees were found not to be enemy combatants . After the dossier of determined enemy combatant Murat Kurnaz was accidentally declassified Judge Green wrote it `` fails to provide significant details to support its conclusory allegations , does not reveal the sources for its information and is contradicted by other evidence in the record . '' Eugene R. Fidell , said that , the Kurnaz ' dossier , `` suggests the ( CSRT ) procedure is a sham ; if a case like that can get through , then the merest scintilla of evidence against someone would carry the day for the government , even if there 's a mountain of evidence on the other side . '' The Washington Post included the following cases as among those showing the problems with the CSRT process : Mustafa Ait Idir , Moazzam Begg , Murat Kurnaz , Feroz Abbasi , and Martin Mubanga . On 15 July 2005 , a panel of the D.C. Circuit including then - Circuit Judge John Roberts vacated all those lower rulings and threw out the detainees ' petitions . On 7 November 2005 , the Supreme Court agreed to review that judgment . On 30 December 2005 , Congress responded by passing the Detainee Treatment Act , which changed the statute to explicitly strip detainees of any right to petition courts for habeas review . On 29 June 2006 , the Supreme Court decided against the Government in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld . Justice Stevens , writing for a five - justice majority , found that courts had jurisdiction to hear those detainees ' petitions which had been filed before Congress enacted the DTA and that the CSRTs violated the Geneva Conventions standards enacted in the Uniform Code of Military Justice .", "23": "Boumediene v. Bush ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Congress responded by passing the Military Commissions Act of 2006 , which gave statutory authorization to the CSRTs and was explicit in retroactively stripping detainees of any right to petition courts for habeas review . On 20 February 2007 , D.C. Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph , joined by Judge David B. Sentelle upheld the Act and dismissed the detainees ' petitions , over the dissent of Judge Judith W. Rogers . On 12 June 2008 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided against the Government in Boumediene v. Bush . Justice Anthony Kennedy , writing for a five - justice majority , held that the detainees had a right to petition federal courts for writs of habeas corpus under the United States Constitution . Justice Antonin Scalia strongly dissented , writing that the Court 's decision , `` will almost certainly cause more Americans to be killed '' . Other court rulings ( edit ) After being ordered to do so by U.S. District Judge Jed S. Rakoff , on 3 March 2006 , the Department of Defense released the names of 317 of the about 500 alleged enemy combatants being held in Guantánamo Bay , citing again privacy concerns as reason to withhold some names . French judge Jean - Claude Kross 27 September 2006 , postponed a verdict in the trial of six former Guantánamo Bay detainees accused of attending combat training at an al Qaeda camp in Afghanistan , saying the court needs more information on French intelligence missions to Guantánamo . Defense lawyers for the six men , all French nationals , accuse the French government of colluding with U.S. authorities over their detentions ; they say the government seeks to use inadmissible evidence , as it was obtained through secret service interviews with the detainees without their lawyers present . Kross scheduled new hearings for 2 May 2007 , calling the former head of counterterrorism at the French Direction de la surveillance du territoire intelligence agency ( official backgrounder ) to testify . On 21 October 2008 , United States district court Judge Richard J. Leon ordered the release of the five Algerians held at Guantánamo Bay , Cuba , and the continued detention of a sixth , Bensayah Belkacem .", "24": "Access to Counsel ( edit ) In the summer of 2012 , the government instituted a new protocol for civilian attorneys representing Guantanamo prisoners . It required lawyers to sign a Memorandum of Understanding , in which they agreed to certain restrictions , in order to continue to see their clients . A federal court order had governed lawyers ' access to their detainee clients and classified information related to their capture and confinement . Government lawyers sought court approval to replace the court 's protective order with the MOU , to enable military officials to establish and enforce their own rules about when and how detainees could have access to legal counsel . Under the rules of the MOU , lawyers ' access was restricted for those detainees who no longer have legal challenges pending . The new government rules tightened access to classified information and gave the commander of the Joint Task Force Guantanamo complete discretion over lawyers ' access to the detainees , including visits to the base and letters . The Justice Department took the position that Guantanamo Bay detainees whose legal challenges have been dismissed do not need the same level of access to counsel as detainees who are still fighting in court . On 6 September 2012 , U.S. District Chief Judge Royce C. Lamberth rejected the government 's arguments . Writing that the government was confusing `` the roles of the jailer and the judiciary , '' Judge Lamberth rejected the military 's assertion that it could veto meetings between lawyers and detainees . Judge Lamberth ruled that access by lawyers to their detainee - clients at Guantánamo must continue under the terms of a long - standing protective order issued by federal judges in Washington . International law ( edit ) In April 2004 , Cuban diplomats tabled a United Nations resolution calling for a UN investigation of Guantánamo Bay . In May 2007 , Martin Scheinin , a United Nations rapporteur on rights in countering terrorism , released a preliminary report for the United Nations Human Rights Council . The report stated the United States violated international law , particularly the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , that the Bush Administration could not try such prisoners as enemy combatants in a military tribunal and could not deny them access to the evidence used against them .", "25": "Prisoners have been labeled `` illegal '' or `` unlawful enemy combatants , '' but several observers such as the Center for Constitutional Rights and Human Rights Watch maintain that the United States has not held the Article 5 tribunals required by the Geneva Conventions . The International Committee of the Red Cross has stated that , `` Every person in enemy hands must have some status under international law : he is either a prisoner of war and , as such , covered by the Third Convention , a civilian covered by the Fourth Convention , ( or ) a member of the medical personnel of the armed forces who is covered by the First Convention . There is no intermediate status ; nobody in enemy hands can fall outside the law . '' Thus , if the detainees are not classified as prisoners of war , this would still grant them the rights of the Fourth Geneva Convention , as opposed to the more common Third Geneva Convention , which deals exclusively with prisoners of war . A U.S. court has rejected this argument , as it applies to detainees from al Qaeda . Henry T. King , Jr. , a prosecutor for the Nuremberg Trials , has argued that the type of tribunals at Guantánamo Bay `` violates the Nuremberg principles '' and that they are against `` the spirit of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 . '' Some have argued in favor of a summary execution of all unlawful combatants , using Ex parte Quirin as the precedent , a case during World War II that upheld the use of military tribunals for eight German saboteurs caught on U.S. soil while wearing civilian clothes . The Germans were deemed to be unlawful combatants and thus not entitled to POW status . Six of the eight were executed as spies in the electric chair on the request of the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The validity of this case , as basis for denying prisoners in the War on Terrorism protection by the Geneva Conventions , has been disputed . A report by the American Bar Association commenting on this case , states that the Quirin case `` ... does not stand for the proposition that detainees may be held incommunicado and denied access to counsel . '' The report notes that the Quirin defendants could seek review and were represented by counsel .", "26": "A report published in April 2011 in the PLoS Medicine journal looked at the cases of nine individuals for evidence of torture and ill treatment and documentation by medical personnel at the base by reviewing medical records and relevant legal case files ( client affidavits , attorney -- client notes and summaries , and legal affidavits of medical experts ) . The findings in these nine cases from the base indicate that medical doctors and mental health personnel assigned to the DoD neglected and / or concealed medical evidence of intentional harm , and the detainees complained of `` abusive interrogation methods that are consistent with torture as defined by the UN Convention Against Torture as well as the more restrictive US definition of torture that was operational at the time '' . The group Physicians for Human Rights has claimed that health professionals were active participants in the development and implementation of the interrogation sessions , and monitored prisoners to determine the effectiveness of the methods used , a possible violation of the Nuremberg Code , which bans human experimentation on prisoners . Lease agreement for Guantanamo ( edit ) The actual base itself , which is considered legally to be only leased by the Cuban government to the American navy , resides on territory that is recognized by both governments to be sovereign Cuban territory . The actual legality of the base and the prison itself has been called into question . Guantanamo bay was leased by Cuba to the American government through the `` Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval stations '' , signed by the President of Cuba and the President of the United States on 23 February 1903 . The post-1959 Cuban government has repudiated the agreement on the grounds that it was forced upon them by the United States and therefore was a not valid legal agreement . If the Cuban claims were correct , it would mean that the entire facility was illegal . Furthermore , the actual lease agreement from 1903 specifically wrote in the text under article 2 : The grant of the foregoing Article shall include the right to use and occupy the waters adjacent to said areas of land and water , and to improve and deepen the entrances thereto and the anchorages therein , and generally to do any and all things necessary to fit the premises for use as coaling or naval stations only , and for no other purpose .", "27": "The wording that states ' for use as coaling or naval stations only , and for no other purpose ' could imply that it was illegal for the United States to operate a prison for terror suspects on the leased land . Guantanamo military commission ( edit ) Main article : Guantanamo military commission The American Bar Association announced that : `` In response to the unprecedented attacks of September 11 , on November 13 , 2001 , the President announced that certain non-citizens ( of the US ) would be subject to detention and trial by military authorities . The order provides that non-citizens whom the government deems to be , or to have been , members of the al Qaida organization or to have engaged in , aided or abetted , or conspired to commit acts of international terrorism that have caused , threaten to cause , or have as their aim to cause , injury to or adverse effects on the United States or its citizens , or to have knowingly harbored such individuals , are subject to detention by military authorities and trial before a military commission . '' On 28 and 29 September 2006 , the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives , respectively , passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 , a controversial bill that allows the President to designate certain people with the status of `` unlawful enemy combatants '' thus making them subject to military commissions , where they have fewer civil rights than in regular trials . `` Camp Justice '' ( edit ) Tents where visiting lawyers , human rights observers , and reporters were to stay when watching or participating in the Military Commissions . In 2007 , Camp Justice was the informal name granted to the complex where Guantánamo detainees would face charges before the Guantanamo military commissions , as authorized by the Military Commissions Act of 2006 . It was named by Sgt Neil Felver of the 122 Civil Engineering Squadron in a name the camp contest . Initially the complex was to be a permanent facility , costing over $100 million . The United States Congress overruled the Bush Presidency 's plans . The camp was redesigned as a portable , temporary facility , costing approximately $10 million .", "28": "On 2 January 2008 , the Toronto Star reporter Michelle Shephard offered an account of the security precautions that reporters go through before they can attend the hearings : Reporters were not allowed to bring in more than one pen ; Female reporters were frisked if they wore underwire bras ; Reporters were not allowed to bring in their traditional coil - ring notepads ; The bus bringing reporters to the hearing room is checked for explosives before it leaves ; 200 meters from the hearing room , reporters dismount , pass through metal detectors , and are sniffed by chemical detectors for signs of exposure to explosives ; Eight reporters are allowed into the hearing room -- the remainder watch over closed circuit television . On 1 November 2008 , David McFadden of the Associated Press stated the 100 tents erected to hold lawyers , reporters and observers were practically deserted when he and two other reporters covered the military commission for Ali Hamza al - Bahlul in late October 2008 . Three detainees have been convicted by military court of various charges : David Hicks , an Australian citizen , was found guilty in a plea bargain , of providing material support for terrorism in 2001 , according to his military lawyer under retrospective legislation introduced in 2006 . On 18 February 2015 , David Hicks ' appeal against his conviction was upheld by the United States Military Commission Review and his conviction was overturned . Salim Hamdan was convicted of being Osama bin Laden 's chauffeur . After his release , he appealed his case . On 16 October 2012 , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated Hamdan 's conviction , on the grounds that the acts he was charged with under the Military Commissions Act of 2006 were not , in fact , crimes at the time he committed them , rendering it an ex post facto prosecution . Ali al - Bahlul was convicted of making a video celebrating the attack on the USS Cole . Release of prisoners ( edit ) See also : Timeline of the release and transfer of Guantanamo Bay detainees Two hundred detainees were released in 2004 before any Combatant Status Review Tribunals were held , including the Tipton Three , all British citizens . On 27 July 2004 , four French detainees were repatriated and remanded in custody by the French intelligence agency Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire .", "29": "The remaining three French detainees were released in March 2005 . On 4 August 2004 , the Tipton Three , ex-detainees who had been returned to the UK in March of that year ( and freed by the British authorities within 24 hours of their return ) filed a report in the US claiming persistent severe abuse at the camp , of themselves and others . They claimed that false confessions were extracted from them under duress , in conditions that amounted to torture . They alleged that conditions deteriorated after Major General Geoffrey D. Miller took charge of the camp , including increased periods of solitary confinement for the detainees . They claimed that the abuse took place with the knowledge of the intelligence forces . Their claims are currently being investigated by the British government . At the time , five British residents remained as detainees : Bisher Amin Khalil Al - Rawi , Jamil al Banna , Shaker Abdur - Raheem Aamer , Jamal Abdullah and Omar Deghayes . Administrative Review Board ( edit ) Main article : Administrative Review Board Besides convening Combatant Status Review Tribunals , the Department of Defense initiated a similar , annual review . Like the CSRTs , the Board did not have a mandate to review whether detainees qualified for POW status under the Geneva Conventions . The Board 's mandate was to consider the factors for and against the continued detention of detainees , and make a recommendation either for their retention , release , or transfer to the custody of their country of origin . The first set of annual reviews considered the dossiers of 463 detainees . The first board met between 14 December 2004 , and 23 December 2005 . The Board recommended the release of 14 detainees , and repatriation of 120 detainees to the custody of their country of origin . By November 2005 , 358 of the then - 505 detainees held at Guantanamo Bay had Administrative Review Board hearings . Of these , 3 % were granted and were awaiting release , 20 % were to be transferred , 37 % were to be further detained at Guantanamo , and no decision had been made in 40 % of the cases . Of two dozen Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay , The Washington Post reported on 25 August 2005 , fifteen were found not to be `` enemy combatants . ''", "30": "Although cleared of terrorism , these Uyghurs remained in detention at Guantanamo because the United States refused to return them to China , fearing that China would `` imprison , persecute or torture them '' because of internal political issues . US officials said that their overtures to approximately 20 countries to grant the individuals asylum had been declined , leaving the men with no destination for release . On 5 May 2006 , five Uyghurs were transported to refugee camps in Albania , and the Department of Justice filed an `` Emergency Motion to Dismiss as Moot '' on the same day . One of the Uyghurs ' lawyers characterized the sudden transfer as an attempt `` to avoid having to answer in court for keeping innocent men in jail . '' In August 2006 , Murat Kurnaz , a German legal resident born in Germany , was released from Guantánamo , with no charges after having been held for five years . President Obama ( edit ) As of 15 June 2009 , Guantánamo held more than 220 detainees . The United States was negotiating with Palau to accept a group of innocent Chinese Uyghur Muslims who have been held at the Guantánamo Bay . The Department of Justice announced on 12 June 2009 , that Saudi Arabia had accepted three Uyghurs . The same week , one detainee was released to Iraq , and one to Chad . Also that week , four Uyghur detainees were resettled in Bermuda , where they were released . On 11 June 2009 , the US Government negotiated a deal in secret with the Bermudian Premier , Doctor Ewart Brown to release four Uyghur detainees to Bermuda , an overseas territory of the UK . The detainees were flown into Bermuda under the cover of darkness . The US purposely kept the information of this transfer secret from the UK , which handles all foreign affairs and security issues for Bermuda , as it was feared that the deal would collapse . After the story was leaked by the US media , Premier Brown gave a national address to inform the people of Bermuda . Many Bermuda residents objected , as did the UK Government . It undertook an informal review of the actions ; the Bermuda opposition , UBP , made a tabled vote of no confidence in Premier Brown .", "31": "The UK government is considering whether to overrule his agreement to have the Uyghur men resettled in Bermuda . Italy agreed on 15 June 2009 , to accept three prisoners . Ireland agreed on 29 July 2009 , to accept two prisoners . The same day , the European Union said that its member states would accept some detainees . In January 2011 , WikiLeaks revealed that Switzerland accepted several Guantanamo detainees as a quid pro quo with the U.S. to limit a multibillion tax probe against Swiss banking group UBS . In December 2009 , the U.S. reported that , since 2002 , more than 550 detainees had departed Guantánamo Bay for other destinations , including Albania , Algeria , Afghanistan , Australia , Bangladesh , Bahrain , Belgium , Bermuda , Chad , Denmark , Egypt , France , Hungary , Iran , Iraq , Ireland , Italy , Jordan , Kuwait , Libya , Maldives , Mauritania , Morocco , Pakistan , Palau , Portugal , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Spain , Sweden , Sudan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Uganda , United Kingdom , Canada and Yemen . The Guantanamo Review Task Force issued a Final Report 22 January 2010 , but did not publicly release it until 28 May of that year . The report recommended releasing 126 current detainees to their homes or to a third country , prosecuting 36 in either federal court or by a military commission , and holding 48 indefinitely under the laws of war . In addition , 30 Yemenis were approved for release if security conditions in their home country improve . Since the release of the report , over 60 detainees have been transferred to other countries , while two detainees have died in custody . In March 2011 , President Obama issued Executive Order 13567 , which created the Periodic Review Board . Senior Civil Service officials from six agencies sit on the Board and consider detainee transfers . Each member has a veto over any recommendation . Under the Obama Administration , the Board examined 63 detainees , recommending 37 of those to be transferred . Of the 693 total former detainees transferred out of Guantanamo , 30 % are suspected or confirmed to have reengaged in terrorist activity . Of those detainees that were transferred out under President Obama , 5.6 % are confirmed and 6.8 % are suspected of reengaging in terrorist activity .", "32": "Subsequent actions of some released detainees ( edit ) See also : Lists of former Guantanamo Bay detainees alleged to have returned to terrorism On 13 January 2009 , the Pentagon said that it had evidence that 18 former detainees have had direct involvement in terrorist activities , but declined to provide their identities to the media . Airat Vakhitov ( a Tajikistan national ) and Rustam Akhmyarov ( a Russian national ) were captured in Afghanistan in December 2001 and released from Guantánamo in 2004 . They were arrested on 27 August 2005 by Russian authorities in Moscow , for allegedly preparing a series of attacks in Russia . According to authorities , Vakhitov was using a local human rights group as cover for his activities . The men were released on 2 September 2005 , and no charges were pressed . Abdallah Salih al - Ajmi , a Kuwaiti former detainee , committed a successful suicide attack in Mosul , on 25 March 2008 . Al - Ajmi had been repatriated from Guantánamo in 2005 , and transferred to Kuwaiti custody . A Kuwaiti court later acquitted him of terrorism charges . On 24 July 2015 , Belgium detained two people that had been released from Guantánamo Bay . They were arrested by Belgian authorities on charges of terrorism : `` Moussa Zemmouri , a 37 - year - old Belgian of Moroccan origin , and an Algerian whom the prosecutor 's office identified as Soufiane A '' . In December 2015 , the Miami Herald reported that `` Guardians of Shariah , '' an `` offshoot of Osama bin Laden 's organisation , '' put out a video featuring Ibrahim al Qosi as a `` religious leader '' in a `` key position in Al - Qaida of the Arabian Peninsula '' ( AQAP ) . Al Qosi was imprisoned in Guantanamo from 2002 to 2012 . At the time of his release from Guantánamo , his wife was `` the daughter of a former chief bodyguard to bin Laden . '' Al Quosi was bin Laden 's accountant in the early 90s and moved to Afghanistan with bin Laden in 1996 . In 2010 , Al Qosi pleaded guilty to being bin Laden 's chauffeur .", "33": "The AQAP video stated `` he participated in the famous battle of Tora Bora '' with bin Laden . On 8 March 2016 , Reuters reported that `` 111 of 532 prisoners released by the Republican administration of President George W. Bush are confirmed to have returned to the battlefield , with 74 others suspected of doing so '' . It further reported that `` seven out of 144 Guantanamo prisoners who were freed since Obama took office in January 2009 have returned to fighting , '' with `` number of former Guantanamo Bay prison inmates who are suspected of having returned to fighting for militants doubled to 12 in the six months through January '' . In summary , 118 of 676 , or 17 % , are confirmed to have returned to terrorism , with a further 86 ( 13 % ) suspected , totalling 30 % known or suspected of having returned to terrorism . On 23 March 2016 , citing a statement by Paul Lewis , a Pentagon employee tasked with Guantánamo closure , the Associated Press wrote that `` Americans have been killed by prisoners released from the detention center at Guantanamo Bay . '' Criticism and condemnation ( edit ) Amnesty International protests the detentions using a mock cell and prison outfits European Union members and the Organization of American States , as well as non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , have protested the legal status and physical condition of detainees at Guantánamo . The human rights organization Human Rights Watch has criticized the Bush administration over this designation in its 2003 world report , stating : `` Washington has ignored human rights standards in its own treatment of terrorism suspects . It has refused to apply the Geneva Conventions to prisoners of war from Afghanistan , and has misused the designation of ' illegal combatant ' to apply to criminal suspects on U.S. soil . '' On 25 May 2005 , Amnesty International released its annual report calling the facility the `` gulag of our times . '' Lord Steyn called it `` a monstrous failure of justice , '' because `` ... The military will act as interrogators , prosecutors and defense counsel , judges , and when death sentences are imposed , as executioners . The trials will be held in private . None of the guarantees of a fair trial need be observed . ''", "34": "Another senior British Judge , Justice Collins , said of the detention center : `` America 's idea of what is torture is not the same as the United Kingdom 's . '' At the beginning of December 2003 , there were media reports that military lawyers appointed to defend alleged terrorists being held by the United States at Guantánamo Bay had expressed concern about the legal process for military commissions . The Guardian newspaper from the United Kingdom reported that a team of lawyers was dismissed after complaining that the rules for the forthcoming military commissions prohibited them from properly representing their clients . New York 's Vanity Fair reported that some of the lawyers felt their ethical obligations were being violated by the process . The Pentagon strongly denied the claims in these media reports . It was reported on 5 May 2007 , that many lawyers were sent back and some detainees refuse to see their lawyers , while others decline mail from their lawyers or refuse to provide them information on their cases ( see also Mail privileges of Guantanamo Bay detainees ) . The New York Times and other newspapers are critical of the camp ; columnist Thomas Friedman urged George W. Bush to `` just shut it down '' , calling Camp Delta `` ... worse than an embarrassment . '' Another New York Times editorial supported Friedman 's proposal , arguing that Guantánamo is part of `` ... a chain of shadowy detention camps that includes Abu Ghraib in Iraq , the military prison at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan and other secret locations run by the intelligence agencies '' that are `` part of a tightly linked global detention system with no accountability in law . '' In November 2005 , a group of experts from the United Nations Commission on Human Rights called off their visit to Camp Delta , originally scheduled for 6 December , saying that the United States was not allowing them to conduct private interviews with the prisoners . `` Since the Americans have not accepted the minimum requirements for such a visit , we must cancel ( it ) , '' Manfred Nowak , the UN envoy in charge of investigating torture allegations around the world , told AFP . The group , nevertheless , stated its intention to write a report on conditions at the prison based on eyewitness accounts from released detainees , meetings with lawyers and information from human rights groups . Captive being escorted In February 2006 , the UN group released its report , which called on the U.S. either to try or release all suspected terrorists .", "35": "The report , issued by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention , has the subtitle Situation of detainees at Guantánamo Bay . This includes , as an appendix , the U.S. ambassador 's reply to the draft versions of the report in which he restates the U.S. government 's position on the detainees . European leaders have also voiced their opposition to the internment center . On 13 January 2006 , German Chancellor Angela Merkel criticized the U.S. detention of prisoners at Guantánamo Bay : `` An institution like Guantánamo , in its present form , can not and must not exist in the long term . We must find different ways of dealing with prisoners . As far as I 'm concerned , there 's no question about that , '' she declared in a 9 January interview to Der Spiegel . Meanwhile , in the UK , Peter Hain , the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , stated during a live broadcast of Question Time ( 16 February 2006 ) that : `` I would prefer that it was n't there and I would prefer it was closed . '' His cabinet colleague and Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Tony Blair , declared the following day that the center was `` an anomaly and sooner or later it 's got to be dealt with . '' On 10 March 2006 , a letter in The Lancet was published , signed by more than 250 medical experts urging the United States to stop force - feeding of detainees and close down the prison . Force - feeding is specifically prohibited by the World Medical Association force - feeding declarations of Tokyo and Malta , to which the American Medical Association is a signatory . Dr David Nicholl who had initiated the letter stated that the definition of torture as only actions that cause `` death or major organ failure '' was `` not a definition anyone on the planet is using . '' There has also been significant criticism from Arab leaders : on 6 May 2005 , prominent Kuwaiti parliamentarian Waleed Al Tabtabaie demanded that U.S. President Bush `` uncover what is going on inside Guantánamo , '' allow family visits to the hundreds of Muslim detainees there , and allow an independent investigation of detention conditions .", "36": "In May 2006 , the Attorney General for England and Wales Lord Goldsmith said the camp 's existence was `` unacceptable '' and tarnished the U.S. traditions of liberty and justice . `` The historic tradition of the United States as a beacon of freedom , liberty and of justice deserves the removal of this symbol , '' he said . Also in May 2006 , the UN Committee Against Torture condemned prisoners ' treatment at Guantánamo Bay , noted that indefinite detention constitutes per se a violation of the UN Convention Against Torture , and called on the U.S. to shut down the Guantánamo facility . In June 2006 , the European Parliament voted overwhelmingly in support of a motion urging the United States to close the camp . In June 2006 , U.S. Senator Arlen Specter stated that the arrests of most of the roughly 500 prisoners held there were based on `` the flimsiest sort of hearsay . '' In September 2006 , the UK 's Lord Chancellor , Lord Falconer , who heads the UK 's legal system , went further than previous British government statements , condemning the existence of the camp as a `` shocking affront to democracy . '' Lord Falconer , who said he was expressing Government policy , made the comments in a lecture at the Supreme Court of New South Wales . According to former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell : `` Essentially , we have shaken the belief the world had in America 's justice system by keeping a place like Guantánamo open and creating things like the military commission . We do n't need it and it is causing us far more damage than any good we get for it . '' A pair of Canadian demonstrators in 2008 . In March 2007 , a group of British Parliamentarians formed an All - party parliamentary group to campaign against Guantánamo Bay . The group is made up of members of parliament and peers from each of the main British political parties , and is chaired by Sarah Teather with Des Turner and Richard Shepherd acting as Vice Chairs . The Group was launched with an Ambassadors ' Reception in the House of Commons , bringing together a large group of lawyers , non-governmental organizations and governments with an interest in seeing the camp closed .", "37": "On 26 April 2007 , there was a debate in the United States Senate over the detainees at Guantánamo Bay that ended in a draw , with Democrats urging action on the prisoners ' behalf but running into stiff opposition from Republicans . Some visitors to Guantánamo have expressed more positive views on the camp . Alain Grignard , who visited Gitmo in 2006 , objected to the detainees ' legal status but declared that `` it is a model prison , where people are better treated than in Belgian prisons . '' Grignard , then deputy head of Brussels ' federal police anti-terrorism unit , served as expert on a trip by a group of lawmakers from the assembly of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) . `` I know no Belgian prison where each inmate receives its Muslim kit , '' Mr Grignard said . According to polls conducted by the Program on International Policy ( PIP ) attitudes , `` Large majorities in Germany and Great Britain , and pluralities in Poland and India , believe the United States has committed violations of international law at its prison on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba , including the use of torture in interrogations . '' PIP found a marked decrease in the perception of the U.S. as a leader of human rights as a result of the international community 's opposition to the Guantánamo prison . A 2006 poll conducted by the BBC World Service together with GlobeScan in 26 countries found that 69 % of respondents disapprove of the Guantánamo prison and the U.S. treatment of detainees . American actions in Guantánamo , coupled with the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal , are considered major factors in the decline of the U.S. 's image abroad . Michael Lehnert , who as a U.S. Marine Brigadier General helped establish the center and was its first commander for 90 days , has stated that was dismayed at what happened after he was replaced by a U.S. Army commander . Lehnert stated that he had ensured that the detainees would be treated humanely and was disappointed that his successors allowed harsh interrogations to take place . Said Lehnert , `` I think we lost the moral high ground . For those who do not think much of the moral high ground , that is not that significant .", "38": "But for those who think our standing in the international community is important , we need to stand for American values . You have to walk the walk , talk the talk . '' In a foreword to Amnesty International 's International Report 2005 , the Secretary General , Irene Khan , made a passing reference to the Guantánamo Bay prison as `` the gulag of our times , '' breaking an internal AI policy on not comparing different human rights abuses . The report reflected ongoing claims of prisoner abuse at Guantánamo and other military prisons . The comparison between the Gulag and Guantanamo Bay has been criticized by a number of people , including John Podhoretz , who on the difference between Guantanamo and a Soviet gulag , said , `` Maybe the people who work at Amnesty International really do think that the imprisonment of 600 certain or suspected terrorists is tantamount to the imprisonment of 25 million slaves . '' Former Soviet - era `` gulag '' prisoner , Pavel Litvinov , also criticized the analogy saying , `` By any standard , Guantanamo and similar American - run prisons elsewhere do not resemble , in their conditions of detention or their scale , the concentration camp system that was at the core of a totalitarian communist system . '' The comparison has been praised by some including Edmund McWilliams , and William F. Schulz . In 2011 an article was published in Australian Folklore : A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies that in part explored the way that the international image of the American government was shifting due to Guantánamo prison , yet in February 2012 poll 70 % of Americans ( including 53 % of self - described liberal Democrats and 67 % of moderate or conservative Democrats ) replied they approve the continued operation of Guantanamo . Morris Davis , the former chief prosecutor for the terrorism trials at Guantanamo Bay , began a Change.org e-petition to close Guantanamo . The e-petition has garnered over 220,000 signatures , and mentions the hunger strikes that `` involves more than 100 prisoners , including some 21 who are being force fed to keep them from starving to death . '' On 12 December 2013 , retired U.S. Marine Major General Michael R. Lehnert , who oversaw the construction of the Guantánamo detention facility , published an op - ed piece in the Detroit Free Press .", "39": "He characterized the Guantanamo as `` our nation 's most notorious prison -- a prison that should never have been opened '' , and provided a brief summary of its history and significance : Our nation created Guantánamo because we were legitimately angry and frightened by an unprovoked attack on our soil on Sept. 11 , 2001 . We thought that the detainees would provide a treasure trove of information and intelligence . I was ordered to construct the first 100 cells at Guantánamo within 96 hours . The first group of 20 prisoners arrived seven days after the order was given . We were told that the prisoners were the `` worst of the worst , '' a common refrain for every set of detainees sent to Guantánamo . The U.S. has held 779 men at the detention facility over the past 12 years . There are currently 162 men there , most of them cleared for transfer , but stuck by politics . Even in the earliest days of Guantánamo , I became more and more convinced that many of the detainees should never have been sent in the first place . They had little intelligence value , and there was insufficient evidence linking them to war crimes . That remains the case today for many , if not most , of the detainees . President Obama 's attempt to close the camp ( edit ) During his 2008 presidential campaign , Barack Obama described Guantánamo as a `` sad chapter in American history '' and promised to close down the prison in 2009 . After being elected , Obama reiterated his campaign promise on 60 Minutes and the ABC program This Week . On 22 January 2009 , President Obama stated that he ordered the government to suspend prosecutions of Guantánamo Bay detainees for 120 days to review all the detainees ' cases to determine whether and how each detainee should be prosecuted . A day later , Obama signed an executive order stating that Guantánamo Detention Camp would be closed within the year . His plan encountered a setback when incoming officials of his administration discovered that there were no comprehensive files concerning many of the detainees , so that merely assembling the available evidence about them could take weeks or months . In May , Obama announced that the prosecutions would be revived . On 20 May 2009 , the United States Senate passed an amendment to the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2009 ( H.R.", "40": "2346 ) by a 90 -- 6 vote to block funds needed for the transfer or release of prisoners held at the Guantánamo Bay detention camp . In November 2009 , President Obama admitted that the `` specific deadline '' he had set for closure of the Guantánamo Bay camp would be `` missed . '' He said the camp would probably be closed later in 2010 , but did not set a specific deadline . In May 2009 , Carol Rosenberg , writing in The Miami Herald , reported that the camps will not be immediately dismantled when the detainees are released or transferred , due to ongoing cases alleging abuse of detainees . In August 2009 , the U.S. Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , and the Standish Maximum Correctional Facility in Standish , Michigan , were considered as potential sites for transfers of over 220 prisoners . Kansas public officials , including both of its senators and governor , objected to transferring prisoners to the former . Many in Standish , however , welcomed the move to the latter . Obama issued a presidential memorandum dated 15 December 2009 , formally closing the detention center and ordering the transfer of prisoners to the Thomson Correctional Center , Thomson , Illinois . Attorney Marc Falkoff , who represents some of the Yemeni detainees , said that his clients might prefer to remain in Guantánamo rather than move into the more stark conditions at Thomson . Illinois Senator Dick Durbin 's office announced on 2 October 2012 that the Obama administration and Federal Bureau of Prisons is buying the Thomson Correctional Center from Illinois for $165 million . An administration official said the deal was to address overcrowding issues , and Thomson would not be used to house any Guantánamo detainees , which the official noted was prohibited by law . `` The entire facility will house only ( Bureau of Prison ) inmates ( up to 2,800 ) and be operated solely by BOP . Specifically , it will be used for administrative maximum security inmates and others who have proven difficult to manage in high - security institutions , '' said the official , who asked not to be named . This statement was echoed in letter from U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder . `` I have committed that no Guantanamo detainees will be transferred to Thomson .", "41": "As you know , any such transfer would violate express legal statutory prohibitions , '' Holder said in a letter to Representative Frank Wolf , who fought the proposal . The Guantanamo Review Task Force issued a final report on 22 January 2010 , but did not publicly release it until 28 May 2010 . The report recommended releasing 126 current detainees to their homes or to a third country , 36 be prosecuted in either federal court or a military commission , and 48 be held indefinitely under the laws of war . In addition , 30 Yemenis were approved for release if security conditions in their home country improve . On 7 January 2011 , President Obama signed the 2011 Defense Authorization Bill which contains provisions that place restrictions on the transfer of Guantánamo prisoners to the mainland or to other foreign countries , thus impeding the closure of the detention facility . The bill prohibits the use of funds to `` modify or construct facilities in the United States to house detainees transferred from '' Guantánamo Bay . He strongly objected to the clauses and stated that he would work with Congress to oppose the measures . Regarding the provisions preventing the transfer of Guantánamo prisoners to the mainland , Obama wrote in a statement that the `` prosecution of terrorists in Federal court is a powerful tool in our efforts to protect the Nation and must be among the options available to us . Any attempt to deprive the executive branch of that tool undermines our Nation 's counterterrorism efforts and has the potential to harm our national security . '' Obama 's order included provisions preventing the transfer of Guantánamo prisoners to other foreign countries , writing that requiring the executive branch to `` certify to additional conditions would hinder the conduct of delicate negotiations with foreign countries and therefore the effort to conclude detainee transfers in accord with our national security . '' Obama signed the 2011 Defense Authorization Bill , but nevertheless the Obama administration `` will work with the Congress to seek repeal of these restrictions , will seek to mitigate their effects , and will oppose any attempt to extend or expand them in the future , '' the president 's statement said . On 7 March 2011 , Obama gave the green light to resume military trials , conducted by military officers , with a military judge presiding , of terror suspects detained at Guantánamo Bay .", "42": "He also signed an executive order that requires a review of detainees ' status `` within a year and every four years after that to determine whether they remain a threat ... ( and ) scheduled for a military trial or should be released . '' The order required compliance with the Geneva Conventions and the international treaty banning torture and inhumane treatment . The delay of Guantánamo Bay 's closing resulted in some controversy among the public . On 12 December 2011 , The New York Times published an op - ed written by retired United States Marine Corps Generals Charles C. Krulak and Joseph P. Hoar . The two criticized how a provision of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 would extend a ban on transfers from Guantánamo , `` ensuring that this morally and financially expensive symbol of detainee abuse ( would ) remain open well into the future . '' Both argued the move would bolster Al Qaeda 's recruiting efforts and make it `` nearly impossible '' to transfer 88 men ( of the 171 held there ) who had been cleared for release . On 31 December , after signing the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 into law , President Obama voiced his concerns regarding certain provisions of the act including Section 1027 , which `` renews the bar against using appropriated funds for fiscal year 2012 to transfer Guantánamo detainees into the United States for any purpose . '' He continued to state opposition to the provision , which he argued `` intrudes upon critical executive branch authority to determine when and where to prosecute Guantánamo detainees , based on the facts and the circumstances of each case and our national security interests . ( ... ) Moreover , this intrusion would , under certain circumstances , violate constitutional separation of powers principles . '' Obama closed his concerns by stating his administration would `` aggressively seek to mitigate those concerns through the design of implementation procedures and other authorities available to me as chief executive and Commander in Chief , will oppose any attempt to extend or expand them in the future , and will seek the repeal of any provisions that undermine the policies and values that have guided my Administration throughout my time in office . ''", "43": "In early July 2012 , reports surfaced saying Guantánamo Bay was getting an estimated $40 million communications upgrade because the outdated satellite communications system was overburdened with the military court hearing the cases of war - on - terrorism suspects , as well as by the ongoing detention operations . These reports therefore indicated the U.S. military is preparing for long - term operations at Guantánamo , but they were denied by Army Lt. Col. Todd Breasseale , a spokesman for the Guantánamo military commissions . He said the communications upgrade project is meant to serve the Guantanamo naval station rather than the detention camp , which Washington still `` has plans '' to close . On 3 July 2012 , ABC News reported setbacks in Congress , as well as a need to focus on a stagnant economy in the United States , have made the issue of closing the detention camp a lesser priority . The channel also asked Obama if he planned on ever closing Guantanamo Bay , to which he replied he did . Some blamed Congress for the delay in closing the detention camp , while others blamed the president . National Security Council spokesman Tommy Vietor said in a statement , `` Obviously Congress has taken a number of steps to prevent the closure of the prison at Guantánamo Bay , but the President still believes it 's in our national security interest and will keep trying '' . In the same interview , however , senior ACLU attorney Zachary Katznelson argued Obama had `` enough control and power that he ( could have gotten those ) men out today if he ( had ) the political will to do so . '' On 21 September 2012 , the U.S. government disclosed the names of 55 of the 86 prisoners cleared for transfer from Guantánamo Bay prison . All of the names publicized were those of prisoners that Obama 's inter-agency Guantanamo Bay Review Task Force had approved for release from the prison . Previously , the U.S. government had maintained the names of prisoners cleared could not be made public because it would interfere with diplomatic efforts to repatriate or resettle prisoners in their home country or other countries . In November 2012 , the Senate voted 54 -- 41 to prevent detainees from being transferred to the U.S.", "44": "At the end of December 2013 , President Obama stated he has not given up the idea of trying terror suspects now housed at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , in United States courts . `` The executive branch must have the authority to determine when and where to prosecute Guantanamo detainees , based on the facts and circumstances of each case and our national security interests , '' Obama wrote in a signing statement attached to a new defense authorization bill called the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal 2014 which relaxed restrictions on transferring detainees from the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , to the custody of foreign governments . On 20 January 2015 , during the 2015 State of the Union address , Obama stated Guantánamo Bay `` is not who we are '' and that it was `` time to close Gitmo '' . A little less than a week later , The Huffington Post published an article by Tom Hayden arguing Guantánamo Bay would be best closed by returning the base to Cuban sovereignty , arguing it is `` where ( Guantánamo Bay ) belongs historically . '' On 4 November 2015 , Barack Obama stated that he is preparing to unveil a plan to shutter the facility and move some of the terrorism suspects held there to U.S. soil . The plan will propose one or more prisons from a working list that includes facilities in Kansas , Colorado and South Carolina . Two others that were on the list , in California and Washington state , do n't appear to have made the preliminary cut , according to a senior administration official familiar with the proposal . On 23 February 2016 , Obama stated that years after Congress disagreed to close the camp , it has come to a conclusion of closing the camp . The exact time frame of the camp closing was not revealed . As of 23 February 2016 , 91 prisoners remained in Guantánamo . From these 91 prisoners 35 were recommended for transfer if security conditions could be met . The remaining prisoners were expected to be brought to U.S. facilities in the United States . If brought to the United States , some of those detainees would continue through military commissions ; others might face trial in civilian courts . 13 potential facilities in the United States that might be used to house detainees were reviewed by the Obama Administration , but their names were not revealed . The foregoing information were published because the U.S.", "45": "Congress has asked the administration to provide Congress with information about where and how the administration intends to hold existing and future detainees , if Guantanamo is closed . Obama 's plan was rejected by several Republicans in Congress . On 15 August 2016 , President Obama transferred another 15 prisoners from the prison . This was the largest single day transfer since President Obama took office in 2009 . The inmates , 12 Yemeni nationals and 3 Afghans , were transferred to the United Arab Emirates . This brought the total number of prisoners down to 61 with 20 more cleared for transfer . President Obama did not close the prison before leaving office but was able to further reduce the population to 41 . President Trump 's statements on the camp ( edit ) President Donald Trump has vowed to keep the prison open and to use it to detain `` bad dudes '' , potentially including American supporters of ISIS . Trump has also considered bringing back waterboarding or `` worse '' . On 31 January 2018 , Trump signed an executive order keeping the prison open indefinitely . Media representations ( edit ) External video Forever Prison , 14 : 25 , 2017 , Retro Report Film , television specials , and videos ( edit ) Frontline : `` The Torture Question '' ( 2005 ) , a PBS documentary that traces the history of how decisions made in Washington , D.C.", "46": "in the immediate aftermath of 11 September 2001 led to a robust interrogation policy that laid the groundwork for prisoner abuse in Afghanistan , Guantánamo Bay , Cuba , and Iraq 's Abu Ghraib prison Gitmo -- The New Rules of War ( 2006 ) , a Swedish documentary by Erik Gandini and Tarik Saleh / ATMO that raises some of the issues concerning the nature of the interrogation processes , through interviews with previous Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib personnel ; it has won several awards including 1st prize at the 2006 Seattle International Film Festival Guantanamo -- American Officer Tortures Prisoners and Murders Investigator in an Iranian TV Drama ( 2006 ) , Iranian drama shown on Al - Kawthar TV and noted by the Middle East Media Research Institute Prisoner 345 ( 2006 ) details the case of Al Jazeera cameraman Sami Al Hajj , detained at the camp since 2002 Guantanamo -- unplugged ( 2006 ) , a first - hand view of the prison facilities by Stephan Bachenheimer , Winner of the International Video Journalism Award 2006 , English / German The Road to Guantánamo ( 2006 ) , a film about the Tipton Three Taxi to the Dark Side ( 2007 ) , an in - depth look at the torture practices , focusing on Dilwar , an innocent taxi driver in Afghanistan who was tortured and killed in 2002 GITMO : Inside the Wire ( 2008 ) , an hour - long documentary by filmmaker David Miller and journalist Yvonne Ridley after the two were given unprecedented access to the camp in May 2008 ; it has won several awards including a nomination at the Roma TV Festival in 2009 Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay ( 2008 ) , comedy film Witness to Guantanamo ( 2009 ) , an ongoing project filming in - depth interviews with former detainees and other voices of Guantanamo , and creating a free archive of these stories for future generations . Inside Guantanamo ( 2009 ) , a National Geographic film of what it is like inside Guantanamo Bay New York ( 2009 ) , an Indian movie about an American Muslim of Indian origin being detained at the U.S.", "47": "prison Outside the Law : Stories From Guantanamo ( 2009 ) , a British documentary , featuring interviews with previous Guantánamo detainees , a former U.S. Military Chaplain at Guantánamo Bay and human rights organisations such as Cageprisoners Ltd . The Real News : `` Protest Against Obama Guantanamo Policy '' ( 16 January 2011 ) Shaker Aamer : A Decade of Injustice ( 2012 ) , a short film by Spectacle to mark the 10th anniversary of the detention of Shaker Aamer at Guantanamo Bay Camp X-Ray ( 2014 ) , a film starring Kristen Stewart and Peyman Moaadi Games ( edit ) Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Blacklist ( 2013 ) , video game wherein the player is tasked with infiltrating and escaping from Guantanamo Bay Metal Gear Solid V : Ground Zeroes ( 2014 ) , video game wherein the player 's mission is to extract two prisoners from a fictional `` Camp Omega '' in early 1975 Literature ( edit ) Five Years of My Life : An Innocent Man in Guantanamo ( 2008 ) , a memoir by Murat Kurnaz Prisonnier à Guantanamo ( 2008 ) , by Mollah Abdul Salam Zaeef and Jean - Michel Caradec'h , memoirs of the ex-ambassador of Taliban government in Pakistan . Guantanamo Diary : Mohamedou Ould Slahi edited by ( Larry Siems ) ( 2015 ) , a memoir by a Guantanamo detainee American Poets Against the War ( 2008 ) , an anthology edited by Christian Narkiewicz - Laine Music ( edit ) `` A Base de Guantanamo ( The Guantánamo Bay ) '' , the sixth song of Caetano Veloso 's album Zii e Zie ( 2009 ) Radio ( edit ) Camp Delta , Guantanamo ( 30 April 2006 ) , a radio feature by Frank Smith This American Life : `` Habeas Schmabeas '' , an episode of the radio program This American Life produced by Chicago Public Radio , which discusses the conditions at the facility , the legal justifications and arguments surrounding the detention of prisoners there , and the history of the principle of habeas corpus ;", "48": "it also features interviews with two former detainees and won a 2006 Peabody Award Theater ( edit ) Good Morning Gitmo ( 2014 ) , a one - act comedy play written by Mishu Hilmy and Eric Simon and originally produced by The Annoyance Theater in Chicago , Illinois Artistic responses ( edit ) Banksy 's Guantanamo Sculpture ( 2006 ) , the graffiti artist Banksy placed a life - size replica of one of Guantanamo 's detainees in a Disneyland attraction Gone Gitmo ( 2009 ) , a virtual reproduction of the Guantanamo Bay Prison built in Second Life by the artists Nonny de la Peña and Peggy Weil Guantanamo Bay Museum of Art and History ( 2012 ) , a fictional museum created by the artist Ian Alan Paul that is premised on the idea that the museum has replaced the shuttered prison facility Guantanamo Bay Illustrations ( 2013 ) , in 2013 the artist Molly Crabapple visited the Guantanamo Bay Detention Facilities and did a series of portraits and sketches of the detainees and the prison complex See also ( edit ) Baghdad Central Prison -- 2003 Bagram Theater Internment Facility Bagram torture and prisoner abuse Belmarsh ( HM Prison ) -- One of the UK 's maximum security prisons , which was used to hold prisoners without charge or trial in the UK ( many are wanted or convicted of terrorism in other countries ) as recently as 2006 ; leading it to be referred to as the `` British version of Guantánamo Bay '' Camp 1391 -- referred to as `` the Israeli Guantanamo '' Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedures (. pdf file ) protocol of the U.S.", "49": "Army at the Guantánamo Bay detention camp that was released by Wikileaks Cellular Jail -- A prison owned by the UK that was set up in 1906 for similar purposes as Guantánamo Bay ; imprisoning Indian fighters in the Indian independence movement at that time Civilian Internee Communication Management Unit so called `` little Guantánamos '' Custody and the Stammheim trial ( Red Army Faction ) Guantanamo detainees ' medical care Disarmed Enemy Forces Guantanamo Bay detainee documents Guantánamo Bay files leak Lists of former Guantanamo Bay detainees alleged to have returned to terrorism Military Police : Enemy Prisoners of War , Retained Personnel , Civilian Internees and Other Detainees Taxi to the Dark Side , a 2007 film about the 2002 killing of an Afghan taxi driver by American soldiers while being held in extrajudicial detention . The Constitution is not a suicide pact References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guantanamo Bay prisoners plant seeds of hope in secret garden Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , The Independent , 29 April 2006 ^ Jump up to : Guantanamo and Illegal Detention Archived 15 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Amnesty International . Retrieved 3 November 2016 Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` Guantanamo Bay -- Detainees '' . globalsecurity.org . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Carol ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` Obama to leave with 41 captives still at Guantánamo , blames politics '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Machtwechsel in Amerika : Zehn Guantánamo - Gefangene nach Oman überstellt '' . 16 January 2017 -- via Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . Jump up ^ `` Defense.gov Transcript : DoD News Briefing -- Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace '' . Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Judge Orders U.S. to Supply Prisoner Names '' . The New York Times . 24 January 2006 . 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Jump up ^ Deutschmann , Emanuel ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Between Collaboration and Disobedience The Behavior of the Guantánamo Detainees and its Consequences '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 60 ( 3 ) : 555 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002714545331 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Horton , `` Law School Study Finds Evidence Of Cover - Up After Three Alleged Suicides At Guantanamo in 2006 '' Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Huffington Post , 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 Jump up ^ Willett , P. Sabin ( 9 March 2006 ) . Hibbitts , Bernard , ed . `` Adel 's Anniversary : A Guantanamo Tale '' . JURIST Legal News & Research . University of Pittsburgh School of Law . Archived from the original on 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Stein , Jeff ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Rumsfeld complained of ' low level ' GTMO prisoners , memo reveals '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ ( I am Chaplain Kent L. Svendsen and I served as chaplain to the Joint Detention Center see Esquire Magazine July edition 2004 The Gospel Of GTMO ) Jump up ^ Jo Becker , `` The war on teen terror : The Bush administration 's treatment of juvenile prisoners shipped to Guantánamo Bay defies logic as well as international law '' Archived 13 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine.", "53": ", Human Rights Watch , Salon , 24 June 2008 Jump up ^ `` Eight More Guantánamo Detainees Released or Transferred '' . International Information Programs. 20 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 15 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Faces of Guantanamo '' ( PDF ) . ( 409 KB ) ^ Jump up to : Carter , Jimmy ( 24 June 2012 ) . `` America 's Shameful Human Rights Record '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Carol ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` FOIA suit reveals Guantanamo 's ' indefinite detainees ' '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Reid , Tim ( 9 April 2010 ) . `` George W. Bush ' knew Guantánamo prisoners were innocent ' '' .", "54": "The Times . London . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Lawrence ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` DECLARATION OF COLONEL LAWRENCE B. WILKERSON ( RET . ) '' ( PDF ) . Truthout . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Lawrence ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` DECLARATION OF COLONEL LAWRENCE B. WILKERSON ( RET . ) '' . Truthout . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Prisoner '' . pbs.org . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ CIA made doctors torture suspected terrorists after 9 / 11 , taskforce finds World news Archived 21 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... The Guardian . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jane . ( 26 June 2013 ) U.S. military doctors abetted prisoner abuse , study says -- Guantánamo Archived 12 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... MiamiHerald.com . 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Jump up ^ In court filings made public in January 2007 , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents reported that they observed a few detainees at Guantanamo Bay who were : chained in a fetal position on the floor ; subjected to extremes of temperature ; one was gagged with duct tape ; one was rubbing his legs a possible result of being held in a stress position while shackled ; one was shackled in a baseball catcher 's position ; and subjected to loud music and flashing floodlights for more than twenty four hours in a bare six - foot by eight - foot cell .", "56": "One Boston agent reported that she observed two incidents that she described as , `` personally very upsetting to me , '' of two detainees chained in a fetal position between 18 to 24 hours who had urinated and defecated on themselves . Former Turkish - German Guantanamo bay prisoner Murat Kurnaz reports about systematic torture there in his book `` Five years of my life . '' ( available in German language ) . Jump up ^ `` Detainees Positive Responses '' ( PDF ) . FBI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Folter in Guantánamo ? '' . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 17 October 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Tipton three complain of beatings '' . BBC News . 14 March 2004 . Jump up ^ Hyland , Julie ( 6 August 2004 ) . `` Britons release devastating account of torture and abuse by U.S. forces at Guantanamo '' . World Socialist Web Site . Retrieved 18 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UK : Medics condemn government over Guantánamo in new letter '' . Amnesty.org.uk. 18 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Days of adverse hardship in U.S. detention camps -- Testimony of Guantánamo detainee Jumah Al Dossari '' . Amnesty International . 6 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hicks ' torture allegations corroborated -- War on Terror '' . The Age . 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Jump up ^ The allegations were in transcripts the U.S. government released in compliance with a Freedom of Information lawsuit filed by AP . `` 404 error '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 30 December 2005 . Retrieved 18 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Mark Denbeaux et al. , `` Report on Guantanamo detainees : A Profile of 517 Detainees '' ( PDF ) . ( 467 KB ) , Seton Hall University , 8 February 2006 Jump up ^ `` Headlines for October 20 , 2005 '' . Democracy Now ! . Archived from the original on 18 March 2006 . Retrieved 18 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo hunger strikers say U.S. misuses feeding tubes '' . Xinhua.net. 21 October 2005 . Retrieved 18 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo detainee pleads to die '' . Aljazeera.net. 26 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 18 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Invitation to UN Special Rapporteurs to Visit Guantanamo Bay Detention Facilities '' . United States Department of State . 28 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2006 . Retrieved 18 March 2006 .", "58": "Jump up ^ wire services ( 29 October 2005 ) . `` U.S. invites U.N. experts to Guantanamo camp '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 18 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo Visit Rules Set by U.S. Called Unacceptable by UN '' . Bloomberg. 31 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Colgan , Jill ( 30 October 2005 ) . `` Former army chaplain breaks silence over Guantanamo '' . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Preston , Julia ( 30 October 2005 ) . `` Prisoner Says Abuse of His Islamic Books Preceded Beating in ' 01 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Doctors urge UK to intervene against Guantanamo force - feeding '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2006 . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Judge rules on Guantanamo strike '' . BBC News . 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Akeel , Maha. `` 40 Saudis Likely to Be Freed From Guantanamo Soon '' . Arab News . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Five Kuwaitis return from Guantanamo Bay '' . People 's Daily . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Three Bahrainees released from Guantanamo prison '' . Arabic News . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Four More Detainees Released from Guantanamo Detention Center '' . United States International Information Programs . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sex allegedly used to break Muslim prisoners -- Security '' . 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 07TRIPOLI943 , REQUEST FOR EXPLANATION OF RETURNED DETAINEE ARM DISABILITY '' .", "59": "7 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Guantanamo detainees ' hunger strikes will no longer be disclosed by U.S. military '' -- via The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Matt Williams ( 14 July 2013 ) . `` Guantánamo officials accused of ' cheating ' over hunger strike numbers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Carol ( 11 March 2014 ) . `` U.S. now calls Guantánamo hunger strike ' long term non-religious fasting ' '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guantánamo Detainee Seeks Right to Make , Share Artwork '' . www.artforum.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fingernail slash ' at Guantanamo '' . BBC News . 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Guantanamo suicide protest '' . BBC News . 25 January 2005 . Retrieved 15 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Rose , David ( January 2004 ) . `` Operation Take Away My Freedom : Inside Guantanamo Bay On Trial '' . Vanity Fair : 88 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guantanamo commander says three detainees hang themselves with makeshift nooses '' . USA Today . 10 June 2006 . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Triple suicide at Guantanamo camp Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC , 11 June 2006 Jump up ^ Three die in Guantanamo suicide pact , The Times , 11 June 2006 Jump up ^ The three detainees were said to have hanged themselves with nooses made of sheets and clothes . According to military officials , the suicides were coordinated acts of protests . Human rights activists and defense attorneys said the deaths signaled the desperation of many of the detainees .", "60": "Barbara Olshansky of the Center for Constitutional Rights , which represented about 300 Guantánamo detainees , said that detainees `` have this incredible level of despair that they will never get justice . '' ^ Jump up to : Maclean , William ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` Obama failed to probe Gitmo deaths , charity says '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Andy Worthington , `` Forgotten : The Second Anniversary Of A Guantánamo Suicide '' Archived 5 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , 30 May 2009 , Andy Worthington website . Retrieved 8 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` Seton Hall Law -- Press Release '' . Law.shu.edu . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Horton , Scott ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` The Guantánamo `` Suicides '' : A Camp Delta sergeant blows the whistle `` . Harper 's . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Andrew ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` Three Corpses in Gitmo : The Very Worst Seems True '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Cobain , Ian ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` US magazine claims Guantánamo inmates were killed during questioning '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Questions raised over Gitmo Deaths '' . CBS News . Associated Press . 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown '' . MSNBC. 18 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Neil A. ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Red Cross Finds Detainee Abuse in Guantánamo '' . The New York Times .", "61": "Retrieved 15 March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guantanamo Tactics ' Tantamount to Torture ' - NY Times '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 8 December 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Press Release 04 / 70 : The ICRC 's work at Guantanamo Bay '' . International Committee of the Red Cross . 30 November 2004 . Retrieved 15 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 404 error '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 26 December 2005 . Retrieved 16 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Red Cross report details alleged Iraq abuses '' . The Guardian . London . 10 May 2004 . Retrieved 16 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anthony ( 21 June 2005 ) . `` Guantánamo 's Long Shadow '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` this story is not currently available '' . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Army Now Says G.I. Was Beaten in Role Archived 26 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times , 9 June 2004 Jump up ^ Golden , Tim ( 21 June 2004 ) . `` U.S. Said to Overstate Value of Guantánamo Detainees '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . , Kuwaiti Freedom Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . , Time ^ Jump up to : David L. McColgin , `` The Theotorture of Guantánamo '' in Nathan C. Walker and Edwin J. Greenlee , eds , `` Whose God Rules ?", "62": "Is the United States a Secular Nation or a Theolegal Democracy ? '' ( Palgrave MacMillan 2011 , Chapter 12 , pp. 202 -- 203 ) . Jump up ^ Priest , Dana ; Joe Stephens ( 9 May 2004 ) . `` Pentagon Approved Tougher Interrogations '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Nathan C. Walker `` Theotorture , '' Grieboski Global Strategies Blog , Alexandria , VA , 18 December 2014 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fwd : Impersonating FBI at GTMO '' ( PDF ) . BBC News . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cheney : ' Iraq will be enormous success story ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 3 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikileaks -- Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedure Archived 30 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Shane ( 2 July 2008 ) . `` China inspired interrogations at Guantánamo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Biderman , Albert D. ( September 1957 ) . `` Communist Attempts to Elicit False Confessions from Air Force Prisoners of War '' . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine . 33 ( 9 ) : 616 -- 625 . PMC 1806204 . PMID 13460564 . Jump up ^ `` Officer : Military Demanded Torture Lessons '' . CBS News . Associated Press . 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Jeremy R. ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` Obama , American Ideals , and Torture as ' a useful tool ' '' . Foreign Policy Journal . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quotes of the Day '' . Time .", "63": "2 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gitmo interrogations spark battle over tactics '' . 23 October 2006 . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum for Inspector General , Department of the Navy . Statement for the record : Office of General Counsel involvement in interrogation issues '' ( PDF ) . 7 July 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tribunals Did n't Rely on Torture '' . The Washington Post . 13 December 2004 . p . A20 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Eric ; Lewis , Neil ( 1 May 2005 ) . `` Inquiry finds abuses at Guantanamo Bay '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Inquiry Finds Abuses at Guantánamo Bay ' By ( reprinted at Truthout ) '' . The New York Times . 5 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2006 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` At hearing , Guantanamo wins praise and criticism '' . Boston Globe . Reuters. 30 June 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Knowlton , Brian ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` Report Gives New Detail on Approval of Brutal Techniques '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Dworkin ( 14 August 2008 ) . `` Why It Was a Great Victory '' . 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Further reading / viewing ( edit ) David Glenn ( 2010 ) . `` The Record Keeper : Carol Rosenberg owns the Guantánamo beat '' . Columbia Journalism Review . 49 ( 4 ) . `` Yasiin Bey ( aka Mos Def ) force fed under standard Guantánamo Bay procedure . '' The Guardian . Monday 8 July 2013 .", "81": "via YouTube -- Video created by human rights organization Reprieve & directed by Asif Kapadia , shows Mos Def force fed according to procedure at Guantanamo Bay detention camp . Declassified documents ( edit ) Office of the Secretary of Defense & Joint Staff FOIA Requester Service Center Declassified Detainee Related Documents DOJ Office of Legal Counsel OLC FOIA Reading Room FBI 2004 Guantanamo Bay Special Inquiry DoD Inspector General Publications DIA FOIA Detainee abuse FOIA.gov All related pdf files indexed by FOIA.gov External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guantanamo Bay detainment camp . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Detention , Treatment , and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism Wikisource has original text related to this article : Statement of Alberto J Mora on interrogation abuse , 7 July 2004 Wikinews has news related to : Guantanamo Bay Closing Guantanamo ? , Council on Foreign Relations The Evolution of Guantanamo Bay by William L. Pfeifer , Jr . Death in Camp Delta The Guantanamo Files : The Stories of the 774 Detainees in America 's Illegal Prison by Andy Worthington ( Pluto Press , 2007 ) Adel 's Anniversary : A Guantanamo Tale , JURIST The Prisoner , NOW on PBS Human Rights First ; Arbitrary Justice : Trial of Guantánamo and Bagram Detainees in Afghanistan Human Rights First ; Guantánamo by the Numbers ( 2010 ) Bill Dedman , Gitmo interrogations spark battle over tactics : The inside story of criminal investigators who tried to stop abuse , msnbc.com Fate of Prisoners From Afghan War Remains Uncertain , Neil Lewis , New York Times , 24 April 2003 American Civil Liberties Union : Federal Court Decision Granting Guantánamo Bay Detainees Judicial Review Caps Red - Letter Day for Checks and Balances Canada puts U.S. on torture watch list : CTV , CTV News , 17 January 2008 supremecourt.gov , BOUMEDIENE ET AL. v. BUSH , PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES , ET AL. , No. 06 -- 1195 ,", "82": "12 June 2008 McClatchy Newspapers Guantanamo Detainees project with video , interviews , court martial documents and database of names Coordinates : 19 ° 54 ′ 8 '' N 75 ° 5 ′ 56 '' W / 19.90222 ° N 75.09889 ° W / 19.90222 ; - 75.09889 Guantanamo Bay detention camps Camp one -- April 2002 -- open air cages , but with plumbing Camp two -- open air cages , but with plumbing Camp three -- open air cages , but with plumbing Camp four -- more pleasant surroundings for the most compliant detainees Camp five -- permanent facility modeled after a bureau of prison maximum security facility Camp Five Echo `` disciplinary block '' for `` non-compliant '' prisoners Camp six -- permanent facility modeled after a bureau of prison maximum security facility Camp seven -- aka Camp Platinum , secret location , former CIA `` high value detainees '' held here Camp No -- secret interrogation center Camp X-Ray -- January - April 2002 -- open air cages with no plumbing Camp Delta -- blanket term used to refer to most of the other camps Camp Iguana -- originally held child detainees , now holds the men determined to be innocent Camp Echo -- isolation cells ,", "83": "and cells where detainees are held prior to meeting their lawyers Guantanamo psychiatric ward -- opened in March 2003 Strawberry Fields -- black site run by the CIA Penny Lane -- black site run by the CIA Controversies surrounding people captured during the War on Terror Guantanamo Bay detention camp Suicide attempts Quran desecration controversy Boycott of military tribunals Former captives alleged to have ( re ) joined insurgency Hunger strikes Force feeding Homicide accusations Juvenile prisoner Seton Hall reports CIA black site operations Enhanced interrogation techniques Ghost detainees Waterboarding Destruction of interrogation tapes Prison and detainee abuse Abu Ghraib Bagram Canadian Afghan detainee issue Black jail Salt Pit Prison uprisings and escapes Battle of Qala - i - Jangi Battle of Abu Ghraib 2008 Sarposa Prison mass escape Basra prison incident Afghan escapes Iraqi escapes Deaths in custody Dilawar Jamal Nasser Abdul Wahid Habibullah Abed Hamed Mowhoush Manadel al - Jamadi Nagem Hatab Baha Mousa Fashad Mohamed Muhammad Zaidan Gul Rahman Abdul Wali Dasht - i - Leili massacre Tortured Abu Zubaydah Mohamedou Ould Slahi Mohammed al - Qahtani Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Abdul Jabar Abd al - Rahim al - Nashiri Binyam Mohamed Forced disappearances Ibn al - Shaykh al - Libi Abdu Ali al Haji Sharqawi Muhammed al - Darbi Mohammed Omar Abdel - Rahman Tariq Mahmood Hassan Ghul Musaad Aruchi Hiwa Abdul Rahman Rashul Reports and legal developments Ryder Report Fay Report Taguba Report Church Report Detainee Treatment Act Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Military Commissions Act of 2006 Senate Armed Services Committee Report Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture Related media The Road to Guantánamo Taxi to the Dark Side Standard Operating Procedure Torturing Democracy Enemy Combatant War on Terror", "84": "War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Symbolism of terrorism Participants Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets al - Qaeda Osama bin Laden al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Anwar al - Awlaki Al - Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jaish - e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar - e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF -- Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF -- Horn of Africa OEF -- Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb ( 2002 -- present ) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia War in North - West Pakistan War in Somalia ( 2006 -- 09 ) 2007 Lebanon conflict al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Korean conflict See also Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Black sites Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the War on Terror Death of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution", "85": "Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan 's role Patriot Act President 's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan CAGE Terrorism portal War portal VIAF : 125719534 LCCN : n2009006999 GND : 4813901 - 4 SELIBR : 254959 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp&oldid=838450706 '' Categories : Guantanamo Bay detention camp Prisons in Guantanamo Bay Detention centers for extrajudicial prisoners of the United States Immigration detention centers and prisons Prisoner - of - war camps Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Military installations of the United States in Cuba George W.", "86": "Bush administration controversies Obama administration controversies Counter-terrorism in the United States Human rights abuses in the United States Military prisoner abuse scandals Torture in the United States Military installations established in 2002 2002 establishments in Cuba 2002 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use American English from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kinyarwanda Latviešu മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 ,", "87": "at 02 : 46 . 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1265966537878407180	who was the 19th c. artist who was both painter and graphic designer	[ "René Georges Hermann-Paul", "René Georges Hermann-Paul", "René Georges Hermann-Paul", "René Georges Hermann-Paul", "René Georges Hermann-Paul" ]	{ "0": "List of French artists - wikipedia List of French artists Jump to : navigation , search French art history Overview Categories Historical periods Prehistoric Medieval Gothic Renaissance 17th century 18th century 19th century 20th century French artists Artists ( chronological ) Artists -- Painters Sculptors -- Architects Photographers Thematic Art movements ( chronological ) Art movements ( category ) Salons and academies French art museums Most visited Impressionism -- Cubism Dada -- Surrealism See also Art portal France portal Western art history The following is a chronological list of French artists working in visual or plastic media ( plus , for some artists of the 20th century , performance art ) . For alphabetical lists , see the various subcategories of Category : French artists . See other articles for information on French literature , French music , French cinema and French culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Middle Ages 2 Renaissance 3 Seventeenth century 4 Eighteenth century 5 Nineteenth century ( Romanticism to Impressionism ) 6 Nineteenth century ( Impressionism to Fauvism ) 7 Twentieth century ( pre-World War II ) 8 Twentieth century ( post-World War II ) 9 French photographers 10 See also 11 References Middle Ages ( edit ) See also Middle Ages , Gothic architecture , Illuminated manuscript Gislebertus ( 12th century ) , sculptor Pierre de Montreuil ( c. 1200 -- 1266 ) , architect Villard de Honnecourt ( 13th century ) , other media Jean Pucelle ( active 1325 -- 28 ) , other media Jean Malouel ( Dutch , worked in Burgundy ) ( 1365 - 1416 ) , painter Anastasia ( fl . c.", "1": "1400 ) , manuscript illuminator Claus Sluter ( Dutch , worked in Burgundy from 1395 -- 1406 ) , sculptor the Limbourg brothers ( Pol and Hermann ) ( Dutch artists working in Burgundy around 1403 -- 1416 ) , other media Renaissance ( edit ) See also Renaissance , Francis I of France , Henry II of France , Catherine de ' Medici , Henry III of France , Henry IV of France , Louvre , Fontainebleau , Châteaux of the Loire Valley Jacques Morel ( c. 1395 -- 1459 ) , sculptor Enguerrand Quarton ( c. 1410 -- c. 1466 ) , painter , miniatures Henri Bellechose ( Flemish born ) ( active 1415 - 1440 ) , painter Simon Marmion ( c. 1420 -- 1489 ) , illuminations Jean Fouquet ( 1420 -- 1481 ) , painter , illuminations Jean Colombe ( 1430 -- 1493 ) , illuminations Michel Colombe ( c. 1430 -- 1515 ) , sculptor Nicolas Froment ( c. 1450 -- c. 1490 ) , painter Jean Perréal ( c. 1455 -- 1528 ) , painter , illuminations Antoine Le Moiturier ( active in the 1460s ) , sculptor Jean Clouet ( c. 1485 -- 1541 ) ( Flemish born ) , painter , miniatures Jean Duvet ( c. 1485 -- c. 1570 ) , engraver Josse Lieferinxe ( active 1493 -- 1508 ) ( Flemish born ) , painter Nicolas Dipre ( fl.", "2": "1495 -- 1532 ) , painter Jehan Cousin the elder ( 1500 -- 1593 ) , painter , engraver , sculptor Ligier Richier ( 1500 -- 1567 ) , sculptor Philibert Delorme ( or de L'Orme ) ( 1505 / 1510 -- 1570 ) , sculptor , architectural plans Pierre Bontemps ( 1505 / 1510 -- after 1562 ) , sculptor Jean Goujon ( c. 1510 -- 1565 ? ) , sculptor Bernard Palissy ( 1510 -- 1590 ) , master potter Jacques Androuet du Cerceau ( c. 1510 -- 1585 ) , architectural plans Jean Juste ( active 1515 -- 1530 ) , sculptor François Clouet ( c. 1515 -- 1572 ) ( son of Jean Clouet ) , painter Pierre Lescot ( c. 1515 -- 1578 ) , sculptor , architect Antoine Caron ( c. 1521 -- 1599 ) , painter Jean Cousin the Younger ( c. 1522 -- 1593 ) , painter Germain Pilon ( c. 1535 -- 1590 ) , sculptor Ambroise Dubois ( c. 1542 -- 1614 ) ( Flemish born ) , painter Barthélemy Prieur ( c. 1536 -- 1616 ) , sculptor Toussaint Dubreuil ( c. 1561 -- 1602 ) , painter Martin Fréminet ( 1567 -- 1619 ) , painter Frans Pourbus the younger ( 1569 -- 1622 ) ( Flemish born ) , painter Jacques Bellange ( 1575 -- 1616 ) ( in Lorraine ) , engraver Jean Decourt ( active 1570s ) , painter François Quesnel ( active 1580s ) , painter Pierre Quesnel ( c.", "3": "1502 -- 1580 ) , painter Jacques Patin ( active 1580s ) , engraver Jean de Beaugrand ( 1584 -- 1640 ) , lineographer Claude Deruet ( 1588 -- 1660 ) ( in Lorraine ) , painter Seventeenth century ( edit ) See also French Baroque and Classicism , Louis XIII of France , Cardinal Richelieu , Baroque , Louis XIV of France , Palace of Versailles , Classicism Simon Vouet ( 1590 -- 1649 ) , painter Jacques Callot ( 1592 -- 1635 ) ( in Lorraine ) , engraver Georges de La Tour ( 1593 -- 1652 ) , painter Nicolas Poussin ( 1594 -- 1665 ) , painter Antoine Le Nain ( before 1600 -- ? ) , painter Louis Le Nain ( after 1600 -- ? ) , painter Nicolas Lagneau ( fl c. 1600 -- c. 1650 ) , draftsman Abraham Bosse ( 1602 -- 1676 ) , engraver Claude Gelée , called Claude Lorrain ( 1600 -- 1682 ) , painter Philippe de Champaigne ( 1602 -- 1674 ) Pierre - Antoine Lemoine ( 1605 -- 1665 ) , still - life painter Laurent de La Hyre ( 1606 -- 1565 ) , painter Mathieu Le Nain ( 1607 -- c.", "4": "1677 ) , painter Louise Moillon ( 1610 -- 1696 ) , painter Pierre Mignard ( 1612 -- 1695 ) , painter Gaspard Dughet ( 1613 -- 1675 ) , painter André Le Nôtre ( 1613 -- 1700 ) , landscape architect Eustache Le Sueur ( 1616 -- 1655 ) , painter Sébastien Bourdon ( 1616 -- 1671 ) , painter Charles Le Brun ( 1619 -- 1690 ) , painter , other media Pierre Paul Puget ( 1620 -- 1694 ) , sculptor Guillaume Courtois ( 1628 -- 1679 ) , painter and etcher François Girardon ( 1628 -- 1715 ) , sculptor Catherine Duchemin ( 1630 -- 1698 ) , painter Claude Lefèbvre ( 1633 -- 1675 ) , painter and engraver Claudine Bouzonnet - Stella ( 1636 -- 1697 ) , engraver Charles de la Fosse ( 1636 -- 1716 ) , painter Antoine Coysevox ( 1640 -- 1720 ) , sculptor Antoinette Bouzonnet - Stella ( 1641 -- 1676 ) , engraver Étienne Allegrain ( 1644 -- 1736 ) , topographical painter Jean Jouvenet ( 1644 -- 1717 ) , painter François de Troy ( 1645 -- 1730 ) , painter Madeleine Boullogne ( 1646 -- 1710 ) , still life painter Marie Blancour ( fl. 1650 -- 1699 ) , painter Marie Courtois ( c.", "5": "1655 -- 1703 ) , miniature painter Nicolas de Largillière ( 1656 -- 1746 ) , painter Nicolas Coustou ( 1658 -- 1733 ) , sculptor Hyacinthe Rigaud ( 1659 -- 1743 ) , painter Antoine Coypel ( 1661 -- 1722 ) , sculptor François Desportes ( 1661 -- 1743 ) , painter Eighteenth century ( edit ) See also Palace of Versailles , Louis XV of France , Madame de Pompadour , Rococo , Louis XVI of France , Neoclassicism , Enlightenment , Gobelins . For art criticism , see Denis Diderot Alexis Simon Belle ( 1674 -- 1734 ) Jean - François de Troy ( 1679 -- 1752 ) ( son of François ) , painter Marie - Anne Horthemels ( 1682 -- 1727 ) , engraver Antoine Watteau ( 1684 -- 1721 ) , painter Jean - Baptiste van Loo ( 1684 -- 1745 ) , painter Jean - Marc Nattier ( 1685 -- 1766 ) , painter Jean - Baptiste Oudry ( 1686 -- 1755 ) , painter Louise - Magdeleine Horthemels ( 1686 -- 1767 ) , engraver François Lemoyne ( 1688 -- 1737 ) , painter Nicolas Lancret ( 1690 -- 1743 ) , painter Charles - Antoine Coypel ( 1694 -- 1752 ) , painter , art commentator , and playwright Jean - Baptiste Pater ( 1695 -- 1736 ) , painter Jean - Baptiste - Siméon Chardin ( 1699 -- 1779 ) , painter Charles Joseph Natoire ( 1700 -- 1777 ) , painter Louis - François Roubiliac ( 1702 -- 1762 ) , sculptor Jean - Étienne Liotard ( 1702 -- 1789 ) , painter François Boucher ( 1703 -- 1770 ) , painter , engraver Maurice Quentin de La Tour ( 1704 -- 1788 ) ,", "6": "painter Jean - Baptiste Lemoyne ( 1704 -- 1778 ) , painter , sculptor Charles - André van Loo ( Carle Van Loo ) ( 1705 -- 1765 ) ( brother of Jean - Baptiste van Loo ) , painter Louis - Michel van Loo ( 1707 -- 1771 ) ( son of Jean - Baptiste van Loo ) , painter Jean - Baptiste Pigalle ( 1714 -- 1785 ) , sculptor Claude Joseph Vernet ( 1714 -- 1789 ) , painter Jean - Baptiste Perronneau ( 1715 -- 1783 ) , painter Etienne - Maurice Falconet ( 1716 -- 1791 ) , sculptor Joseph - Marie Vien ( 1716 -- 1809 ) , painter Charles - Amédée - Philippe van Loo ( 1719 -- 1795 ) ( son of Jean - Baptiste van Loo ) , painter Charles Germain de Saint Aubin ( 1721 -- 1786 ) , engraver , embroidery designer Jean - Baptiste Greuze ( 1725 -- 1805 ) , painter François - Hubert Drouais ( Drouais le fils ) ( 1727 -- 1775 ) , painter Jean - Baptiste Defernex ( 1729 -- 1783 ) , sculptor Jean - Honoré Fragonard ( 1732 -- 1806 ) , painter Jean - Jacques Durameau ( 1733 -- 1796 ) , painter Hubert Robert ( 1733 -- 1808 ) , painter , engraver Marie - Suzanne Giroust ( 1734 -- 1772 ) , painter Joseph Ducreux ( 1735 -- 1802 ) , painter Étienne de La Vallée Poussin ( 1735 -- 1802 ) , French history painter and creator of interior decorative schemes Louis Albert Guislain Bacler d'Albe ( 1761 -- 1824 ) , painter Nicolas Bernard Lépicié ( 1735 -- 1784 ) , painter Nicolas Benjamin Delapierre ( 1739 -- c. 1800 ) , painter Jean Antoine Houdon ( 1741 -- 1828 ) ,", "7": "sculptor Jean - Michel Moreau ( Moreau the younger ) ( 1741 -- 1814 ) , engraver Anne Vallayer - Coster ( 1744 -- 1818 ) , painter Jacques - Louis David ( 1748 -- 1825 ) , painter Claude - Jean - Baptiste Hoin ( 1750 -- 1817 ) , portrait artist Jacques - Antoine - Marie Lemoine ( 1751 -- 1824 ) , portrait and landscape artist Antoine Berjon ( 1754 -- 1843 ) , painter and designer Jean - Baptiste Regnault ( 1754 -- 1829 ) Elisabeth Vigee - Lebrun ( 1755 -- 1842 ) , painter Alexandre - Hyacinthe Dunouy ( 1757 -- 1841 ) , painter known for his landscapes Pierre Prudhon ( 1758 -- 1823 ) , painter Nineteenth century ( Romanticism to Impressionism ) ( edit ) See also French Revolution , Napoleon I , Romanticism , Barbizon school , Naturalism , Symbolism , Impressionism , Academic art , Napoleon III of France , Photography , Modernism Louis - Léopold Boilly ( 1761 -- 1845 ) , painter Joseph Nicéphore Niépce ( 1765 -- 1833 ) , photographer Adélaïde Dufrénoy ( 1765 -- 1825 ) , poet and painter from Brittany Anne - Louis Girodet de Roussy - Trioson ( 1767 -- 1824 ) , painter Jean - Baptiste Isabey ( 1767 -- 1855 ) , painter Antoine Jean Gros ( 1771 -- 1835 ) , painter Pierre Narcisse Guérin ( 1771 -- 1833 ) , painter Adélaïde Victoire Hall ( 1772 -- 1844 ) , painter Eustache - Hyacinthe Langlois ( 1777 -- 1837 ) , painter , draftsman Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres ( 1780 -- 1867 ) , painter Étienne Bouhot ( 1780 -- 1862 ) , painter and art teacher Alexandre - François Caminade ( 1783 -- 1862 ) ,", "8": "portraitist and religious painter François Rude ( 1784 -- 1855 ) , sculptor Eugénie Charen ( 1786 -- 1824 ) , painter Louis - Jacques Daguerre ( 1787 -- 1851 ) , photographer Charles de Steuben ( 1788 -- 1856 ) , painter active during the Napoleonic Era Horace Vernet ( 1789 -- 1863 ) , painter Jules Robert Auguste ( c. 1789 -- 1850 ) , painter Théodore Géricault ( 1791 -- 1824 ) , painter Nicolas Toussaint Charlet ( 1792 -- 1845 ) , painter Antoine - Louis Barye ( 1795 -- 1875 ) , sculptor Ary Scheffer ( 1795 -- 1858 ) , painter Jean - Baptiste - Camille Corot ( 1796 -- 1875 ) , painter Paul Delaroche ( 1797 -- 1856 ) , painter Eugène Delacroix ( 1798 -- 1863 ) , painter Alfred Johannot ( 1800 -- 1837 ) , painter and engraver Hippolyte Bellangé ( 1800 -- 1866 ) , painter Achille Devéria ( 1800 -- 1857 ) , painter , engraver Paul Huet ( 1803 -- 1869 ) , painter François - Émile de Lansac ( 1803 -- 1890 ) , painter Grandville ( Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard , called ) ( 1803 -- 1847 ) , engraver Eugène Isabey ( 1803 -- 1886 ) , painter Denis Auguste Marie Raffet ( 1804 -- 1860 ) , painter Édouard Viénot ( born 1804 ) , painter Hippolyte Bayard ( 1807 -- 1887 ) , photographer Honoré Daumier ( 1808 -- 1879 ) , painter , lithographer , sculptor Louis Boulanger ( 1808 -- 1867 ) , painter Narcisse Virgile Diaz de la Peña ( 1808 -- 1878 ) ( born in Spain ) ,", "9": "painter Auguste Préault ( 1809 -- 1879 ) , sculptor Ignace François Bonhomme ( 1809 -- 1881 ) , painter Constant Troyon ( 1810 -- 1865 ) , painter Eugène André Oudiné ( 1810 -- 1875 ) , sculptor , engraver Jules Dupré ( 1811 -- 1889 ) , painter Théodore Rousseau ( 1812 -- 1867 ) , painter Boissard de Boisdenier ( 1813 -- 1866 ) , painter Charles Jacque ( 1813 -- 1894 ) , painter Jean - François Millet ( 1814 -- 1875 ) , painter Thomas Couture ( 1815 -- 1879 ) , painter Jean - Louis - Ernest Meissonier ( 1815 -- 1891 ) , painter Jacques - Eugene Feyen ( 1815 -- 1908 ) , painter Charles Marville ( 1816 -- 1879 ) , painter , engraver , photographer Antoine Chintreuil ( 1816 -- 1873 ) , painter Jean Pierre Alexandre Antigna ( 1817 -- 1878 ) , painter François Bonvin ( 1817 -- 1887 ) , painter Charles - François Daubigny ( 1817 -- 1878 ) , painter Johan Barthold Jongkind ( 1819 -- 1891 ) ( Dutch , worked in France ) , painter Théodore Chassériau ( 1819 -- 1856 ) , painter Gustave Courbet ( 1819 -- 1877 ) , painter Eugène Fromentin ( 1820 -- 1876 ) , painter Nadar ( Gaspard Félix Tournachon , called `` Nadar '' ) ( 1820 -- 1910 ) , photographer Charles Méryon ( 1821 -- 1868 ) , printmaker ( etching ) Rosa Bonheur ( 1822 -- 1899 ) , painter Marie Adrien Persac ( 1823 ) , painter , cartographer , architect , civil engineer , photographer Alexandre Cabanel ( 1823 -- 1889 ) , painter Albert - Ernest Carrier - Belleuse ( 1824 -- 1887 ) ,", "10": "sculptor and painter Jean - Léon Gérôme ( 1824 -- 1904 ) , painter Adolphe Joseph Thomas Monticelli ( 1824 -- 1886 ) , painter Théodule Ribot ( 1824 -- 1891 ) , painter Eugène Boudin ( 1824 -- 1898 ) , painter Pierre Puvis de Chavannes ( 1824 -- 1898 ) , painter William - Adolphe Bouguereau ( 1825 -- 1905 ) , painter Gustave Moreau ( 1826 -- 1898 ) , painter Jean - Baptiste Carpeaux ( 1827 -- 1875 ) , sculptor Elie Delaunay ( 1828 -- 1891 ) , painter Achille Emperaire ( 1829 -- 1898 ) , painter and a friend of Paul Cézanne Gaston de Laperriere ( 1848 - 1920 ) , painter Aimé Morot ( 1850 - 1915 ) , painter and son in law of Jean - Léon Gérôme Camille Bouvagne ( 1864 -- 1936 ) , painter Jeanne Baudot ( 1877 -- 1957 ) , painter and the only assistant and pupil of Auguste Renoir Nineteenth century ( Impressionism to Fauvism ) ( edit ) See also Modern art , Modernism , Impressionism , Post-Impressionism , Les Nabis , Fauvism , Symbolism , Symbolist painters , Art Nouveau , Primitivism Camille Pissarro ( 1830 -- 1903 ) , painter Étienne - Jules Marey ( 1830 -- 1904 ) , photographer Édouard Manet ( 1832 -- 1883 ) , painter Gustave Doré ( 1832 -- 1883 ) , engraver Edgar Degas ( 1834 -- 1917 ) , painter , sculptor Pierre Mallet ( 1836 - 1898 ) , painter of ceramics Henri Fantin - Latour ( 1836 -- 1904 ) , painter Jules Chéret ( 1836 -- 1932 ) , painter ,", "11": "other media Paul Cézanne ( 1839 -- 1906 ) , painter François Salle ( 1839 -- 1899 ) Odilon Redon ( 1840 -- 1916 ) , painter , draftsman , lithographer Auguste Rodin ( 1840 -- 1917 ) , sculptor Claude Monet ( 1840 -- 1926 ) , painter ; a founder of French impressionist painting Pierre - Auguste Renoir ( 1841 -- 1919 ) , painter Frédéric Bazille ( 1841 -- 1870 ) , painter Berthe Morisot ( 1841 -- 1895 ) , painter Marie Bracquemond ( 1841 -- 1916 ) , painter Fernand Pelez ( 1843 -- 1913 ) , painter Alexander Louis Leloir ( 1843 -- 1884 ) , painter Henri Rousseau ( `` Le Douanier Rousseau '' ) ( 1844 -- 1910 ) , painter Jean Antonin Mercié ( 1845 -- 1916 ) , sculptor Jean - Joseph Benjamin - Constant ( 1845 -- 1902 ) , painter Gustave Caillebotte ( 1848 -- 1894 ) , painter Henri Biva ( 1848 -- 1929 ) , painter Jules Bastien - Lepage ( 1848 -- 1884 ) , painter Paul Gauguin ( 1848 -- 1903 ) , painter , sculptor Henry Lerolle ( 1848 -- 1929 ) , painter Eugène Carrière ( 1849 -- 1906 ) , painter Pierre Carrier - Belleuse ( 1851 -- 1932 ) , painter Vincent van Gogh ( 1853 -- 1890 ) ( Dutch , worked in France ) , painter Charles Angrand ( 1854 -- 1926 ) , painter Henry Moret ( 1856 -- 1913 ) , painter Eugène Atget ( Jean - Eugène Auguste Atget ) ( 1857 -- 1927 ) , photographer Mathurin Janssaud ( 1857 -- 1940 ) , painter Georges - Pierre Seurat ( 1859 -- 1891 ) ,", "12": "painter Antoine Bourdelle ( 1861 -- 1929 ) , sculptor Aristide Maillol ( 1861 -- 1944 ) , sculptor Louis Vivin ( 1861 -- 1936 ) , painter Antonio de la Gandara ( 1861 -- 1917 ) , painter Gaston Bussière ( 1862 -- 1929 ) , Symbolism movement painter and illustrator Ernest de Chamaillard ( 1862 -- 1931 ) , painter Henri Delavallée ( 1862 -- 1943 ) , painter Paul Signac ( 1863 -- 1935 ) , painter René Georges Hermann - Paul ( 1864 -- 1940 ) , graphic artist , illustrator , painter William Didier - Pouget ( 1864 -- 1959 ) , painter Henri Marie de Toulouse - Lautrec ( 1864 -- 1901 ) , painter Paul Sérusier ( 1864 -- 1927 ) , painter Paul Ranson ( 1864 -- 1909 ) , painter Seraphine Louis ( 1864 -- 1942 ) , painter Henri Jourdain ( 1864 -- 1931 ) , painter , prints or lithographs of landscapes usually by the water Albert Aurier ( 1865 -- 1892 ) , poet , art critic and painter devoted to Symbolism Suzanne Valadon ( 1865 -- 1938 ) , painter Félix Vallotton ( 1865 -- 1925 ) ( Swiss , worked in France ) , painter , engraver Jacqueline Marval ( 1866 - 1932 ) , the pseudonym for Marie Josephine Vallet , French painter Pierre Bonnard ( 1867 -- 1947 ) , painter Ker - Xavier Roussel ( 1867 -- 1944 ) , painter Hector Guimard ( 1867 -- 1942 ) , architect and decorator Édouard Vuillard ( 1868 -- 1940 ) , painter Georges Lacombe ( 1868 -- 1916 ) , sculptor Émile Bernard ( 1868 -- 1941 ) , painter Henri Matisse ( 1869 -- 1954 ) , painter ,", "13": "other media Adolf de Meyer ( 1869 -- 1949 ) , photographer Georges d'Espagnat ( 1870 -- 1950 ) , painter , illustrator , engraver Twentieth century ( pre-World War II ) ( edit ) See also Post-Impressionism , Modern art , Modernism , Cubism , Puteaux Group , Dada , Surrealism Georges Rouault ( 1871 -- 1958 ) , painter Léon Printemps ( 1871 -- 1945 ) , painter František Kupka ( 1871 -- 1957 ) ( Czech , worked in France ) , painter Henri - Charles Manguin ( 1874 -- 1943 ) , painter Albert Marquet ( 1875 -- 1947 ) , painter Jacques Villon ( 1875 -- 1963 ) , painter Constantin Brâncuși ( 1876 -- 1957 ) ( French , born in Romania ) , sculptor Maurice de Vlaminck ( 1876 -- 1958 ) ( Flemish , worked in France ) , painter Raymond Duchamp - Villon ( 1876 -- 1918 ) , sculptor Raoul Dufy ( 1877 -- 1953 ) , painter Jean Crotti ( 1878 -- 1958 ) ( Swiss ) , painter Louis Marcoussis ( Louis Markus ) ( 1878 -- 1941 or 1883 -- 1941 ) ( Polish , worked in France ) , painter Francis Picabia ( 1879 -- 1953 ) , painter André Derain ( 1880 -- 1954 ) , painter Joseph Hémard ( 1880 -- 1961 ) , illustrator Albert Gleizes ( 1881 -- 1952 ) , painter , writer , theorist Henri Le Fauconnier ( 1881 -- 1946 ) , painter Fernand Léger ( 1881 -- 1955 ) , painter Georges Braque ( 1882 -- 1963 ) , painter Auguste Chabaud ( 1882 -- 1955 ) , painter Auguste Herbin ( 1882 -- 1960 ) , painter Jean Metzinger ( 1883 -- 1956 ) , painter ,", "14": "engraver , poet , writer , theorist Marie Laurencin ( 1883 -- 1956 ) , painter Maurice Utrillo ( 1883 -- 1955 ) , painter Georges Ribemont - Dessaignes ( 1884 -- 1974 ) , painter Jacques Maroger ( 1884 -- 1962 ) , painter Robert Delaunay ( 1885 -- 1941 ) , painter André Dunoyer de Segonzac ( 1884 -- 1974 ) , painter Raymond Wintz ( 1884 -- 1956 ) , painter Pierre Brissaud ( 1885 -- 1964 ) , painter Roger de La Fresnaye ( 1885 -- 1925 ) , painter Robert Antoine Pinchon ( 1886 -- 1943 ) , French Post-Impressionist painter of the Rouen School ( l'École de Rouen ) Amédée Ozenfant ( 1886 -- 1956 ) , painter Jean ( Hans ) Arp ( 1886 -- 1966 ) , painter , sculptor Marc Chagall ( 1887 -- 1985 ) ( born in Belarus ) , painter Marcel Duchamp ( 1887 -- 1968 ) , painter , sculptor , other media Suzanne Duchamp - Crotti ( 1889 -- 1963 ) , painter Ossip Zadkine ( 1890 -- 1967 ) ( Russian born ) , sculptor Jacques Lipchitz ( 1891 -- 1973 ) ( born in Lithuania ) , sculptor Max Ernst ( 1891 -- 1976 ) ( German born ) , painter , sculptor Louis Favre ( 1892 - 1956 ) , painter , creator of lithographs Bram van Velde ( 1892 -- 1981 ) ( Dutch , worked in France ) , painter Chaïm Soutine ( 1894 -- 1943 ) ( born in Belarus ) , painter Jacques Henri Lartigue ( 1894 -- 1986 ) , photographer Jean Maurice Rothschild ( 1902 -- 1998 ) , furniture artist , interior designer , muralist Gen Paul ( 1895 -- 1975 ) , painter ,", "15": "engraver Albert Gilles ( 1895 -- 1979 ) , metal embosser , working with copper André Masson ( 1896 -- 1987 ) , painter René Iché ( 1897 -- 1954 ) , sculptor , painter Jean Fautrier ( 1898 -- 1964 ) , painter Georges Gimel ( 1898 -- 1962 ) , painter , engraver , sculptor Henri Michaux ( 1899 -- 1984 ) ( Belgian ) , painter Brassaï ( Gyula Halasz ) ( 1899 -- 1984 ) ( born in Hungary ) , photographer Twentieth century ( post-World War II ) ( edit ) See also Modern art René Pellos ( 1900 -- 1998 ) , cartoonist Yves Tanguy ( 1900 -- 1955 ) ( naturalized American ) , painter Marcelle Bergerol ( 1900 -- 1989 ) , painter Madeleine Schlumberger or Marie d'Ailleurs ' ( 1900 -- 1980 ) , artist , writer Alberto Giacometti ( 1901 -- 1966 ) ( Swiss , worked in Paris ) , sculptor , painter Alfred - Georges Regner ( 1901 -- 1987 ) , painter , engraver Jean Dubuffet ( 1901 -- 1985 ) , painter Charles Cobelle ( 1902 - 1994 ) , painter Hans Bellmer ( 1902 -- 1975 ) ( French , born in Germany ) , sculptor , photographer , engraver Victor Brauner ( 1903 -- 1966 ) ( Romanian ) , painter Hans Hartung ( 1904 -- 1992 ) ( born in Germany ) , painter Jean Hélion ( 1904 -- 1987 ) , painter Pierre Tal - Coat ( 1905 -- 1985 ) , painter Elisa Breton ( 1906 -- 2000 ) , artist and writer , third wife of French writer and surrealist André Breton Henri Cadiou ( 1906 -- 1989 ) , painter Victor Vasarely ( 1908 -- 1997 ) ( born in Hungary ) , painter Balthus ( Balthasar Klossowski de Rola ,", "16": "called `` Balthus '' ) ( 1908 -- 2001 ) ( Polish born ) , painter Lucien Hervé ( László Elkán ) ( 1910 -- 2007 ) ( born in Hungary ) , photographer Othello Radou ( 1910 -- 2006 ) , painter Louise Bourgeois ( 1911 -- 2010 ) ( lived and died in America ) , sculptor , other media Ervin Marton ( 1912 -- 1968 ) , photographer and artist Wols ( 1913 -- 1951 ) ( born in Germany ) , painter Pierre Wemaëre ( 1913 -- 2010 ) , artist Etienne Martin ( 1913 -- 1995 ) , sculptor Nicolas de Staël ( 1914 -- 1955 ) ( French , Russian origin ) , painter Gerard Locardi ( 1915 -- 1998 ) , painter Jean - Yves Couliou ( 1916 -- 1995 ) , painter François Lanzi ( 1916 -- 1988 ) , painter Constantine Andreou ( 1917 -- 2007 ) ( Greek , Brazilian born ) , painter , sculptor Marcel Mouly ( 1918 -- 2008 ) , painter , print maker Bernard Cathelin ( 1919 -- 2004 ) , painter Maurice Boitel ( 1919 -- 2007 ) , painter Pierre Soulages ( 1919 -- ) , painter Gabrielle Bellocq ( 1920 -- 1999 ) , painter César Baldaccini ( called `` César '' ) ( 1921 -- 1998 ) , sculptor Claude Bonin - Pissarro ( 1921 -- ) , painter Georges Mathieu ( 1921 -- ) , painter Francois Fiedler ( 1921 -- 2001 ) , painter Simon Hantaï ( 1922 -- ) ( born in Hungary ) , painter Michel de Sereville ( 1922 -- 2006 ) , painter , illustrator François Ozenda ( 1923 -- 1976 ) , painter Jean Tinguely ( 1925 -- 1991 ) ( Swiss ) , sculptor Robert Filliou ( 1926 -- 1987 ) ,", "17": "other media Raymond Hains ( 1926 -- 2005 ) , other media Paul Rebeyrolle ( 1926 -- 2005 ) , painter François Morellet ( 1926 -- ) , painter Jacques de la Villeglé ( 1926 -- ) , other media ( ripped posters ) Georges Badin ( 1927 -- ) , painter Bernard Buffet ( 1928 -- 1999 ) , painter Yves Klein ( 1928 -- 1962 ) , painter Jacques Rivette ( 1928 -- ) , filmmaker Arman ( Armand Fernandez ) ( 1928 -- 2005 ) , sculptor Gérard Gasiorowski ( 1930 -- 1986 ) , painter , other media Niki de Saint - Phalle ( 1930 -- 2002 ) , sculptor Gérard Laplau ( d. 2009 ) , folk artist Alvaro Guillot ( 1931 -- 2010 ) ( Uruguay / French , died in Santa Fe , New Mexico ) , abstract realism Jules Michel ( 1931 -- ) , painter , sculptor Jean - Marie Straub ( 1933 -- ) and Danièle Huillet ( 1936 -- 2006 ) , filmmakers Lydia Corbett ( 1934 -- ) , artist Jean - Pierre Yvaral ( 1934 -- 2002 ) ( son of Victor Vasarely ) , painter Jean - Michel Sanejouand ( 1934 -- ) , sculptor , painter Ben Vautier ( called `` Ben '' ) ( 1935 - ) , painter , other media Martial Raysse ( 1936 -- ) , painter Daniel Buren ( 1938 -- ) , sculptor , painter Pierre Laffillé ( 1938 -- ) , painter Henri Sert ( 1938 -- 1964 ) , painter Gérard Fromanger ( 1939 -- ) , painter , other media Andrey Lekarski ( 1940 -- ) , painter , sculptor , media artist ( Bulgarian born ) Bernar Venet ( 1941 -- ) ( lives in America ) , sculptor Daniel Dezeuze ( 1942 -- ) , other media Anne Poirier ( 1942 -- ) , painter ,", "18": "other media Ksenia Milicevic ( 1942 - ) , painter Jean Jacques Surian ( 1942 -- ) , painter and ceramist , lives in Marseilles Patrick Bokanowski ( 1943 -- ) , filmmaker Pierre Risch ( 1943 -- ) , painter , lithograph , engraver , designer , pastellist , watercolorist René - Louis Baron ( 1944 -- ) , conceptualist , algorithmic music composer Christian Boltanski ( 1944 -- ) , painter , photographer , other media , sculptor Jacques Pellegrin ( 1944 -- ) , painter Henri Richelet ( 1944 -- ) , painter Jean - Yves Lechevallier ( 1946 - ) , sculptor Gérard Garouste ( 1946 -- ) , sculptor , painter , other media Denis Schneider ( 1946 -- ) , painter Orlan ( 1947 -- ) , performance artist , body artist Bracha L. Ettinger ( 1948 -- ) ( born in Tel Aviv ) , painter , photographer , new media , artists ' books Guillerm Zamor ( 1951 -- ) , painter , sculptor , writer Dominique Sanson ( 1949 -- ) ( French , lives and works in Ibiza , Spain ) , painter Thibaut de Reimpré ( 1949 -- ) , abstract painter Claude - Max Lochu ( 1951 -- ) , painter Pierre Toutain - Dorbec ( 1951 -- ) , painter , sculptor , photographer , writer Jean - Marc Bustamante ( 1952 -- ) , painter , sculptor , photographer Vanilla Beer ( 1953 -- ) , painter , daughter of Anthony Stafford Beer Thierry Bisch ( 1953 -- ) , painter Bernard Frize ( 1954 -- ) , painter Michel Mimran ( 1954 -- ) Jean Paul Leon ( 1955 -- ) , painter , sculptor , writer Joel Ducorroy ( 1955 -- ) , licence plate artist Patrick Moya ( 1955 -- ) , painter , sculptor , media artist ( see fr : Patrick Moya ) Patrick Mimran ( 1956 -- ) , multimedia artist Michel De Caso ( 1956 -- ) ,", "19": "painter , sculptor Robert Combas ( 1957 -- ) , painter Maurice Benayoun ( aka MoBen ) ( 1957 -- ) , media artist Emmanuel Flipo ( 1958 - ) , painter Hervé Di Rosa ( 1959 -- ) , painter Zaven Paré ( 1961 -- ) , new media artist Victor Orly ( 1962 -- ) ( lives and works in Marseilles ) , painter , ceramist Pierre Huyghe ( 1962 -- ) , media , film , video Bibi ( 1964 -- ) , installation artist Damien Valero ( 1965 -- ) , mixed media artist Manu Farrarons ( 1967 -- ) , tattoo artist , graphic designer , illustrator , other media Béatrice Cussol ( 1970 -- ) , watercolor , drawing , mural Elsa Dax ( 1972 -- ) , painter Jean - François Batellier ( 1974 -- ) , caricaturist and cartoonist Amelie Chabannes ( 1974 -- ) , painter , sculptor Abdelkader Benchamma ( 1975 -- ) , drawings , sculptor Y Liver ( 1977 -- ) ( lives and works in Paris ) , video maker and performance artists Elena Mirolioubova ( 1980 - ) , lives and works in Paris Natalie d'Arbeloff , cartoonist and painter Hom Nguyen , drawer , painter French photographers ( edit ) See also : List of photographers and Category : French photographers Eugène Atget ( Jean - Eugène Auguste Atget ) ( 1857 -- 1927 ) Brassaï ( Gyula Halasz ) ( 1899 -- 1984 ) ( born in Hungary ) Hippolyte Bayard ( 1807 -- 1887 ) Adeline Boutain ( 1862 -- 1946 ) , photographer , postcard publisher Adolphe Braun ( 1812 -- 1877 ) Alexandra Boulat ( 1962 -- 2007 ) , photographer Sophie Calle ( 1953 -- ) , other media ,", "20": "photographer Henri Cartier - Bresson ( 1908 -- 2004 ) Louis - Jacques Daguerre ( 1787 -- 1851 ) Robert Doisneau ( 1912 -- 1994 ) Pierre Dubreuil ( 1872 -- 1944 ) , photographer Philippe Echaroux ( 1983 ) Lucien Hervé ( László Elkán ) ( 1910 -- ) , photographer ( born in Hungary ) Jacques Henri Lartigue ( 1894 -- 1986 ) Ange Leccia ( 1952 -- ) , photographer , filmmaker Jean - François Lepage ( 1960 -- ) , photographer Étienne - Jules Marey ( 1830 -- 1904 ) Charles Marville ( 1816 -- 1879 ) Nadar ( Gaspard Félix Tournachon , called `` Nadar '' ) ( 1820 -- 1910 ) Joseph Nicéphore Niépce ( 1765 -- 1833 ) , inventor of photography Pierre et Gilles ( Pierre : 1949 , Gilles : 1953 ) , photographers ( active since 1976 ) Michel Poivert ( 1965 -- ) , photography historian , president of Société française de photographie Herman Puig ( originally from Cuba ) , photographer , filmmaker Constant Puyo ( 1857 -- 1933 ) Marc Riboud ( 1923 -- ) , photographer Georges Rousse ( 1947 -- ) , photographer Bettina Rheims ( 1952 -- ) , photographer Willy Ronis ( 1910 -- 2009 ) , photographer Lise Sarfati ( 1958 -- ) , photographer Jean - Louis Schoellkopf ( 1946 - ) , photographer Jean - Baptiste Tournassoud ( 1866 - 1951 ) , photographer and military officer Pierre Toutain - Dorbec ( 1951 -- ) Xavier Veilhan ( 1963 -- ) , photographer , other media Jean - Marie Villard ( 1828 - 1899 ) Wols ( Alfred Otto Wolfgang Schulze ) ( 1913 -- 1951 ) ( German , worked in France ) ,", "21": "photographer See also ( edit ) Art history European art history History of painting List of French painters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pierre_Wemaere '' . Theartpages.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . ( hide ) List of artists from Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_French_artists&oldid=815166464 '' Categories : French artists Lists of artists by nationality Lists of French people by occupation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 04 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6301453363028517703	what is dj's boyfriends name on full house	[ "Steve Hale", "Viper", "rich kid Nelson", "Steve Hale", "Steven \"Steve\" Hale" ]	{ "0": "List of Full House and Fuller House characters - wikipedia List of Full House and Fuller House characters Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . 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( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast in season seven This is a list of the characters from the American television sitcom Full House and its sequel series Fuller House . The former ran for eight seasons on ABC from September 22 , 1987 to May 23 , 1995 . Fuller House followed 21 years later , airing on Netflix beginning February 26 , 2016 . The first nine episodes of the third season were released on September 22 , 2017 , and the back nine was released on December 22 , 2017 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Jesse Katsopolis 1.2 Danny Tanner 1.3 Joey Gladstone 1.4 D.J. Tanner 1.5 Stephanie Tanner 1.6 Michelle Tanner 1.7 Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis 1.8 Kimmy Gibbler 1.9 Steve Hale 1.10 Nicky and Alex Katsopolis 1.11 Jackson Fuller 1.12 Max Fuller 1.13 Ramona Gibbler 1.14 Tommy Fuller 1.15 Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero 1.16 Matt Harmon 1.17 Lola Wong 1.18 Jimmy Gibbler 2 Recurring characters 3 Other characters 4 Guest stars 5 References Main characters Character Actor Full House seasons Fuller House seasons 5 6 7 8 Jesse Katsopolis John Stamos Main Recurring Danny Tanner Bob Saget Main Guest Recurring Joey Gladstone Dave Coulier Main Recurring D.J.", "2": "Tanner Candace Cameron Bure Main Stephanie Tanner Jodie Sweetin Main Michelle Tanner Mary - Kate & Ashley Olsen Recurring Main Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Lori Loughlin Recurring Main Recurring Kimmy Gibbler Andrea Barber Recurring Main Steve Hale Scott Weinger Guest Main Guest Recurring Main Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit Recurring Main Guest Jackson Fuller Michael Campion Main Max Fuller Elias Harger Main Ramona Gibbler Soni Nicole Bringas Main Tommy Fuller Dashiell & Fox Messitt Main Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Juan Pablo Di Pace Recurring Main Matt Harmon John Brotherton Recurring Main Lola Wong Ashley Liao Recurring Main Guest Jimmy Gibbler Adam Hagenbuch Recurring Main Note Jump up ^ `` Jesse Cochran '' during season one Jump up ^ Daniel and Kevin Renteria ( as babies ) ^ Note 1 : Scott Weinger , John Brotherton , Ashley Liao and Adam Hagenbuch are credited after the opening credits and only for the episodes in which they appear . ^ Note 2 : Scott Weinger is credited as a Special Guest Star in the sixth episode of season two but as starring in all of his other appearances . Jesse Katsopolis Jesse Katsopolis ( portrayed by John Stamos ; the character 's last name in season one was Cochran , but was changed reportedly due to John Stamos wanting his character to better reflect his Greek heritage ) is Danny 's brother - in - law , Pam 's younger brother , husband of Rebecca Donaldson and father of twin sons Nicky and Alex . Born Hermes Katsopolis ( as revealed in the season five episode `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' ) , he was named after his great - grandfather , who in turn is named after the Greek god of swiftness .", "3": "However , he did not like his birth name , as other kids teased him for it ; so when he was in kindergarten , he begged his parents to have his name changed to Jesse , thinking that one had to have a `` cool name '' to be in the in - crowd . As an adult , he was more confident with his true name , telling the girls about the Greek god of speed , and how his great - grandfather saved a village from a volcano , but still goes by Jesse . In contrast with Danny , Jesse is portrayed as being irresponsible most of the time , but occasionally serves as a responsible adult when a responsible adult is needed ( such as when he discovers Stephanie 's classmate is a child abuse victim in the season 6 episode `` Silence is Not Golden '' ) . Jesse is revealed as a high school dropout in season six 's `` Educating Jesse '' , though in an earlier plot ( in season four 's `` One Last Kiss '' ) about a high school reunion , he mentions not wearing his cap to his graduation because he did not want to mess up his hair . Jesse 's obsession with his hair becomes a major trait of his throughout the series , as well as his obsession with Elvis Presley . His obsession with the former is fully established in the season two premiere `` Cutting it Close '' , which focuses on Jesse 's tough time coping when Stephanie accidentally cuts off a hunk of his mullet , which leads to him getting into a motorcycle accident that lands him in a full arm cast ; later episodes reveal that he has a special comb called Mr. Goodpart ( which gets damaged in a melee to purchase a Mighty Mutant Super Kids Super Fortress for Michelle in season eight 's `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) and that he gives pep talks to his hair ( as revealed in season seven 's `` Wrong - Way Tanner '' ) . Jesse first moves into the house with virtually no experience in taking care of young children or babies , but starts to learn the ropes along the way . He becomes closer to all of his nieces over the course of the series , especially Michelle , whom he affectionately nicknames `` munchkin '' and `` shorty '' , among others . In the first season , Jesse works for his father Nick 's exterminating business before leaving to pursue work in advertising , frequently working with Joey .", "4": "He later works with Joey as co-hosts of an afternoon drive time show on local radio station KFLH called The Rush Hour Renegades . Further along in the series , in season seven 's `` Smash Club : The Next Generation '' , Jesse becomes the new owner of The Smash Club . Although he was shown to be a sports fan as well as a good athlete in the earlier seasons , it is revealed in later seasons that Jesse hated all sports ( especially basketball , as revealed in `` Air Jesse '' from season eight ) and was not very athletic . Jesse 's main passion is music , and struggles to `` hit it big '' with his band , Jesse and the Rippers ( in the earlier part of the series ) . However , his increasing responsibilities to his family , radio job , and as owner of a club , lead his band members to kick him out of the band ( in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure '' ) ; in `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , he briefly decides to quit being a musician until he has a nightmare in which he appears on Downbeat ( a Behind the Music - style show - within - a-dream - sequence ) has him dream that his family hates him , Rebecca has divorced him ( and moved on with Joey ) and Jesse himself was a mechanic , as well as overweight and balding ( because of a scalp infection ) , with Kimmy Gibbler ( dressed in the attire of the Married ... with Children character Peggy Bundy ) as a wife . Two episodes later in `` To Joey , With Love , '' he subsequently starts a new band called Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets . In Fuller House Jesse , Becky , and Danny all move to Los Angeles . Jesse becomes the music composer for General Hospital while Becky and Danny start a new nationally syndicated talk show called , Wake Up USA . In the season two finale , Jesse and Becky adopt a baby girl whom they name Pamela after his sister . Somewhere along the line Jesse became a stay at home dad . When Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA , they try to get their old jobs back but the station only wanted her back to co-host an all women 's talk show . Jesse , Becky and Pamela are all moving back to San Francisco , and he also bought back the Smash Club ( which is now a laundromat ) along with Joey .", "5": "Danny Tanner Daniel Ernest `` Danny '' Tanner ( portrayed by Bob Saget , John Posey in the unaired pilot ) is left with three young daughters to raise after his wife , Pam , dies in a car accident caused by a drunk driver . At the beginning of the series , he works as a sportscaster for Channel 8 News . In the season two episode `` Tanner vs. Gibbler '' , he is chosen by his station 's general manager Mr. Strowbridge to be the co-host for the station 's new morning talk show , Wake Up , San Francisco , alongside Rebecca Donaldson . In season one 's `` The Big Three - O , '' Danny 's beloved car , `` Bullet , '' is severely damaged after another driver rear - ends the vehicle , leading it roll out of park and become submerged in the San Francisco Bay as Jesse and Joey shop for new seat covers for the car to surprise Danny with as a present for his 30th birthday ; Jesse and Joey end up bidding for a new car that is identical in appearance , unknowingly competing with Danny , who purchases the car ( and later named it `` Walter '' ) after he calls the car dealership that Jesse and Joey are and places a bid over the phone . Danny goes on his first date since his wife 's death in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise , '' as part of a fishing trip that was intended to only include himself , Jesse and Joey ; he is seen going out on dates on select occasions throughout the series . While Rebecca goes on maternity leave in season five just before giving birth to his nephews Nicky and Alex , Danny ends up falling in love with her co-host replacement , Vicky Larson . The two of them begin dating in season five 's `` Easy Rider , '' becoming Danny 's most serious relationship since he became a widower , and the two later become engaged in the season six finale `` The House Meets the Mouse '' . However , their relationship turned into a long - distance situation as Vicky was assigned various reporting jobs away from San Francisco .", "6": "In season seven 's `` The Perfect Couple , '' Vicky ended up getting her dream job of anchoring the network news in New York City , but a long - distance relationship did not work for either of them , so Danny decides to break up with her ; this leads him to a mass feng shui habit in the following episode , `` Is It True About Stephanie ? , '' to which his family acknowledges was his way of trying to cope with his breakup . Danny eventually meets fellow single parent Claire Mahan in season eight episode `` Making Out Is Hard to Do , '' and go on a date in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger . '' Although he is not established with this trait early on ( season one 's `` The Return of Grandma '' depicts him as begrudgingly trying to clean the messy house with Jesse and Joey after their mothers threaten to move in if they can not keep the place clean ) , much of the humor surrounding Danny 's character comes from his obsession with cleaning and cleanliness . Danny can often be found cleaning for cleaning 's sake , sometimes even cleaning his cleaning products ( in a version of the original season three opening titles , seen during episodes in which Lori Loughlin does not appear as Rebecca Donaldson , Danny is even shown to be cleaning his floor vacuum with a handheld vacuum ) . He says the family motto is `` clean is good , dirt is bad '' . Danny views spring cleaning as his equivalent to Christmas and home movies as his New Year 's Eve ( as revealed in the season two episode `` Goodbye , Mr. Bear '' ) . His quirkiness and generally `` unhip dad '' personality are also targets for humor . He is a skilled pool , dart player and guitarist ( as respectively revealed in season four 's , `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun , '' and season eight 's , `` To Joey , with Love '' ) . Like most other characters , he generally can not stand Kimmy Gibbler , considering her as `` an annoying , obnoxious nuisance '' ; at times , urging D.J. to make new friends whenever Kimmy does something that irritates him . Danny also has one brother and one sister , and his parents are divorced .", "7": "Unlike his brother - in - law Jesse ( who is more into rock - and - roll ) , Danny has a taste for 1970s Disco music ; one of his favorite songs is `` Play That Funky Music '' by Wild Cherry . In the first episode of Fuller House , Danny and Becky relocate to Los Angeles for their new talk show , Wake Up USA , and it is revealed that Danny got remarried to a woman named Teri . During the second season Danny goes through a little bit of a mid-life crisis since he just turned 60 . In season three Danny reveals that him and Teri got divorced . Danny and Becky asked for raises on their show but since they asked for too much they are fired and replaced by Mario Lopez . After feeling sorry for themselves they go back to Wake Up San Francisco to ask for their old jobs back but the station only wants Becky back . To cheer him up , the girls somehow tracked down Vicky and surprised him with her . He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for him , Jesse and Joey . Since Becky , Jesse and Joey are all moving back to San Francisco , Danny announces he 's moving back too , and back into the house . Joey Gladstone Joseph Alvin `` Joey '' Gladstone ( portrayed by Dave Coulier ) is the childhood best friend of Danny Tanner , and adulthood best friend of Jesse Katsopolis . Joey moved in with Danny shortly after the death of Danny 's wife , Pam , to help raise D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . Joey works as a stand - up comedian , whose act usually includes vocal imitations of cartoon characters such as Popeye , Bullwinkle J. Moose , Pepé Le Pew and others . Joey initially slept in the alcove of Danny 's living room . However , after complaining of not being able to find privacy , Danny reconstructs his basement garage into a bedroom for him in the season one episode `` Joey 's Place '' ( prior to the reveal , Joey contemplates moving out after the family 's behavior makes him believe that Jesse and Danny can handle taking care of the girls and that he is not needed ) .", "8": "Joey nearly quits comedy in the season one episode `` But Seriously , Folks , '' after Phyllis Diller ( who was there as an audience member ) hogs his slot at a comedy club , deciding to change his name to Joe and become a serious businessman . He reverses his decision after D.J. decides to quit practicing the guitar , realizing that he is not setting a good example . Although there was some tension between Joey and Jesse when they first move in with the Tanners , they quickly become good friends to the point where Jesse asks Joey to be his best man at his wedding . Even so , Joey 's perceived immaturity does irritate Jesse at times . Joey usually handles the day - to - day raising of the kids by doing chores like making meals , driving the kids to school appointments , and after school activities , taking care of Michelle as a baby , and helping the kids with their homework . Joey also buys D.J. her first car for her 16th birthday in the season six episode `` Grand Gift Auto , '' which ends up getting repossessed after the police discover that the car had been stolen ; Joey nearly moves out again after the family 's attempts to try illustrate that Joey is not capable of committing a crime make him believe that the rest of the family thinks of him as a big joke . It is in this episode that Joey reveals that he had wished to have siblings as he grew up as an only child ( even imaging that he was part of The Brady Bunch ) , and that being part of the Tanner family gave him the extended family he always wanted . In season four 's `` Viva Las Joey , '' Joey is reunited with his estranged father ( at the arrangement of Stephanie and D.J. ) , a former serviceman in the Armed Forces , with whom Joey did not get along with growing up due to his strict parenting style and his disapproval of Joey 's dream of being a comedian ; his father realizes that Joey made the right career decision when he sees his son 's routine when Joey is invited as an opening act for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas . Joey has held various jobs in addition to his work as a stand - up comic . For a while during seasons two and three , Joey and Jesse run an advertising business , J&J Creative Services , in which they partnered to compose jingles for television and radio commercials .", "9": "In season four 's `` Joey Goes Hollywood , '' Joey wins a role he secretly auditions for in a sitcom co-starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello called Surf 's Up . Joey 's most successful job was portraying `` Ranger Joe , '' on an afternoon children 's variety television show . He was given the job to replace retiring original host `` Ranger Roy '' in season five 's `` The Legend of Ranger Joe , '' only to be fired after triggering Roy 's acute physical paranoia when hugging him as a thank you ; after Danny informs Joey of this while telling him of his firing , Joey ends up saving Roy from a `` hug - o - gram '' that he had sent to gratitude for the job ; he then gets rehired after Roy becomes impressed with Joey 's hosting skills when he takes over for Roy on his last show . Ranger Joe 's sidekick is his wise - cracking woodchuck marionette puppet `` Mr. Woodchuck '' ( first seen in `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' and last seen in `` Michelle Rides Again '' ) . Joey quits his job in season six 's `` Radio Days , '' after he becomes disgruntled with his boss Mr. Strowbridge 's wife as his co-host . Jesse and Joey subsequently become co-hosts of a successful afternoon show on radio station KFLH called , Rush Hour Renegades . Besides his impressions , much of Joey 's humor comes from his depiction as a man child , particularly the fact that he still watches cartoons as an adult and has an extensive knowledge of animation . Joey has moved to Las Vegas in Fuller House , and is now married with four kids . His wife Ginger is a magician , and their kids , Phyllis , Lewis , Joan , and Jerry are very loud and obnoxious kids . Joey and his kids are moving back to San Francisco since his wife will be working as a magician on a cruise ship for six months . He also bought back the Smash Club with Jesse . D.J. Tanner Donna Jo Margaret `` D.J. '' Tanner ( portrayed by Candace Cameron Bure ) is Danny and Pam 's oldest child . Over the course of the show 's run , D.J. attends Frasier Street Elementary , Van Atta Junior High and Bayview High School .", "10": "In the pilot episode `` Our Very First Show , '' she ends up having to share her bedroom with Stephanie in order to allow Jesse to move into Stephanie 's old bedroom ; due to problems with privacy regarding Stephanie , in the season five episode `` Take My Sister , Please , '' she sells Danny on an idea to switch rooms with Michelle , who in turn would move in with Stephanie ( only after convincing Michelle to move in with Stephanie , after she rejects the offer to move in with her older sister ) . D.J. is typically the daughter who acts the most practical , often giving advice to her younger sisters , Michelle and Stephanie . Although she sometimes bickers with them , she cares for them deeply . As D.J. entered into middle school , she started to deal with more serious issues like puberty and dating . She has her first serious relationship with Steve Hale ( who was first introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' ) , who later becomes a real fixture in her life ( and a regular character beginning in season six ) when their characters return from a summer abroad in Spain . Their relationship lasts until they break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks , '' when they realize that the passion in their relationship is gone , but they agree to remain friends . D.J. has on - and - off relationships ( during the show 's final season ) with guitarist Viper ( a member of Jesse 's new band Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets ) and rich kid Nelson , but both relationships do not last ( the two end up vying for D.J. 's affections in the season eight episode `` D.J. 's Choice , '' only for D.J. to reject them both after their fighting gets to be too much for her to bear ) . In the series finale `` Michelle Rides Again , '' Steve shows up at the Tanner house to take D.J. to her senior prom and they share a kiss . Her best friend throughout the show was next - door neighbor Kimmy Gibbler , who was the complete opposite of D.J. in every way . In season eight , D.J. gets accepted to University of California , Berkeley and it is implied she will go to college there after graduating high school ( after she was rejected from her first choice , Stanford University ) . In Fuller House , D.J.", "11": "is a recent widow and mother of three kids ; Jackson , Max and Tommy , and moves in with Stephanie and Kimmy . D.J. has since become a veterinarian . When her boss retires he has his son , Matt Harmon and D.J. take over the pet clinic . Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection but they both end up dating other people when she 's not ready to commit someone new yet . Realizing they have feelings for each other , Matt breaks up with his girlfriend , and starts dating D.J. On the way to Steve 's wedding in Japan , D.J. who 's preparing to fall asleep , and wearing a sleeping mask reveals to Kimmy that she was going to pick Steve not Matt , and feels like she 's losing her soulmate . Unbeknownst to her Steve was the one who heard her confession not Kimmy . Steve tells Kimmy what she said , and he was going to confront D.J. but he saw Matt proposing to her . The next day before the wedding starts Kimmy tells D.J. that Steve was the one who heard what she said on the plane . At the alter Steve calls off the wedding , and D.J. breaks off her engagement to Matt . Back home the two wait a month before they will start dating again . After her their third first date , Steve tells her that the Lakers want him to be the team 's foot doctor . He chooses to stay with her but D.J. called the team and said that he will take the job . Stephanie Tanner Stephanie Judith Tanner ( portrayed by Jodie Sweetin ) is the witty , sarcastic middle child of Danny and Pam , the younger sister of D.J. , and the older sister of Michelle . Her mother died when she was five years old . Her catchphrases during the early seasons of the series include `` how rude ! , '' `` well , pin a rose on your nose ! '' and `` hot dog '' . She eventually evolved into something of a tomboy in seasons four and five . Stephanie has a habit of spying on D.J. 's life by reading her diary and eavesdropping on her telephone calls ( having been caught in the act several times ) , and is generally the most athletic and nosiest of the Tanner girls .", "12": "Her best friends in school are Gia Mahan and Mickey , whom she meets in season seven ( the former is the only one who appears through to season eight ) . Of the three sisters , Stephanie has dealt with the toughest issues , such as peer pressure into smoking ( in season seven 's `` Fast Friends '' ) , `` make - out '' parties ( in season eight 's `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) , joyriding ( in season eight 's `` Stephanie 's Wild Ride '' ) , and uncovering a classmate 's child abuse ( in season six 's `` Silence is Not Golden '' ) , as well as the death of her mother when she was only five . In her early years , she is very sentimental about Mr. Bear , a stuffed animal that her mother gave to her after Michelle was born ( this was the focal point of the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' ) . She and Jesse are the most abrasive when it comes to how they feel about Kimmy Gibbler . In Fuller House , Stephanie volunteers to give up her life in London to move back into her childhood home to help take care of her sister 's three kids . Kimmy volunteers to move in as well much to Stephanie 's dismay but she soon puts her abrasive feelings aside , and becomes friends with her . Stephanie confesses to D.J. that she ca n't have kids but wants to . Stephanie starts a relationship with Kimmy 's younger brother Jimmy . Becky schedules Stephanie for a pelvic exam and turns out she has three vivable eggs and can have a baby via surrogacy . Since she has n't been dating Jimmy for that long she does n't want to put pressure on him for being the father , and throwing him into a life long commitment so soon in their relationship . He wants to be the father . They are able to make embryos and Kimmy volunteers to be the surrogate mother . Kimmy is able to get pregnant with the embryos . Michelle Tanner Main article : Michelle Tanner Michelle Elizabeth Tanner ( played by twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen ) , is Danny and Pam 's youngest daughter . Danny is more overprotective of Michelle than the other girls . Michelle was just a baby when Pam died , so she hardly remembers her mom .", "13": "Jesse and Joey 's misadventures in taking care of her when she was a baby provided a great deal of humor . Once Michelle started to grow up , she became the focus of more of the show 's storylines . Her best friends , Teddy and Denise , appear frequently in later seasons . She also has other friends , such as Derek Boyd , Lisa Leeper , and bossy Aaron Bailey , who Michelle has an uneasy friendship with . Her favorite toys ( in earlier seasons ) are Barney , a plush bear who hangs on the wall above her bed , and her stuffed pig . It is apparent that Jesse is somewhat closer to her than her sisters , and he gives her nicknames such as `` munchkin '' , `` shorty '' and `` rugrat '' . She is known for her many recurring catchphrases such as `` you got it , dude ! '' , `` you 're in big trouble , mister ! '' , `` oh , puh - lease ! '' , `` aw , nuts ! '' , `` duh ! '' , and `` no way , José ! '' Michelle does not appear in Fuller House but it is mentioned that she is now living in New York , and owns a fashion company . Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis ( portrayed by Lori Loughlin ) , is the sarcastic , practical , but very loving and well - educated woman who becomes the love interest and later wife of Jesse Katsopolis . Becky was born in Valentine , Nebraska and decided to pursue journalism as a career while she was in high school . Becky moves to San Francisco to become the co-host of Wake Up , San Francisco , being paired with Danny as her co-host ; the two become close friends , although she often quips about Danny 's quirks and tendency to ramble in his conversations . She was reluctant to admit her feelings for Jesse at first , but she eventually falls in love with him . The two almost elope in Lake Tahoe in the season two finale `` Luck Be a Lady '' , but backed out when Becky realized that she and Jesse were not really ready to get married . They eventually get married ( in the second part of the season four episode `` The Wedding '' ) on Valentine 's Day .", "14": "After Jesse has a bittersweet farewell to the rest of the family when he decides to move into Rebecca 's apartment in the season four episode `` Fuller House '' , Rebecca agrees to move in with the Tanners and Joey when she discovers how much Jesse misses them , living together in the attic ( which Jesse and Joey have converted into an apartment ) . Becky helps to transform Jesse , although she still teases him about his obsession with his hair and love of Elvis . She also serves as a mother figure to the girls at times ; most prominently giving advice to D.J. as she becomes a teenager . Becky gives birth to twin boys Nicholas and Alexander on Michelle 's fifth birthday in part two of the season five episode `` Happy Birthday , Babies '' . She and Jesse name Alexander after a teacher who inspired her to become a journalist and Nicholas after Jesse 's father . Becky is offered a producer role on Wake Up , San Francisco in the season eight episode `` The Producer '' , which results in Danny briefly quitting the show due to him being passed over for such a promotion . In Fuller House , she , Jesse , and Danny all move to Los Angeles to start their new jobs . She and Danny now host a nationally syndicated talk show called , Wake Up USA . Becky gets baby fever when around D.J. 's youngest son , Tommy . She and Jesse end up adopting a baby girl whom they name Pamela . Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA when they asked for too much money . They ask for their old jobs back at Wake Up San Francisco but the station only wants her back . They want her to host an all women 's talk show called The Gab . She , Jesse and Pamela are moving back to San Francisco . Kimmy Gibbler Kimberly Louise `` Kimmy '' Gibbler ( portrayed by Andrea Barber , recurring since season one and upgraded to a series regular in season five ) is D.J. 's best friend and the Tanners ' annoying but well - meaning next - door neighbor . Kimmy and D.J. have been best friends since the Gibblers moved next door to the Tanners , despite their differing personalities ; the two have temporarily ended their friendship multiple times during the show 's run due to disputes over various situations , but always end up reconciling and forgiving each other .", "15": "Most of the Tanner family can not stand her ( Danny , Stephanie and Jesse are especially annoyed by her , with Stephanie often making jabs at her lack of intelligence and other unusual quirks and Danny urging D.J. to make new friends and often asking Kimmy to leave the house ) . She is often known to be a poor student in school , and had copied D.J. 's homework during most of the early seasons . Kimmy is the subject of a recurring gag in the series , regarding her terrible foot odor , which becomes noticeable to other people mainly once she removes her shoes ; Kimmy also becomes aware of this in a scene in the season seven episode `` The Apartment '' , in which she accidentally grabs one of her shoes while searching for her phone when Danny calls her to find out the whereabouts of D.J. ( who had fallen asleep on her boyfriend Steve 's couch while watching a movie in his apartment ) . She is also known to be addicted to shopping . In the episode `` Another Opening , Another No Show '' , Jesse and Kimmy get locked in a closet on the night of the grand re-opening of The Smash Club , after the door handle breaks off in Jesse 's hand ; while there , Kimmy finally tells Jesse how much it hurts when he and the other Tanners ( except for D.J. ) pick on her . He finally tries to stop picking on her and tells the Tanners to try to go easy on her . However , their behavior towards her remains the same in later episodes , although she never seems to mind it anymore . Kimmy 's only serious relationship is with Duane ( who is introduced in season eight episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ) , a very air - headed boy who was only known to say `` whatever '' . Ironically , he was shown to have a fondness for Shakespearean works as he passionately quoted a line from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet . In `` Taking the Plunge , '' Kimmy decides to run off to Reno and elope with Duane after she was rejected by the colleges that she had applied to , and is afraid that D.J. will go off to school and forget her . When D.J. , Jesse , and Danny arrive at the chapel to stop her from getting married too young , D.J. tells her that she will always be her best friend no matter what .", "16": "In the two - part series finale `` Michelle Rides Again , '' she tries to find D.J. a blind date for prom , and ends up surprising her with her ex-boyfriend Steve instead . Sometime after high school Kimmy got married to a race car driver named Fernando , and has a daughter named Ramona . In the sequel series she and Ramona move into the Tanner family home after D.J 's husband passed away . She moved in to help her along with Stephanie . Kimmy has become a party planner . Kimmy volunteers to be Stephanie and Jimmy 's surrogate mother , Steve Hale Steven `` Steve '' Hale ( originally introduced as Steve Peters ; portrayed by Scott Weinger ) is D.J. 's first steady boyfriend . He is introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' as D.J. 's date to a movie that she ends up taking Michelle and Stephanie to , and returns to the series as a regular character in the sixth - season premiere `` Come Fly With Me '' ( which establishes the character as played by Weinger in his original appearance the season prior ) . Steve is two years older than D.J. and is a star member of the high school wrestling team . He is known for having a healthy appetite , and often eats at the Tanners ' when he visits . In `` A Very Tanner Christmas , '' Steve receives an acceptance letter to a party school in Florida that he had applied to ( this causes the two to briefly break up due to D.J. 's concern that she would miss him ) , but decides to go to a local community college in order to improve his grades and continue his relationship with D.J. In the season six episode `` Prom Night , '' both he and D.J. attend Steve 's prom where he is elected prom king ( although his ex-girlfriend -- whose affections he later rejects -- is named prom queen ) . Steve and D.J. break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks , '' after they realize that their relationship was not as passionate as it used to be , but they decide to remain friends . When D.J. needs a date for her senior prom , Kimmy surprises her and gets Steve to be her date . After college Steve becomes a podiatrist . In Fuller House Steve is a divorcee and his ex took half what he 's worth .", "17": "With him and D.J. both now single he tries to start a relationship with her again . He ends up later getting engaged to woman named C.J. who is just like D.J. On the way to Japan , thinking that Kimmy is sitting next to her , D.J. confesses that she was going to pick Steve not Matt , and feels like she is losing her soulmate . Steve was the one who actually heard it . At the alter he realizes he still loves D.J. and ca n't marry C.J. so he calls the wedding off . D.J who still has feelings for Steve break up with Matt . A month after the almost wedding they start dating again . There is bad news for the reunited couple when the Lakers want him to be their foot doctor . He declines to stay with D.J. but she calls the team to say he will take the job . Steve tells her they will back together in six months . Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Nicholas `` Nicky '' and Alexander `` Alex '' Katsopolis , ( played by Daniel and Kevin Renteria as babies during season 5 ; Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as toddlers for seasons 6 -- 8 ) are the twin sons of Jesse and Becky Katsopolis . The two were born in the season five episode `` Happy Birthday , Babies , '' on the date of Michelle 's fifth birthday . Becky named Alex after a high school teacher who inspired her to venture into a career in journalism , while Jesse chose to name Nicky after his father , for giving him great hair . They have strawberry - blond hair and are fun - loving toddlers , with minor distinctions between them . Nicky is more quiet and sweet , while Alex is more outspoken and mischievous . They often repeat each other 's words . In Fuller House , the twins follow their parents to Los Angeles , and decide to run a fish taco food truck . Jackson Fuller Jackson Fuller ( portrayed by Michael Campion ) is D.J. 's oldest son . When Kimmy and her daughter , Ramona moves in Jackson has to give up his room and move in with his brother Max . Jackson and Ramona do n't get along at first but become like brother and sister . Jackson has shown to be a good older brother to Max and Tommy .", "18": "Jackson likes to do stunts , and joins the football team to impress Ramona 's friend , Lola . He likes to call himself `` J. Money '' and `` Action Jackson '' . He breifly dates Lola but she breaks up with him for being too clingy . While attending summer school he becomes friends with Gia 's daughter Rocki , much to D.J 's dislike . Max Fuller Max Fuller ( portrayed by Elias Harger ) is D.J. 's well dressed and intelligent middle child . He likes science , and is shown to be a clean freak like his grandfather . Max has rivalries with Kimmy 's fiancé Fernando and classmate Taylor . Max 's girlfriend is Rose , the daughter of Steve 's fiancée C.J. Ramona Gibbler Ramona Gibbler ( portrayed by Soni Nicole Bringas ) is the daughter of Kimmy Gibbler and her ex husband / fiancé , Fernando . She is not thrilled when she has to move into the Tanner family home and change schools . Ramona quickly befriends one of the popular girls in school , Lola Wong , and briefly dates Jackson 's friend , Bobby Popko . She is an aspiring dancer . Tommy Fuller Tommy Fuller , Jr. ( portrayed by twins , Dashiell and Fox Messitt ) is D.J. 's youngest son . Like his aunt Michelle he also loses a parent as a baby . Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero ( portrayed by Juan Pablo Di Pace ) , is Kimmy Gibbler 's race car driving ex-husband / fiancé . At the start of Fuller House , him and Kimmy are separated due to his unfaithfulness to her . Fernando begins to miss her and tries to win her back . It works but he ends up finally signing their divorce papers . Though he only does this to repropose which she accepts . Fernando retires from his racing career , and moves in . Ten months after moving in , he buys Kimmy 's childhood home and moves in with her brother . Matt Harmon Matt Harmon ( portrayed by John Brotherton ) is D.J. 's partner at the Harmon / Fuller Pet Care .", "19": "He originally intended to fill in for his dad while he was away on a trip to India but decides to stay in San Francisco . When his dad retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business . Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection . She and him eventually begin dating . While in Japan for Steve and C.J 's wedding , Matt proposed to D.J. and she says yes . The next day at the wedding Steve calls off his wedding , and D.J. breaks off her engagement . A heartbroken Matt walks off . He goes on a eight day vacation and when he comes back to work he tells D.J. he does n't know how he able to work with her if they 're not together anymore . He takes some time off to think , and when he returns he tells her that he will be opening up a new pet clinic two blocks down . Lola Wong Lola Wong ( portrayed by Ashley Liao ) is Ramona 's best friend and Jackson 's ex girlfriend . Lola 's father gets a job in Fresno and she moves . Jimmy Gibbler Jimmy Gibbler ( portrayed by Adam Hagenbuch ) is Kimmy 's younger brother . One day he walks into the family 's backyard and hears Stephanie singing . The two end up kissing , and are interrupted by Kimmy who informs Stephanie that he is her brother . Jimmy and Stephanie begin dating . When Stephanie gets the news that she can have a baby via surrogacy , she thinks it 's too soon in their relationship to ask him to be the father . After finding that out from Kimmy , he tells her that he wants to be her baby 's father . Kimmy volunteers to be his and Stephanie 's surrogate . Recurring characters Vicky Larson ( played by Gail Edwards ) is Danny 's girlfriend during seasons five and six and was briefly his fiancée from the season six episode `` The House Meets the Mouse '' until halfway through season seven . Vicky is very focused on her career , which proves to be the undoing in her long - distance relationship with Danny .", "20": "They meet in season five 's `` Nicky and / or Alexander , '' when Vicky fills in for Becky ( who is on maternity leave ) on Wake Up , San Francisco , and start dating two episodes later in `` Easy Rider '' . Later in season five 's `` Play It Again , Jesse , '' Danny insists that she take a news anchor job in Chicago that she was offered once Becky returns , and that starts a long - distance relationship ( that goes from early season six to mid-season seven ) . Danny eventually proposes to her when she comes along on the family 's vacation to Walt Disney World in `` The House Meets the Mouse '' . However , Vicky later gets her dream job -- anchoring the network news in New York City -- in the season seven episode `` The Perfect Couple '' ( the character 's final appearance ) ; as a result , she can not come to live with Danny and his family in San Francisco , nor is Danny able to uproot his family in California . Therefore , to the dismay of themselves and Danny 's family , they have a mutual breakup . Vicky often gives advice , such as helping D.J. with her relationship with Steve , and helping Danny to deal with it and serves as a motherly figure to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . Vicky makes a brief appearance in the season 3 finale of Fuller House . D.J. and Stephanie apparently tracked her down to cheer up Danny . He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for Danny , Joey and Jesse . Nick Katsopolis ( played by John Aprea ) is Jesse and Pam 's father and maternal grandfather to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . He is an avid fan of Elvis Presley , just like Jesse . Also , like his son , he is very much interested in his hair and women ( as he states in the season two episode `` Our Very First Christmas Show '' , `` there are two things Katsopolis men are known for : kissing and great hair '' ) . Nick is the owner of an insect extermination business . He met his wife , Irene , the day that Elvis was drafted into the United States Army . Nick was a firm but caring parent . In the episode , `` D.J. 's Day Off '' it is mentioned that he would punish Jesse severely .", "21": "This combination is also seen in the episode `` It Is Not My Job '' , when Jesse quits the extermination business Nick responds with : `` If you 're out of the business , you 're out of the family . '' Later on , he explains this by saying that he did not build up the business to sell it to a stranger . His love for his family is also shown by the fact that Irene bringing in Michelle curbed his anger . When Michelle was getting ready to do a television commercial for marshmallows in the season two episode `` El Problema Grande de D.J. '' , he remarked that Michelle looked like a little blonde version of the redhead he likes on Gilligan 's Island , which was revealed to be Tina Louise by Irene . In honor of inheriting Nick 's hair , Jesse names one of his twin sons after him . Nicky and Alex never interact with their grandparents on - screen like the girls have , as Nick and Irene are last seen in season four . Nick re-appears in season three of Fuller House when he comes to take care of Tommy while everyone else goes to Japan for Steve 's wedding . Nick mentions to Tommy about going out to find women , so it is assumed that him and Irene are no longer together or she is no longer living . Irene Katsopolis ( played by Yvonne Wilder , and by Rhoda Gemignani in `` The Return of Grandma '' ) is Jesse and Pam 's mother , the wife of Nick Katsopolis , and maternal grandmother to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . She often talked about diapering Jesse 's `` tushy '' , and touched his and other people 's `` tushies , '' which made Jesse mad ; at other times , she would talk about when Jesse was a kid . She often mentioned how she is older than Nick , and her passion for younger men ( which makes Nick feel inferior at times ) . Claire Tanner ( portrayed by Alice Hirson , and Doris Roberts ) is Danny 's mother . She helped Danny raise the girls in the first few months after the death of Danny 's wife , Pam , prior to Jesse and Joey moving into the house .", "22": "She appeared in only three episodes : `` Our Very First Show '' and `` The Return of Grandma '' ( as portrayed by Hirson ) , and in `` Granny Tanny '' ( as portrayed by Roberts ) . Teddy ( played by Tahj Mowry ) is Michelle 's best friend . He first appeared in the season five premiere `` Double Trouble , '' when Michelle meets him on their first day of kindergarten following the advice that Joey told Michelle that the best way to make new friends was by being funny , and does a Bullwinkle impression . He accompanies her when she needs a `` date '' to sneak out and join Danny on a date with Vicky in the season five episode `` Bachelor of the Month '' . He is also the one whose house Michelle runs away to in `` The Devil Made Me Do It '' later that season ( Tahj Mowry 's real - life sisters Tia and Tamera Mowry appear in that episode in a dual role as Teddy 's older sister ) . He moves to Amarillo , Texas in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye '' ; Teddy returns in the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend '' , when his father 's job moves him back to San Francisco . He and Michelle even consider trying to be boyfriend and girlfriend in third grade in the season eight episode `` Dateless in San Francisco '' , but find that it is no fun for children their age . Denise Frazer ( played by Jurnee Smollett ) is Michelle 's best female friend , introduced in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye '' . She replaces Teddy as Michelle 's best friend after Teddy moves to Texas . Denise , like Teddy before her , often gets Michelle into trouble . In the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend , '' Teddy moves back to San Francisco , leaving Michelle to choose between him and Denise for whom to serve as her best friend . Danny makes her understand that it is possible to have more than one best friend . Michelle ultimately forms a trio of friends with Teddy and Denise at the end of that episode . In the season seven episode `` Too Little Richard Too Late , '' it is revealed that Denise 's uncle is Little Richard ( who guest starred in the episode ) .", "23": "Denise does not appear after that episode , having been written out without explanation due to Smollett 's role in the short - lived ABC sitcom On Our Own ( which aired during the 1994 - 95 season , concurring with the run of Full House 's eighth and final season ) . Aaron Bailey ( played by Miko Hughes ) is Michelle 's recurring and longest running classmate . Introduced in the season three episode `` Bye , Bye Birdie '' , he is the typical class bully , who tends to be annoying and rude at times . He pinches Michelle in the season four episode `` A Pinch for a Pinch , '' which results in Jesse telling Michelle to fight back by pinching him in retaliation . When the teacher punishes them , Jesse takes Michelle home , pulling her out of preschool . While that behavior does not continue , his obnoxious ways continue throughout the series . In other episodes , he treats Jesse as either an equal or underlying rival . In addition , he also creates trouble for D.J. and Kimmy when they have boys over while Kimmy is babysitting in season four 's `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' . Danny even remarks ( in season seven ) that they are watching Aaron for several days `` until his regular babysitter stops twitching '' . He is sometimes seen being nice to Michelle . Gia Mahan ( played by Marla Sokoloff ) is Stephanie 's archenemy ( beginning with her first appearance in the season seven episode `` Fast Friends '' ) , who later becomes her best friend ( starting with the conclusion of `` Is It True About Stephanie ? '' from that same season , but more prominently during season eight ) . She leads Stephanie into dangerous or not - so - smart situations . Stephanie gets involved in a few wild , irresponsible things because of Gia , such as going to a make - out party planned by her in the season eight episode `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , and ( almost ) smoking in `` Fast Friends '' . Conversely , Stephanie was also a positive influence on Gia . During an unknown time when her parents had been through a divorce , Gia is shown as a cigarette - smoking , rebellious teen with horrible grades . She is two years older than Stephanie , as she was held back in school .", "24": "Viewers learn ( as of `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) that because of Stephanie , Gia has stopped smoking , became more respectful , improved her grades , and lost her inclination to play pranks on other people . Gia becomes the target of put downs at the hands of Michelle in much the same way as Kimmy is targeted by Stephanie . Over time , Michelle becomes quite creative with her insults . Gia reappears in season 2 of Fuller House when Kimmy gets the idea of getting their band `` Girl Talk '' back together . Things do n't go well when Gia and D.J. have a hard time getting along . In season 3 , it was revealed that Gia has a daughter named Roxanne `` Rocki '' ( portrayed by Landry Bender ) who is in summer school with Jackson . Derek S. Boyd ( played by Blake McIver Ewing ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( appearing in eight episodes total throughout seasons six through eight ) . Michelle first meets Derek in the episode `` The Play 's the Thing , '' when he lands the role of Yankee Doodle in their school play , America the Beautiful . Though Michelle is initially jealous of Derek for winning the part over her ( due in no small part to the fact that both of her sisters played Yankee Doodle in the same play ) , she helps him recover from a case of stage - fright , and they eventually become friends . Derek is very educated and well - spoken for a boy of his age , though also a bit on the wimpy side . He also shows signs of being a bit obsessive - compulsive . As shown in several episodes ( including in his first appearance ) , he is also shown to be a very talented singer . In the scene in which he is first introduced , Derek says he blends in with his surroundings . Lisa Leeper ( played by Kathryn Zaremba ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( featured in six episodes during the eighth season , beginning with `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) ; in the episode We Got the Beat , '' Lisa is shown to be an extremely good singer when she sings a duet of `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' with Derek . Nelson Burkhardt ( played by Jason Marsden ; Hal Sparks in Fuller House ) is a love interest for D.J.", "25": "that is introduced in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure '' . Nelson is a teenager who comes from a very wealthy family , and dates D.J. on - and - off for some time ( ironically , it is in his first appearance that D.J. breaks up with him ; he ends up going on a date with Kimmy three episodes later in `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) . Not much is revealed about Nelson 's background or family , aside from the fact that he is very rich , and often throws and attends big parties on yachts . Though in `` Taking the Plunge , '' he mentions that his cousin , Regina -- with whom he sets Joey up on a date -- is visiting the United States from England . Toward the latter stages of his `` relationship '' with D.J. , in `` D.J. 's Choice , '' he gets into a `` tug - of - war '' with Viper to be D.J. 's boyfriend , to which she declines both boys . Nelson shows up to his and D.J. 's 20th High School Reunion in season 2 of Fuller House . C.J. Harbenberger ( played by Virginia Williams ) is Steve 's fiancée and mother to Max 's friend , Rose . C.J. is strikingly similarly to D.J. Bobby Popko ( played by Isaak Presley ) is Jackson 's best friend and Ramona 's ex boyfriend . Taylor ( played by Lucas Jaye ) is Max 's friend who challenges him . Rose Harbenberger ( played by Mckenna Grace ) is C.J. 's daughter , and Max 's love interest . Rocki ( played by Landry Bender ) is Gia 's daughter who attends summer school with Jackson and is Jackson 's new love interest . Other characters Stavros ( played by John Stamos in a dual role ) is Jesse 's swarthy , greasy , woman - crazed Greek look - alike cousin ( with minor cosmetic differences in appearance from Jesse , namely Stavros having a mustache , a gap in his teeth , a slightly larger nose than his cousin and a mole on his cheek ) .", "26": "Appearing only in the season seven episode `` Kissing Cousins , '' he hits on Becky -- despite the fact that she is Jesse 's wife -- several times during the episode . He is shown to be a con artist ; he cheats Joey out of his watch and money during a card game , and tells a fake story about a mudslide that devastated his village in order to pilfer the `` donations '' and leave , to which the family catches on . Jesse expresses his disappointment with the dastardly deeds that Stavros -- who ends up being arrested -- commits . Wendy Tanner ( played by Darlene Vogel ) is Danny 's sister , who is an avid animal enthusiast , and works at a zoo . She owns a chimpanzee named Ginger , and is known to have had somewhat of a rivalry with Joey in their childhood , but when she comes back to San Francisco in the season five episode `` Too Much Monkey Business , '' she and Joey have a brief relationship after they both revealed themselves to have had `` secret crushes '' on each other . It is also revealed that she collects exotic souvenirs from around the world . She and Joey date briefly ( but she is not seen or mentioned after the episode ) . Iorgos `` Papouli '' Katsopolis ( played by Jack Kruschen ) is Jesse 's Greek grandfather , introduced in the season four episode `` Greek Week '' . Papouli is the central to the storyline of the season seven episode `` The Last Dance , '' when he visits San Francisco to see the family and starts to forge a very close relationship with his great - granddaughter Michelle . Later in the episode , Papouli dies of natural causes ( as Danny specifically mentions that his heart gave out and he died in his sleep while staying at the house ) . When Michelle hears about the tragedy after her Honeybee meeting , she becomes very despondent and decides not to go to school , acknowledging that Papouli promised to appear as part of her school assignment and teach her class a Greek dance . Michelle attempts not to show any emotion in front of Jesse , who himself has a hard time coping with Papouli 's death . However , when she tells him the truth , Jesse tells Michelle that it is okay to cry in mourning of Papouli , as the two start sobbing and hugging each other .", "27": "Jesse appears at Michelle 's school and accompanies her in performing the dance that Papouli taught her earlier in the episode when she is unable to remember the rest of the dance . Mindy Gladstone ( played by Beverly Sanders ) is Joey 's mother . She appears only in the season one episode `` The Return of Grandma , '' although Joey talks about her often during the series , such as when Joey lands a gig opening for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas in the season four episode `` Viva Las Joey '' . When Joey was asked by Jesse why he could not invite his mother to come see the show , he claims she is working as Goofy at Walt Disney World . Kathy Santoni ( played by Anne Marie McEvoy ) is a classmate of D.J. 's . While only appearing in four episodes ( beginning with season three 's `` Back to School Blues '' ) , Kathy Santoni is mentioned in several episodes by various characters . In the season seven episode `` The Apartment , '' it is revealed that she got married and pregnant at age 16 . Kathy shows up to her 20th high school reunion in Fuller House . Walter F. Berman ( played by Whitby Hertford ) is a school friend of Stephanie Tanner . At first , Stephanie disliked him , and went as far as teasing and imitating his resemblance to a duck ( which occurs when his lips are pursed ) . She -- along with the rest of the class -- even nicknamed him `` Duckface '' . However , after following her Uncle Jesse 's advice , she learned to appreciate Walter more , even if he was a nerd . This led to Walter briefly considering Stephanie as his `` secret girlfriend '' . Harry Takayama ( played by Nathan Nishiguchi in Full House ; Michael Sun Lee in Fuller House ) is the first on - screen friend of Stephanie 's ( appearing in season two , beginning with the episode `` Middle Age Crazy '' ) . He usually calls her `` Chief '' , and she refers to him as her boyfriend -- without understanding that term 's full meaning ( as Stephanie put it in Harry 's first appearance , `` you 're a boy , and you 're my friend ; that makes you my boyfriend '' ) .", "28": "Stephanie decides to have a pretend wedding with Harry in `` Middle Age Crazy , '' feeling that she is not receiving attention from the rest of the family . His last appearance is in the season three episode `` Nerd For a Day '' . In the episode `` Pal Joey , '' Harry becomes infatuated with D.J. after she teaches him a mathematic problem using oranges . Over the years him and Stephanie stayed in touch , and she jokingly refers to him as her `` husband '' . In Fuller House , when a thousand roses showed up to the house , Stephanie wonders if Harry sent them . Turns out he did n't send them and is actually getting married . Cindy ( played by Debra Sandlund ) is a girlfriend of Danny 's , appearing in three episodes during season four , beginning with the episode `` Terror in Tanner Town '' . It is revealed that she works as a dry cleaner in that episode , and she first met Danny when he comes to the store as a customer . She also has a precocious and troublesome 10 - year - old son named Rusty . Rusty ( portrayed by Jordan Christopher Michael ) is the son of Cindy , Danny 's girlfriend in season four , first appearing in `` Terror in Tanner Town '' . Rusty has a penchant of performing mischievous antics and practical jokes that wreak havoc on the family . During a crazy prank that Rusty started in `` Secret Admirer , '' he misunderstood D.J. 's words and believed that she was romantically interested in him . This caused him to develop a brief crush on her , but quickly got over it when the other members of the family caught on to his prank , in which he sent a letter intended to D.J. ( without signing his name on it ) that ends up being circulated to the rest of the family as well as Kimmy and Cindy , resulting in everyone mistakenly believing that someone else in the group was interested in them . He was last seen in `` Stephanie Plays the Field , '' training for baseball with Stephanie . Ricky ( played by R.J. Williams in the season four episodes `` Secret Admirer and `` Happy New Year '' ) is the neighborhood paperboy whom D.J. had a crush on .", "29": "Brett Davis ( played by Sean Fox in season four , introduced in the episode `` Stephanie Plays the Field '' ) is a classmate and friend of Stephanie 's who plays Little League Baseball for the Cubs . He is supposedly Stephanie Tanner 's first love . Viper ( played by David Lipper ) is a guitarist in Jesse 's band , Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets during season eight . He is introduced in `` To Joey , With Love '' , when he auditions for the band in competition with Danny , who is revealed to be as equally excellent at guitar . He begins to date D.J. in the episode `` On the Road Again , '' much to the initial dismay of Danny and Jesse , the latter of whom briefly kicks him out of the band . He is revealed to have insecurities about not going to college in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger '' , and ends up twisting everything D.J. says to where she puts him down . He eventually dumps her in `` D.J. 's Choice , '' because he thinks things are moving too fast for him and wants space . He then changes his mind and begs her to take him back . This causes problems as D.J. starts to date her old boyfriend Nelson again . D.J. can not decide between the two and asks for time to think . Unfortunately , neither one gives her space and begin to fight over her . D.J. then says that if they are going to force her to choose , then she would not choose either one and dumps them both . Viper showed up to D.J. 's 20th high school reunion even though it 's not his reunion . He tries to win her back , and again ends up fighting over her with Nelson . Caroline ( portrayed by ( Dorothy Parke ) is a friend of Danny 's , who was first seen in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise , '' as one of the dates who appear while Danny , Joey , and Jesse go on a fishing trip on a boat . She also appeared in the episode `` The Big Three - O '' six episodes later . Adrianna ( played by Fabiana Udenio ) is Jesse 's one - time girlfriend in the season one episode `` Daddy 's Home '' .", "30": "Corinna Spicer ( played by Elizabeth Keifer ) is a student in Jesse 's `` private music class , '' whom Jesse was interested in , in the season one episode `` Jesse 's Girl '' . At the end of the episode , she winds up with Joey instead . Jill ( Darcy DeMoss ) is one of Jesse 's early girlfriends . She and Jesse date when there is no one else to date , according to her . Duane Moffat ( played by Scott Menville ) is Kimmy Gibbler 's boyfriend in season eight ( first appearing in the episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ) , whom she considered marrying in Reno . He is often airheaded like Kimmy is , and is mostly quiet and known for saying `` whatever '' in a surfer - like accent . One thing is known about him is that he loves the works of William Shakespeare . In part one of `` Michelle Rides Again , '' he passionately recites lines from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet . Duane makes an appearance at their 20th high school reunion . Duane has become a motivational speaker . Mrs. Carruthers ( played by Marcia Wallace ) is a neighbor of the Tanners ( appearing in seasons seven and eight ) , who has a massive ( but obviously one - sided ) crush on Joey , as evidenced by her constant `` chasing '' him down , and his subsequent attempts to `` hide '' from her and reject her advances . She collaborates with Kimmy Gibbler to form a Neighborhood Watch program known as the `` Crime Catchers '' in season seven 's `` The Bicycle Thief '' . She also is known to `` dominate '' the PTA elections at Michelle 's school , Frasier Street Elementary , every year , inspiring Joey to run for PTA president in a fair election in `` Too Little Richard Too Late , '' to which he is ultimately disqualified due to Mrs. Carruthers pointing out that PTA rules require that the president must be a parent of a Frasier Street student . However , Mrs. Carruthers offers Joey the opportunity to be her vice president instead , a position he accepts . Pamela `` Pam '' Katsopolis Tanner ( portrayed by Christie Houser ) is Danny 's wife , Jesse 's sister , and the mother of D.J.", "31": ", Stephanie , and Michelle , who was an unseen character , except in the form of a home video shot when she and Danny brought Michelle home from the hospital in the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' . She was killed by a drunk driver before the start of the first series ( according to D.J. in the eighth - season episode `` Under the Influence '' ) . She has been described as traits her children have : always smiling ( Michelle ) , full of energy ( Stephanie ) , and always did her best at everything ( D.J. ) . Teri Tanner ( played by Eva LaRue ) , is Danny 's second wife . In the Fuller House season three episode `` Declarations of Independence '' , Danny reveals that he and Teri got divorced . He mentions that they barely knew each other when they got married . Tommy Fuller Sr. ( played by unknown actor ) , is D.J. 's husband and the father of Jackson , Max , and Tommy Jr. , who was also an unseen character , except in the form of a photograph in the boy 's room in the season one episode `` Secrets , Lies , and Firetrucks '' . He died in the line of duty while being a firefighter before the start of the second series ( according to D.J. in the series premiere `` Our Very First Show Again '' ) . His sons have been described having the same nice smile . Dr. Fred Harmon ( played by Robin Thomas ) is Matt 's father , and the owner of Harmon Pet Care . When he retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business , and moves to India . Ginger Gladstone ( played by Laura Bell Bundy ) is Joey 's wife who is a magician . Lewis Gladstone ( played by Finn Carr ) is Joey 's oldest son . Joan Gladstone ( played by Kingston Foster ) is Joey 's youngest daughter . Jerry Gladstone ( played by Noah Salsbury Lipson ) is Joey 's youngest son . Phyllis Gladstone ( played by Ruby Rose Turner ) is Joey 's oldest daughter . Mankowski ( played by Trevor Larcom ) is one of Jackson 's friends . Chad Brad Bradley ( played by Tanner Buchanan ) is the captain of Bayview 's dance team .", "32": "When Ramona tries out for the school 's dance team , she shows him up resulting in him cutting her . He eventually lets her on the team . Guest stars Season one Kirk Cameron -- Episode 18 : `` Just One of the Guys '' , as Steve , Danny 's nephew and the girls ' cousin . He is the real - life brother of Candace Cameron Bure ( Kirk 's eventual wife and Candace 's sister - in - law Chelsea Noble appears in the following episode `` The Seven - Month Itch '' as Jesse 's girlfriend Samantha ) . Phyllis Diller -- Episode 16 : `` But Seriously , Folks '' . Joey was getting ready to start his set at a comedy club but the host spots Phyllis and invites her onstage resulting in Joey not getting to perform . Belita Moreno -- Episode 12 : `` Our Very First Promo '' as Ronnie Gardner Season two The Beach Boys ( as themselves ) -- Episode 16 : `` Beach Boy Bingo '' . They also appear in season three , episode 24 : `` Our Very First Telethon '' , and season five 's `` Captain Video '' ( parts 1 and 2 ) in the `` Forever '' music video . The first time they appeared , they were supposed to be guests on Wake Up , San Francisco , but had to cancel their appearance due to fog preventing their plane from landing . D.J. then wins a telephone contest to get tickets to their concert , but she has trouble deciding whom to take with her . In the end , the whole family ends up going and even joins the band on stage . Jonathan Brandis -- Episode 11 : `` A Little Romance '' as Michael Monford Season three Bobbie Eakes -- Episode 3 : `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do ( in 22 Minutes ) '' as Diane Scott Baio -- Episode 9 : `` Dr. Dare Rides Again '' as Pete Bianco , an old band mate of Jesse 's . Season four Frankie Avalon -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood '' . Joey films a TV pilot with Frankie and Annette . Annette Funicello -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood '' Erika Eleniak -- Episode 9 : `` One Last Kiss '' as Carrie Fowler . Jesse 's high school girlfriend .", "33": "Wayne Newton -- Episode 7 : `` Viva Las Joey '' . Joey opened for Newton in Las Vegas . Jaleel White -- Episode 16 : `` Stephanie Gets Framed '' . He appears as his character Steve Urkel from Family Matters ( which was produced by Full House 's production companies Miller - Boyett Productions and Lorimar Television ) . Urkel happens to be a cousin of D.J. 's friend Julie ( played by Tasha Scott , who was also White 's love interest in the 1990 TV movie Camp Cucamonga ) . During his visit , he helped and gave advice to Stephanie Tanner , because she had to get reading glasses . Stephanie is reluctant because of how reading glasses will make her look , but Steve tells her `` the trick is to make them laugh with you before they laugh at you . '' Season five David Lascher -- Episode 3 : `` Take My Sister , Please '' as Rick June Lockhart -- Episodes 1 and 2 : `` Double Trouble '' and `` Matchmaker Michelle '' as Ms. Wiltrout , Michelle 's kindergarten teacher . Whitman Mayo -- Episode 7 : `` The Volunteer '' as Eddie Johnson Tommy Page -- Episode 16 : `` Crushed '' . Danny gets Tommy to sing at Stephanie 's tenth birthday party . Season six Hillary Shepard -- Episodes 4 and 5 : `` Radio Days '' and `` Love and Other Tanners '' as Julie Mark Linn - Baker -- Episode 7 : `` Trouble in Twin Town '' as Dick Donaldson , Becky 's rich and obnoxious cousin , who puts down Jesse for not being rich . Danielle Fishel -- Episode 10 and 17 : `` I 'm Not D.J. '' and `` Silence is Not Golden '' as Jennifer P . Jennifer Rhodes -- Episodes 11 : `` Designing Mothers '' as Liz Larson , Vicky 's mom . Season seven Little Richard -- Episode : `` Too Little Richard Too Late '' . It is revealed that he is Denise 's uncle . Because he was holding a concert in San Francisco , Michelle asks him to perform a concert to help Joey 's campaign for PTA president . He accepts , and performs for Joey 's campaign . Richard is quite late to the concert , but makes it up to them .", "34": "He has a dislike to Jesse after Jesse 's comment about him putting a punch bowl on his head at family gatherings . Suzanne Somers -- Episode 19 : `` Love on the Rocks '' Ben Stein -- Episode : `` Another Opening , Another No Show '' as Elliott Warner Vanna White -- Episode 15 : `` The Test '' Season eight Andrea Abbate as Gia 's mother Claire Mahan and Danny 's new girlfriend Kareem Abdul - Jabbar -- Episode 16 : `` Air Jesse '' Mickey Rooney - Episode 11 : `` Arrest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' as Mr. Dreghorn Frankie Valli -- Episode 12 : `` D.J. 's Choice '' Barry Williams -- Episode : `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , as himself replacing Jesse as lead singer of The Rippers Fuller House Maksim Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Valentin Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Hunter Pence -- Episode 1.10 : `` A Giant Leap '' . Hunter is a right fielder for the San Francisco Giants who briefly dates Stephanie but when it is revealed that she is the `` mystery blond '' who is causing his worsening batting streak , Stephanie breaks up because she ca n't take the pressure of dating a famous athlete . She dumps him in front of the entire stadium after singing `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' . He hits a homer after the breakup . Alan Thicke -- Episode 2.2 : `` Mom Interference '' as Mike . He is the grandfather of Matt 's girlfriend Crystal . Bruno Tonioli -- Episode 2.5 : `` Doggy Daddy '' as Guiseppe Pignoli , Ramona 's famous Italian dance coach . New Kids on the Block -- Episode 2.10 : `` New Kids in the House '' . When Stephanie discovers the New Kids on the Block tickets Kimmy got for D.J. 's Birthday are counterfeit , they make it up by bringing the band by the house . Lonzo Ball -- Episode 3.18 : `` Here Comes the Sun '' as himself . Lonzo comes to town to try to convince Steve to be the Lakers ' foot doctor .", "35": "References Jump up ^ Adam I. Lapidus ( writer ) John Tracy ( director ) ( December 6 , 1994 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . Full House . Season 8 . Episode 10 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/fuller-house-cast-member-candace-cameron-bure-discusses-playing-mom-spinoff-teases-2055222 ( hide ) Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Fuller House episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Full_House_and_Fuller_House_characters&oldid=836674248 '' Categories : 1980s - related lists 1990s - related lists 2010s - related lists Fictional characters from San Francisco Full House Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles that may contain original research from February 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with a promotional tone from March 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 05 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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