id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 320
values | context stringlengths 151 1.22k | question stringlengths 12 184 | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 12 184 | query_embedding listlengths 768 768 |
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5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec8 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the su... | What language does Proto-Indo Iranian descent from? | {
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"answer_start": []
} | What language does [MASK] descent from? | [
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5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec9 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the su... | What languages are believed to have originated in central India? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What languages are believed to have originated in central [MASK]? | [
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5a18ccbd9aa02b0018605ece | Iranian_languages | It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more p... | What Indo-European groups belong to the Satem language family? | {
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} | What [MASK] groups belong to the [MASK] language family? | [
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5a18ccbd9aa02b0018605ecf | Iranian_languages | It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more p... | What language family originated in the mountains of Russia? | {
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} | What language family originated in the mountains of [MASK]? | [
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5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed2 | Iranian_languages | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | What language came sometime after the breakup of Proto-Iranian? | {
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} | What language came sometime after the breakup of [MASK] [MASK] [MASK]? | [
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5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed3 | Iranian_languages | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | What language broke up after the second millennium BCE? | {
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} | What language broke up after [MASK]? | [
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5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed4 | Iranian_languages | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | When did the middle Iranian language begin to break off? | {
"text": [],
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} | When did the middle [MASK] language begin to break off? | [
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5a18d2529aa02b0018605ed8 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers? | {
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} | What characteristic of middle [MASK] civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers? | [
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5a18d2529aa02b0018605ed9 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | How many middle Iranian languages are still spoken today? | {
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} | How many middle [MASK] languages are still spoken [MASK]? | [
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5a18d2529aa02b0018605eda | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | What languages were spoken by a limited number of people? | {
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} | What languages were spoken by a limited number of people? | [
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5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ede | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ... | What dialect was spoken in northwestern Iran | {
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} | What dialect was spoken in northwestern [MASK] | [
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5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605edf | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ... | What official purpose was Middle Persian being used for in the fourth century BC? | {
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} | What official purpose was [MASK] being used for in [MASK]? | [
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5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee0 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ... | What inscription was composed in the 4th Century BC. | {
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} | What inscription was composed in [MASK]. | [
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5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee1 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ... | In which document composed in 520 BC was old Persian grammatically incorrect? | {
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} | In which document composed in [MASK] was old [MASK] grammatically incorrect? | [
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5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee2 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ... | During what century was the change from old to middle Persian just beginning? | {
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"answer_start": []
} | During what century was the change from old to middle [MASK] just beginning? | [
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5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef2 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca... | What language to Kurdish become? | {
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} | What language to [MASK] become? | [
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5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef3 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca... | What cannot be inferred from the impact on a neighboring language? | {
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} | What cannot be inferred from the impact on a neighboring language? | [
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5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef4 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca... | What kind of substrate is Middle Iranian? | {
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} | What kind of substrate is [MASK]? | [
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5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef5 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca... | Who reported vocabulary for old Persian? | {
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} | Who reported vocabulary for old [MASK]? | [
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5a18e2249aa02b0018605efa | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn... | What languages are grouped into northern and southern branches? | {
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} | What languages are grouped into northern and southern branches? | [
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5a18e2249aa02b0018605efb | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn... | What language is associated with the Western branch of old Persian? | {
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} | What language is associated with the Western branch of old [MASK]? | [
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5a18e2249aa02b0018605efc | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn... | What language is associated with the Eastern branch of Avestan? | {
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} | What language is associated with the [MASK] branch of [MASK]? | [
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5a18e2249aa02b0018605efd | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn... | What were the centers of imperial power in Persia? | {
"text": [],
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} | What were the centers of imperial power in [MASK]? | [
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5a18e2b99aa02b0018605f02 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What Iranian dialects did not follow the Western and Eastern blocks? | {
"text": [],
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} | What [MASK] dialects did not follow the [MASK] and [MASK] blocks? | [
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5a18e2b99aa02b0018605f03 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What type of valves are c and dz? | {
"text": [],
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} | What type of valves are c and dz? | [
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5a18e39c9aa02b0018605f06 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What is contrary to the state of affairs in the Nuristani languages? | {
"text": [],
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} | What is contrary to the state of affairs in the [MASK] languages? | [
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5a18e39c9aa02b0018605f07 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What other elements of early Iranian language support the East-West division? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What other elements of early [MASK] language support the East- West division? | [
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... |
5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0a | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest... | What was not in use at the time? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What was not in use at the time? | [
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5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0b | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest... | What is the ancestor of old Iranian? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What is the ancestor of old [MASK]? | [
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... |
5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0c | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest... | c parallel the development of what other two letters? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | c parallel the development of what other [MASK] letters? | [
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5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0d | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest... | Scythian was the ancestor of what other languages? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [MASK] was the ancestor of what other languages? | [
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5a18e5eb9aa02b0018605f12 | Iranian_languages | What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | What era began in the ninth century? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What era began in [MASK]? | [
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5a18e5eb9aa02b0018605f13 | Iranian_languages | What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | What language was divided into a northern and southern division? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What language was divided into a northern and southern division? | [
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5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f16 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar... | What family includes party on an Old Persian? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What family includes party on an Old Persian? | [
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5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f17 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar... | What family includes Bactrain, Sogdian and old Iranian? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What family includes [MASK], [MASK] and old [MASK]? | [
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5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f18 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar... | Where did the alphabet used by Western languages come from? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Where did the alphabet used by [MASK] languages come from? | [
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5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f19 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar... | What script was used for Persian rating? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What script was used for [MASK] rating? | [
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5a18e8519aa02b0018605f1e | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | Underwood dynasty was old Persian the official language? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [MASK] dynasty was old [MASK] the official language? | [
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5a18e8519aa02b0018605f1f | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | What language was in use in Iran before the third century? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What language was in use in [MASK] before [MASK]? | [
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5a18e8519aa02b0018605f20 | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | What are three spoken languages use by the Manchaeans? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What are [MASK] spoken languages use by the [MASK]? | [
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5a18e8519aa02b0018605f21 | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | Latin and Chinese writing were similar to what texts? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [MASK] and [MASK] writing were similar to what texts? | [
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5a18eb359aa02b0018605f30 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | The spread of what religion introduce the Persian script? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | The spread of what religion introduce the [MASK] script? | [
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5a18eb359aa02b0018605f31 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | When did the use of middle Persian script begin? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | When did the use of middle [MASK] script begin? | [
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5a18eb359aa02b0018605f32 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | When was Arabic script converted to Latin? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | When was [MASK] script converted to [MASK]? | [
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5a18eb359aa02b0018605f33 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | What's began the conversion of Arabic script to Cyrillic? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What 's began the conversion of [MASK] script to [MASK]? | [
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5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe25d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | What originates in the writings of the Legislative powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What originates in the writings of the Legislative powers? | [
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5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe25e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | Who urged for a government with four individual branches? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who urged for a government with [MASK] individual branches? | [
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5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe25f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | In which doctrine did the US call for three separate branches of government? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | In which doctrine did the [MASK] call for [MASK] separate branches of government? | [
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5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe260 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | Which philosophy was a great influence on the Legislative branch of government? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Which philosophy was a great influence on the Legislative branch of government? | [
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5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe261 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca... | Which document was greatly influenced by the idea of a constitutional government? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Which document was greatly influenced by the idea of a constitutional government? | [
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5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3cd | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | During which age did Thomas Hobbes advocate the principle in his writing? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | During which age did [MASK] advocate the principle in his writing? | [
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5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3ce | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | During which age did John Locke oppose the principle in his writing? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | During which age did [MASK] oppose the principle in his writing? | [
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5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3cf | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Who was at the forefront of the opposition towards separating the branches of government? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who was at the forefront of the opposition towards separating the branches of government? | [
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5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3d0 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Who's writings had no influence on the framers of the US constitution? | {
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5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42b | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | Who has shared legislative power in the United States? | {
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} | Who has shared legislative power in [MASK]? | [
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5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42c | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | Which doctrine says Congress can delegate its powers to whoever it wants? | {
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} | Which doctrine says [MASK] can delegate its powers to whoever it wants? | [
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5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | In which year was the court case Clinton v. Supreme Court held? | {
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} | In which year was the court case [MASK] v. [MASK] held? | [
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5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | Who may delegate lawmaking responsibilities to other agencies as it pleases? | {
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} | Who may delegate lawmaking responsibilities to other agencies as it pleases? | [
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5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | In which country does Congress have shared lawmaking responsibilities? | {
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} | In which country does [MASK] have shared lawmaking responsibilities? | [
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5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe447 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | Where has the Supreme Court been known to be more stringent towards Congress? | {
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} | Where has [MASK] been known to be more stringent towards [MASK]? | [
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5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe448 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | What is one of the most recent races regarding limits of non delegation? | {
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} | What is [MASK] of the most recent races regarding limits of non delegation? | [
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5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe449 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | When did the Supreme Court hear John Marshall v Southard? | {
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} | When did [MASK] hear [MASK] v [MASK]? | [
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5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe44a | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | Which case was heard by Congress in regards to non delegation limits? | {
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5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe44b | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | When was the US Congress Court Wayman v. Southard heard? | {
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5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fb | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | What gave Congress less latitude in delegating powers? | {
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} | What gave [MASK] less latitude in delegating powers? | [
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5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fc | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | During which decade did the Supreme Court hold a delegation of authority as constitutional? | {
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} | During which decade did [MASK] hold a delegation of authority as constitutional? | [
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5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fd | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | When did Congress make the decision that a delegation of authority is unconstitutional? | {
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} | When did [MASK] make the decision that a delegation of authority is unconstitutional? | [
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5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fe | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | In which case was Congress able to authorize the president to formulate codes? | {
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5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4ff | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | During which year did Congress authorize the presidential formulation of fair competition codes? | {
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} | During which year did [MASK] authorize the presidential formulation of fair competition codes? | [
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5ad38450604f3c001a3fe517 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | In whom is Congressional power vested? | {
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5ad38450604f3c001a3fe518 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | What does the Vice President become Commander in Chief of? | {
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} | What does the Vice President become Commander in Chief of? | [
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5ad38450604f3c001a3fe519 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | By the words it uses, what does the Constitution require the President to do regarding laws? | {
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} | By the words it uses, what does the [MASK] require the President to do regarding laws? | [
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5ad38450604f3c001a3fe51a | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Laws are made by the President and approved by which body? | {
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} | Laws are made by the President and approved by which body? | [
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5ad38450604f3c001a3fe51b | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Who may the President restrict through impeachment? | {
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} | Who may the President restrict through impeachment? | [
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5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe56f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | Which type of power is vested in Congress? | {
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} | Which type of power is vested in [MASK]? | [
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5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe570 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | Who must be appointed by Supreme Court judges? | {
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} | Who must be appointed by [MASK] judges? | [
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5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe571 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | What are courts exercising presidential power referred to? | {
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} | What are courts exercising presidential power referred to? | [
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5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe572 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | Who appoints judges to the presidency? | {
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} | Who appoints judges to the presidency? | [
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5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe573 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | What type of power gives the power to decided controversies to the president? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | What type of power gives the power to decided controversies to the president? | [
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... |
5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe579 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboke... | Which type of courts are established by Hoboken Land & Improvement CO.? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Which type of courts are established by [MASK]? | [
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5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57a | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboke... | Which form do legislative courts take? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Which form do legislative courts take? | [
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5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57b | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboke... | Which power of the United States may legislative courts exercise? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Which power of [MASK] may legislative courts exercise? | [
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... |
5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57c | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboke... | Which questions are legislative courts not able to adjudicate? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Which questions are legislative courts not able to adjudicate? | [
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... |
5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboke... | Which type of courts do legislative courts create in the form of judicial agencies? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Which type of courts do legislative courts create in the form of judicial agencies? | [
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0.0... |
5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58b | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or ... | How does Congress exercise a check over the President? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | How does [MASK] exercise a check over the President? | [
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... |
5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58c | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or ... | Who has the ability to override any veto made by Congress? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who has the ability to override any veto made by [MASK]? | [
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5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or ... | Which veto is the only one Congress is able to override with a two thirds majority? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Which veto is the only one [MASK] is able to override with a [MASK] majority? | [
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-0.046775903552770... |
5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or ... | Who settles the dispute when the President and Vice President cannot come to an agreement for a date of adjournment? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who settles the dispute when the President and Vice President cannot come to an agreement for a date of adjournment? | [
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... |
5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or ... | Who serves as President of the Senate and is the only member with voting rights? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who serves as President of the [MASK] and is the only member with voting rights? | [
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5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d1 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | Who appoints the President with the approval of judges? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who appoints the President with the approval of judges? | [
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5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d2 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | Who appoints the Senate with the approval of judges? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who appoints the [MASK] with the approval of judges? | [
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5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d3 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | Who appoints judges with the President's approval? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who appoints judges with the President's approval? | [
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0.03260684758424759,
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... |
5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d4 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | The president does not have the power to issue pardons or what else? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | The president does not have the power to issue pardons or what else? | [
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... |
5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d5 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | Other than reprieves, what is the Senate able to issue? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Other than reprieves, what is the [MASK] able to issue? | [
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5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe71d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain t... | Who is the Commander in Chief of Congress? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who is the Commander in Chief of [MASK]? | [
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5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe71e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain t... | Who is the Commander in Chief of laws and regulations? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who is the Commander in Chief of laws and regulations? | [
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0.039068687707185745,
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... |
5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe71f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain t... | Who lacks power to command the miliary take action during crises? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who lacks power to command the miliary take action during crises? | [
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0.04626236483454704,
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0... |
5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe720 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain t... | Who lacks authority to make laws to govern the armed forces? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who lacks authority to make laws to govern the armed forces? | [
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-... |
5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe721 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain t... | Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote? | [
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... |
5ad39601604f3c001a3fe771 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury... | Through which type of review does the Constitution check the executive and legislative branches? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | Through which type of review does the [MASK] check the executive and legislative branches? | [
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0.021314704790711403,
0.00004272530350135639,
... |
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