id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 12 184 | answers dict |
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5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1c | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | What was the stateholder denied by its tax exemption? | {
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5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1d | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | What was each raadspensionaris governed by? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1e | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | In wartime, what type of power did the County of Drenthe have? | {
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} |
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1f | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | Who commanded the representation in the States General? | {
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} |
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f25 | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadthol... | What are two things that define the princes in theory? | {
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5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f26 | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadthol... | Who appointed the princes of Orange? | {
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} |
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f27 | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadthol... | Who had the same princes as Holland? | {
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} |
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f28 | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadthol... | Who was subordinate to Zeeland and Utrecht? | {
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} |
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f29 | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadthol... | What were Zeeland and Utrecht always chosen as? | {
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} |
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f2f | Dutch_Republic | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle? | {
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5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f30 | Dutch_Republic | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists? | {
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5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f31 | Dutch_Republic | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect? | {
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5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f32 | Dutch_Republic | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with? | {
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} |
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f33 | Dutch_Republic | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | What was the nature of the true republican structure? | {
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} |
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f39 | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre ... | In 1715 what was assigned to the United Provinces? | {
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5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3a | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre ... | What was the Maastricht assigned to the United Provinces known as? | {
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5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3b | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre ... | What is one name of a Staats-Brabant assigned to the United Provinces? | {
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5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3c | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre ... | When were several border territories assigned to the Staats-Oppergelre? | {
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} |
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3d | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre ... | What was federally-governed Maastricht? | {
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} |
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f43 | Dutch_Republic | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | What companies were the shipping expedition in control of? | {
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} |
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f44 | Dutch_Republic | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | What group was in control of Holland and Zeeland? | {
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} |
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f45 | Dutch_Republic | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | What did the VOC and WIC initiate? | {
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} |
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f46 | Dutch_Republic | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | What were Holland and Zeeland in control of? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f47 | Dutch_Republic | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | What endeavor was started by the VOC and the WIC? | {
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} |
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4d | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration? | {
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} |
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4e | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4f | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show? | {
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} |
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f50 | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | What is similar to the Federalist No. 20? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f51 | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | What type of influence did peculiar calamities of war have on the framers of the US constitution? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f57 | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | When was every other province only permitted to accept Calvinism in practice? | {
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} |
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f58 | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | How did William of Orange hope to unite Holland and Zeeland? | {
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} |
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f59 | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | What religious questions were forbidden under the union? | {
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} |
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f5a | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | What did Calvinism state that everyone should be free to choose? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f5b | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | What group became the strong supporter in the republic? | {
"text": [],
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} |
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f61 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office? | {
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"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f62 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f63 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f64 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f65 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning? | {
"text": [],
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} |
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6b | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6c | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6d | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6e | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6f | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f75 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f76 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | During what period did services move to a state of tolerance? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f77 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | What changed from religious services to private churches? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f78 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f79 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | Where was active persecution taking place? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c3 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in li... | What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank? | {
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} |
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c4 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in li... | When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens? | {
"text": [],
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} |
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c5 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in li... | When was the the word "symbiosis" discovered? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c6 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in li... | What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c7 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in li... | What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define "symbiosis" as "the living together of unlike organisms."? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d3 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and eco... | How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d4 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and eco... | How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d5 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and eco... | What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d6 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and eco... | What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000db | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dc | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dd | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000de | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000df | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e5 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e6 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e7 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e8 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e9 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000ef | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f0 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f1 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f2 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%β15% of insects called? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f3 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000f9 | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fa | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fb | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fc | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00101 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both... | What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00102 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both... | Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00103 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both... | What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00104 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both... | What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00105 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both... | What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010b | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | What do herbivores have to digest animal prey? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010c | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010d | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010e | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010f | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00115 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00116 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00117 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | What organism do the clownfish use their stinging tentacles to protect? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00118 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | What type of relationship do Ritteri sea anemones have with anemone-eating fish? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00119 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | What do Ritteri sea anemones produce to evade predators? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac0011f | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | What organism digs a burrow in the sand then touches the goby fish with its tail? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00120 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | What is the species of goby that both lives with a shrimp and cleans up ectoparasites on other fish? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00121 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00122 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | What behavior does the shrimp exhibit when it does not live with the goby? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00123 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | When a goby fish goes blind what does it become vulnerable to? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ffd938f0597001ac00129 | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was s... | What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012a | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was s... | What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012b | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was s... | What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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