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stringlengths 12
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| answers
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|---|---|---|---|---|
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1c
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.
|
What was the stateholder denied by its tax exemption?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1d
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.
|
What was each raadspensionaris governed by?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1e
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.
|
In wartime, what type of power did the County of Drenthe have?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1f
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.
|
Who commanded the representation in the States General?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f25
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.
|
What are two things that define the princes in theory?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f26
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.
|
Who appointed the princes of Orange?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f27
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.
|
Who had the same princes as Holland?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f28
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.
|
Who was subordinate to Zeeland and Utrecht?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f29
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.
|
What were Zeeland and Utrecht always chosen as?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f2f
|
Dutch_Republic
|
There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.
|
What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f30
|
Dutch_Republic
|
There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.
|
What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f31
|
Dutch_Republic
|
There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.
|
What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f32
|
Dutch_Republic
|
There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.
|
What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f33
|
Dutch_Republic
|
There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.
|
What was the nature of the true republican structure?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f39
|
Dutch_Republic
|
After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).
|
In 1715 what was assigned to the United Provinces?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3a
|
Dutch_Republic
|
After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).
|
What was the Maastricht assigned to the United Provinces known as?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3b
|
Dutch_Republic
|
After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).
|
What is one name of a Staats-Brabant assigned to the United Provinces?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3c
|
Dutch_Republic
|
After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).
|
When were several border territories assigned to the Staats-Oppergelre?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3d
|
Dutch_Republic
|
After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).
|
What was federally-governed Maastricht?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f43
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.
|
What companies were the shipping expedition in control of?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f44
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.
|
What group was in control of Holland and Zeeland?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f45
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.
|
What did the VOC and WIC initiate?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f46
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.
|
What were Holland and Zeeland in control of?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f47
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.
|
What endeavor was started by the VOC and the WIC?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4d
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.
|
Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4e
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.
|
What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4f
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.
|
What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f50
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.
|
What is similar to the Federalist No. 20?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f51
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.
|
What type of influence did peculiar calamities of war have on the framers of the US constitution?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f57
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
When was every other province only permitted to accept Calvinism in practice?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f58
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
How did William of Orange hope to unite Holland and Zeeland?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f59
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
What religious questions were forbidden under the union?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f5a
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
What did Calvinism state that everyone should be free to choose?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f5b
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
What group became the strong supporter in the republic?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f61
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor β along with economic reasons β in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f62
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor β along with economic reasons β in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f63
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor β along with economic reasons β in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f64
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor β along with economic reasons β in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f65
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor β along with economic reasons β in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6b
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6c
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6d
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6e
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6f
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f75
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f76
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
During what period did services move to a state of tolerance?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f77
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
What changed from religious services to private churches?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f78
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f79
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
Where was active persecution taking place?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c3
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c4
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c5
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
When was the the word "symbiosis" discovered?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c6
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c7
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek ΟΟΞ½ "together" and Ξ²Ξ―ΟΟΞΉΟ "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define "symbiosis" as "the living together of unlike organisms."?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d3
|
Symbiosis
|
The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).
|
How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d4
|
Symbiosis
|
The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).
|
How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d5
|
Symbiosis
|
The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).
|
What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d6
|
Symbiosis
|
The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).
|
What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000db
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dc
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dd
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000de
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000df
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e5
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e6
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e7
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e8
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e9
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000ef
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%β15% of insects.
|
What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f0
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%β15% of insects.
|
What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f1
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%β15% of insects.
|
What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f2
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%β15% of insects.
|
What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%β15% of insects called?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f3
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%β15% of insects.
|
What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000f9
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fa
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fb
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fc
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00101
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00102
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00103
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00104
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00105
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010b
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
What do herbivores have to digest animal prey?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010c
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010d
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010e
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010f
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00115
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00116
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00117
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What organism do the clownfish use their stinging tentacles to protect?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00118
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What type of relationship do Ritteri sea anemones have with anemone-eating fish?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00119
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What do Ritteri sea anemones produce to evade predators?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac0011f
|
Symbiosis
|
A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.
|
What organism digs a burrow in the sand then touches the goby fish with its tail?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00120
|
Symbiosis
|
A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.
|
What is the species of goby that both lives with a shrimp and cleans up ectoparasites on other fish?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00121
|
Symbiosis
|
A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.
|
What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00122
|
Symbiosis
|
A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.
|
What behavior does the shrimp exhibit when it does not live with the goby?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00123
|
Symbiosis
|
A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.
|
When a goby fish goes blind what does it become vulnerable to?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ffd938f0597001ac00129
|
Symbiosis
|
Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.
|
What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012a
|
Symbiosis
|
Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.
|
What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012b
|
Symbiosis
|
Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.
|
What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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