id
stringlengths
24
24
title
stringlengths
3
59
context
stringlengths
151
4.06k
question
stringlengths
12
184
answers
dict
5a18ccbd9aa02b0018605ecf
Iranian_languages
It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more p...
What language family originated in the mountains of Russia?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed2
Iranian_languages
Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia.
What language came sometime after the breakup of Proto-Iranian?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed3
Iranian_languages
Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia.
What language broke up after the second millennium BCE?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed4
Iranian_languages
Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia.
When did the middle Iranian language begin to break off?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d2529aa02b0018605ed8
Iranian_languages
The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:
What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d2529aa02b0018605ed9
Iranian_languages
The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:
How many middle Iranian languages are still spoken today?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d2529aa02b0018605eda
Iranian_languages
The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:
What languages were spoken by a limited number of people?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ede
Iranian_languages
Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ...
What dialect was spoken in northwestern Iran
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605edf
Iranian_languages
Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ...
What official purpose was Middle Persian being used for in the fourth century BC?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee0
Iranian_languages
Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ...
What inscription was composed in the 4th Century BC.
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee1
Iranian_languages
Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ...
In which document composed in 520 BC was old Persian grammatically incorrect?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee2
Iranian_languages
Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ...
During what century was the change from old to middle Persian just beginning?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18da649aa02b0018605ee8
Iranian_languages
The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the A...
What dialect is the Avesta language from?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18da649aa02b0018605ee9
Iranian_languages
The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the A...
How many dialects of the Avesta language or there?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18da649aa02b0018605eea
Iranian_languages
The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the A...
What religion is vohu daena the contemporary name for?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18da649aa02b0018605eeb
Iranian_languages
The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the A...
Why did old Persian retained its old characteristics long after the old Iranian languages
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18da649aa02b0018605eec
Iranian_languages
The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the A...
What language shows the same level of development as old Avestan
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef2
Iranian_languages
In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca...
What language to Kurdish become?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef3
Iranian_languages
In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca...
What cannot be inferred from the impact on a neighboring language?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef4
Iranian_languages
In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca...
What kind of substrate is Middle Iranian?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef5
Iranian_languages
In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca...
Who reported vocabulary for old Persian?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e2249aa02b0018605efa
Iranian_languages
Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn...
What languages are grouped into northern and southern branches?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e2249aa02b0018605efb
Iranian_languages
Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn...
What language is associated with the Western branch of old Persian?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e2249aa02b0018605efc
Iranian_languages
Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn...
What language is associated with the Eastern branch of Avestan?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e2249aa02b0018605efd
Iranian_languages
Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn...
What were the centers of imperial power in Persia?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e2b99aa02b0018605f02
Iranian_languages
Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź:
What Iranian dialects did not follow the Western and Eastern blocks?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e2b99aa02b0018605f03
Iranian_languages
Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź:
What type of valves are c and dz?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e39c9aa02b0018605f06
Iranian_languages
As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:
What is contrary to the state of affairs in the Nuristani languages?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e39c9aa02b0018605f07
Iranian_languages
As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:
What other elements of early Iranian language support the East-West division?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0a
Iranian_languages
It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest...
What was not in use at the time?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0b
Iranian_languages
It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest...
What is the ancestor of old Iranian?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0c
Iranian_languages
It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest...
c parallel the development of what other two letters?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0d
Iranian_languages
It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest...
Scythian was the ancestor of what other languages?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e5eb9aa02b0018605f12
Iranian_languages
What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern.
What era began in the ninth century?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e5eb9aa02b0018605f13
Iranian_languages
What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern.
What language was divided into a northern and southern division?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f16
Iranian_languages
The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar...
What family includes party on an Old Persian?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f17
Iranian_languages
The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar...
What family includes Bactrain, Sogdian and old Iranian?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f18
Iranian_languages
The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar...
Where did the alphabet used by Western languages come from?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f19
Iranian_languages
The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar...
What script was used for Persian rating?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e8519aa02b0018605f1e
Iranian_languages
Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b...
Underwood dynasty was old Persian the official language?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e8519aa02b0018605f1f
Iranian_languages
Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b...
What language was in use in Iran before the third century?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e8519aa02b0018605f20
Iranian_languages
Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b...
What are three spoken languages use by the Manchaeans?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e8519aa02b0018605f21
Iranian_languages
Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b...
Latin and Chinese writing were similar to what texts?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e9499aa02b0018605f26
Iranian_languages
Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro...
What religion slowed the spread of the Iranian language?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e9499aa02b0018605f27
Iranian_languages
Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro...
What language do middle Iranian displace is the court's official language?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e9499aa02b0018605f28
Iranian_languages
Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro...
What was the last Dynasty to use Dari
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e9499aa02b0018605f29
Iranian_languages
Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro...
Who stopped using Dari in 875 CE?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18e9499aa02b0018605f2a
Iranian_languages
Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes fro...
What was the official dialect of the royalty itself?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18eb359aa02b0018605f30
Iranian_languages
The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per...
The spread of what religion introduce the Persian script?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18eb359aa02b0018605f31
Iranian_languages
The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per...
When did the use of middle Persian script begin?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18eb359aa02b0018605f32
Iranian_languages
The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per...
When was Arabic script converted to Latin?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18eb359aa02b0018605f33
Iranian_languages
The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per...
What's began the conversion of Arabic script to Cyrillic?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18ec869aa02b0018605f38
Iranian_languages
The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par...
What language writing to some parts of eastern Iran?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18ec869aa02b0018605f39
Iranian_languages
The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par...
What two languages grew alongside Arabic?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18ec869aa02b0018605f3a
Iranian_languages
The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par...
By what century had the area inhabited by pre-Slavic people been absorbed by the Sarmations?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a18ec869aa02b0018605f3b
Iranian_languages
The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par...
What small area still speaks Sogdian?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe25d
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca...
What originates in the writings of the Legislative powers?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe25e
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca...
Who urged for a government with four individual branches?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe25f
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca...
In which doctrine did the US call for three separate branches of government?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe260
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca...
Which philosophy was a great influence on the Legislative branch of government?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe261
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was ca...
Which document was greatly influenced by the idea of a constitutional government?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3cd
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the...
During which age did Thomas Hobbes advocate the principle in his writing?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3ce
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the...
During which age did John Locke oppose the principle in his writing?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3cf
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the...
Who was at the forefront of the opposition towards separating the branches of government?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3d0
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the...
Who's writings had no influence on the framers of the US constitution?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe40d
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P...
Which political structure served as a model for the United Kingdom government?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe40e
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P...
What body consisted of the House of Lords and the House of Majesty;s government?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe40f
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P...
What were the Chancellor's Ministers mos often members of?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe410
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P...
In which state was the Governor a member of the court of appeals?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe411
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P...
In which states did members of the Lord Chancellor's council and judges serve at the same time?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42b
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre...
Who has shared legislative power in the United States?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42c
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre...
Which doctrine says Congress can delegate its powers to whoever it wants?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42d
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre...
In which year was the court case Clinton v. Supreme Court held?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42e
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre...
Who may delegate lawmaking responsibilities to other agencies as it pleases?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42f
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre...
In which country does Congress have shared lawmaking responsibilities?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe447
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc...
Where has the Supreme Court been known to be more stringent towards Congress?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe448
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc...
What is one of the most recent races regarding limits of non delegation?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe449
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc...
When did the Supreme Court hear John Marshall v Southard?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe44a
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc...
Which case was heard by Congress in regards to non delegation limits?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe44b
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc...
When was the US Congress Court Wayman v. Southard heard?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fb
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States...
What gave Congress less latitude in delegating powers?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fc
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States...
During which decade did the Supreme Court hold a delegation of authority as constitutional?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fd
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States...
When did Congress make the decision that a delegation of authority is unconstitutional?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fe
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States...
In which case was Congress able to authorize the president to formulate codes?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4ff
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States...
During which year did Congress authorize the presidential formulation of fair competition codes?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad38450604f3c001a3fe517
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r...
In whom is Congressional power vested?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad38450604f3c001a3fe518
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r...
What does the Vice President become Commander in Chief of?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad38450604f3c001a3fe519
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r...
By the words it uses, what does the Constitution require the President to do regarding laws?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad38450604f3c001a3fe51a
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r...
Laws are made by the President and approved by which body?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad38450604f3c001a3fe51b
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r...
Who may the President restrict through impeachment?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad386af604f3c001a3fe557
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist...
Who often writes laws to restrain Congress to the performance of their duties?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad386af604f3c001a3fe558
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist...
In which case did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad386af604f3c001a3fe559
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist...
Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a which two bodies?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad386af604f3c001a3fe55a
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist...
In what year did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad386af604f3c001a3fe55b
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist...
Who must be presented with every bill passed by the President?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe56f
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the...
Which type of power is vested in Congress?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe570
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the...
Who must be appointed by Supreme Court judges?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe571
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the...
What are courts exercising presidential power referred to?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe572
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the...
Who appoints judges to the presidency?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe573
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the...
What type of power gives the power to decided controversies to the president?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }