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Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible (non-resistant) Gram-positive bacteria. It is active against beta-lactamase-producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, which would otherwise be resistant to most penicillins. Dicl... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) provides clinical guidance for preparing a subject for RMR measures, in order to mitigate possible confounding factors from feeding, stressful physical activities, or exposure to stimulants such as caffeine or nicotine:
Further, the correct use of a well-maintained indirect ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A second major group of British bun ingots date to the Roman period and are found mostly in the copper-rich highland areas of Wales and in Scotland. They are heavier than the LBA examples, with weights ranging between 12 and 22 kg.
Some have stamps clearly dating them to the Roman period including an example that reads... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In comparison with its better-known archaeal homolog bacteriorhodopsin, most of the active site residues of known importance to the bacteriorhodopsin mechanism are conserved in proteorhodopsin. Sequence similarity is not significantly conserved however, from either halo- or bacterio- rhodopsin. Homologues of the activ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 2006, Pilot Pens Inc. developed a pen with erasable ink that utilized thermochromic ink. It was composed of a solvent, a colorant, and a resin film-forming agent. At temperatures below 65 °C, the ink stayed in a colored state. Once temperatures went above 65 °C, the ink began to melt and became colorless, creating t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The sources of silica can be divided into two categories: silica in organic and inorganic materials. The former category is also known as biogenic silica, which is a ubiquitous material in animals and plants. The latter category is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust. Silicate minerals are the major compo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Proterozoic is the transition era between anoxic and oxygenated oceans. The classic model is that the end of the Banded iron formations (BIFs) was due to the injection of oxygen into the deep ocean, an approximately 0.6 billion year lag behind the Great Oxygenation Event. Canfield, however, argued that anoxia laste... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This is the simplest method of non-viral transfection. Clinical trials carried out of intramuscular injection of a naked DNA plasmid have occurred with some success; however, the expression has been very low in comparison to other methods of transfection. In addition to trials with plasmids, there have been trials with... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chloridometers are used to determine the concentration of chloride ions in biological fluids. For example, fish plasma chloride ion concentration is measured to gauge the effects of stress on osmoregulation in aquacultures. A small quantity of plasma (10 μL) combined with an acid reagent results in a chemical reaction ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Alkyl-lithium compounds are stored under inert gas to prevent loss of activity and for reasons of safety. n-BuLi reacts violently with water:
:CHLi + HO → CH + LiOH
This is an exergonic and highly exothermic reaction. If oxygen is present the butane produced may ignite.
BuLi also reacts with CO to give lithium pentanoa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One of the widely used ways to excite emission of excimer molecules is an electric discharge. There are a lot of discharge types used for pumping excimer lamps. Some examples are glow discharge, pulsed discharge, capacitive discharge, longitudinal and transverse discharges, volume discharge, spark discharge, and microh... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Via the absorption of light, photosensitizers can utilize triplet state transfer to reduce small molecules, such as water, to generate Hydrogen gas. As of right now, photosensitizers have generated hydrogen gas by splitting water molecules at a small, laboratory scale. | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1952, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey carried out a chemical experiment to demonstrate how organic molecules could have formed spontaneously from inorganic precursors under prebiotic conditions like those posited by the Oparin–Haldane hypothesis. It used a highly reducing (lacking oxygen) mixture of gases—methane, am... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Nitric acid reacts with most metals, but the details depend on the concentration of the acid and the nature of the metal. Dilute nitric acid behaves as a typical acid in its reaction with most metals. Magnesium, manganese, and zinc liberate Hydrogen|:
Nitric acid can oxidize non-active metals such as copper and silver.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A lattice system is a group of lattices with the same set of lattice point groups. The 14 Bravais lattices are grouped into seven lattice systems: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, rhombohedral, hexagonal, and cubic. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Although ectopic expression can be caused by a natural condition, it is uncommonly seen in nature because it is a product of defects in gene regulation. In fact, ectopic expression is more commonly used for research purposes. Artificially induced gene expression helps to determine the function of a gene of interest. Co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Industrial product applications include, sealants, adhesives, extenders for putties used for sealing roofs and windows, coatings, polymer modification, tackified polyethylene films, personal care, polybutene emulsions. Hydrogenated polybutenes are used in a wide variety of cosmetic preparations, such as lipstick and l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The solved structures of yeast FAS and mammalian FAS show two distinct organizations of highly conserved catalytic domains/enzymes in this multi-enzyme cellular machine. Yeast FAS has a highly efficient rigid barrel-like structure with 6 reaction chambers which synthesize fatty acids independently, while the mammalian ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the past 5 years plasmonic nanoparticles have been explored as a method for high resolution spectroscopy. One group utilized 40 nm gold nanoparticles that had been functionalized such that they would bind specifically to epidermal growth factor receptors to determine the density of those receptors on a cell. This te... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some quantities decay by two exponential-decay processes simultaneously. In this case, the actual half-life can be related to the half-lives and that the quantity would have if each of the decay processes acted in isolation:
For three or more processes, the analogous formula is:
For a proof of these formulas, see Ex... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1935, the first scientific work devoted to the thermodynamics of biological systems was published - the book of the Hungarian-Russian theoretical biologist Erwin S. Bauer (1890-1938) "Theoretical Biology". E. Bauer formulated the "Universal Law of Biology" in the following edition: "All and only living systems are n... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spectrophotometry is a tool that hinges on the quantitative analysis of molecules depending on how much light is absorbed by colored compounds. Important features of spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth (the range of colors it can transmit through the test sample), the percentage of sample transmission, the logari... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amoxicillin is also sometimes used as an antibiotic for animals. The use of amoxicillin for animals intended for human consumption (chickens, cattle, and swine for example) has been approved. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Nucleic acid secondary structure is the basepairing interactions within a single nucleic acid polymer or between two polymers. It can be represented as a list of bases which are paired in a nucleic acid molecule.
The secondary structures of biological DNAs and RNAs tend to be different: biological DNA mostly exists as ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The favored azaenolate is the dominant starting molecule for the subsequent alkylation reaction. There are two possible faces of accessing for any electrophile to react with. The steric interaction between the pyrrolidine ring and the electrophilic reagent hinders the attack of the electrophile from the top face. On th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While it is well established that the skin provides an ideal site for the administration of local and systemic drugs, it presents a formidable barrier to the permeation of most substances. Isotropic formulations have been used to deliver drugs locally and systemically via the skin appendages, intercellular and transcel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oxidative addition of vinylcyclopropanes primarily occurs at the proximal position, giving pi-allyl intermediates. Through subsequent insertion reactions (e.g. with alkynes, alkenes, and carbon monoxide), rings of various sizes and fused ring systems can be formed. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It has been suggested that zero-order ultrasensitivity may generate thresholds during development allowing for the conversion of a graded morphogen input to a binary switch-like response. Melen et al. (2005) have found evidence for such a system in the patterning of the Drosophila embryonic ventral ectoderm. In this sy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In principle, full genome sequencing can provide the raw nucleotide sequence of an individual organism's DNA at a single point in time. However, further analysis must be performed to provide the biological or medical meaning of this sequence, such as how this knowledge can be used to help prevent disease. Methods for a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Half sandwich complexes containing cyclopentadienyl ligands are common. Well studied examples include (η-CH)V(CO), (η-CH)Cr(CO)H, (η-CHCH)Mn(CO), (η-CH)Cr(CO)H, [(η-CH)Fe(CO)], (η-CH)V(CO)I, and (η-CH)Ru(NCMe). (η-CH)Co(CO) is a two-legged piano stool complex. Bulky cyclopentadienyl ligands such as 1,2,4-CH(tert-Bu) f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitroso compounds can be prepared by the reduction of nitro compounds or by the oxidation of hydroxylamines.
Ortho-nitrosophenols may be produced by the Baudisch reaction. In the Fischer–Hepp rearrangement aromatic 4-nitrosoanilines are prepared from the corresponding nitrosamines. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Semi-synthetic bio-hybrid channels constructed by modifications of natural ion channels had been constructed. Leveraging modern synthetic organic chemistry, these allows pinpoint modifications of existing structures to either elucidate their transport mechanisms or to graft on new functionalities.
Gramicidin and alame... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In type I rearrangements (Y-A-B-X conversion to X-A-B-Y) the two migrating groups are oriented trans to each other and as a result of the rearrangement they migrate to opposite sides. The first example of a dyotropic rearrangement involving a carbon-carbon bond was reported by Cyril A. Grob and Saul Winstein. They obse... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Benzyne complexes react with a variety of electrophiles, resulting in insertion into one M-C bond. With trifluoroacetic acid, benzene is lost to give the trifluoroacetate Ni(OCF)(dcpe). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The sessile drop technique has various applications for both materials engineering and straight characterization. In general, it is useful in determining the surface tension of liquids through the use of reference solids, with a similar technique being the Captive Bubble Method. There are various other specific applica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This assay was patented in 2006 by Randall Nelson, Peter Williams and Jennifer Reeve Krone. The idea first came about with the development of ELISA and RIA. An earlier patent method suggested tagging antigens or antibodies with stable isotopes or long-lived radioactive elements. But limitations to both methods called f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since 1975 ion chromatography has been widely used in many branches of industry. The main beneficial advantages are reliability, very good accuracy and precision, high selectivity, high speed, high separation efficiency, and low cost of consumables. The most significant development related to ion chromatography are new... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A membraneless battery relies on laminar flow in which two liquids are pumped through a channel, where they undergo electrochemical reactions to store or release energy. The solutions stream through in parallel, with little mixing. The flow naturally separates the liquids, eliminating the need for a membrane.
Membranes... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two RNA genomes are packaged into each retrovirus particle, but, after an infection, each virus generates only one provirus. After infection, reverse transcription is accompanied by template switching between the two genome copies (copy choice recombination). There are two models that suggest why RNA transcriptase sw... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The atomic structure of human uncoupling protein 1 UCP1 has been solved by cryogenic-electron microscopy. The structure has the typical fold of a member of the SLC25 family. UCP1 is locked in a cytoplasmic-open state by guanosine triphosphate in a pH-dependent manner, preventing proton leak. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In sedimentary layers throughout the Arctic basin, a unit reaching at least 8 m in thickness (the bottom of the longest core was not recovered, but it may have reached 20 m+) is discernible. This unit consists of alternating layers; siliceous clastic layers representing the background sedimentation of planktonic organ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Allopolyploids are species whose increased complement of genetic material is the result of hybridization of two closely related species. Thus homeologous chromosomes in allopolyploids are equivalent, but not identical. These differences mean that the precise pattern of silencing and expression can have important phenot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the absence of liver disease, high levels of total bilirubin confers various health benefits. Studies have also revealed that levels of serum bilirubin (SBR) are inversely related to risk of certain heart diseases. While the poor solubility and potential toxicity of bilirubin limit its potential medicinal applicatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A classic method for the synthesis of azides is the Dutt–Wormall reaction in which a diazonium salt reacts with a sulfonamide first to a diazoaminosulfinate and then on hydrolysis the azide and a sulfinic acid. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ocean acidity due to carbon dioxide has already increased by 25% since the industrial revolution. As carbon dioxide emissions continually increase and accumulate, this will negatively affect the lives of many marine ecosystems. The calcium carbonate used to form many marine organisms' exoskeletons will begin to break d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Genetic codes is a simple ASN.1 database hosted by the National Center for Biotechnology Information and listing all the known Genetic codes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase uses cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin and NADP to produce (+)-aromadendrin, NADPH, and H.
Leucoanthocyanidin reductase transforms cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin into afzelechin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Moving wire IRMS is useful for analyzing carbon-13 ratios of compounds in a solution, such as after purification by liquid chromatography. The solution (or outflow from the chromatography) is dried onto a nickel or stainless steel wire. After the residue is deposited on the wire, it enters a furnace where the sample ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Valence tautomerism is a type of tautomerism in which single and/or double bonds are rapidly formed and ruptured, without migration of atoms or groups. It is distinct from prototropic tautomerism, and involves processes with rapid reorganisation of bonding electrons.
A pair of valence tautomers with formula CHO are ben... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Spray and fuse uses high heat to increase the bond between the thermal spray coating and the substrate of the part. Unlike other types of thermal spray, spray and fuse creates a metallurgical bond between the coating and the surface. This means that instead of relying on friction for coating adhesion, it melds the surf... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Eukaryotic cells are composed of the following organelles:
* Nucleus: The nucleus of the cell functions as the genome and genetic information storage for the cell, containing all the DNA organized in the form of chromosomes. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which includes nuclear pores allowing for the transport... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After a cell has been depolarized, it undergoes one final change in internal charge. Following depolarization, the voltage-gated sodium ion channels that had been open while the cell was undergoing depolarization close again. The increased positive charge within the cell now causes the potassium channels to open. Potas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is possible to perform a CD4 co-receptor blockade, using antibodies, in order to lower T cell activation and counteract autoimmune disorders. This blockade appears to elicit a "dominant" effect, that is to say, once blocked, the T cells do not regain their ability to become active. This effect then spreads to native... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All RiPPs are synthesized first at the ribosome as a precursor peptide. This peptide consists of a core peptide segment which is typically preceded (and occasionally followed) by a leader peptide segment and is typically ~20-110 residues long. The leader peptide is usually important for enabling enzymatic processing of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Halliday, Alex N., Der-Chuen Lee, John N. Christensen, Mark Rehkämper, Wen Yi, Xiaozhong Luo, Chris M. Hall, Chris J. Ballentine, Thomas Pettke, and Claudine Stirling. "Applications of multiple collector-ICPMS to cosmochemistry, geochemistry, and paleoceanography." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, no. 6 (1998): 91... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bacteria use two different strategies for transcription termination – Rho-independent termination and Rho-dependent termination. In Rho-independent transcription termination, RNA transcription stops when the newly synthesized RNA molecule forms a G-C-rich hairpin loop followed by a run of Us. When the hairpin forms, th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cleaning is the preparatory process of ensuring that the surface to be etched is free of contaminants which could negatively impact the quality of the finished part. An improperly cleaned surface could result in poor adhesion of the maskant, causing areas to be etched erroneously, or a non-uniform etch rate which could... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pedagogical work was an important part of the life of Pigulevsky. From 1911 to 1964, with a break for the duration of the war, he taught at Leningrad State University and lectured at other universities and institutes. During this time, he read many lecture courses: “Fats and oils”, “About derivatives of aliphatic terpe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Filed: December 2, 2010. Granted: November 17, 2011.
* Filed: June 25, 2009. Granted: November 20, 2012.
* Filed: October 28, 2010. Granted: February 25, 2014.
* Filed August 10, 2012. Granted March 4, 2014. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The MeDIP-seq approach, i.e. the coupling of MeDIP with next generation, short-read sequencing technologies such as 454 pyrosequencing or Illumina (Solexa), was first described by Down et al. in 2008. The high-throughput sequencing of the methylated DNA fragments produces a large number of short reads (36-50bp or 400 ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hexacyclinol is a natural metabolite of a fungus, Panus rudis. Significant controversy surrounded its proposed structure until its total synthesis by John Porco, Jr. in 2006. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Arketamine (developmental code names PCN-101, HR-071603), also known as (R)-ketamine or (R)-(−)-ketamine, is the (R)-(−) enantiomer of ketamine. Similarly to racemic ketamine and esketamine, the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine, arketamine is biologically active; however, it is less potent as an NMDA receptor an... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In 1969, one such method was performed by Mary Lou Pardue and Joseph G. Gall at the Yale University through radioactivity where it involved the hybridization of a radioactive test DNA in solution to the stationary DNA of a cytological preparation, which is identified as autoradiography. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Addition of acid and inert-gas sparging allows all bicarbonate and carbonate ions to be converted to carbon dioxide, and this IC product vented along with any purgeable organic carbon (POC) that was present. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The World Health Organization says that "there does not appear to be any convincing evidence that water hardness causes adverse health effects in humans". In fact, the United States National Research Council has found that hard water serves as a dietary supplement for calcium and magnesium.
Some studies have shown a we... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While telomeres play an important role in cellular senescence, the intricate biological details of telomeres still require further investigation. The complex interactions between telomeres, different proteins and the cellular environment must be fully understood in order to develop precise and safe interventions to cha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gene sequence-based methods depend on the recognition of exclusive gene sequences particular to specific strains of organisms. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are gene sequence-based methods currently being used to detect specific strains of indicator bacteria. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The electro-optic effect is a change in the optical properties of an optically active material in response to changes in an electric field. This interaction usually results in a change in the birefringence, and not simply the refractive index of the medium. In a Kerr cell, the change in birefringence is proportional to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In ultrashort pulse physics, a so-called nonthermal melting may take place. It occurs not because of the increase of the atomic kinetic energy, but because of changes of the interatomic potential due to excitation of electrons. Since electrons are acting like a glue sticking atoms together, heating electrons by a femto... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gemperline came to the notice of a larger scientific community in 1984 with the publication of a paper describing DISNET in the Journal of Automated Methods and Management in Chemistry. (The journal title was changed to Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry in 2013.) Gemperline and his colleagues provided methodol... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ionization in the cathode dark space results in a high electron density, but slower electrons, making it easier for the electrons to recombine with positive ions, leading to intense light, through a process called bremsstrahlung radiation. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Quark–gluon plasma is a state of matter in which the elementary particles that make up the hadrons of baryonic matter are freed of their strong attraction for one another under extremely high energy densities. These particles are the quarks and gluons that compose baryonic matter. In normal matter quarks are confined; ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt) is a triazole used as a peptide coupling reagent. It suppresses racemization that can otherwise occur during the reaction.
HOAt has a melting point between 213 and 216 degrees Celsius. As a liquid, it is transparent and without any color. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Williams, H. (trans.), A sixteenth-century German treatise: Von Stahel und Eysen. 1532, Technical studies in the field of the fine arts, 4.2 (October, 1935), 63-92.
* Smith, Cyril Stanley (ed.), Sources for the History of the Science of Steel, 1532-1786, Society for the History of Technology, 4 (Cambridge, Mass.: Soc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Koschevnikov gland is a gland of the honeybee located near the sting shaft. The gland produces an alarm pheromone that is released when a bee stings. The pheromone contains more than 40 different compounds, including pentylacetate, butyl acetate, 1-hexanol, n-butanol, 1-octanol, hexylacetate, octylacetate, and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Signal transduction is realized by activation of specific receptors and consequent production/delivery of second messengers, such as Ca or cAMP. These molecules operate as signal transducers, triggering intracellular cascades and in turn amplifying the initial signal.
Two main signal transduction mechanisms have been i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*To produce 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate in glycolysis.
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is also of some importance since this is how glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. Furthermore, it is a participant in and a product of the pentose phosphate pathway. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The purification process utilizes the cementation process to further purify the zinc. It uses zinc dust and steam to remove copper, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel, which would interfere with the electrolysis process. After purification, concentrations of these impurities are limited to less than 0.05 milligram per liter (... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Shiny metal surfaces, have low emissivities both in the visible wavelengths and in the far infrared. Such surfaces can be used to reduce heat transfer in both directions; an example of this is the multi-layer insulation used to insulate spacecraft.
Since any electromagnetic radiation, including thermal radiation, conve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ECgene in computational biology is a database of genomic annotations taking alternative splicing events into consideration. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proposed by Gottfried Leibniz over the period 1676–1689, the theory was controversial as it seemed to oppose the theory of conservation of quantity of motion advocated by René Descartes. Descartes quantity of motion was different from momentum, but Newton defined the quantity of motion as the conjunction of the quantit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The idea of photostimulation as a method of controlling biomolecule function was developed in the 1970s. Two researchers, Walther Stoeckenius and Dieter Oesterhelt discovered an ion pump known as bacteriorhodopsin which functions in the presence of light in 1971. In 1978, J.F. Hoffman invented the term “caging”. Unfort... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal hydrolysis is a process used for treating industrial waste, municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Light-dependent reactions are certain photochemical reactions involved in photosynthesis, the main process by which plants acquire energy. There are two light dependent reactions: the first occurs at photosystem II (PSII) and the second occurs at photosystem I (PSI).
PSII absorbs a photon to produce a so-called high en... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Potential Sulfidic Acidity (PSA) is a function of the concentration of Reduced Inorganic Sulfur (RIS) in a soil sample. If RIS were the only pool of sulfur present in a sample, PSA could be directly estimated from the total concentration of sulfur. In some cases this may possible. However, sulfate minerals (e.g., gypsu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The A-domains have 8 amino acid-long non-ribosomal signatures.
LTKVGHIG → Asp (Aspartic acid)
VGEIGSID → Orn (Orinithine)
AWMFAAVL → Val (Valine) | 1 | Biochemistry |
*pimaric acid
**pimara-8(14),15-dien-18-oic acid
*isopimaric acids
*simplified formula CHO or CHCOOH
*molecular weight 302 | 1 | Biochemistry |
PIPES (piperazine-N,N-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)) is a frequently used buffering agent in biochemistry. It is an ethanesulfonic acid buffer developed by Good et al. in the 1960s. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In an 1847 lecture entitled On Matter, Living Force, and Heat, James Prescott Joule characterized the terms latent heat and sensible heat as components of heat each affecting distinct physical phenomena, namely the potential and kinetic energy of particles, respectively.
He described latent energy as the energy possess... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the male the LHCGR has been identified on the Leydig cells that are critical for testosterone production, and support spermatogenesis.
Normal LHCGR functioning is critical for male fetal development, as the fetal Leydig cells produce androstenedione which is converted to testosterone in fetal Sertoli cells to induc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hunter returned to New Zealand to begin his academic career. He was a lecturer in bioorganic chemistry at the University of Otago from 1989 to 1991. He then returned to the United Kingdom and joined the University of Sheffield. He was a lecturer from 1991 to 1994 and reader from 1994 to 1997. He was promoted to profess... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As a gemstone used in jewelry, silicon carbide is called "synthetic moissanite" or just "moissanite" after the mineral name. Moissanite is similar to diamond in several important respects: it is transparent and hard (9–9.5 on the Mohs scale, compared to 10 for diamond), with a refractive index between 2.65 and 2.69 (co... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The ascorbate ion is the predominant species at typical biological pH values. It is a mild reducing agent and antioxidant. It is oxidized with loss of one electron to form a radical cation and then with loss of a second electron to form dehydroascorbic acid. It typically reacts with oxidants of the reactive oxygen spec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Over the decades huge number of precipitation reactions have been used to study the phenomenon, and it seems quite general. Chromates, metal hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides, formed with lead, copper, silver, mercury and cobalt salts are sometimes favored by investigators, perhaps because of the pretty, colored pr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plant viruses need to be transmitted by a vector, most often insects such as leafhoppers. One class of viruses, the Rhabdoviridae, has been proposed to actually be insect viruses that have evolved to replicate in plants. The chosen insect vector of a plant virus will often be the determining factor in that virus's host... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1913, the German chemist Max Bodenstein first put forth the idea of chemical chain reactions. If two molecules react, not only molecules of the final reaction products are formed, but also some unstable molecules which can further react with the parent molecules with a far larger probability than the initial reactan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Ushinsky Medal
* Honored Science Worker of the RSFSR (1967)
* Latvian SSR State Prize
* Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class
* Order of the Red Banner of Labour | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hemispherical transmittance of a surface, denoted T, is defined as
where
*Φ is the radiant flux transmitted by that surface;
*Φ is the radiant flux received by that surface. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Podsolisation is an extreme form of leaching which causes the eluviation of iron and aluminium sesquioxides.
The process generally occurs in areas where precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration. The minerals are removed by a process known as leaching.
When organic material is broken down nutrients are released... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Nucleotides are the fundamental molecules that combine in series to form RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. RNA is made of long stretches of specific nucleotides arranged so that their sequence of bases carries information. The RNA world hypothesis holds that in the primordi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
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