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Supercritical water gasification is a process of exploiting the beneficial effect of supercritical water to convert aqueous biomass streams into clean water and gases like H, CH, CO, CO etc. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1945, Corbett was appointed as a lecturer in chemistry at Otago. After returning from Cambridge in 1950, Corbett rose to become a professor in 1966, and the Mellor Professor of Chemistry in 1972. When he retired in 1983, he was accorded the title of professor emeritus.
Corbetts research at Otago was primarily concer... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Harmful algal blooms in freshwater lakes and rivers, or at estuaries, where rivers flow into the ocean, are caused by cyanobacteria, which are commonly referred to as "blue-green algae", but are in fact prokaryotic bacteria, as opposed to algae which are eukaryotes. Some cyanobacteria, including the widespread genus Mi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A nickel-catalyzed 1,n arylboration was developed in 2019 by Yin and coworkers and remains the only example of a chain-walking arylboration. This was accomplished via a nitrogen-based ligand and a three-component coupling. The general scheme plus proposed mechanism is shown. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sialidases, also called neuraminidases, catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal sialic acid residues from the newly formed virions and from the host cell receptors. Sialidase activities include assistance in the mobility of virus particles through the respiratory tract mucus and in the elution of virion progeny from the in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For example, consider the following two rounds of shotgun reads:
In this extremely simplified example, none of the reads cover the full length of the original sequence, but the four reads can be assembled into the original sequence using the overlap of their ends to align and order them. In reality, this process uses e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cobalt oleate is an organometallic compound with the formula Co(CHO). When cobalt oleate is added to non-polar solvents, the viscosity rapidly increases, and then continues increasing over time. This unusual viscosity effect is caused by the formation of a weak coordination complex with the solvent molecules. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After Planck identified that Wien's law can be extended to all frequencies, even very low ones, by interpolating with the classical equipartition law for radiation, physicists wanted to understand the quantum behavior of other systems.
The Planck radiation law quantized the motion of the field oscillators in units of e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The non-pathogenic and gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, is used for high level production of recombinant proteins; commonly for the development bio-therapeutics and vaccines. P. fluorescens is a metabolically versatile organism, allowing for high throughput screening and rapid development of complex pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Curiosity rover from the Mars Science Laboratory mission, with its Curiosity rover is currently assessing the potential past and present habitability of the Martian environment and is attempting to detect biosignatures on the surface of Mars. Considering the MSL instrument payload package, the following classes of ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Pradeep Mathur, born on 17 August 1955 in Teheran to Damyanti and Amrit Dayal. Mathur and his older brother, renowned physicist at TIFR, Deepak Mathur (married to Helen Mathur) were both brought up and educated in London whilst their father Amrit Dayal worked as a senior diplomatic official at the Indian High Commissio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitrile ylides can be obtained by the addition of electrophilic carbenes to nitriles, by the photochemical ring opening of azirines and by dehydrochlorination of imidoyl chlorides. The latter is the most reliable method. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1960 Almin was bought by Imperial Aluminium Company (Impalco), a company formed between the Aluminium Company of America (Alcoa) and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) which incorporated the whole of ICIs aluminium facilities. Impalcos primary interest in buying Almin was to acquire the facilities of International A... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diagnostic qualitative PCR is applied to rapidly detect nucleic acids that are diagnostic of, for example, infectious diseases, cancer and genetic abnormalities. The introduction of qualitative PCR assays to the clinical microbiology laboratory has significantly improved the diagnosis of infectious diseases, and is dep... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Xenin is a 25-amino acid polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of xenin is identical to the N-terminal end of cytoplasmic coatomer subunit alpha, from which xenin can be cleaved by aspartic proteases. Xenin is structurally related to the amphibian peptide xenopsin and to the neuropeptide neurotensin.
Surpassed by insuli... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the final stages of the synthesis (Scheme 5), the hydroxyl group in 46 was deprotected to give alcohol 47. Reaction of the lithium alkoxide of 47 with the Ojima lactam 48 adds the tail in 49. Deprotection of the triethylsilyl ether with hydrofluoric acid and removal of the BOM group under reductive conditions gave (... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* 1983: Humboldt Prize.
* 1997: The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) named Stuiver Valley in Antarctica after Minze Stuiver for his work on radiocarbon dating Antarctic samples.
* 1993: The 13th Pomerance Award of the Archaeological Institute of America for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology went to... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The period immediately after the 10th century marked the widespread application of several innovations in the field of mining and ore treatment: a shift to large-scale and better quality production. Medieval miners and metallurgists had to find solutions for the practical problems that limited former metal production, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Through studies using mammalian model organisms, there are two main hypotheses for the location of oxygen sensing in chemoreceptor cells: the membrane hypothesis and the mitochondrial hypothesis. The membrane hypothesis was proposed for the carotid body in mice, and it predicts that oxygen sensing is an ion balance in... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) is a protein encoded by the HNMT gene in humans. It belongs to the methyltransferases superfamily of enzymes and plays a crucial role in the inactivation of histamine, a biomolecule that is involved in various physiological processes. Methyltransferases are present in every life for... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Very analogous to ketones and aldehydes, primary imines are susceptible to attack by carbanion equivalents. The method allow for the synthesis of secondary amines:
:RC=NR + R"Li → RR"CN(Li)R
:RR"CN(Li)R + HO → RR"CNHR + LiOH | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thermometric titrimetry offers a rapid, highly precise method for the determination of aluminium in solution. A solution of aluminium is conditioned with acetate buffer and an excess of sodium and potassium ions. Titration with sodium or potassium fluoride yields the exothermic precipitation of an insoluble alumino-flu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the Calvin cycle, DHAP is one of the products of the sixfold reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by NADPH. It is also used in the synthesis of sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, both of which are used to reform ribulose 5-phosphate, the key carbohydrate of the Calvin cycle.
DHAP is also t... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An interwoven grid complex has been used to template the synthesis of a doubly-twisted [2]catenane (otherwise known as a Solomon Link). The unique arrangement of interwoven ligands around the planar array of iron, zinc, or cobalt ions generated the crossing points required to covalently trap the interlocked structure ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Acetic anhydride is a major industrial chemical widely used for preparing acetate esters, e.g. cellulose acetate. Maleic anhydride is the precursor to various resins by copolymerization with styrene. Maleic anhydride is a dienophile in the Diels-Alder reaction.
Dianhydrides, molecules containing two acid anhydride func... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ocean biological pump is the oceans biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere and land runoff to the deep ocean interior and seafloor sediments. The biological pump is not so much the result of a single process, but rather the sum of a number of processes each of which can influence biological... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Black pepper contains the alkaloid guineesine, which is an anandamide reuptake inhibitor. It may therefore increase anandamide's physiological effects.
Low-dose anandamide has an anxiolytic effect, while in one study, high doses injected directly into the cerebral fluid of the brain of mice shows evident cell apoptosis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If a clone library is constructed in parallel to the T-RFLP analysis then the clones can be used to assess and interpret the T-RFLP profile. In this method the TRF of each clone is determined either directly (i.e. performing T-RFLP analysis on each single clone) or by in silico analysis of that clone’s sequence. By com... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a dicarbollide is an anion of the formula [CBH]. Various isomers exist, but most common is 1,2-dicarbollide derived from ortho-carborane. These dianions function as ligands, related to the cyclopentadienyl anion. Substituted dicarbollides are also known such as [CBH(pyridine)] (pyridine ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hexagonal crystals of green rust (carbonate and/or sulfate) have also been obtained as a byproducts of bioreduction of ferric oxyhydroxides by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria, such as Shewanella putrefaciens, that couple the reduction of with the oxidation of organic matter. This process has been conjectured to o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
ERVs have been found to be associated to disease not only through disease-causing relations, but also through immunity. The frequency of ERVs in long terminal repeats (LTRs) likely correlates to viral adaptations to take advantage of immunity signaling pathways that promote viral transcription and replication. A study ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The invention of antibody phage display revolutionised antibody drug discovery. Initial work was done by laboratories at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Greg Winter and John McCafferty), the Scripps Research Institute (Richard Lerner and Carlos F. Barbas) and the German Cancer Research Centre (Frank Breitling ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Modern weather satellites produce imagery in a variety of spectra.
In the case of Landsat satellites, several different band designations have been used, with as many as 11 bands (Landsat 8) comprising a multispectral image. Spectral imaging with a higher radiometric resolution
(involving hundreds or thousands of bands... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When using RFLP, the theoretical risk of a coincidental match is 1 in 100 billion (100,000,000,000) although the practical risk is actually 1 in 1,000 because monozygotic twins are 0.2% of the human population. Moreover, the rate of laboratory error is almost certainly higher than that and actual laboratory procedures ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For dilute systems (e.g. gases), the correlations in the positions of the particles that accounts for are only due to the potential engendered by the reference particle, neglecting indirect effects. In the first approximation, it is thus simply given by the Boltzmann distribution law:
If were zero for all – i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Atomic-scale imaging of graphene, semiconductor surfaces and adsorbed organic molecules were obtained in ultra high-vacuum. Angstrom-resolution images of hydration layers formed on proteins and Young's modulus map of a metal-organic frame work, purple membrane and a lipid bilayer were reported in aqueous solutions. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Besides the amount of radiation reaching a plant in the PAR region of the spectrum, it is also important to consider the quality of such radiation. Radiation reaching a plant contains entropy as well as energy, and combining those two concepts the exergy can be determined. This sort of analysis is known as exergy analy... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The proton-motive force is derived from the Gibbs free energy. Let N denote the inside of a cell, and P denote the outside. Then
where
* is the Gibbs free energy change per unit amount of cations transferred from P to N;
* is the charge number of the cation ;
* is the electric potential of N relative to P;
* and a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics, an atomic mirror is a device which reflects neutral atoms in a way similar to the way a conventional mirror reflects visible light. Atomic mirrors can be made of electric fields or magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves or just silicon wafer; in the last case, atoms are reflected by the attracting tails of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aurin (C.I. 43800), sometimes named rosolic acid or corallin is an organic compound, forming yellowish or deep-red crystals with greenish metallic luster. It is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol. It is soluble in strong acids to form yellow solution, or in aqueous alkalis to form carmine red sol... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Certain NMTs are therapeutic targets for development of drugs against bacterial infections. Myristoylation has been shown to be necessary for the survival of a number of disease-causing fungi, among them C. albicans and C. neoformans. In addition to prokaryotic bacteria, the NMTs of numerous disease-causing eukaryotic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In response to the environmental disasters at Love Canal and Times Beach, Missouri, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), commonly known as the Superfund legislation. CERCLA gave EPA primary responsibility for identifying, investigating, and cleaning... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In humans, DNA methylation occurs at the 5′ position of the pyrimidine ring of the cytosine residues within CpG sites to form 5-methylcytosines. The presence of multiple methylated CpG sites in CpG islands of promoters causes stable inhibition (silencing) of genes. Silencing of transcription of a gene may be initiate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reverse transcriptase employs a "right hand" structure similar to that found in other viral nucleic acid polymerases. In addition to the transcription function, retroviral reverse transcriptases have a domain belonging to the RNase H family, which is vital to their replication. By degrading the RNA template, it all... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Darken’s equations can be applied to almost any scenario involving the diffusion of two different components that have different diffusion coefficients. This holds true except in situations where there is an accompanying volume change in the material because this violates one of Darken’s critical assumptions that atomi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alternatives to acid–base extraction include:
* Filtering the mixture through a plug of silica gel or alumina — if the product is a charged salt, it will remain strongly adsorbed to the silica gel or alumina.
* Ion exchange chromatography can separate acids, bases, or mixtures of strong and weak acids and bases by thei... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In theoretical chemistry, molecular electronic transitions take place when electrons in a molecule are excited from one energy level to a higher energy level. The energy change associated with this transition provides information on the structure of the molecule and determines many of its properties, such as colour. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In density functional theory, surface energy can be calculated from the following expression:
where
: is the total energy of surface slab obtained using density functional theory.
: is the number of atoms in the surface slab.
: is the bulk energy per atom.
: is the surface area.
For a slab, we have two surfaces and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Soil structure refers to the manner in which these individual soil particles are grouped together to form clusters of particles called aggregates. This is determined by the types of soil formation, parent material, and texture. Soil structure can be influenced by a wide variety of biota as well as management methods by... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The mechanism of epoxidation with dioxiranes most likely involves concerted oxygen transfer through a spiro transition state. As oxygen transfer occurs, the plane of the oxirane is perpendicular to and bisects the plane of the alkene pi system. The configuration of the alkene is maintained in the product, ruling out lo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When blood glucose levels are too low, the pancreas is signaled to release glucagon, which has essentially the opposite effect of insulin and therefore opposes the reduction of glucose in the blood. Glucagon is delivered directly to the liver, where it connects to the glucagon receptors on the membranes of the liver ce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recombinant human insulin has almost completely replaced insulin obtained from animal sources (e.g. pigs and cattle) for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. A variety of different recombinant insulin preparations are in widespread use. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2011, the Magnetic Space Groups data compiled from H.T. Stokes & B.J. Campbells and D. Litvins's works general positions/symmetry operations and Wyckoff positions for different settings, along with systematic absence rules have also been incorporated into the server and a new shell has been dedicated to the related ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The basic unit of the polycatenane can differ from the relatively simple organic macrocycle. When organic and inorganic building blocks come together can form a coordination cages (or macromolecular cages) that can interlock one another to form a polycatenane structure. The mechanism is still unexplored but generally t... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The concentration of purified protein solutions in the laboratory is useful in determining yield and measuring the success of a prep. MDS reports concentration as well as size for each test.
Since the detection is not based on inherent fluorescence of tryptophan or tyrosine residues, MDS has been used as an alternative... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is an American environmental science satellite which launched on 2 July 2014. A NASA mission, it is a replacement for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory which was lost in a launch failure in 2009. It is the second successful high-precision (better than 0.3%) observing satellite, afte... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Measurement of the field metabolic rate is made using the doubly labeled water method, although alternative techniques, such as monitoring heart rates, can also be used. The advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approaches have been reviewed by Butler et al. Several summary reviews have been published. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals; however, the processes that move them through the soil or ocean are very slow, making the phosphorus cycle overall one of the slowest biogeochemical cycles.
The global phosphorus cycle includes four major processes:
:(i) tectonic uplift and exposure of phosphorus-bear... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Scientists associated with the initial development of recombinant DNA methods recognized that the potential existed for organisms containing recombinant DNA to have undesirable or dangerous properties. At the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, these concerns were discussed and a voluntary moratorium on recomb... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Darken's second equation relates the chemical diffusion coefficient, , of a binary system to the atomic fractions of the two components. Similar to the first equation, this equation is applicable when the system does not undergo a volume change. This equation also only applies to multicomponent systems, including binar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The blast furnace remains an important part of modern iron production. Modern furnaces are highly efficient, including Cowper stoves to pre-heat the blast air and employ recovery systems to extract the heat from the hot gases exiting the furnace. Competition in industry drives higher production rates. The largest blast... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Illicit diversion of pseudoephedrine in Australia has caused significant changes to the way the products are regulated. , all products containing pseudoephedrine have been rescheduled as either "Pharmacist Only Medicines" (Schedule 3) or "Prescription Only Medicines" (Schedule 4), depending on the amount of pseudoephed... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Amoxicillin is used in the treatment of a number of infections, including acute otitis media, streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia, skin infections, urinary tract infections, Salmonella infections, Lyme disease, and chlamydia infections. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Isocyanides also form extensive families of complexes that are related to the metal carbonyls. Typical isocyanide ligands are methyl isocyanide and t-butyl isocyanide (MeCNC). A special case is CFNC, an unstable molecule that forms stable complexes whose behavior closely parallels that of the metal carbonyls. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Carbenes and carbenoid precursors can dimerize to alkenes. This is often, but not always, an unwanted side reaction; metal carbene dimerization has been used in the synthesis of polyalkynylethenes and is the major industrial route to Teflon (see ). Persistent carbenes equilibrate with their respective dimers, the Wanz... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*"The Stereochemistry of the Ketonization Reaction of Enols," Zimmerman, H. E. J. Org. Chem., 1955, 20, 549-557.
*"The Stereochemistry of the Ivanov and Reformatsky Reactions. I," Zimmerman, H. E.; Traxler, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, 1920-1923.
*"The Photochemical Rearrangement of 4,4-Diphenylcyclohexadienone... | 5 | Photochemistry |
R.T. Sanderson has also noted the relationship between Mulliken electronegativity and atomic size, and has proposed a method of calculation based on the reciprocal of the atomic volume. With a knowledge of bond lengths, Sandersons model allows the estimation of bond energies in a wide range of compounds. Sandersons mod... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An ATP test is the process of rapidly measuring active microorganisms in water through detection adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a molecule found only in and around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced through ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Binary carbonyl clusters consist only of metal and CO. They are the most widely studied and used metal carbonyl clusters. They arise in general by the condensation of unsaturated metal carbonyls. Dissociation of CO from Ru(CO) would give Ru(CO), which could trimerize to Ru(CO). The reaction mechanisms are more complica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levosalbutamol is the INN while levalbuterol is the USAN.
Levalbuterol was approved in the United States as a solution to be used with a nebulizer device in March 1999 and in March 2015 became available in a formulation with a metered-dose inhaler under the trade name Xopenex HFA (levalbuterol tartrate inhalation aeros... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Krupp–Renn process is a direct reduction process that uses a long tubular furnace similar to those found in cement production. The most recent units constructed have a diameter of approximately 4.5 meters and a length of 110 meters. The residence time of the product is influenced by the slope and speed of rotation ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The relationship between pressure and volume was first noted by Richard Towneley and Henry Power in the 17th century. Robert Boyle confirmed their discovery through experiments and published the results. According to Robert Gunther and other authorities, it was Boyles assistant, Robert Hooke, who built the experimental... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main geologic history locally had two stages. The first is the Miocene, determined by tectonic events that correlate with the closing of the Tethys Sea. The second is the Pleistocene noted for its glaciation cycles and the full run of the present Volga. During the first stage, the Tethys Sea had evolved into the Sa... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Reactive transport modeling requires input from numerous fields, including hydrology, geochemistry and biogeochemistry, microbiology, soil physics, and fluid dynamics. The numerical formulation and solution of reactive transport problems can be especially difficult due to errors arising in the coupling process, beyond ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Whether a process can occur spontaneously depends not only on the enthalpy change but also on the entropy change () and absolute temperature . If a process is a spontaneous process at a certain temperature, the products have a lower Gibbs free energy than the reactants (an exergonic process), even if the enthalpy of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In one of the syntheses, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) is reacted with bromoacetyl chloride to give the amide. The halo group is then displaced by 4-thiopyridine. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Early photosynthetic systems, such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria, are thought to have been anoxygenic, and used various other molecules than water as electron donors. Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors. Green non... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An RA plot, like its cousin, the MA plot, is a re-scaled and (45-degree) rotated version of a simple two-dimensional scatter plot of a versus b where a and b are equal-length vectors of positive measurements. This rescaling and rotation allows for better visibility and emphasis of important outliers points that vary ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amoxicillin may interact with these drugs:
* Anticoagulants (dabigatran, warfarin).
* Methotrexate (chemotherapy and immunosuppressant).
* Typhoid, Cholera and BCG vaccines.
* Probenecid reduces renal excretion and increases blood levels of amoxicillin.
* Oral contraceptives potentially become less effective.
* Allopur... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Matte is a term used in the field of pyrometallurgy given to the molten metal sulfide phases typically formed during smelting of copper, nickel, and other base metals. Typically, a matte is the phase in which the principal metal being extracted is recovered prior to a final reduction process (usually converting) to pro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In organic chemistry, the anomeric effect or Edward-Lemieux effect (after J. T. Edward and Raymond Lemieux) is a stereoelectronic effect that describes the tendency of heteroatomic substituents adjacent to a heteroatom within a cyclohexane ring to prefer the axial orientation instead of the less-hindered equatorial ori... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A cell-counting assay may determine the number of living cells, the number of dead cells, or the ratio of one cell type to another, such as enumerating and typing red versus different types of white blood cells. This is measured by different physical methods (light transmission, electric current change). But other meth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Substitution, nucleophilic bimolecular reactions are concerted reactions where both the nucleophile and substrate are involved in the rate limiting step. Since this reaction is concerted, the reaction occurs in one step, where the bonds are broken, while new bonds are formed. Therefore, to interpret this reaction, it i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The reaction of an acid in water solvent is often described as a dissociation
where HA is a proton acid such as acetic acid, CHCOOH. The double arrow means that this is an equilibrium process, with dissociation and recombination occurring at the same time. This implies that the acid dissociation constant
However a more... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Suspension array technology (or SAT) is a high throughput, large-scale, and multiplexed screening platform used in molecular biology. SAT has been widely applied to genomic and proteomic research, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, genetic disease screening, gene expression profiling, screening dr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organisms that rely on light energy to fix carbon, and thus participate in primary production, are referred to as photoautotrophs.
Photoautotrophs exists across the tree of life. Many bacterial taxa are known to be photoautotrophic such as cyanobacteria and some Pseudomonadota (formerly proteobacteria). Eukaryotic orga... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Unruh effect would also cause the decay rate of accelerating particles to differ from inertial particles. Stable particles like the electron could have nonzero transition rates to higher mass states when accelerating at a high enough rate. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to simple oxidation of aromatic rings to form carbonyl compounds (see ), trifluoroperacetic acid can fully cleave the carbon–carbon bonds within the ring. Unlike other oxidations of alkylaromatic structures, which yield benzoic acids and related compounds by cleavage of the alkyl chain at the reactive benzy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A chemical synthesis of captopril by treatment of -proline with (2S)-3-acetylthio-2-methylpropanoyl chloride under basic conditions (NaOH), followed by aminolysis of the protective acetyl group to unmask the drug's free thiol, is depicted in the figure at right.
Procedure 2 taken out of patent US4105776. See examples 2... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Washoe process, a variation of pan amalgamation, was developed in the 1860s by Almarin B. Paul and others, to work the ore from the Comstock Lode in Nevada, United States (Washoe was an early name for the area and the local tribe who still exists today; see Washoe Valley). In the Washoe process, the copper pans we... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The use of racemic amlodipine is commonly associated with adverse events like peripheral edema and other side effects like headache, dizziness, flushing and abdominal pain. Controlled clinical trials showed that levamlodipine is rarely associated with these side effects. No controlled clinical study of levamlodipine ha... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Animal studies have shown the benefit of targeted temperature management in traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Clinical trials have shown mixed results with regards to the optimal temperature and delay of cooling. Achieving therapeutic temperatures of is thought to prevent secondary neurological injuries... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The above-ground nuclear tests that occurred in several countries between 1955 and 1980 (see nuclear test list) dramatically increased the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere and subsequently in the biosphere; after the tests ended, the atmospheric concentration of the isotope began to decrease, as radioactive was f... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A Walloon forge (or Walloon process) is a type of finery forge that decarbonizes pig iron into wrought iron.
The process was conceived in the Liège region, and from there extended to France, then England around the end of the 15th century. Louis de Geer brought it to Roslagen in Sweden at the beginning of the 17th cent... | 8 | Metallurgy |
K-Mold is a fracture test method. Liquid metal is cast into a mold containing notches. Once solidified, the resulting bar is bent to expose a fracture surface. The visual observation of inclusions on the fracture is used to determine a K-value for the melt and compared to a preset standard. This method is rather imprec... | 8 | Metallurgy |
This method mainly identifies variant function based on the information whether the variant loci are in the known functional region that harbor genomic or epigenomic signals. The function of non-coding variants are extensive in terms of the affected genomic region and they involve in almost all processes of gene regula... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acids with a pH of less than 2 or alkalis with a pH above 12 are capable of causing the most extensive injuries in ingestions. Alkalis damage tissue by saponifying fats, leading to liquefaction necrosis which allows the alkalis to reach deeper tissues. Acids denature proteins via coagulation necrosis, this type of necr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As access to an ionized calcium is not always available a corrected calcium may be used instead. To calculate a corrected calcium in mmol/L one takes the total calcium in mmol/L and adds it to ((40 minus the serum albumin in g/L) multiplied by 0.02). There is, however, controversy around the usefulness of corrected ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coenzyme A is available from various chemical suppliers as the free acid and lithium or sodium salts. The free acid of coenzyme A is detectably unstable, with around 5% degradation observed after 6 months when stored at −20 °C, and near complete degradation after 1 month at 37 °C. The lithium and sodium salts of CoA ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS) is an organization promoting research and education in the fields of spectroscopy, optics, and analytical chemistry. Founded in 1958, it is currently headquartered in Frederick, MD. In 2006 it had about 2,000 members worldwide.
SAS is perhaps best known for its technical confe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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