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A thorough review of trace amine-associated receptors that discusses the historical evolution of this research particularly well is that of Grandy. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dysfunctional or altered levels of carbaminohemoglobin do not generally cause disease or disorders. Carbaminohemoglobin is a part of the carbon dioxide transport process in the body. The levels of this protein can decrease and increase based on factors that regulate the protein in the body.
A way that carbaminohemoglo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coprostanol and its derivative epicoprostanol are used in archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies as indicators of past human activity due to their longevity in soils and strong association with production in the human gut. Researchers have used the presence of coprostanol to identify archaeological features such... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide are used as bleaching and "maturing" agents for treating flour to make its grain release gluten more easily; the alternative is letting the flour slowly oxidize by air, which is too slow for the industrialized era. Benzoyl peroxide is an effective topical medication for treating m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Carbohydrate conformation refers to the overall three-dimensional structure adopted by a carbohydrate (saccharide) molecule as a result of the through-bond and through-space physical forces it experiences arising from its molecular structure. The physical forces that dictate the three-dimensional shapes of all molecule... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Safranines are the azonium compounds of symmetrical 2,8-dimethyl-3,7-diaminophenazine. They are obtained by the joint oxidation of one molecule of a para-diamine with two molecules of a primary amine; by the condensation of para-aminoazo compounds with primary amines, and by the action of para-nitrosodialkylanilines wi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Organic Preparations and Procedures International is a bimonthly scientific journal focusing on organic chemists engaged in synthesis. Topics include original preparative chemistry in association with the synthesis of organic and organometallic compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) incompletely oxidize sugars and alcohols, usually glucose and ethanol, to acetic acid, in a process called AAB oxidative fermentation (AOF). After glycolysis, the produced pyruvate is broken down to acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase, which in turn is oxidized to acetic acid by acetaldehy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bubble nucleation happens when the a volatile becomes saturated. Actually the bubbles are composed of molecules that tend to aggregate spontaneously in a process called homogeneous nucleation. The surface tension acts on the bubbles shrinking the surface and forces them back to the liquid. The nucleation process is gre... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An S2 reaction occurs when a nucleophile displaces a leaving group residing on a molecule from the backside of the leaving group. This displacement or substitution results in the formation of a substitution product with inversion of stereochemical configuration. The nucleophile forms a bond with its lone pair as the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The energy of photons (, which includes Planck's constant) emitted when electrons incident on a substance using an electron beam with a constant energy () relax to a lower energy unoccupied state () is given by the conservation of energy as:
By measuring and , the unoccupied state () of the surface can be found. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When a plant is attacked, it emits GLVs into the environment through the air. How a plant responds depends on the type of damage involved. Plants respond differently to damage from a purely mechanical source and damage from herbivores. Mechanical damage tends to cause damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) invo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mark Twains Roughing It', published in 1872, provides an informative early description of Mono Lake in its natural condition in the 1860s. Twain found the lake to be lying "in a lifeless, treeless, hideous desert... the loneliest place on earth." | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
MALS is most commonly used for the characterization of mass and size of molecules in solution. Early implementations of MALS such as those discussed by Bruno H. Zimm in his paper "Apparatus and Methods for Measurement and Interpretation of the Angular Variation of Light Scattering; Preliminary Results on Polystyrene So... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) is the lowest temperature, expressed in degrees Celsius (°C), at which a given volume of diesel type of fuel still passes through a standardized filtration device in a specified time when cooled under certain conditions. This test gives an estimate for the lowest temperature that a fu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
NASAs Dragonfly' lander/aircraft concept is proposed to launch in 2025 and would seek evidence of biosignatures on the organic-rich surface and atmosphere of Titan, as well as study its possible prebiotic primordial soup. Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and is widely believed to have a large subsurface ocean consis... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The origin of diastereoselectivity in reductions of chiral ketones has been extensively analyzed and modeled. According to a model advanced by Felkin, diastereoselectivity is controlled by the relative energy of the three transition states I, II, and III. Transition state I is favored in the absence of polar groups on ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If lichens are exposed to air pollutants at all times, without any deciduous parts, they are unable to avoid the accumulation of pollutants. Also lacking stomata and a cuticle, lichens may absorb aerosols and gases over the entire thallus surface from which they may readily diffuse to the photobiont layer. Because lich... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (INN), R-134a, Klea 134a, Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Green Gas, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, HFA-134a, or HFC-134a) is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insig... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Stripping is commonly used in industrial applications to remove harmful contaminants from waste streams. One example would be the removal of TBT and PAH contaminants from harbor soils. The soils are dredged from the bottom of contaminated harbors, mixed with water to make a slurry and then stripped with steam. The clea... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Using the appropriate reagent and conditions, alkyl, alkenyl, allylic, and α-keto sulfones may be reduced in good yield and high stereoselectivity (where applicable). Appropriate conditions for the reduction of these classes of sulfones are discussed below.
Alkyl sulfones may be reduced with sodium or lithium in liquid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photoacids are molecules which become more acidic upon absorption of light. Either the light causes a photodissociation to produce a strong acid or the light causes photoassociation (such as a ring forming reaction) that leads to an increased acidity and dissociation of a proton.
There are two main types of molecules t... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An interesting way of achieving chiral distinction on a CSP is the use of selectors with chiral cavity. These chiral selectors are attached to the stationary phase support material. In this category, there are basically three types of cavity chiral selectors namely cyclodextrins, crown ethers and macrocyclic glycopepti... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Around one-third of the human population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10%, approximately three hundred million people, obtain water from groundwater resources that are heavily contaminated with arsenic or fluoride. These trace elements derive mainly from minerals. Maps locating potential pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dissolving in seawater increases the hydrogen ion () concentration in the ocean, and thus decreases ocean pH, as follows:
In shallow coastal and shelf regions, a number of factors interplay to affect air-ocean exchange and resulting pH change. These include biological processes, such as photosynthesis and respiration... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Oil sampling is a procedure for collecting a volume of fluid from lubricated or hydraulic machinery for the purpose of oil analysis. Much like collecting forensic evidence at a crime scene, when collecting an oil sample, it is important to ensure that procedures are used to minimize disturbance of the sample during and... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Due to the crucial role of base, specific amines must be added in excess or as solvent for the reaction to proceed. It has been discovered that secondary amines such as piperidine, morpholine, or diisopropylamine in particular can react efficiently and reversibly with trans– complexes by substituting one ligand.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Enumerating or counting structural isomers in general is a difficult problem, since one must take into account several bond types (including delocalized ones), cyclic structures, and structures that cannot possibly be realized due to valence or geometric constraints, and non-separable tautomers.
For example, there are... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For gene knockout investigations, RNA interference (RNAi), a more recent method, also known as gene silencing, has gained popularity. In RNA interference (RNAi), messenger RNA for a particular gene is inactivated using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or short hairpin RNA (shRNA). This effectively stops the gene from bein... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lees father was a painter in Taiwan. His mother was an elementary school teacher, and his elder brother, Yuan-Chuan Lee, has been a professor in at Johns Hopkins University for 40 years, awarded the honor Special Chair Lectureship in Academia Sinica in Taiwan. Besides, his younger brother, Yuan-Pern Lee, also awarded t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a multicomponent system, where the vapor and liquid consist of more than one type of compounds, describing the equilibrium state is more complicated. For all components in the system, the equilibrium state between the two phases is described by the following equations:
:; and
where and are the temperature and pre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
With increasing number of fluorine atoms on the same (geminal) carbon the other bonds become stronger and shorter. This can be seen by the changes in bond length and strength (BDE) for the fluoromethane series, as shown on the table below; also, the partial charges (q and q) on the atoms change within the series. The p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Levomilnacipran (brand name Fetzima) is an antidepressant which was approved in the United States in 2013 for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults. It is the levorotatory enantiomer of milnacipran, and has similar effects and pharmacology, acting as a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (S... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Due to the fact that translation elongation is an irreversible process, there are few known mechanisms of its regulation. However, it has been shown that translational efficiency is reduced via diminished tRNA pools, which are required for the elongation of polypeptides. In fact, the richness of these tRNA pools are su... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In theoretical thermodynamics, respected authors vary in their approaches to the definition of quantity of heat transferred. There are two main streams of thinking. One is from a primarily empirical viewpoint (which will here be referred to as the thermodynamic stream), to define heat transfer as occurring only by spec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quinones form a quinhydrone species by formation of hydrogen bonding between ρ-quinone and ρ-hydroquinone. An equimolar mixture of ρ-quinones and ρ-hydroquinone in contact with an inert metallic electrode, such as antimony, forms what is known as a quinhydrone electrode. Such devices can be used to measure the pH of s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Human perilipin-1 is composed by 522 amino acids, which add up to a molecular mass of 55.990 kDa. It presents an estimated number of 15 phosphorylation sites (residues 81, 85, 126, 130, 132, 137, 174, 299, 301, 382, 384, 408, 436, 497, 499 and 522) from which 3 -those in bold- have been suggested to be relevant for sti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ILs can replace water as the electrolyte in metal-air batteries. ILs are attractive because of their low vapor pressure. Furthermore, ILs have an electrochemical window of up to six volts (versus 1.23 for water) supporting more energy-dense metals. Energy densities from 900 to 1600 watt-hours per kilogram appear possib... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The FeS ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum (Cp2FeFd; ) has been recognized as distinct protein family on the basis of its amino acid sequence, spectroscopic properties of its iron–sulfur cluster and the unique ligand swapping ability of two cysteine ligands to the [FeS] cluster. Although the physiological role of... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1860, Edward Frankland was the first to report the preparation and isolation of a boronic acid. Ethylboronic acid was synthesized by a two-stage process. First, diethylzinc and triethyl borate reacted to produce triethylborane. This compound then oxidized in air to form ethylboronic acid. Several synthetic routes ar... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Normal–phase chromatography was one of the first kinds of HPLC that chemists developed, but has decreased in use over the last decades. Also known as normal-phase HPLC (NP-HPLC), this method separates analytes based on their affinity for a polar stationary surface such as silica; hence it is based on analyte ability to... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The zero-phonon line and the phonon sideband jointly constitute the line shape of individual light absorbing and emitting molecules (chromophores) embedded into a transparent solid matrix. When the host matrix contains many chromophores, each will contribute a zero-phonon line and a phonon sideband to the absorption an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ionic liquids' low volatility effectively eliminates a major pathway for environmental release and contamination.
Ionic liquids' aquatic toxicity is as severe as or more so than many current solvents.
Ultrasound can degrade solutions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid to relativel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glycosylation is the process by which a carbohydrate is covalently attached to a target macromolecule, typically proteins and lipids. This modification serves various functions. For instance, some proteins do not fold correctly unless they are glycosylated. In other cases, proteins are not stable unless they contain ol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A mirror does not just produce an image of what would be there without it; it also changes the light distribution in the halfspace in front of and behind the mirror. A mirror hanging on the wall makes the room brighter because additional light sources appear in the mirror image. However, the appearance of additional li... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Gel permeation chromatography (also known as size-exclusion chromatography)
* Light scattering measurements such as dynamic light scattering
* Direct measurement via mass spectrometry, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Supramolecular complexes are formed by non-covalent interactions between two chemical moieties, which can be described as an host and a guest. Most commonly, the interacting species are held together by hydrogen bonds. The definition excludes compounds formed by electrostatic interactions, which are called ion pairs.
... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
There are a variety of probes with different membrane and shaft length combinations available. The molecular weight cutoff of commercially available microdialysis probes covers a wide range of approximately 6-100kD, but also 1MD is available. While water-soluble compounds generally diffuse freely across the microdial... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Charles Thomas Beer (18 November 1915 – 15 June 2010) was a Canadian organic chemist who helped in the discovery of vinblastine.
Born in Leigh, Dorset, England, he received a D.Phil. in chemistry from Oxford in 1948. He came to North America in the early 1950s to the department of medical research at the Univers... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The bifidus factor might be lacto-N-biose I [LNB], which is a derivative of mucin sugars. However, the exact structure and mechanism behind the bifidus factor remains unknown.
The bacteria would break down lactic acid and acetic acid. The environment of the intestine would become acidic, preventing the growth of any h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen (9 January 1868 – 12 February 1939) was a Danish chemist, known for the introduction of the concept of pH, a scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Anodizing is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts.
The process is called anodizing because the part to be treated forms the anode electrode of an electrolytic cell. Anodizing increases resistance to corrosion and wear, and provides b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The main use of pyridine is as a precursor to the herbicides paraquat and diquat. The first synthesis step of insecticide chlorpyrifos consists of the chlorination of pyridine. Pyridine is also the starting compound for the preparation of pyrithione-based fungicides. Cetylpyridinium and laurylpyridinium, which can be p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Organic chemicals such as lactic acid and citric acid have been used to etch metals and create products as early as 400 BCE, when vinegar was used to corrode lead and create the pigment ceruse, also known as white lead. Most modern chemical milling methods involve alkaline etchants; these may have been used as early as... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There exist several variants of the stable carbenes above where one of the nitrogen atoms adjacent to the carbene center (the α nitrogens) has been replaced by an alternative heteroatom, such as oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus.
In particular, the formal substitution of sulfur for one of the nitrogens in imidazole would y... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the US, tolerances for the amount of pesticide residue that may remain on food are set by the EPA, and measures are taken to keep pesticide residues below the tolerances. The US EPA has a web page for the allowable tolerances. In order to assess the risks associated with pesticides on human health, the EPA analyzed... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference processes. More specifically, MaxEnt applies inference techniques rooted in Shannon information theory, Bayesian probability, and the principle of maximum entropy. The... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Three main classes of reactions can be explained by the Curtin–Hammett principle: either the more or less stable conformer may react more quickly, or they may both react at the same rate. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The presence of sea foam in the marine environment plays a number of ecological roles including providing sources of food and creating habitat. As a food source, sea foam with a stable composition is more important ecologically, as it is able to persist longer and can transport nutrients within the marine environment. ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Trabectedin is composed of three tetrahydroisoquinoline moieties, eight rings including one 10-membered heterocyclic ring containing a cysteine residue, and seven chiral centers. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The editing involves cytidine deaminase that deaminates a cytidine base into a uridine base. An example of C-to-U editing is with the apolipoprotein B gene in humans. Apo B100 is expressed in the liver and apo B48 is expressed in the intestines. In the intestines, the mRNA has a CAA sequence edited to be UAA, a stop co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most basic aryl group is phenyl, which is made up of a benzene ring with one of its hydrogen atom replaced by some substituent, and has the molecular formula . Note that a phenyl group is not the same as a benzyl group, the latter consisting of a phenyl group attached to a methyl group and a molecular formula of .
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When dealing with gases, fugacity, f, is used rather than activity. However, whereas activity is dimensionless, fugacity has the dimension of pressure. A consequence is that chemical potential has to be defined in terms of a standard pressure, p</sup>:
By convention p</sup> is usually taken to be 1 bar.
Fugacity can be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Molecular Ancestry Network (MANET) database is a bioinformatics database that maps evolutionary relationships of protein architectures directly onto biological networks. It was originally developed by Hee Shin Kim, Jay E. Mittenthal and Gustavo Caetano-Anolles in the Department of Crop Sciences of the University of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surface modification has gained a lot of interest in recent years for a variety of applications. An example of the application of free radical polymerizations to forming new architectures is through RAFT polymerizations which result in dithioester end groups. These dithioesters can be reduced to the thiol which can be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aldol reactions may proceed by two distinct mechanisms. Carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, can be converted to enols or enol ethers. These species, being nucleophilic at the α-carbon, can attack especially reactive protonated carbonyls such as protonated aldehydes. This is the enol mechanism. Carbonyl c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The spontaneous redox reactions of a conventional battery produce electricity through the different reduction potentials of the cathode and anode in the electrolyte. However, electrolysis requires an external source of electrical energy to induce a chemical reaction, and this process takes place in a compartment called... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The fundamental problem of cartography is that no map from the sphere to the plane can accurately represent both angles and areas. In general, area-preserving map projections are preferred for statistical applications, while angle-preserving (conformal) map projections are preferred for navigation.
Stereographic projec... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The influx of micrometeoroids also contributes to the composition of regolith (planetary/lunar soil) on other bodies in the Solar System. Mars has an estimated annual micrometeoroid influx of between 2,700 and 59,000 t/yr. This contributes to about 1 m of micrometeoritic content to the depth of the Martian regolith eve... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Chemists' Club of New York, 1974
* Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 1973
* Chemical Society of Japan, 2002
* Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, 1983
* Chairman Organic Division of the American Chemical Society, 1966–1967 | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the semiconductor industry sputtering is used to etch the target. Sputter etching is chosen in cases where a high degree of etching anisotropy is needed and selectivity is not a concern. One major drawback of this technique is wafer damage and high voltage use. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*1,2-dipolar compounds have the opposite charges on adjacent atoms.
*1,3-dipolar compounds have the charges separated over three atoms. They are reactants in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.
*Also 1,4-dipolars, 1,5-dipolars, and so on exist. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Zero-order ultrasensitivity was first described by Albert Goldbeter and Daniel Koshland, Jr in 1981 in a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. They showed using mathematical modeling that modification of enzymes operating outside of first order kinetics required only small changes in the concen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors for gene therapy have been developed that mediate stable genetic modification of treated cells by chromosomal integration of the transferred vector genomes. This technology is of use, not only for research purposes, but also for clinical gene therapy aiming at the long-term correc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The valence isomers are not restricted to isomers of benzene. Valence isomers are also seen in the series (CH). Due to the larger number of units, the number of possible valence isomers is also greater and at least 21: | 4 | Stereochemistry |
When an electrically conductive electrode placed without a direct connection, in the same electrolyte, between an anode and cathode in an electrochemical cell with sufficient voltage being applied; the electrode will experience simultaneous cathodic and anodic reaction at both extremes. This means, the conductive elect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are three basic configurations in which these agents are stored. The first are self-contained munitions like projectiles, cartridges, mines, and rockets; these can contain propellant and/or explosive components. The next form are aircraft-delivered munitions. Together they constitute the two forms that have been ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mefloquine is used as a treatment for chloroquine-sensitive or resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and is deemed a reasonable alternative for uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria. It is one of several drugs recommended by the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
It is ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The molecular composition of a biomaterial determines the physical and chemical properties of a biomaterial. These compositions create complex structures that allow the biomaterial to function, and therefore are necessary to define and understand in order to develop a biomaterial. biomaterials can be designed to replic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calmodulin plays an important role in the activation of phosphorylase kinase, which ultimately leads to glucose being cleaved from glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase.
Calmodulin also plays an important role in lipid metabolism by affecting calcitonin. Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone that lowers blood Ca levels and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Elimination, bimolecular reactions are one step, concerted reaction where both base and substrate participate in the rate limiting step. In an E2 mechanism, a base takes a proton near the leaving group, forcing the electrons down to make a double bond, and forcing off the leaving group-all in one concerted step. The r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The inhabitants of Ban Na Di were casting bronze from to 200 AD, using the lost-wax technique to manufacture bangles. Bangles made by the lost-wax process are characteristic of northeast Thailand. Some of the bangles from Ban Na Di revealed a dark grey substance between the central clay core and the metal, which on an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bainite can essentially be regarded as martensite that tempers during the course of transformation. It forms at a higher temperature than martensite, and even the latter can autotemper. Because the transformation temperature is higher, the austenite itself is mechanically weak so that the shape deformation due to baini... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In Gaunts and Yus works, some derivatives of drug molecules and biologically active compounds were successfully functionalized in their meta-position. For instance, meta-arylated derivatives of anti-inflammatory drugs (S)-ibruprofen and (S)-naproxen were synthesized with copper catalyzed C–H arylation. Meta-olefinated ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Stable isotope ratios of trace metals can be used to answer a variety of questions spanning diverse fields, including oceanography, geochemistry, biology, medicine, anthropology and astronomy. In addition to their modern applications, trace metal isotopic compositions can provide insight into ancient biogeochemical pro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) is a method of microbial community analysis that provides a means of comparing differing environments or treatment impacts without the bias imposed by culture- dependent approaches. RISA involves PCR amplification of a region of the rRNA gene operon between the sma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemical potential is the partial molar free energy. The potential, μ, of the ith species in a chemical reaction is the partial derivative of the free energy with respect to the number of moles of that species, N:
A general chemical equilibrium can be written as
n are the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or ferrous ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This mechanism is found very commonly in everyday life, including central heating, air conditioning, steam turbines, and in many other machines. Forced convection is often encountered by engineers designing or analyzing heat exchangers, pipe flow, and flow over a plate at a different temperature than the stream (the ca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At Eli Lilly in the 1960s, Schmiegel and Bryan Molloy, with the help of David Wong, searched for a compound to combat depression. Because depression and similar psychiatric disorders are associated with reduced serotonin levels, they focused their approach on prohibiting serotonin reuptake. During a regular nerve signa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Light sheet fluorescence microscopy or selective plane imaging microscopy (SPIM) uses illumination that is done perpendicularly to the direction of observation, by using a thin sheet of (laser) light. Under certain conditions, this illumination principle can be combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, to al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
García Mancheño has received the following honors and awards during her career:
* 2019 invited speaker at Fulbright-Cottrell Junior Faculty Professional Development Workshop in Göttingen
* 2018 invited speaker at Fulbright-Cottrell Junior Faculty Professional Development Workshop in Berlin
* 2017 European Research Coun... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*2020 Laura Gagliardi
*2019 Daniel M. Neumark
*2016 Mark A. Ratner
*2015 Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
*2014 Henry F. Schaefer III
*2013 William E. Moerner
*2012 David Chandler
*2011 Louis E. Brus
*2010 George Schatz
*2009 Richard J. Saykally
*2008 Michael L. Klein
*2007 John T. Yates, Jr.
*2006 Donald Truhlar
*2005 Stephen L... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The standard free-energy scale is measured in electron-volts, and the nE° = 0 value is usually the pure, neutral element. The Frost diagram normally shows free-energy values above and below nE° = 0 and is scaled in integers. The y axis of the graph displays the free energy. Increasing stability (lower free energy) is l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Henry Cavendish showed that water was composed of oxygen and hydrogen in 1781. The first decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, by electrolysis, was done in 1800 by English chemist William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle. In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is composed... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
See below. Most stars, including the Sun, generate energy over most of their lives by fusing hydrogen into heavier elements; yet such fusion of light hydrogen (protium) has never been successful in the conditions attainable on Earth. Thus, all artificial fusion, including the hydrogen fusion in hydrogen bombs, requires... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a tuck-in complex usually refers to derivatives of Cp* ligands wherein a methyl group is deprotonated and the resulting methylene attaches to the metal. The C–CH–M angle is acute. The term "tucked in" was coined to describe derivatives of organotungsten complexes. Although most "tucked-in"... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term "ultra-deep" can sometimes also refer to higher coverage (>100-fold), which allows for detection of sequence variants in mixed populations. In the extreme, error-corrected sequencing approaches such as Maximum-Depth Sequencing can make it so that coverage of a given region approaches the throughput of a sequen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For what concern the Samburu-Buffalo Springs, five weeks after the rainy season had started, the grass became rich in nutrients and the females were most likely to conceive, giving birth 22 months later, just in time for another rainy season to provide nutrients to the grass they would have eaten: the cycle could resta... | 9 | Geochemistry |
M receptors are found in the CNS.
M receptors work via G receptors to decrease cAMP in the cell and, thus, produce generally inhibitory effects. Possible bronchospasm may result if stimulated by muscarinic agonists | 1 | Biochemistry |
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