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The mean daily BSi rate strongly depends on the region:
* Coastal upwelling: 46 mmol.m.d
* Sub-arctic Pacific: 18 mmol.m.d
* Southern Ocean: 3–38 mmol.m.d
* mid-ocean gyres: 0.2–1.6 mmol.m.d
Likewise, the integrated annual BSi production strongly depends on the region:
* Coastal upwelling: 3 × 10 mol.yr
* S... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Additional forces beyond the DLVO construct have been reported to also play a major role in determining colloid stability.
DLVO theory is not effective in describing ordering processes such as the evolution of colloidal crystals in dilute dispersions with low salt concentrations. It also cannot explain the relation bet... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methanesulfonic acid (MsOH) or methanesulphonic acid (in British English) is an organosulfuric, colorless liquid with the molecular formula and structure . It is the simplest of the alkylsulfonic acids (). Salts and esters of methanesulfonic acid are known as mesylates (or methanesulfonates, as in ethyl methanesulfona... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plasma () is one of four fundamental states of matter (the other three being solid, liquid, and gas) characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, mostly in stars (including the Sun), ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In molecular biology, biochips are engineered substrates ("miniaturized laboratories") that can host large numbers of simultaneous biochemical reactions. One of the goals of biochip technology is to efficiently screen large numbers of biological analytes, with potential applications ranging from disease diagnosis to de... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transition metal hydrides include compounds that can be classified as covalent hydrides. Some are even classified as interstitial hydrides and other bridging hydrides. Classical transition metal hydride feature a single bond between the hydrogen centre and the transition metal. Some transition metal hydrides are acidi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
CataCXium F sulf is a water-soluble organophosphorus compound derived from fluorene. The palladium complexes of the respective phosphine show an excellent activity in various palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, including Suzuki reactions, Sonogashira couplings and Buchwald–Hartwig reactions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An example of photochlorination at low temperatures and under ambient pressure is the chlorination of chloromethane to dichloromethane. The liquefied chloromethane (boiling point -24 °C) is mixed with chlorine in the dark and then irradiated with a mercury-vapor lamp. The resulting dichloromethane has a boiling point o... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others, is an opioid pain medication and a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat moderately severe pain. When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour. It is also available by in... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Silicon carbide fibers are used to measure gas temperatures in an optical technique called thin-filament pyrometry. It involves the placement of a thin filament in a hot gas stream. Radiative emissions from the filament can be correlated with filament temperature. Filaments are SiC fibers with a diameter of 15 micromet... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Froth flotation efficiency is determined by a series of probabilities: those of particle–bubble contact, particle–bubble attachment, transport between the pulp and the froth, and froth collection into the product launder. In a conventional mechanically-agitated cell, the void fraction (i.e. volume occupied by air bubbl... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The bond angle for a symmetric tetrahedral molecule such as CH may be calculated using the dot product of two vectors. As shown in the diagram, the molecule can be inscribed in a cube with the tetravalent atom (e.g. carbon) at the cube centre which is the origin of coordinates, O. The four monovalent atoms (e.g. hydrog... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There are some common types of spectrophotometers include:
UV-vis spectrophotometer: Measures light absorption in UV and visible ranges (200-800 nm). Used for quantification of many inorganic and organic compounds.
1. Infrared spectrophotometer: Measures infrared light absorption, allowing identification of chemical bo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Calcineurin along with NFAT, may improve the function of diabetics' pancreatic beta cells. Thus tacrolimus contributes to the frequent development of new diabetes following renal transplantation.
Calcineurin/NFAT signaling is required for perinatal lung maturation and function. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrologic transport models are used to mathematically analyze movement of TDS within river systems. The most common models address surface runoff, allowing variation in land use type, topography, soil type, vegetative cover, precipitation, and land management practice (e.g. the application rate of a fertilizer). Runof... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Unlike in plants, animals do not have a pathway for the direct assimilation of inorganic sulfate into organic compounds. In animals, the primary source of sulfur is dietary methionine, an essential amino acid that contains a sulfur atom. Methionine is first converted to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a compound that is in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hybridization is the process of complementary base pairs binding to form a double helix. Melting is the process by which the interactions between the strands of the double helix are broken, separating the two nucleic acid strands. These bonds are weak, easily separated by gentle heating, enzymes, or physical force. Me... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In clearance, or the rate at which a substance is removed or cleared from the body, it has been found that the cellular proteolysis of AGEs—the breakdown of proteins—produces AGE peptides and "AGE free adducts" (AGE adducts bound to single amino acids). These latter, after being released into the plasma, can be excrete... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is an anaerobic respiration process, marine microorganisms capable of performing DNRA are most commonly found in environments low in O, such as oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the water column, or sediments with steep O gradients.
DNRA has been documented in prokaryotes inh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another identification mechanism is through immunoassay. Abbott Laboratories AxSYM is an immunoassay device utilizing Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) technology that can determine the presence and quantify salicylates. The introduction of a salicylate specific antigen labeled with fluorescein into the samp... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Water is miscible with many liquids, including ethanol in all proportions. Water and most oils are immiscible, usually forming layers according to increasing density from the top. This can be predicted by comparing the polarity. Water being a relatively polar compound will tend to be miscible with liquids of high polar... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Present day global emissions of volcanic gases to the atmosphere can be classified as eruptive or non-eruptive. Although all volcanic gas species are emitted to the atmosphere, the emissions of CO (a greenhouse gas) and SO have received the most study.
It has long been recognized that eruptions contribute much lower t... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
During capping, a 7-methylguanosine residue is attached to the 5-terminal end of the primary transcripts.This is otherwise known as the GTP or 5 cap. The 5 cap is used to increase mRNA stability. Further, the 5 cap is used as an attachment point for ribosomes. Beyond this, the 5' cap has also been shown to have a role ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The field of Cu isotope biogeochemistry is still in a relatively early stage, so the Cu isotope compositions of materials in the environment are not well-documented. However, based on a compilation of measurements already made, it appears that Cu isotope ratios vary somewhat widely within and between environmental mate... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Radioligands are administered through four main routes: intravenously, subcutaneous injection, intraperitoneally, and orally. While intravenous application is the most used route of injection, the route is dependent on the mechanism of action and overall aim of the binding. Before application of the ligand, clinicians ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The magnitude of the constant may be higher than the value of the molar extinction coefficient, ε, for a species. When this is so, the detection limit for that species will be lower. At high solute concentrations, fluorescence intensity becomes non-linear with respect to concentration due to self-absorption of the sca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gene symbols are italicised and all letters are in lowercase (shh). Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol, but are not italicised; the first letter is in uppercase and the remaining letters are in lowercase (Shh). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycomics is the comprehensive study of glycomes (the entire complement of sugars, whether free or present in more complex molecules of an organism), including genetic, physiologic, pathologic, and other aspects. Glycomics "is the systematic study of all glycan structures of a given cell type or organism" and is a subs... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The optimal defense hypothesis attempts to explain how the kinds of defenses a particular plant might use reflect the threats each individual plant faces. This model considers three main factors, namely: risk of attack, value of the plant part, and the cost of defense.
The first factor determining optimal defense is ri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1914, Polanyi wrote his first paper proposed on adsorption where he proposed a model for the adsorption of gas onto a solid surface. Afterwards, he published a fully developed paper in 1916, which included experimental verification by his students and other authors.
During his research in the University of Budapest,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A phagemid or phasmid is a DNA-based cloning vector, which has both bacteriophage and plasmid properties. These vectors carry, in addition to the origin of plasmid replication, an origin of replication derived from bacteriophage. Unlike commonly used plasmids, phagemid vectors differ by having the ability to be package... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tens of oligonucleotide probes are designed to be complementary to the RNA of interest. These oligos are labeled with biotin. Cells are cross-linked by UV or formalin and nuclei are isolated from these treated cells. The isolated nuclei were lysed and the released chromatin was fragmented by sonication to produce appro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An upstream open reading frame (uORF) is an open reading frame (ORF) within the 5 untranslated region (5UTR) of an mRNA. uORFs can regulate eukaryotic gene expression. Translation of the uORF typically inhibits downstream expression of the primary ORF. However, in some genes such as yeast GCN4, translation of specific ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Related to the Carothers equation are the following equations (for the simplest case of linear polymers formed from two monomers in equimolar quantities):
where:
:*X is the weight average degree of polymerization,
:*M is the number average molecular weight,
:*M is the weight average molecular weight,
:*M is the molecul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fatal infantile lactic acidosis: Defective SCS has been implicated as a cause of fatal infantile lactic acidosis, which is a disease in infants that is characterized by the build-up of toxic levels of lactic acid. The condition (when it is most severe) results in death usually within 2–4 days after birth. It has been ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
LEIS systems consist of the following:
# Ion Gun, used to direct a beam of ions at a target sample. An electron ionization ion source is typically used to ionize noble gas atoms such as He, Ne or Ar, while heating of wafers containing alkali atoms is used to create an alkali ion beam. The ions thus created hold a pos... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Vancomycin must be given intravenously (IV) for systemic therapy, since it is poorly absorbed from the intestine. It is a large hydrophilic molecule that partitions poorly across the gastrointestinal mucosa. Due to short half-life, it is often injected twice daily. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The advantage in atom economy of using NCAs for peptide formation is that there is no need for a protecting group on the functional group reacted with the amino acid. For example, the Merrifield synthesis depends on the use of Boc and Bzl protecting groups, which need be removed after the reaction. In the case of Baile... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In geometry, the mirror image of an object or two-dimensional figure is the virtual image formed by reflection in a plane mirror; it is of the same size as the original object, yet different, unless the object or figure has reflection symmetry (also known as a P-symmetry).
Two-dimensional mirror images can be seen in t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the brain and spinal cord. It is a clear fluid that provides a barrier to absorb shock and prevent injury to the brain. It is useful for diagnosing neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimers. There are various substances in the cerebrospinal fluid that can be measured including urea,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The insertion of carbon monoxide into a metal-carbon bond to form an acyl group is the basis of carbonylation reactions, which provides many commercially useful products. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Side effects of gestonorone caproate have been reported to include worsened glucose tolerance, decreased libido in men, and local injection site reactions such as irritation. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Phosphoric monoester hydrolases (or phosphomonoesterases) are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of O-P bonds by nucleophilic attack of phosphorus by cysteine residues or coordinated metal ions.
They are categorized with the EC number 3.1.3.
Examples include:
* acid phosphatase
* alkaline phosphatase
* fructose-bisp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To facilitate further preparation, the sawed specimen is usually embedded (or mounted or encapsulated) in a plastic disc, 25, 32 or 38 mm in diameter. A thermosetting solid resin, activated by heat and compression, e.g. mineral-filled epoxy, is best for most applications. A castable (liquid) resin such as unfilled epox... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Some manufacturers primarily produce left-hand drive vehicles, due to the larger or nearer market for such vehicles. For such models supplied to left-hand traffic markets, in the right-hand drive configuration, the manufacturer may reuse the same dashboard configuration as is used in the left-hand drive models, with th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Thermally enclosed spaces, including automobiles and greenhouses, are particularly susceptible to harmful temperature increases, especially during extreme weather. This is because of the heavy presence of windows, which are act as "transparent" to incoming solar radiation yet "opaque" to outgoing long-wave thermal radi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main factor affecting the formal (or apparent) reduction potentials in biochemical or biological processes is the pH. To determine approximate values of formal reduction potentials, neglecting in a first approach changes in activity coefficients due to ionic strength, the Nernst equation has to be applied taking c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inverse polymerase chain reaction (Inverse PCR) is a variant of the polymerase chain reaction that is used to amplify DNA with only one known sequence. One limitation of conventional PCR is that it requires primers complementary to both termini of the target DNA, but this method allows PCR to be carried out even if onl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta oxidation. In animal cells, the long fatty acids are converted to medium chain fatty acids, which are subsequently shuttled to mitochondria where they eventually are broken down to carbon dioxide and water. In yeast and plan... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If an inducer, a molecule that initiates the gene expression, is present, then it can interact with the repressor protein and detach it from the operator. RNA polymerase then can transcribe the message (expressing the gene). A co-repressor is a molecule that can bind to the repressor and make it bind to the operator ti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This technique has found applications in many different fields, from semiconductor physics to microelectronics and biology, from basic research to industrial applications. Ellipsometry is a very sensitive measurement technique and provides unequaled capabilities for thin film metrology. As an optical technique, spectr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Within the Earth's atmosphere and surface, the liquid phase is the most common and is the form that is generally denoted by the word "water". The solid phase of water is known as ice and commonly takes the structure of hard, amalgamated crystals, such as ice cubes, or loosely accumulated granular crystals, like snow. A... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*ATF1 NM_005171
*ATF2 NM_001880
*ATF4 Activating transcription factor 4 NM_001675
*ATF6 NM_007348
*ATF7 NM_001206682
*ATF7IP NM_018179
*BTF3 NM_001207 Homo sapiens basic transcription factor 3
*E2F4 Homo sapiens E2F transcription factor 4, p107/p130-binding (E2F4), mRNA
*ERH (gene) Enhancer of rudimentary homolog of d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Redlich–Kwong equation is formulated as:
where:
*p is the gas pressure
*R is the gas constant,
*T is temperature,
*V is the molar volume (V/n),
*a is a constant that corrects for attractive potential of molecules, and
*b is a constant that corrects for volume.
The constants are different depending on which gas is b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electronic components that require clear transparency for light to exit or enter (photovoltaic panels and sensors) can be potted using acrylic resins that are cured using UV energy. The advantages are low VOC emissions and rapid curing.
Certain inks, coatings, and adhesives are formulated with photoinitiators and resin... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The toxicity of palytoxin is due to its binding to external part of Na/K-ATPase (the sodium–potassium pump), where it interacts with the natural binding site of ouabain with very high affinity. Na/K-ATPase is a transmembrane protein, which is found on the surface of every vertebrate cell. The sodium–potassium pump is n... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In meteorology, mixing ratio usually refers to the mass ratio of water , which is defined as the mass of water divided by the mass of dry air () in a given air parcel:
The unit is typically given in . The definition is similar to that of specific humidity. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
By the late 1860s, Wislicenus devoted his research to organic chemistry. His work on the isomeric lactic acids from 1868 to 1872 resulted in the discovery of two substances with different physical properties but with an identical chemical structure. He called this difference "geometrical isomerism". He would later p... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Electrokinetic phenomena are a family of several different effects that occur in heterogeneous fluids, or in porous bodies filled with fluid, or in a fast flow over a flat surface. The term heterogeneous here means a fluid containing particles. Particles can be solid, liquid or gas bubbles with sizes on the scale of a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The condition on linearly independent translations means that there exist linearly independent vectors v and w (in R) such that the group contains both T and T.
The purpose of this condition is to distinguish wallpaper groups from frieze groups, which possess a translation but not two linearly independent ones, and fro... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are generally accepted rules and conventions used for naming genes in bacteria. Standards were proposed in 1966 by Demerec et al. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoacoustic spectroscopy has become a powerful technique to study concentrations of gases at the part per billion or even part per trillion levels. Modern photoacoustic detectors still rely on the same principles as Bell's apparatus; however, to increase the sensitivity, several modifications have been made.
Instead ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first law of thermodynamics states: In a process without transfer of matter, the change in internal energy, , of a thermodynamic system is equal to the energy gained as heat, , less the thermodynamic work, , done by the system on its surroundings.
where denotes the change in the internal energy of a closed system ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While the original Y2H system used a reconstituted transcription factor, other systems create enzymatic activities to detect PPIs. For instance, the KInase Substrate Sensor ("KISS"), is a mammalian two-hybrid approach has been designed to map intracellular PPIs. Here, a bait protein is fused to a kinase-containing por... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Monocytes / macrophages: the key chemokines that attract these cells to the site of inflammation include: CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13, CCL17 and CCL22.
*T-lymphocytes: the four key chemokines that are involved in the recruitment of T lymphocytes to the site of inflammation are: CCL2, CCL1, CCL22 and CCL17. Fur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The material was first described in 1908. The catalyst was developed in North America by Homer Burton Adkins and Wilbur Arthur Lazier, partly based on interrogation of German chemists after World War II in relation to the Fischer–Tropsch process. For this reason it is sometimes referred to as the Adkins catalyst or the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The notion of isomer also appears in other fields such as chemistry and meteorology. Therefore, in the first publications devoted to this effect the name nuclear isomeric shift on spectral lines was used. Before the discovery of the Mössbauer effect, the isomeric shift referred exclusively to atomic spectra; this expla... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Geometric Dynamic Recrystallization (GDR) is a recrystallization mechanism that has been proposed to occur in several alloys, particularly aluminium, at high temperatures and low strain rates. It is a variant of dynamic recrystallization.
The basic mechanism is that during deformation the grains will be increasingly fl... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The relative reducing and oxidizing natures of these photocatalysts can be understood by considering the ligands electronegativity and the catalyst complexs metal center. More electronegative metals and ligands can stabilize electrons better than their less electronegative counterparts. Therefore, complexes with more e... | 5 | Photochemistry |
All cloning vectors have features that allow a gene to be conveniently inserted into the vector or removed from it. This may be a multiple cloning site (MCS) or polylinker, which contains many unique restriction sites. The restriction sites in the MCS are first cleaved by restriction enzymes, then a PCR-amplified targ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Currently, CO capture uses mostly amine-based absorption technologies, which are energy intensive and solvent intensive. Volatile organic compounds alone in chemical processes represent a multibillion-dollar industry. Therefore, ionic liquids offer an alternative that prove attractive should their other deficiencies be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pioneer factors can also affect transcription and differentiation through the control of DNA methylation. Pioneer factors that bind to CpG islands and cytosine residues block access to methyltransferases. Many eukaryotic cells have CpG islands in their promoters that can be modified by methylation having adverse effe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kowalski was the founding editor of the Journal of Chemometics, the first issue of which came out in January 1987. The editorial of the first issue, written by Kowalski, Steven Brown and Bernard Vandeginst, explains that after 10 years of the founding of the field of chemometrics and 20 years of researchers actually do... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Biliproteins are pigment protein compounds that are located in photosynthesising organisms such as algae, and sometimes also in certain insects. They refer to any protein that contains a bilin chromophore. In plants and algae, the main function of biliproteins is to make the process of light accumulation required for p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the most commonly used practices to quantitate DNA or RNA is the use of spectrophotometric analysis using a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is able to determine the average concentrations of the nucleic acids DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity.
Spectrophotometric analysis is based on... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In genetics, DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) are regions of chromatin that are sensitive to cleavage by the DNase I enzyme. In these specific regions of the genome, chromatin has lost its condensed structure, exposing the DNA and making it accessible. This raises the availability of DNA to degradation by enzymes, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Antitranspirants are compounds applied to the leaves of plants to reduce transpiration. They are used on Christmas trees, on cut flowers, on newly transplanted shrubs, and in other applications to preserve and protect plants from drying out too quickly. They have also been used to protect leaves from salt burn and fu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome, which provide protection from chromosomal deterioration during DNA replication. Recent studies have shown that telomeres function to aid in its own stability. Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) are transcripts derived from telomeres. TERRA has bee... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A viruss host range determines which host it can acquire AMGs from. Additionally, the abundance of a host surrounding a virus will affect its likelihood to acquire genes from the host. Virus populations increasingly occupy lytic lifestyles as bacterial production increases. The strong evolutionary connection between vi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Before considering the propagation of action potentials along axons and their termination at the synaptic knobs, it is helpful to consider the methods by which action potentials can be initiated at the axon hillock. The basic requirement is that the membrane voltage at the hillock be raised above the threshold for firi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Azafullerenes are a class of heterofullerenes in which the element substituting for carbon is nitrogen. Examples include (biazafullerenyl), (diaza[60]fullerene), (triaza[60]fullerene) and . | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Eigen-Wilkins mechanism, named after chemists Manfred Eigen and R. G. Wilkins, is a mechanism and rate law in coordination chemistry governing associative substitution reactions of octahedral complexes. It was discovered for substitution by ammonia of a chromium-(III) hexaaqua complex. The key feature of the mechan... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde is formed by the condensation of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. This reaction, when conducted in the gas-phase, was the basis for a now obsolete industrial route acrolein:
:CHCHO + CHO → HOCHCHCHO
:HOCHCHCHO → CH=CHCHO + HO
Presently 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde is an intermediate in the pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alkoxides can be produced by several routes starting from an alcohol. Highly reducing metals react directly with alcohols to give the corresponding metal alkoxide. The alcohol serves as an acid, and hydrogen is produced as a by-product. A classic case is sodium methoxide produced by the addition of sodium metal to m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*National Academy of Medicine of Mexico
*New York Academy of Science
*University of Tel Aviv boardmember
*Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, board member | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The strip mill was a major innovation, with the first being erected at Ashland, Kentucky in 1923. This provided a continuous process, eliminating the need to pass the plates over the rolls and to double them. At the end the strip was cut with a guillotine shear or rolled into a coil. Early (hot rolling) strip mills ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Materials can be tested for the degree of flammability and combustibility in accordance with the German [http://www.din.de/ DIN] 4102. DIN 4102, as well as its British cousin [http://www.bsi-global.com/ BS] 476 include for testing of passive fire protection systems, as well as some of its constituent materials.
The fol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amino acids are designated either L or D depending on relative group arrangements around the stereogenic carbon center. L/D designations are not related to S/R absolute configurations. Only L configured amino acids are found in biological organisms. All amino acids except for L-cysteine have an S configuration and glyc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Boiling systems are those in which liquid coolant absorbs energy from a heated solid surface and undergoes a change in phase. In flow boiling systems, the saturated fluid progresses through a series of flow regimes as vapor quality is increased. In systems that utilize boiling, the heat transfer rate is significantly h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The yeast interactome, i.e. all protein–protein interactions among proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been estimated to contain between 10,000 and 30,000 interactions. A reasonable estimate may be on the order of 20,000 interactions. Larger estimates often include indirect or predicted interactions, often from a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a transition metal alkyne complex is a coordination compound containing one or more alkyne ligands. Such compounds are intermediates in many catalytic reactions that convert alkynes to other organic products, e.g. hydrogenation and trimerization. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lower alkyl tin compounds are often highly toxic and have penetrating odors. Tributyltin azide causes skin rashes, itching or blisters. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Factors affecting the rate of olefin insertions include the formation of the cyclic, planar, four-center transition state involving incipient formation of a bond between the metal and an olefin carbon. From this transition state, it can be seen that a partial positive charge forms on the β-carbon with a partial negativ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The zilch is often described in terms of the zilch tensor, . The latter can be expressed using the dual electromagnetic tensor as
The zilch tensor is symmetric under the exchange of its first two indices, and , while it is also traceless with respect to any two indices, as well as divergence-free with respect to any ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The mechanism for transition metal-catalyzed olefin metathesis has been widely researched over the past forty years. RCM undergoes a similar mechanistic pathway as other olefin metathesis reactions, such as cross metathesis (CM), ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), and acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET). Since... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Porous crystalline solids consist of secondary building units (SBUs) which assemble to form a periodic and porous framework. An almost infinite number of frameworks can be formed through various SBU combinations leading to unique material properties for applications in separations, storage, and heterogeneous catalysis.... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Dextromethorphan is the dextrorotatory enantiomer of levomethorphan, which is the methyl ether of levorphanol, both opioid analgesics. It is named according to IUPAC rules as (+)-3-methoxy-17-methyl-9α,13α,14α-morphinan. As its pure form, dextromethorphan occurs as an odorless, opalescent white powder. It is freely sol... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dicloxacillin is insensitive to beta-lactamase (also known as penicillinase) enzymes secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. The presence of the isoxazolyl group on the side chain of the penicillin nucleus facilitates the β-lactamase resistance, since they are relatively intolerant of side-chain steric hindranc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A common synthesis for porphyrins is the Rothemund reaction, first reported in 1936, which is also the basis for more recent methods described by Adler and Longo. The general scheme is a condensation and oxidation process starting with pyrrole and an aldehyde. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dry water was first patented in 1968 and quickly found use in the cosmetic industry. In 2006, new work with dry water from the University of Hull increased interest in its potential use in other fields.
Dry water can be made by blending a mixture of silicon dioxide dust with water. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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