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Application of this discharge are usually seen where production of filter cakes that blind the filter media thoroughly and processes that have low solid concentration slurry. Pre coat discharge is used if slurry with very low solid concentration slurry is used that resulted in difficult cake formation or if the slurry ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A seasonal dead zone exists in the central part of Lake Erie from east of Point Pelee to Long Point and stretches to shores in Canada and the United States. Between the months of July and October the dead zone has the ability to grow to the size of 10,000 square kilometers. Lake Erie has an excess of phosphorus due to ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In thermodynamics and chemical engineering, the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) describes the distribution of a chemical species between the vapor phase and a liquid phase.
The concentration of a vapor in contact with its liquid, especially at equilibrium, is often expressed in terms of vapor pressure, which will be a p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first benchtop detector was introduced in 2014 with detection capabilities between 120 - 240 nm. This portion of the ultraviolet spectrum had historically been restricted to bright source synchrotron facilities due to significant background absorption challenges inherent to working within the wavelength range. Furt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The research in his laboratory focuses on cardiovascular and systemic metabolism and particularly on signaling mechanisms that link cardiac stress in diabetes, sepsis and ischemia with altered myocardial fatty acid metabolism. His published work focuses on the transcriptional regulation of proteins that underlie lipopr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because pump–probe microscopy does not rely on fluorescent targets, the modality takes advantage of multiple different types of multiphoton absorption. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chromatography is a method chemists use to separate compounds. This type of filter paper has specific water flow rate and absorption speed to maximize the result of paper chromatography. The absorption speed of this type of filter paper is from 6 cm to 18 cm and the thickness is from 0.17 mm from 0.93 mm. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Folchs clinical training at university included a period as an intern in the surgical clinic of Dr. Antoni Trias and as the sole physician in Almedret, a small Catalan village of 800 people. By contrast, the basic sciences consisted mainly of lectures with little opportunity for hands-on laboratory experience. Folch wa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The complex changes that the Schwann cell undergoes during the process of myelination of peripheral nerve fibers have been observed and studied by many. The initial envelopment of the axon occurs without interruption along the entire extent of the Schwann cell. This process is sequenced by the in-folding of the Schwa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The variable parameter of greatest interest in reaction progress kinetic analysis is the excess (e) of one substrate over another, given in units of molarity. The initial concentrations of two species in a reaction may be defined by:
:[B] = [A] + e
and, assuming a one-to-one reaction stoichiometry, that excess of one s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, intramolecular describes a process or characteristic limited within the structure of a single molecule, a property or phenomenon limited to the extent of a single molecule. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An expression vector has features that any vector may have, such as an origin of replication, a selectable marker, and a suitable site for the insertion of a gene like the multiple cloning site. The cloned gene may be transferred from a specialized cloning vector to an expression vector, although it is possible to clon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first generation carcerands are based on calixarene hemicarcerands with 4 alkyl substituents on the upper rim and 4 reactive substituents on the lower rim. The coupling of both hemicarcerands takes place through a spacer group. In the original 1985 publication two different hemicarcerands react, one with chlorometh... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Compounds that contain C-O bonds each possess differing reactivity based upon the location and hybridization of the C-O bond, owing to the electron-withdrawing effect of sp-hybridized oxygen (carbonyl groups) and the donating effects of sp-hybridized oxygen (alcohol groups). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Various effects of heat on the freezing of water were described by ancient scientists, including Aristotle: "The fact that the water has previously been warmed contributes to its freezing quickly: for so it cools sooner. Hence many people, when they want to cool water quickly, begin by putting it in the sun." Aristotle... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Liden applied the HBV model to estimate the riverine transport of three different substances, nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended sediment in four different countries: Sweden, Estonia, Bolivia and Zimbabwe. The relation between internal hydrological model variables and nutrient transport was assessed. A model for nitrog... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Soil gases (soil atmosphere) are the gases found in the air space between soil components. The spaces between the solid soil particles, if they do not contain water, are filled with air. The primary soil gases are nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Oxygen is critical because it allows for respiration of both plant ro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
TI-1 antigens have an intrinsic B cell activating activity, that can directly cause proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes without T cell stimulation and independently of their BCR specificity. TI-1 antigens activate B-cells via Toll like receptors, which are expressed in humans on the surface of B lymphocy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This annex contains a list of elements by atomic number, giving the names and standard symbols of the chemical elements from atomic number 1 (hydrogen, H) to 109 (unnilennium, Une).
The list given in ISO 31-8:1992 was quoted from the 1998 IUPAC "Green Book" Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry and adds i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is believed that the enhanced concentration of hydroxyl present in irradiated water in the inner coolant loops of a light-water reactor must be taken into account when designing nuclear power plants, to prevent coolant loss resulting from corrosion. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Multiple-pass or long path absorption cells are commonly used in spectroscopy to measure low-concentration components or to observe weak spectra in gases or liquids. Several important advances were made in this area beginning in the 1930s, and research into a wide range of applications continues to the present day. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levosulpiride, sold under the brand name SULPEPTA , is a potent prokinetic agent of the benzamide class. It is a selective antagonist of the dopamine D receptors and 5HT4 Agonism on both central and peripheral nervous systems. Levosulpiride is claimed to have mood elevating properties.
Chemically, it is the (S)-(−)... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Indirect photocatalysis may occur via the production of a reactive species which then participates in another reaction. For example, photodegradation of certain compounds has been observed in the presence of kaolinite and montmorillonite, and this may proceed via the formation of reactive oxygen species at the surface ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
MLSS is responsible for removing the biochemical oxygen demand make-up of a large portion of the solids that are retained in the activated sludge process within the water treatment process. They are the "active" part of the activated sludge process. Mixed liquor suspended solids are the solids under aeration. MLSS is m... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The effects of a particular signal transduction pathway can be very different among distinct cell types. For example, the same signal transduction pathway may promote the survival of one cell type but the maturation of another. This depends both on the nature of a cell but also on its particular state which may change ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymer solutions are used in producing fibers, films, glues, lacquers, paints, and other items made of polymer materials. Thin layers of polymer solution can be used to produce light-emitting devices. Guar polymer solution gels can be used in hydraulic fracturing ("fracking"). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The phenotypic features of the skeletal muscle in a patient with this disorder are muscle glycogen depletion, mitochondrial proliferation, and a marked predominance of slow-twitch, oxidative muscle fibres. The mutations in the glycogenin-1 gene GYG1 are also a cause of cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Information from the British Drinking Water Inspectorate shows that drinking water in England is generally considered to be very hard, with most areas of England, particularly east of a line between the Severn and Tees estuaries, exhibiting above 200 ppm for the calcium carbonate equivalent. Water in London, for exampl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The term "remineralization" is used in several contexts across different disciplines. The term is most commonly used in the medicinal and physiological fields, where it describes the development or redevelopment of mineralized structures in organisms such as teeth or bone. In the field of biogeochemistry, however, remi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The fundamental difference between traditional cells and nanogap cells is their electric potential distribution. This is the premise of the "virtual breakdown" effect.
For electrochemical reactions with high-concentration electrolyte in the macrosystem, the Debye-length is quite small. Due to the screening effect almos... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Solid solution strengthening increases yield strength of the material by increasing the shear stress, , to move dislocations:
where c is the concentration of the solute atoms, G is the shear modulus, b is the magnitude of the Burger's vector, and is the lattice strain due to the solute. This is composed of two terms, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The synthesis of ionic carbonyl complexes is possible by oxidation or reduction of the neutral complexes. Anionic metal carbonylates can be obtained for example by reduction of dinuclear complexes with sodium. A familiar example is the sodium salt of iron tetracarbonylate (NaFe(CO), Collmans reagent'), which is used in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lithium is recommended for the treatment of schizophrenic disorders only after other antipsychotics have failed; it has limited effectiveness when used alone. The results of different clinical studies of the efficacy of combining lithium with antipsychotic therapy for treating schizophrenic disorders have varied. | 1 | Biochemistry |
18-Crown-6 binds to a variety of small cations, using all six oxygens as donor atoms. Crown ethers can be used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalysts. Salts which are normally insoluble in organic solvents are made soluble by crown ether. For example, potassium permanganate dissolves in benzene in the presence o... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Those who use lithium should receive regular serum level tests and should monitor thyroid and kidney function for abnormalities, as it interferes with the regulation of sodium and water levels in the body, and can cause dehydration. Dehydration, which is compounded by heat, can result in increasing lithium levels. The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are four typically Organic field-effect transistor architectures: Top-gate, bottom-contacts; bottom-gate, top-contacts; bottom-gate, bottom-contacts; top-gate, top-contact.
In order to create the accumulation charge layer, a positive/negative direct current voltage is applied to the gate of the organic field-effe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The permanganate index is an assessment of water quality. It involves the detection of oxidation by potassium permanganate in an acid medium under hot conditions.
The method is to heat a sample in a boiling water-bath with a known amount of potassium permanganate and sulphuric acid for a fixed period time (10 min). Par... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Using a light microscope, it is just barely possible to see tiny green granules—which were named grana. With electron microscopy, it became possible to see the thylakoid system in more detail, revealing it to consist of stacks of flat thylakoids which made up the grana, and long interconnecting stromal thylakoids which... | 5 | Photochemistry |
It was found that the stability of the complex of copper(II) with the macrocyclic ligand cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) was much greater than expected in comparison to the stability of the complex with the corresponding open-chain amine.
This phenomenon was named the macrocyclic effect and it was also inter... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Any non-racemic chiral substance is called scalemic. Scalemic materials can be enantiopure or enantioenriched.
* A chiral substance is enantiopure when only one of two possible enantiomers is present so that all molecules within a sample have the same chirality sense. Use of homochiral as a synonym is strongly discou... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Before 1918, many professionals and scientists using the metric system of units defined the standard reference conditions of temperature and pressure for expressing gas volumes as being and . During those same years, the most commonly used standard reference conditions for people using the imperial or U.S. customary s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polymers with an all-carbon backbone, such as polyolefins, are usually resistant to hydrolysis. Condensation polymers like polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes and polycarbonates can be degraded by hydrolysis of their carbonyl groups, to give lower molecular weight molecules. Such reactions are exceedingly slow at amb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
HEPPS (EPPS) is a buffering agent used in biology and biochemistry. The pKa of HEPPS is 8.00. It is ones of Good's buffers.
Research on mice with Alzheimers disease-like amyloid beta plaques has shown that HEPPS can cause the plaques to break up, reversing some of the symptoms in the mice. HEPPS was reported to dissoc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Laser power beaming was envisioned by some at NASA as a stepping stone to further industrialization of space. In the 1980s, researchers at NASA worked on the potential use of lasers for space-to-space power beaming, focusing primarily on the development of a solar-powered laser. In 1989, it was suggested that power cou... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A simple lipid is a fatty acid ester of different alcohols and carries no other substance. These lipids belong to a heterogeneous class of predominantly nonpolar compounds, mostly insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as chloroform and benzene.
"Simple lipid" can refer to many different type... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Lauritzen–Hoffman growth theory breaks the kinetics of polymer crystallization into ultimately two rates. The model breaks down into the addition of monomers onto a growing surface. This initial step is generally associated with the nucleation of the polymer. From there, the kinetics become the rate which the pol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Willauer attended Berry College in Georgia, graduating with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1996. In mid-1999 she participated in the 11th International Conference on Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, held in Gulf Shores, Alabama. In 2002, she earned a doctorate in analytical chemistry from the University ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In acid catalysis and base catalysis, a chemical reaction is catalyzed by an acid or a base. By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton (hydrogen ion, H) donor and the base is the proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are esterifications and aldol reactions. In these reactions,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfides are typically prepared by alkylation of thiols. Alkylating agents include not only alkyl halides, but also epoxides, aziridines, and Michael acceptors.
Such reactions are usually conducted in the presence of a base, which converts the thiol into the more nucleophilic thiolate. Analogously, the reaction of disu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fluxes have several serious drawbacks:
* Corrosivity, which is mostly due to the aggressive compounds of the activators; hygroscopic properties of the flux residues may aggravate the effects
* Interference with test equipment, which is due to the insulating residues deposited on the test contacts on electronic circuit ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As a society, there are certain steps we can take to ensure the minimization of eutrophication, thereby reducing its harmful effects on humans and other living organisms in order to sustain a healthy norm of living, some of which are as follows: | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Although the biosynthetic pathway of callystatin A has not been explicitly described, its polyketide structure indicates that the pathway must involve the polyketide synthase (PKS) enzyme complex. In general, in a modular fashion, an acetate starting unit in the loading module is extended by two carbons each time by th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Biomethylation is the pathway for converting some heavy elements into more mobile or more lethal derivatives that can enter the food chain. The biomethylation of arsenic compounds starts with the formation of methanearsonates. Thus, trivalent inorganic arsenic compounds are methylated to give methanearsonate. S-adenos... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are several differences in the regulation of metabolic control in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes vary the numbers of specific enzymes made in their cells in order to regulate gene expression, which is slow metabolic control, and also regulate enzymatic pathways through mechanisms such as feedback inhi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nuclear protein in testis gene (i.e. NUTM1 gene) encodes (i.e. directs the synthesis of) a 1,132-amino acid protein termed NUT that is expressed almost exclusively in the testes, ovaries, and ciliary ganglion (i.e. a parasympathetic ganglion of nerve cells located just behind the eye). NUT protein facilitates the a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An EOSFET or electrolyte–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor is a FET, like a MOSFET, but with an electrolyte solution replacing the metal for the detection of neuronal activity. Many EOSFETs are integrated in a neurochip. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The IIR holds international conferences and congresses on key themes which include:
* natural refrigerants
* the cold chain
* magnetic refrigeration
* cryogenics
* compressors
* phase-change materials and slurries
* thermophysical properties and transfer processes of refrigerants
* new technologies | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydroformylation of prochiral alkenes creates new stereocenters. Using chiral phosphine ligands, the hydroformylation can be tailored to favor one enantiomer. Thus, for example, dexibuprofen, the (+)−(S)-enantiomer of ibuprofen, can be produced by enantioselective hydroformylation followed by oxidation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
8-Hydroxyguanosine is an RNA nucleoside which is an oxidative derivative of guanosine. Measurement of the levels of 8-hydroxyguanosine is used as a biomarker of oxidative stress causing RNA damage. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mold cavity of a casting does not reflect the exact dimensions of the finished part due to a number of reasons. These modifications to the mold cavity are known as allowances and account for patternmaker's shrinkage, draft, machining, and distortion. In non-expendable processes, these allowances are imparted direct... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Carbon-carbon bond activation refers to the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in organic molecules. This process is an important tool in organic synthesis, as it allows for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds and the construction of complex organic molecules. However, C–C bond activation is challenging mainly for th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The process involves transesterification of sucrose and triglycerides under a basic condition at 90 °C. DMF was used as a solvent at first, but was later substituted with dimethyl sulfoxide or DMSO, which is less hazardous and cheaper. This process produces a mixture of sucrose monoesters and more substituted esters at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pseudogenes are mostly former genes that have become non-functional due to mutation but the term also refers to inactive DNA sequences that are derived from RNAs produced by functional genes (processed pseudogenes). Pseudogenes are only a small fraction of noncoding DNA in prokaryotic genomes because they are eliminate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polysome profiling is a technique in molecular biology that is used to study the association of mRNAs with ribosomes. It is important to note that this technique is different from ribosome profiling. Both techniques have been reviewed and both are used in analysis of the translatome, but the data they generate are at v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are also many other descriptive terms, often with very specialized usage and confined to specific taxonomic groups. The conspicuousness of veins depends on a number of features. These include the width of the veins, their prominence in relation to the lamina surface and the degree of opacity of the surface, which... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Initially, the presence of chlororespiration as a legitimate respiratory process in plants was heavily doubted. However, experimentation on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, discovered Plastoquinone (PQ) to be a redox carrier. The role of this redox carrier is to transport electrons from the NAD(P)H enzyme to oxygen molecules... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Protein NMR Spectroscopy : Principles and Practice (1995) John Cavanagh, Wayne J. Fairbrother, Arthur G. Palmer III, Nicholas J. Skelton, Academic Press | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The PageRank algorithm has several applications in biochemistry. ("PageRank" is an algorithm used in Google Search for ranking websites in their results, but it has been adopted for other purposes also. According to Google, PageRank works by "counting the number and quality of links to a page to determine a rough esti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A benzene solution of 1 eq of diethylaluminum chloride was added dropwise at 0° to a solution of 1 eq of lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide prepared in the usual fashion in benzene. The resulting slurry was stirred for 30 minutes and used immediately.
To a stirred mixture of 0.004 mol of diethylaluminum 2,2,6,6-tetr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Drug repurposing and chiral switches are part of the secondary pharmaceuticals strategy. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased drug repurposing and this approach suggests combining the two strategies for better results. This combination strategy is not new, but has not been intentional until now. The combination strategy... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
α- and β-amylases are important in brewing beer and liquor made from sugars derived from starch. In fermentation, yeast ingests sugars and excretes ethanol. In beer and some liquors, the sugars present at the beginning of fermentation have been produced by "mashing" grains or other starch sources (such as potatoes). ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1909, parents sent Alexander to P. N. Strakhovs private Moscow gymnasium, which he graduated with honors. In 1917, he entered the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Moscow University. There were no entrance exams due to the passage of the revolution. Studying in this difficult time requi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are several magazines and publications that cover topics directly related to the Chesapeake Bay and life and tourism within the Bay region:
*The Bay Journal provides environmental news for the Chesapeake Bay watershed region.
*Bay Weekly is the Chesapeake Bay region's independent newspaper.
*The Capital, a newspa... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
PGC-1α is thought to be a master integrator of external signals. It is known to be activated by a host of factors, including:
# Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, both formed endogenously in the cell as by-products of metabolism but upregulated during times of cellular stress.
#Fasting can also incr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*BAT1 aka DDX39B which is involved in RNA splicing
*BSG Basigin Immunoglobulin Superfamily, extracellular metalloproteinase
*MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
*TAPBP | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pulvermacher patented the chain battery in the US in 1853. This was soon followed by the wearable chain battery belt, or electric belt. Electric belts became enormously popular in the US, far more so than in Europe. This led to the company headquarters being moved to Cincinnati by the 1880s as the Pulvermacher Galva... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Incongruent transition, in chemistry, is a mass transition between two phases which involves a change in chemical composition. This is contrasted with congruent transition, for which the composition remains the same.
The transition may be that of melting, vaporization or allotropism. The concept is also often extende... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chiral column chromatography the stationary phase is made chiral with similar resolving agents as described above. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT1 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most commonly applied methods are MS and HPLC, in which the glycan part is cleaved either enzymatically or chemically from the target and subjected to analysis. In case of glycolipids, they can be analyzed directly without separation of the lipid component.
N-glycans from glycoproteins are analyzed routinely by hig... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fic-1 is the only Fic protein present in the genetic code of C. elegans. It is primarily found in the ER nuclear envelope of adult germline cells and embryotic cells, but small amounts may be found within the cytoplasm. This extra-ER pool of FICD-1s is credited with AMPylation of core histones and eEF1-A type translati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxhide ingots are heavy (20–30 kg) metal slabs, usually of copper but sometimes of tin, produced and widely distributed during the Mediterranean Late Bronze Age (LBA). Their shape resembles the hide of an ox with a protruding handle in each of the ingot’s four corners. Early thought was that each ingot was equivalent t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
All materials, even those not usually classified as adhesives, experience an attraction to other materials simply due to dispersion forces. In many situations, these attractions are trivial; however, dispersive adhesion plays a dominant role in various adhesive systems, especially when multiple forms of intermolecular ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In Arabidopsis, the protein DWF1 plays an enzymatic role in the biosynthesis of brassinosteroids, steroid hormones in plants that are required for growth. An interaction occurs between CaM and DWF1, and DWF1 being unable to bind CaM is unable to produce a regular growth phenotype in plants. Hence, CaM is essential for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms as well as causing damage to buildings and having impacts on human health. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Species community assemblages and changes therein can help researchers to infer changes in the health of an ecosystem. In typical unpolluted temperate streams of Europe and North America, certain insect taxa predominate. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), caddisflies (Trichoptera), and stoneflies (Plecoptera) are the most commo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Methylmercury (sometimes methyl mercury) is an organometallic cation with the formula . It is the simplest organomercury compound. Methylmercury is extremely toxic, and its derivatives are the major source of organic mercury for humans. It is a bioaccumulative environmental toxicant with a 50-day half-life. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the United Kingdom, the Hallmarking Act 1973 makes it an offence to describe as platinum, gold or silver an item which is not hallmarked as appropriate or exempt from hallmarking. In July 2009, following a proposal by the British Hallmarking Council, an amendment to the Act also brought palladium under the hallmarki... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America is the extraction, purification and alloying of metals and metal crafting by Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to European contact in the late 15th century. Indigenous Americans had been using native metals from ancient times, with recent finds of gold artifacts in the Andean ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cram described the interior of the container compound as the inner phase in which radically different reactivity was observed. He used a hemicarcerand to isolate highly unstable, antiaromatic cyclobutadiene at room temperature. The hemicarcerand stabilizes guests within its cavity by preventing their reaction with othe... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Alkenes undergo "hydroesterification" in the presence of metal carbonyl catalysts. Esters of propanoic acid are produced commercially by this method:
A preparation of methyl propionate is one illustrative example.
The carbonylation of methanol yields methyl formate, which is the main commercial source of formic acid. ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hassan Naim is a Lebanese-Swiss biochemist. He currently holds the position of Director of the "Institut für Physiologische Chemie" (Institute for Physiological Chemistry/Biochemistry) at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, while collaborating regularly with the University of Hannover. | 1 | Biochemistry |
*3.A.1 ABC transporters including BtuCD, molybdate uptake transporter, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and others
*3.A.2 The H- or Na-translocating F-type ATPase, V-type ATPase and A-type ATPase superfamily
*3.A.3 The P-type ATPase Superfamily
*3.A.4 The Arsenite-Antimonite efflux family
*3.A.5 Gene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
During manufacture, hydrogen can be dissolved into the component by processes such as phosphating, pickling, electroplating, casting, carbonizing, surface cleaning, electrochemical machining, welding, hot roll forming, and heat treatments.
During service use, hydrogen can be dissolved into the metal from wet corrosion ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Meprin A (, endopeptidase-2, meprin-a, meprin, N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid hydrolase, PABA-peptide hydrolase, PPH) is an enzyme that cleaves protein and peptide substrates preferentially on carboxyl side of hydrophobic residues. This metalloprotease can be associated with inflammatory responses. It can be f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In about 50 BCE, the Roman philosopher Lucretius proposed that apparently static macroscopic bodies were composed on a small scale of rapidly moving atoms all bouncing off each other. This Epicurean atomistic point of view was rarely considered in the subsequent centuries, when Aristotlean ideas were dominant.
In 1738 ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Research at the University of California Irvine showed the ability of vanadium nitrogenase to convert carbon monoxide into trace amounts of propane, ethylene, and ethane in the absence of nitrogen through the reduction of carbon monoxide by dithionite and ATP hydrolysis . The process of forming these hydrocarbons is ca... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
1968 – Ralph E. Grim<br />
1969 – C. S. Ross<br />
1970 – Paul F. Kerr<br />
1971 – Walter D. Keller<br />
1972 – G. W. Brindley<br />
1975 – William F. Bradley<br />
1975 – Sturges W. Bailey<br />
1975 – Jose J. Fripiat<br />
1977 – M. L. Jackson<br />
1979 – Toshio Sudo<br />
1980 – Haydn H. Murray<br />
1984 – C. Ed... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The optical band gap (see below) determines what portion of the solar spectrum a photovoltaic cell absorbs. Strictly, a semiconductor will not absorb photons of energy less than the band gap; whereas most of the photons with energies exceeding the band gap will generate heat. Neither of them contribute to the efficien... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, bifunctionality or difunctionality is the presence of two functional groups in a molecule. A bifunctional species has the properties of each of the two types of functional groups, such as an alcohol (), amide (), aldehyde (), nitrile () or carboxylic acid (). Many bifunctional species are used to produce ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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