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An experiment observing chilling stress on the tropical plant species, Spathiphyllum wallisii by scientists Maria Segura and Maria Quiles, showcased varying responses by chlororespiratory pathways when different parts of the plant were chilled at 10 degrees Celsius.
Segura and Quiles noticed that when the roots of the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the context of pharmacodynamics (how the drug affects the body), the hydrophobic effect is the major driving force for the binding of drugs to their receptor targets. On the other hand, hydrophobic drugs tend to be more toxic because they, in general, are retained longer, have a wider distribution within the body (e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In this shuttle, the enzyme called cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1 or cGPD) converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate (2) to glycerol 3-phosphate (1) by oxidizing one molecule of NADH to NAD as in the following reaction:
Glycerol-3-phosphate is converted back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by an inner m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acetone (propanone) is the simplest ketone and is separated into three groups in the Joback method: two methyl groups (−CH) and one ketone group (C=O). Since the methyl group is present twice, its contributions have to be added twice. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This involves sampling direct onto the focusing trap of the thermal desorber. It is generally used for situations where the analytes are too volatile to be retained on sorbent tubes.
*Bags – Commonly known as Tedlar bags, these are made from poly(vinyl fluoride) film.
*Canisters – These are available in a range of size... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When drugs are covered under patent protection, only the pharmaceutical company that holds the patent is allowed to manufacture, market, and eventually profit from them. The lifetime of the patent varies between countries and also between drugs; in the United States, most drug patents last about twenty years. Once the ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For smaller, mesoscopic, systems (for example, with only thousands of particles), the ground state term can be more explicitly approximated by adding in an actual discrete level at energy ε=0 in the grand potential:
which gives instead . Now, the behaviour is smooth when crossing the critical temperature, and z approac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polyfluorenes often show both excimer and aggregate formation upon thermal annealing or when current is passed through them. Excimer formation involves the generation of dimerized units of the polymer which emit light at lower energies than the polymer itself. This hinders the use of polyfluorenes for most applications... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In lactic acid fermentation, each pyruvate molecule is directly reduced by NADH. The only byproduct from this type of fermentation is lactate. Lactic acid fermentation is used by human muscle cells as a means of generating ATP during strenuous exercise where oxygen consumption is higher than the supplied oxygen. As thi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this assay the genome is digested by DpnI, which cuts only methylated GATCs. Double-stranded adapters with a known sequence are then ligated to the ends generated by DpnI. Ligation products are then digested by DpnII. This enzyme cuts non-methylated GATCs, ensuring that only fragments flanked by consecutive methylat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A superhelix is a molecular structure in which a helix is itself coiled into a helix. This is significant to both proteins and genetic material, such as overwound circular DNA.
The earliest significant reference in molecular biology is from 1971, by F. B. Fuller:
About the writhing number, mathematician W. F. Pohl says... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Jung et al. also describe a molecular mechanism for fibrinogen displacement involving pH cycling. Here the αC domains of fibrinogen change charge after pH cycling which results in conformational changes to the protein that leads to stronger interactions with the protein and the biomaterial. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In contrast to retrotransposons, retroposons never encode reverse transcriptase (RT) (but see below). Therefore, they are non-autonomous elements with regard to transposition activity (as opposed to transposons).
Non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons such as the human LINE1 elements are sometimes falsely refe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This protein is a member of a RNA-binding protein family that regulates transcription and RNA translation. It was first identified in cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. TIA1 acts in the nucleus to regulate splicing and transcription. TIA1 helps to recruit the splicesome to regulate RNA splicing, and it inhibits t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Planck distribution can be used to find the spectral emissive power of a blackbody, as follows,
The total emissive power of a blackbody is then calculated as,The solution of the above integral yields a remarkably elegant equation for the total emissive power of a blackbody, the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which is given... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Further muscle development (especially upper body)
* Increased sweat and changes in body odor
* Prominence of veins and coarser skin
* Alterations in blood lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides)
* Increased red blood cell count | 1 | Biochemistry |
Saturated vapor pressure, <br>
Actual vapor pressure,
: here e[T] is vapor pressure as a function of temperature, T.
::T = the dewpoint temperature at which water condenses.
::T = the temperature of a wet thermometer bulb from which water can evaporate to air.
::T = the temperature of a dry thermometer bulb in air. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Her research involves structural characterization of biopolymers using mass spectrometry-based techniques, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aquatic organic matter can be further divided into two components: (1) dissolved organic matter (DOM), measured as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) or dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and (2) particulate organic matter (POM). They are typically differentiated by that which can pass through a 0.45 micrometre filte... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phred is often used together with another software program called Phrap, which is a program for DNA sequence assembly. Phrap was routinely used in some of the largest sequencing projects in the Human Genome Sequencing Project and is currently one of the most widely used DNA sequence assembly programs in the biotech ind... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alcohols are then classified into primary, secondary (sec-, s-), and tertiary (tert-, t-), based upon the number of carbon atoms connected to the carbon atom that bears the hydroxyl functional group. (The respective numeric shorthands 1°, 2°, and 3° are sometimes used in informal settings.) The primary alcohols have ge... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, the spontaneity of a process only determines whether or not a process can occur and makes no indication as to whether or not the process will occur. In other words, spontaneity is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a process to actually occur. Furthermore, spontaneity makes no implication as to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While null in comparison to the concentrations found in indoor air, benzene, toluene, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) were found in samples of human milk and increase the concentrations of VOCs that we are exposed to throughout the day. A study notes the difference between VOCs in alveolar breath and inspired air su... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Structural considerations play an important role in the proper design of copper applications. The primary concern is about thermal effects: movement and stresses related to temperature variations. Thermal effects can be accommodated by preventing movement and resisting cumulative stresses or by allowing movement at pre... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For the 3D uniform Fermi gas, with fermions of spin-½, the number of particles as a function of the energy is obtained by substituting the Fermi energy by a variable energy :
from which the density of states (number of energy states per energy per volume) can be obtained. It can be calculated by differentiating the n... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A V0-morph is an organism whose surface area remains constant as the organism grows.
The reason why the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. The surface area that is of importance is that part ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
William H. Peirce (died 1944) was an American civil engineer and metallurgist, who pioneered copper production in the early 20th century. Among his achievements was the , invented with Elias Anton Cappelen Smith. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Contract research organizations (CROs) provide services to the life science industries along product development. There are more than 2000 CROs operating worldwide, representing revenues of more than $20 billion. One distinguishes between "Product" and "Patient" CROs. Whereas the production sites of CMOs are multipurpo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a transition metal alkene complex is a coordination compound containing one or more alkene ligands. The inventory is large. Such compounds are intermediates in many catalytic reactions that convert alkenes to other organic products. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
3D optical data storage is any form of optical data storage in which information can be recorded or read with three-dimensional resolution (as opposed to the two-dimensional resolution afforded, for example, by CD).
This innovation has the potential to provide petabyte-level mass storage on DVD-sized discs (120mm). Dat... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The intramolecular Heck reaction (IMHR) in chemistry is the coupling of an aryl or alkenyl halide with an alkene in the same molecule. The reaction may be used to produce carbocyclic or heterocyclic organic compounds with a variety of ring sizes. Chiral palladium complexes can be used to synthesize chiral intramolecula... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chemiluminescence is the emission of light by a chemical reaction. Some enzyme reactions produce light and this can be measured to detect product formation. These types of assay can be extremely sensitive, since the light produced can be captured by photographic film over days or weeks, but can be hard to quantify, bec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency has published pollution control regulations for smelters.
* Air pollution standards under the Clean Air Act
* Water pollution standards (effluent guidelines) under the Clean Water Act.
The RMI Conformant Smelter Program
As conflict mineral use grows, numerous in... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Non-lytic insect cell expression is an alternative to the lytic baculovirus expression system. In non-lytic expression, vectors are transiently or stably transfected into the chromosomal DNA of insect cells for subsequent gene expression. This is followed by selection and screening of recombinant clones. The non-lytic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluorenylidene reacts with olefins as predicted by the Skell-Woodworth rules. The stereochemistry of cycloaddition products depends on the relative rates of cyclopropanation (or other reactions) and intersystem crossing. Stabilization of specific spin states, and, by extension, increased stereospecificity can be achiev... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Regurgitation has been mentioned above under abomasum and crop, referring to crop milk, a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation.
Many sharks have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and evert it out of their mouths in order to get r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine is a metabolite in the purine metabolism, formed by the hydrolysis of GTP by GTP cyclohydrolase II. Alternatively two separate enzymes can carry out this reaction, initially GTP cyclohydrolase IIa hydrolyses the 8,9 bond to form 2-Amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phosph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The NDUFAF6 gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 8 in position 22.1 and spans 222,728 base pairs. The gene produces a 38.2 kDa protein composed of 333 amino acids. The protein contains a predicted phytoene synthase domain. | 1 | Biochemistry |
NBS can α-brominate carbonyl derivatives via either a radical pathway (as above) or via acid-catalysis. For example, hexanoyl chloride 1 can be brominated in the alpha-position by NBS using acid catalysis.
The reaction of enolates, enol ethers, or enol acetates with NBS is the preferred method of α-bromination as it is... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Early efforts to use rule-based modeling in simulation of biochemical systems include the stochastic simulation systems StochSim
A widely used tool for rule-based modeling of biochemical networks is BioNetGen It is released under the GNU GPL, version 3. BioNetGen includes a language to describe chemical substances, in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While the romantic picture of gold mining focuses on nuggets, the reality is that gold is typically recovered from ores containing >10 ppm of the metal. Thus, the main challenge is concentrating this trace amount. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The second analysis, taking into account the measured Faraday efficiency, yielded an actual excess heat of 0.13% +/- 0.48%. In other words, when the actual Faraday efficiency was measured and taken into account, the energy balance of the cells was zero, with no excess heat. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to the above-mentioned classification based on energy, muon beams are also divided according to the time structure of the particle accelerator, i.e. continuous or pulsed.
For continuous muon sources no dominating time structure is present. By selecting an appropriate incoming muon rate, muons are implanted ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In any forced convection situation, some amount of natural convection is always present whenever there are gravitational forces present (i.e., unless the system is in an inertial frame or free-fall). When the natural convection is not negligible, such flows are typically referred to as mixed convection. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Evergreening refers to the various strategies whereby owners (innovators/sponsors) of pharmaceutical products use patent laws and minor drug modifications to extend their monopoly privileges on the drug. An enantiomer patent is another form of evergreening based on a chiral switch strategy. Single-enantiomer drugs re... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dephosphorylation can play a key role in molecular biology, particularly cloning using restriction enzymes. The cut ends of a vector may re-ligate during a ligation step due to phosphorylation. By using a desphosphorylating phosphatase, re-ligation can be avoided. Alkaline phosphatases, which remove the phosphate group... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) is a metalloprotein made in the laboratory which cannot be found in the nature and can catalyze certain desired chemical reactions. Despite fitting into classical enzyme categories, ArMs also have potential in chemical reactivity like catalyzing Suzuki coupling, metathesis and so on, w... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Large aggregates can become anoxic which gives rise to anaerobic metabolisms. Typically anaerobic metabolisms are confined to areas where it is more energetically favorable. Given the abundance of denitrifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria, it is thought that these metabolisms are able to thrive within marine snow aggr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
PDE3 is a phosphodiesterase. The PDEs belong to at least eleven related gene families, which are different in their primary structure, substrate affinity, responses to effectors, and regulation mechanism.
Most of the PDE families are composed of more than one gene. PDE3 is clinically significant because of its role in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Staying in the U.S., Cheon was a postdoc in the University of California Berkeley. For the next three years, he was a staff research associate at UCLA before returning to Korea to work as an assistant and then associate professor at KAIST. His research at KAIST focused on geometrical shape control of nanoparticles and ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The site was occupied by the pre-Roman Britons, likely as part of an iron working industry. It was continually occupied throughout the Roman era, and the scale of industrial activity increased over the period. It is clear that there was a focus of settlement activity near Bromsash, but the area appears to some archae... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Heart rate is determined by the medulla oblongata and part of the pons, two organs located inferior to the hypothalamus on the brain stem. Heart rate is important for basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate because it drives the blood supply, stimulating the Krebs cycle. During exercise that achieves the anaero... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The exact mechanism of the enhancement effect of SERS is still a matter of debate in the literature. There are two primary theories and while their mechanisms differ substantially, distinguishing them experimentally has not been straightforward. The electromagnetic theory proposes the excitation of localized surface pl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The prefix E/Z- can be used to indicate uncertainty in the E or Z isomers for an ene bond. For graphical representations, wavy single bonds are the standard way to represent unknown or unspecified stereochemistry or a mixture of isomers (as with tetrahedral stereocenters). A crossed double-bond has been used sometimes;... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Estradiol with levonorgestrel in the form of a skin patch is used under the brand name Climara Pro for hormone replacement therapy in postmenstrual women, treating symptoms such as hot flashes or osteoporosis. The simultaneous delivery of a progestogen such as levonorgestrel is necessary for the protection of the endom... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
LHCGR have been found in many types of extragonadal tissues, and the physiologic role of some has remained largely unexplored. Thus receptors have been found in the uterus, sperm, seminal vesicles, prostate, skin, breast, adrenals, thyroid, neural retina, neuroendocrine cells, and (rat) brain. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sel gris (pl. sels gris, "gray salt" in French) is a coarse granular sea salt popularized by the French.
Sel gris comes from the same solar evaporation salt pans as fleur de sel but is harvested differently; it is allowed to come into contact with the bottom of the salt pan before being raked, hence its gray color. Sel... | 9 | Geochemistry |
α-Ketoisovalerate undergoes hydroxymethylation to give ketopantoate:
:(CH)CHC(O)CO + CHO → HOCH(CH)CC(O)CO
This conversion is catalyzed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase.
Like many α-ketoacids, α-ketoisovaleric acid is prone to decarboxylation to give isobutyraldehyde:
:(CH)CHC(O)COH → (CH)CHCHO + CO
Genet... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The -(+)-tartaric acid isomer of tartaric acid is industrially produced in the largest amounts. It is obtained from lees, a solid byproduct of fermentations. The former byproducts mostly consist of potassium bitartrate (KHCHO). This potassium salt is converted to calcium tartrate (CaCHO) upon treatment with calcium hyd... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The discovery of the perfect liquid was a turning point in physics. Experiments at RHIC have revealed a wealth of information about this remarkable substance, which we now know to be a QGP. Nuclear matter at "room temperature" is known to behave like a superfluid. When heated the nuclear fluid evaporates and turns into... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Using a thin coat of polish can prevent tarnish from forming over these metals. Tarnish can be removed by using steel wool, sandpaper, emery paper, baking soda or a file to rub or polish the metal's dull surface. Fine objects (such as silverware) may have the tarnish electrochemically reversed (non-destructively) by r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Amino acids can also be classified according to how many different amino acids they can be exchanged by through single nucleotide substitution.
* Typical amino acids - there are several other amino acids which they can change into through single nucleotide substitution. Typical amino acids and their alternatives usuall... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A sample is continuously extracted from the gas stream being monitored using a titanium probe, which is water-cooled to below 70 °C. The sample flow rate is automatically adjusted to ensure isokinetic sampling (the velocity of gas entering the sampling system is equal to the velocity of the gas in the system under test... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria are a very large and diverse phylum of photosynthetic prokaryotes. They are defined by their unique combination of pigments and their ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. They often live in colonial aggregates that can take on a multitude of forms. Of particular interest are the filamentous species... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Petrochemical industry typically encounters aggressive corrosive media. These include sulfides and high temperatures. Corrosion control and solutions are thus necessary for the world economy. Scale formation in injection water presents its own problems with regard to corrosion and thus for the corrosion engineer. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The active site of malate dehydrogenase is a hydrophobic cavity within the protein complex that has specific binding sites for the substrate and its coenzyme, NAD. In its active state, MDH undergoes a conformational change that encloses the substrate to minimize solvent exposure and to position key residues in closer p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The LysRS-ApA-MITF signaling pathway was first discovered in mast cells, in which, the A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is activated upon allergen stimulation. The binding of immunoglobulin E to the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) provides the stimulus that starts the cascade.
Lysyl-tRNA synthetase ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mefloquine was formulated at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) in the 1970s shortly after the end of the Vietnam war. Mefloquine was number 142,490 of a total of 250,000 antimalarial compounds screened during the study.
Mefloquine was the first Public-Private Venture (PPV) between the US Department of Defe... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
After the electron has left Photosystem II it is transferred to a cytochrome b6f complex and then to plastocyanin, a blue copper protein and electron carrier. The plastocyanin complex carries the electron that will neutralize the pair in the next reaction center, Photosystem I.
As with Photosystem II and the bacterial ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cell-free production of proteins is performed in vitro using purified RNA polymerase, ribosomes, tRNA and ribonucleotides. These reagents may be produced by extraction from cells or from a cell-based expression system. Due to the low expression levels and high cost of cell-free systems, cell-based systems are more wide... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first nucleotide to be expanded was the purine adenine. Nelson J. Leonard and colleagues synthesized this original x-nucleotide, which was referred to as "expanded adenine". xA was used as a probe in the investigation of active sites of ATP-dependent enzymes, more specifically what modifications the substrate could... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The primary translation product of SFRP1 contains an atypical signaling sequence, where a chain of 15 hydrophilic amino acids precede the hydrophobic domain. Looking at 7 tumors without the truncating mutation, the retained SFRP1 allele contained an in-frame three-base insertion after nucleotide 37. This is thought t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gene expression and RNA quantification studies have benefited from the increased precision and absolute quantification of dPCR. RNA quantification can be accomplished via RT-PCR, wherein RNA is reverse-transcribed into cDNA in the partitioned reaction itself, and the number of RNA molecules originating from each transc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
E. coli - Ecotin - EIF-W2 protein domain - electrophoresis - electroporation - ELFV dehydrogenase - Ellis–van Creveld syndrome - end labeling - endonuclease - enhancer - enterobacter ribonuclease - enzyme - epitope - ethidium bromide - evolutionary clock - evolutionary footprinting - exon - exonuclease - exosome comple... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eigen and Rigler first introduced the fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) method in 1994. Later, in 1997, Schwille experimentally implemented this method. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The daily light integral (DLI) is the number of photosynthetically active photons (photons in the PAR range) accumulated in a square meter over the course of a day. It is a function of photosynthetic light intensity and duration (day length) and is usually expressed as moles of light (mol photons) per square meter (m) ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Textbooks in physical chemistry generally give two derivations of the title equation. One is the conventional derivation that goes back to Van der Waals, a mechanical equation of state that cannot be used to specify all thermodynamic functions; the other is a statistical mechanics derivation that makes explicit the int... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Ramsauer–Townsend effect, also sometimes called the Ramsauer effect or the Townsend effect, is a physical phenomenon involving the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms of a noble gas. This effect is a result of quantum mechanics. The effect is named for Carl Ramsauer and John Sealy Townsend, who each indepen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Farther from the sun, the temperature was low enough that volatile elements would precipitate as ices. The two are separated by a snow line controlled by the temperature distribution around the Sun.
Formed farthest from the sun, the carbonaceous chondrites have the highest K/U ratios. Ordinary chondrites which form clo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Isotopic ratio relative to each component in the system, each with its isotopic expression, with respect to the concentration of its most abundant isotopologue | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The primary limitations of TMM cycloadditions employing diazenes are competitive MCP and dimer formation. To circumvent these problems, either very high concentrations of alkene must be used or the cycloaddition must be intramolecular. Stereoselectivity and site selectivity may also be higher in intramolecular variants... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A number of other unexpected applications have been identified in the last few years, mostly in multiferroic bismuth ferrite, that do not seem to be directly related to the coupled magnetism and ferroelectricity. These include a photovoltaic effect, photocatalysis, and gas sensing behaviour. It is likely that the comb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The operon must respond to changes in the metabolic state of the cell. It is subject to growth rate dependent control, stringent control (control during the various stresses the cell is exposed to) and other forms of control. Hence it stops biosynthesis if guanine can be obtained from the external medium, increases it... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several parameters to consider for optimization of binding-induced electrochemical signal gain. The aptamer probe packing density, the nature of the self-assembling monolayer, and the ACV frequency are factors that affect detecting and measuring of signal. Two main factors are considered when fabricating the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Periphyton communities are used in aquaculture food production systems for the removal of solid and dissolved pollutants. Their performance in filtration is established and their application as aquacultural feed is being researched.
Periphyton serves as an indicator of water quality because:
:*It has a naturally high n... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Electric sonic amplitude was experimentally discovered by Cannon with co-authors in early 1980s. It is also widely used for characterizing ζ-potential in dispersions and emulsions. There is review of this effect theory, experimental verification and multiple applications published by Hunter. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Biuret reagent is made of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrated copper(II) sulfate, together with potassium sodium tartrate, the latter of which is added to chelate and thus stabilize the cupric ions. The reaction of the cupric ions with the nitrogen atoms involved in peptide bonds leads to the displacement of the p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Solder is a metallic material that is used to connect metal workpieces. The choice of specific solder alloys depends on their melting point, chemical reactivity, mechanical properties, toxicity, and other properties. Hence a wide range of solder alloys exist, and only major ones are listed below. Since early 2000s the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The current interest in nontraditional methods for the generation of hydrogen has prompted a revisit of radiolytic splitting of water, where the interaction of various types of ionizing radiation (α, β, and γ) with water produces molecular hydrogen. This reevaluation was further prompted by the current availability of ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
To explain each part of the terminology, "scattering" refers to the deflection of leptons' (electron, muon, etc.) off of hadrons. Measuring the angles of deflection gives information about the nature of the process. "Inelastic" means that the target absorbs some kinetic energy. In fact, at the very high energies of lep... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) structures were studied using both photo-methionine (photo-activatable) and bifunctional cross linkers. Photo-methionine used in COX-2 had shown just as the bifunctional cross-linker that there was a dimeric structure which this was consistent... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A chirality center (chiral center) is a type of stereocenter. A chirality center is defined as an atom holding a set of four different ligands (atoms or groups of atoms) in a spatial arrangement which is non-superposable on its mirror image. Chirality centers must be sp hybridized, meaning that a chirality center can o... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*G are involved in Rho family GTPase signaling (see Rho family of GTPases). This is through the RhoGEF superfamily involving the RhoGEF domain of the proteins' structures). These are involved in control of cell cytoskeleton remodeling, and thus in regulating cell migration. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once the initiation complex is open, the first ribonucleotide is brought into the active site to initiate the polymerization reaction in the absence of a primer. This generates a nascent RNA chain that forms a hetero-duplex with the template DNA strand. However, before entering the elongation phase, polymerase may term... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The BCA assay is largely incompatible with reducing agents and metal chelators, although trace quantities may be tolerated. The BCA assay also reportedly responds to common membrane lipids and phospholipids. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Monochromators are often calibrated in units of wavelength. Uniform rotation of a grating produces a sinusoidal change in wavelength, which is approximately linear for small grating angles, so such an instrument is easy to build. Many of the underlying physical phenomena being studied are linear in energy though, and s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyanate esters can be cured and postcured by heating, either alone at elevated temperatures or at lower temperatures in presence of a suitable catalyst. The most common catalysts are transition metal complexes of cobalt, copper, manganese and zinc. The result is a thermoset material with a very high glass-transition te... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reaction centers are present in all green plants, algae, and many bacteria. A variety in light-harvesting complexes exist across the photosynthetic species. Green plants and algae have two different types of reaction centers that are part of larger supercomplexes known as P700 in Photosystem I and P680 in Photosystem I... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In physics, optical depth or optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material.
Thus, the larger the optical depth, the smaller the amount of transmitted radiant power through the material.
Spectral optical depth or spectral optical thickness is the nat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some catalysts operate by "outer sphere mechanisms" such that the substrate never bonds directly to the metal but rather interacts with its ligands, which is often a metal hydride and a protic hydrogen on a ligand. As such, in most cases dihydrogen is split heterolytically, with the metal acting as a Lewis acid and eit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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