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The most widely used electrode is the glass electrode, which is selective for the hydrogen ion. This is suitable for all acid–base equilibria. values between about 2 and 11 can be measured directly by potentiometric titration using a glass electrode. This enormous range of stability constant values (ca. 100 to 10) is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In one study, the human health and environmental costs due to pesticides in the United States was estimated to be $9.6 billion: offset by about $40 billion in increased agricultural production.
Additional costs include the registration process and the cost of purchasing pesticides: which are typically borne by agrichem... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Joback method uses a four-parameter polynomial to describe the temperature dependency of the ideal-gas heat capacity. These parameters are valid from 273 K to about 1000 K. But you are able to extend it to 1500K if you don't mind a bit of uncertainty here and there. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
GPR126 is necessary for Schwann cell myelination. Knockouts of this adhesion GPCR in both Danio rerio and Mus musculus result in an arrest at the promyelinating stage. Schwann cells arise from the neural crest, which migrates to peripheral nerves to form either myelinating or non-myelinating cells. In GPR126 knockouts... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DAVID (the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery) is a free online bioinformatics resource developed by the Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics ([https://david.ncifcrf.gov/content.jsp?file=about_us.html LHRI]). All tools in the DAVID Bioinformatics Resources aim to provide ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In magnetic spectroscopy (EPR, NMR), a microwave pulse (EPR) or a radio frequency pulse (NMR) in a strong ambient magnetic field is used as the energizing event. This turns the magnetic particles at an angle to the ambient field, resulting in gyration. The gyrating spins then induce a periodic current in a detector c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Structurally, sea foam is thermodynamically unstable, though some sea foam can persist in the environment for several days at most. There are two types of sea foam categorized based on their stability: 1) Unstable or transient foams have very short lifetimes of only seconds. The bubbles formed in sea foam may burst rel... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Cobalt(II) thiocyanate is an inorganic compound with the formula Co(SCN). The anhydrous compound is a coordination polymer with a layered structure. The trihydrate, Co(SCN)(HO), is a isothiocyanate complex used in the cobalt thiocyanate test (or Scott test) for detecting cocaine. The test has been responsible for wides... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are an enormous number of different ways in which a chain can be curled around in a relatively compact shape, like an unraveling ball of twine with much open space, and comparatively few ways it can be more or less stretched out. So, if each conformation has an equal probability or statistical weight, chains are ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The African crested rat (Lophiomys imhausi) has a broad, white-bordered strip of hairs covering an area of glandular skin on the flank. When the animal is threatened or excited, the mane on its back erects and this flank strip parts, exposing the glandular area. The hairs in this flank area are highly specialised; at ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Diatomic elements played an important role in the elucidation of the concepts of element, atom, and molecule in the 19th century, because some of the most common elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, occur as diatomic molecules. John Daltons original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Charlotte Fitch Roberts (February 13, 1859 – December 5, 1917) was an American chemist best known for her work on stereochemistry. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Clinker is a generic name given to waste from industrial processes, particularly those that involve smelting metals, welding, burning fossil fuels and use of a blacksmith's forge, which commonly causes a large buildup of clinker around the tuyere. Clinker often forms a loose, dark deposit consisting of waste materials ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat whaling, but others say that fossil fuels increased whaling with most whales being kil... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Shortly after the publication of Kirkendall's paper, L.S. Darken published an analysis of diffusion in binary systems much like the one studied by Smigelskas and Kirkendall. By separating the actual diffusive flux of the materials from the movement of the interface relative to the markers, Darken found the marker veloc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The field of spectroradiometry concerns itself with the measurement of absolute radiometric quantities in narrow wavelength intervals. It is useful to sample the spectrum with narrow bandwidth and wavelength increments because many sources have line structures Most often in spectroradiometry, spectral irradiance is th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lev T. Perelman, principal scientist at MIT, and Vadim Backman, graduate student in Harvard- MIT Health Sciences and Technology program introduced LSS in 1998. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The microbial loop describes a trophic pathway in the marine microbial food web where dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by phytoplankton-zooplankton-nekton. The term microbial loop was coi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Oftentimes, ELPs are not used in isolation, but are rather fused with other proteins to become functionally active. The structure of these other proteins will have a certain effect on transition temperature. It is important to be able to predict the transition temperature that these fusion proteins will have relative ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The eFS assay could be used to analyze other cell or tissue types. By assessing enrichment in GFP-expressing CD2-negative as well as CD2-positive cells, and by crossing a common pool of reporter transformant male flies to females expressing CD2 in different cell types, it is possible to assay specificity as well as act... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both anti-glycoprotein-210 (anti-gp210) and anti-nucleoporin 62 (anti-p62) antibodies are antibodies to components of the nuclear membrane and are found in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Each antibody is present in approximately 25–30% of PBC. The antigens of both antibodies are constituents of the nuclear membrane. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After Moseleys death in 1915, the atomic numbers of all known elements from hydrogen to uranium (Z = 92) were examined by his method. There were seven elements (with Z < 92) which were not found and therefore identified as still undiscovered, corresponding to atomic numbers 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, 87 and 91. From 1918 to 1... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The expansion ratio of a liquefied and cryogenic substance is the volume of a given amount of that substance in liquid form compared to the volume of the same amount of substance in gaseous form, at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure.
If a sufficient amount of liquid is vaporized within a closed container... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Raychelle Burks is an associate professor of analytical chemistry at American University in Washington, D.C., and science communicator, who has regularly appeared on the Science Channel. In 2020, the American Chemical Society awarded her the Grady-Stack award for her public engagement excellence. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It is not possible to determine the structure of a protein with H/D exchange other than neutron crystallography nor is it possible to define secondary structural elements. The reasons for this are related to the way in which protein structure slows exchange. Exchange rates are a function of two parameters: solvent ac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In recent years, pheromone traps also partook in the digital transformation in agriculture, and agritech companies introduced digital pheromone traps. Also known as Pest Traps, digital pheromone traps are IoT devices that include systems to detect and identify pests in the field. Their main goal is to notice pests and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tetsuo Nozoe (野副 鉄男, 16 May 1902 – 4 April 1996) was a Japanese organic chemist. He is known for the discovery of hinokitiol, a seven-membered aromatic compound, and studying non-benzenoid aromatic compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology (GIFT POSTECH) is an institute for graduate-level education and research in the field of iron and steel technology at Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea. It has nine specialized laboratories covering all sides of metallurgy. However, the Institute now h... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The great austrapede (Tsawltsping in Navi) is a bipedal, flightless, bird-like creature resembling the emu, ostrich, or the extinct Phorusrhacids that live in Pandoran savannah, and can be tamed and ridden as a mount by certain Navi clans. It has dark grey skin with blue-grey striping on its body and yellow markings on... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Near infrared fluorescence (NIR) detection is a method that can reveal what kinds of chemicals are present in a sample based on their physical properties. By hitting a sample with near infrared light, chemical bonds in the sample vibrate and re-release the light energy at a wavelength characteristic for a specific mole... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Norvaline is used as a dietary supplement for bodybuilding.
Recently, it was suggested in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to organic chemistry:
Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. These compounds ma... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In binary (two component) mixtures, the binodal can be determined at a given temperature by drawing a tangent line to the free energy. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Henrys law has been shown to apply to a wide range of solutes in the limit of infinite dilution (x' → 0), including non-volatile substances such as sucrose. In these cases, it is necessary to state the law in terms of chemical potentials. For a solute in an ideal dilute solution, the chemical potential depends only on ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
According to the Greek-Russian archaeologist, Sarianidi, who explored the tepes, Gonurtepe was the "capital or the imperial city of a complex Bronze Age state, one that stretched at least a thousand square miles and encompassing hundreds of satellite settlements". He also called it the "worlds fifth center of ancient ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A recently growing way to analyze T-RFLP profiles is use multivariate statistical methods to interpret the T-RFLP data. Usually the methods applied are those commonly used in ecology and especially in the study of biodiversity. Among them ordinations and cluster analysis are the most widely used.
In order to perform mu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into fuel oil and gasoline, both important primary energy sources. 84% by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into fuels, including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas.
Due to its high energy density,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Brain cytoplasmic 200 long-noncoding RNA (or BC200 lncRNA) is a 200 nucleotide RNA transcript found predominantly in the brain with a primary function of regulating translation by inhibiting its initiation. As a long non-coding RNA, it belongs to a family of RNA transcripts that are not translated into protein (ncRNAs)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Potassium thioacetate is an organosulfur compound and a salt with the formula . This white, water-soluble solid is used as a reagent for preparing thioacetate esters and other derivatives. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The recent development of electron spectroscopy makes it possible to reveal the electronic structures of molecules. Although this is mainly accomplished by electron analysers, electrostatic lenses also play a significant role in the development of electron spectroscopy.
Since electron spectroscopy detects several physi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levosulpiride is a substituted benzamide derivative and a selective dopamine D antagonist with antipsychotic and antidepressant activity. Other benzamide derivatives include metoclopramide, tiapride, and sultopride. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
DOC is a basic nutrient, supporting growth of microorganisms and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle through the microbial loop. In some organisms (stages) that do not feed in the traditional sense, dissolved matter may be the only external food source. Moreover, DOC is an indicator of organic loadings i... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In the early 1930s, 90 percent of the urban population of the United States had electric power, in comparison to only 10 percent of rural homes. At the time, power companies did not feel that extending power to rural areas (rural electrification) would produce enough profit to make it worth their while. However, in the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pdr1p (Pleiotropic Drug Resistance 1p) is a transcription factor found in yeast and is a key regulator of genes involved in general drug response. It induces the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter, which can export toxic substances out of the cell, allowing cells to survive under general toxic chemicals. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation. Acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration, and this complex links the glycolysis metabolic pathway to the citric acid cycle... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1,2 carboboration delivers the carbon-carbon bond and the carbon-boron bond to adjacent carbons in the substrate. It is typically facilitated by transition metal catalysis, but transition-metal-free 1,2 carboborations have been developed and continue to be of interest to synthetic chemists. The benefit of utilizing tra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Future applications of this information could include:
* Constructing a more accurate and nuanced definition of the phenomenon of "death".
* Helping forensic pathologists (or biologists or veterinarians) establish a more precise time of death (for example, in an eco-health investigation, when the practitioner needs inf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Monopolin is composed of a 4 CSM1:2 LRS4 complex which forms a V-shaped structure with two globular heads at the ends, which are responsible for directly crosslinking sister kinetochores. Bound to each CSM1 head is a MAM1 protein which recruits one copy of the HRR25 kinase. The hydrophobic cavity on the CSM1 subunit al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hypothermia usually occurs from exposure to low temperatures, and is frequently complicated by alcohol consumption. Any condition that decreases heat production, increases heat loss, or impairs thermoregulation, however, may contribute. Thus, hypothermia risk factors include: substance use disorders (including alcohol ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inelastic scattering is common in molecular collisions. Any collision which leads to a chemical reaction will be inelastic, but the term inelastic scattering is reserved for those collisions which do not result in reactions. There is a transfer of energy between the translational mode (kinetic energy) and rotational an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermochemical changes involve decomposition of the explosives and binders, loss of strength of binder as it softens or melts, or stiffening of the binder if the increased temperature causes crosslinking of the polymer chains. The changes can also significantly alter the porosity of the material, whether by increasing ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The way that porosity develops during the dealloying process has been studied computationally to understand the diffusional pathways on an atomistic level. Firstly, the less noble atoms must be dissolved away from the surface of the alloy. This process is easiest for the lower coordinated atoms, i.e., those bonded to f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sir John Conroy, 3rd Baronet, FRS (16 August 1845 – 15 December 1900) was an English analytical chemist.
Conroy was born in Kensington, west London, the son of Sir Edward Conroy, 2nd Baronet (1809–1869) and Lady Alicia Conroy. He was descended from the Ó Maolconaire family of Elphin, County Roscommon. The family had be... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A meta-analysis reported that vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes for non-obese people with prediabetes. Another meta-analysis reported that vitamin D supplementation significantly improved glycemic control [homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], hemoglobin A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (an international standards organization known also by its French-language initials BIPM) recognizes the use of parts-per notation, it is not formally part of the International System of Units (SI). Note that although "percent" (%) is not formally part of the SI... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The volume concentration (not to be confused with volume fraction) is defined as the volume of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture :
Being dimensionless, it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18 or 18%; its unit is 1.
There seems to be no standard notation in the English literature.
The letter used her... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the set of thermodynamic systems under consideration. Systems are said to be in equili... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*[http://www.crystalimpact.com/match/Default.htm Match!] (method: powder diffraction fingerprinting)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080616153210/http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist3.htm NIST Crystal Data] (method: lattice matching)
*[http://www.icdd.com/ Powder Diffraction File (PDF)] (method: powder diffraction fingerprinti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The success of this method is critically dependent upon the manner in which the sample is manipulated. At all stages, steps must be taken to ensure that oxygen is neither introduced to nor lost from the sample. Furthermore, the water sample must be free of any solutes that will oxidize or reduce iodine.
Instrumental me... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An ion channel can be characterized by its opening characteristics, ion selectivity, and control of flux (gating). Many synthetic ion channels show unique properties in one or more of these aspects. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A colloidal gel consists of a percolated network of particles in a fluid medium, providing mechanical properties in particular the rise of elastic behaviour. The particles can show attractive interactions through osmotic depletion or through polymeric links.
Colloidal gels have three phases in their lifespan: gelation... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cataracts are the primary cause of blindness in humans and mutations in one particular protein, γD-crystallin, have been linked to a number of congenital forms of this disease. An amino acid mutation, proline (P) to threonine (T) at position 23 of the polypeptide chain has been linked to at least four different forms ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lead isotope analysis is a technique for determining the source of ore in ancient smelting. Lead isotope composition is a signature of ore deposits and varies very little throughout the whole deposit. Also, lead isotope composition is unchanged in the smelting process.
The amount of each of the four stable isotopes of ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Despite being generally inert, carbon tetrachloride can undergo various reactions. Hydrogen or an acid in the presence of an iron catalyst can reduce carbon tetrachloride to chloroform, dichloromethane, chloromethane and even methane. When its vapours are passed through a red-hot tube, carbon tetrachloride dechlorinate... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*Koss K, Maxton D, Jankowski JAZ. The potential use of fecal dimeric M2 pyruvate kinase (Tumor M2-PK) in screening for colorectal cancer (CRC). Abstract from Digestive Disease Week, May 2005; Chicago, USA.
*Mc Loughlin R, Shiel E, Sebastian S, Ryan B, O´Connor HJ, O´Morain C. Tumor M2-PK, a novel screening tool for col... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, acetylation is an organic esterification reaction with acetic acid. It introduces an acetyl group into a chemical compound. Such compounds are termed acetate esters or simply acetates. Deacetylation is the opposite reaction, the removal of an acetyl group from a chemical compound. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Content of anthocyanins in the leaves of colorful plant foods such as purple corn, blueberries, or lingonberries, is about ten times higher than in the edible kernels or fruit.
The color spectrum of grape berry leaves may be analysed to evaluate the amount of anthocyanins. Fruit maturity, quality, and harvest time may ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Malaprade reaction or Malaprade oxidation is a glycol cleavage reaction in which a vicinal diol is oxidized by periodic acid or a periodate salt to give the corresponding carbonyl functional groups. The reaction was first reported by Léon Malaprade in 1928. Amino alcohols are also cleaved.
In... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transition metal clusters use the d orbitals for bonding. Thus, they have up to nine bonding orbitals, instead of only the four present in boron and main group clusters. PSEPT also applies to metallaboranes | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The water gas shift reaction (CO + HO → CO + H) occurs in volcanic fluids with diverse catalysts or without catalysts. The combination of ferrous sulfide (FeS, troilite) and hydrogen sulfide () as reducing agents (both reagents are simultaneously oxidized in the reaction here under creating the disulfide bond, S–S) in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 2003 - Rfam: an RNA family database.
* 2005 - Rfam: annotating non-coding RNAs in complete genomes.
* 2008 - The RNA WikiProject: community annotation of RNA families.
* 2008 - Rfam: updates to the RNA families database.
* 2011 - Rfam: Wikipedia, clans and the “decimal” release.
* 2012 - Rfam 11.0: 10 years of RNA fa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Source:
A large range of functional groups have already been made into FSL Kode constructs. These include:
* Carbohydrates – ranging from monosaccharides to polysaccharides and including blood group antigens, hyaluronic acid oligomers and sialic acid residues
* Peptide/protein – ranging from single amino acids to prote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methods of MAE detection are based on the difference between alleles, which can be distinguished either by the sequence of expressed mRNA or protein structure. Methods of MAE detection can be divided into single gene or whole genome MAE analysis. Whole genome MAE analysis cannot be performed based on protein structure ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Primer walking is a method to determine the sequence of DNA up to the 1.3–7.0 kb range whereas chromosome walking is used to produce the clones of already known sequences of the gene. Too long fragments cannot be sequenced in a single sequence read using the chain termination method. This method works by dividing the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfur oxidation involves the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (such as sulfide ), inorganic sulfur (S), and thiosulfate () to form sulfuric acid (). A classic example of a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium is Beggiatoa, a microbe originally described by Sergei Winogradsky, one of the founders of environmental microbiol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calmodulin's ability to recognize a tremendous range of target proteins is due in large part to its structural flexibility. In addition to the flexibility of the central linker domain, the N- and C-domains undergo open-closed conformational cycling in the Ca-bound state. Calmodulin also exhibits great structural vari... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Austrian pharmaceutical company, Biochemie, was founded in Kundl in July 1946 at the site of a derelict brewery, at the suggestion of a French officer, Michel Rambaud (a chemist), who was able to obtain a small amount of Penicillium start culture from France. Contamination of the fermentation tanks was a persistent... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
RNA polymerases in all three domains of life have some version of factor-independent termination. All of them use poly-uracil tracts, though the exact mechanisms and accessory sequences vary. In archaea and eukaryotes, there appears to be no requirement of a hairpin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A compositional domain in genetics is a region of DNA with a distinct guanine (G) and cytosine (C) G-C and C-G content (collectively GC content). The homogeneity of compositional domains is compared to that of the chromosome on which they reside. As such, compositional domains can be homogeneous or nonhomogeneous domai... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) can distinguish between enantiomers by showing a distinct Cotton effect for each isomer. UV–vis spectroscopy sees only chromophores, so other molecules must be prepared for analysis by chemical addition of a chromophore such as anthracene. Two methods are reported: the octant... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The passive hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy remote sensor observes a target in multi-spectral bands. The HSI camera separates the image spectra into 52 "bins" from 500 nanometers (nm) wavelength at the blue end of the visible spectrum to 1100 nm in the infrared, giving the camera a spectral resolution of 11.5 nm. Al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
"The Talking Stone" is a science fiction mystery short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, which first appeared in the October 1955 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and was reprinted in the 1968 collection Asimovs Mysteries. "The Talking Stone" was the second of Asimovs Wendell Urth stories. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Waxes prepared with BTA are available commercially, the idea being that the BTA will prevent any reaction by chelating the surface copper and the wax acting as a physical barrier reducing exposure to water, oxygen, and chlorides; but coating an infected object with wax will not stop the problem. Storing the object in a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In enzymology, a NAD glycohydrolase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
:NAD + HO ADP-ribose + nicotinamide
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are NAD and HO, whereas its two products are ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. Unlike ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase (EC 3.2.2.6), which catal... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Data analysis methods for chemical imaging data sets typically employ mathematical algorithms common to single point spectroscopy or to image analysis. The reasoning is that the spectrum acquired by each detector is equivalent to a single point spectrum; therefore pre-processing, chemometrics and pattern recognition t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metals can be heat-treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness and resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing, precipitation strengthening, quenching, and tempering:
* Annealing process softens the metal by heating it and then allowing it to cool very slow... | 8 | Metallurgy |
CFC-113 can be prepared from hexachloroethane and hydrofluoric acid:
This reaction may require catalysts such as antimony, chromium, iron and alumina at high temperatures.
Another synthesis method uses HF on tetrachloroethylene instead. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
One of the best-known ironmasters of the early part of the industrial revolution was John Wilkinson (1728–1808), who was considered to have "iron madness", extending even to making cast iron coffins. Wilkinsons patented method for boring iron cylinders was first used to create cannons, but later provided the precision ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The reaction of iron powder with o-nitrocinnamic acid reduces the nitro group to a nitroso. The nitrogen then condenses with a carbon on the alkene chain with loss of a molecule of water to form a ring. Decarboxylation gives indole. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The density of water is about 1000 kg/m or 1 g/cm, because the size of the gram was originally based on the mass of a cubic centimetre of water.
In chemistry, g/cm is more commonly used. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As outlined above, an efficient pV cell requires a material with an optical phonon mode more energetic than the bandgap, which in turn is much more energetic than the thermal energy at the intended operating temperature . Furthermore, the pV cell requires a material wherein a hot optical phonon prefers to produce an el... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, stereoselectivity is the property of a chemical reaction in which a single reactant forms an unequal mixture of stereoisomers during a non-stereospecific creation of a new stereocenter or during a non-stereospecific transformation of a pre-existing one. The selectivity arises from differences in steric an... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Clay soils lack large pores, restricting both water and air movement. During irrigation or rain events, the limited large pore space in fine-textured soils quickly fills with water, reducing soil oxygen levels. In addition to routine application of organic matter, microorganisms and earthworms perform a crucial assist... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The IUBMB publishes standards on biochemical nomenclature, including Enzyme Commission number nomenclature, in some cases jointly with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The enzyme nomenclature scheme was developed in 1955 at the International Congress of Biochemistry and, with the addition ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plasma processing provides interfacial energies and injected monomer fragments larger than comparable processes. However, limited fluxes prevent high process rates. In addition, plasmas are thermodynamically unfavorable and therefore plasma-processed surfaces lack uniformity, consistency, and permanence. These obstacle... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Retroposons are repetitive DNA fragments which are inserted into chromosomes after they had been reverse transcribed from any RNA molecule. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mercury was surveyed by the MESSENGER mission with its Gamma-Ray Spectrometer. The K/U ratios for Mercury could range between 8,000 and 17,000 which would imply a volatile rich planet. However, metal/silicate partitioning data for K and U still needs additional experiments at the conditions of Mercury's core formation... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Söllner married Herta (Helen) Rosenberg on July 23, 1934. Their daughter Barbara Sollner-Webb embarked on a scientific career. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The classic view of pRb's role as a tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator developed through research investigating mechanisms of interactions with E2F family member proteins. Yet, more data generated from biochemical experiments and clinical trials reveal other functions of pRb within the cell unrelated (or indirec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process of equilibration can be described using the H-theorem or the relaxation theorem, see also entropy production. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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