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The rough timeline of events during the putrefaction stage is as follows:
*1–2 days: Pallor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis, and livor mortis are the first steps in the process of decomposition before the process of putrefaction.
*2–3 days: Discoloration appears on the skin of the abdomen. The abdomen begins to swel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Optical tweezers (originally called single-beam gradient force trap) are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to hold and move microscopic and sub-microscopic objects like atoms, nanoparticles and droplets, in a manner similar to tweezers. If the object is held in air or vacuum without additional... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eastern meadow voles eat most available species of grasses, sedges, and forbs, including many agricultural plant species. In summer and fall, grasses are cut into match-length sections to reach the succulent portions of the leaves and seedheads. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of forbs are also typical components of the su... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Tokita completed BS degree at Tokyo University in 1948, and his Ph.D. in physics and chemistry in 1957 at the University of Hokkaido. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Clausius–Clapeyron relation leads to another equation also attributed to Kelvin, as the Kelvin equation. It explains why, because of surface tension, the vapor pressure for small droplets of liquid in suspension is greater than standard vapor pressure of that same liquid when the interface is flat. That is to say t... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Because most gases are difficult to observe directly, they are described through the use of four physical properties or macroscopic characteristics: pressure, volume, number of particles (chemists group them by moles) and temperature. These four characteristics were repeatedly observed by scientists such as Robert Boyl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nucleotides are the monomers which polymerize into nucleic acids. All nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. The bases found in nucleic acids are either purines or pyrimidines. In the more complex multicellular animals, they are both primarily produced in the liver but the two different group... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In bacteria, trans-translation, a highly conserved mechanism, acts as a direct counter to the accumulation of non-stop RNA, inducing decay and liberating the misregulated ribosome. Originally discovered in Escherichia coli, the process of trans-translation is made possible by the interactions between transfer-messenge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are four major pools of phosphorus in freshwater ecosystems: dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), particulate inorganic phosphorus (PIP) and particulate organic phosphorus (POP). Dissolved material is defined as substances that pass through a 0.45 μm filter. DIP consists mainl... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pretreatment is important when working nanofiltration membranes due to their spiral-wound design. The material is engineered to allow one-way flow. The design does not allow for backpulsing with water or air agitation to scour its surface and remove accumulated solids. Since material cannot be removed from the membrane... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Diffuse correlation spectrometry is an extension of single-scattering dynamic light scattering (DLS). Single-scattering theory becomes inadequate as multiple scattering effects take place in biological thick tissues. Therefore, each scattering event contributes to the decay of the correlation function. The fields from ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the 19th century new developments such as the discovery of photography, Rowlands invention of the concave diffraction grating, and Schumanns works on discovery of vacuum ultraviolet (fluorite for prisms and lenses, low-gelatin photographic plates and absorption of UV in air below 185 nm) made advance to shorter wave... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In high-energy nuclear physics, strangeness production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is a signature and diagnostic tool of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) formation and properties. Unlike up and down quarks, from which everyday matter is made, heavier quark flavors such as strange and charm typically approach chemical ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Fractional crystallization: separates ore and non-ore minerals according to their crystallization temperature. As early crystallizing minerals form from magma, they incorporate certain elements, some of which are metals. These crystals may settle onto the bottom of the intrusion, concentrating ore minerals there. Chro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
They find use in coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers. Specific uses include industrial coatings, UV coating resins, floor coatings, hygiene coatings, wood coatings, adhesives, concrete coatings, automotive coatings, clear coatings and anticorrosive applications. They are also used in the design and manufacture... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ribosomal frameshifting, also known as translational frameshifting or translational recoding, is a biological phenomenon that occurs during translation that results in the production of multiple, unique proteins from a single mRNA. The process can be programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA and is sometimes af... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rhodium-catalyzed C-C bondactivation of strained spiropentanes leads to a cyclopentenones. In terms of mechanism, the reaction proceeds by apparent oxidative addition of the 4-5 carbon-carbon bond, leading to a rhodacyclobutane intermediate. In the presence of carbon monoxide, migratory insertion of CO into one of the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To suppress competing isomerization of the alkene, the rate of migratory insertion of the carbonyl into the carbon-metal bond of the alkyl must be relatively fast. The rate of insertion of the carbonyl carbon into the C-M bond is likely to be greater than the rate of beta-hydride elimination. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Two missense mutations, H391Y and K422R, of PKM2 were found in cells from Bloom syndrome patients prone to developing cancer. Results show that, despite the presence of mutations in the inter-subunit contact domain, the K422R and H391Y mutant proteins maintained their homotetrameric structure, similar to the wild-type ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rate of reductive elimination is greatly influenced by the geometry of the metal complex. In octahedral complexes, reductive elimination can be very slow from the coordinatively saturated center, and often, reductive elimination only proceeds via a dissociative mechanism, where a ligand must initially dissociate to... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For substances in solution, the isoelectric point (pI) is defined as the pH at which the sum, weighted by charge value, of concentrations of positively charged species is equal to the weighted sum of concentrations of negatively charged species. In the case that there is one species of each type, the isoelectric point ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pseudouridine, or Ψ, the overall most abundant post-translational RNA modification, is created when a uridine base is isomerised. In eukaryotes, this can occur by either of two distinct mechanisms; it is sometimes referred to as the ‘fifth RNA nucleotide’. It is incorporated into stable non-coding RNAs such as tRNA, rR... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The method combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis using a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) with a sensitive DNA screening-technique that identifies single base mutations (also called point mutations) in a target gene. The TILLING method relies on the formation of DNA heteroduple... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphoanhydridic bond is a highly exergonic process. The amount of released energy depends on the conditions in a particular cell. Specifically, the energy released is dependent on concentrations of ATP, ADP and P. As the concentrations of these molecules deviate from values at equilibrium,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Elsa Lundanes (born 22 May 1953) is a Norwegian chemist.
She was born in Ålesund and took her cand.real. degree in 1978. After two years at Texas University she took the dr.scient. degree in 1986. She worked in the pharmaceutical industry for Nycomed before she was employed by the University of Oslo in 1988. Her specia... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
From 2002 to 2014, plants appear to have gone into overdrive, starting to pull more CO out of the air than they have done before. The result was that the rate at which CO accumulates in the atmosphere did not increase during this time period, although previously, it had grown considerably in concert with growing greenh... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Chlorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurochloridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula HSOCl. It is also known as chlorosulfonic acid, being the sulfonic acid of chlorine. It is a distillable, colorless liquid which is hygroscopic and a powerful lachrymator. Commercial samples usually are pale brown or stra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Due to the hydrophilic property of sucrose and the lipophilic property of fatty acids, the overall hydrophilicity of sucrose esters can be tuned by the number of hydroxyl groups that are reacted with fatty acids and the identity of the fatty acids. The fewer free hydroxyl groups and the more lipophilic fatty acids, the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first to mention premelting might have been Michael Faraday in 1842 for ice surfaces. He compared the effect which holds a snowball together to that which makes buildings from moistured sand stable. Another interesting thing he mentioned is that two blocks of ice can freeze together. Later Tammann (1910) and Strans... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1988, the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances introduced detailed provisions and requirements relating the control of precursors used to produce drugs of abuse.
In Europe the Regulation (EC) No. 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on drug... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a transition metal formyl complex is a metal complex containing one (usually) or more formyl (CHO) ligand. A subset of transition metal acyl complexes, formyl complexes can be viewed as metalla-aldehydes. A representative example is (CO)ReCHO. The formyl is viewed as an X (pseudohalide) l... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If the β phase is replaced by a flat rigid surface, as shown in Figure 5, then β = π, and the second net force equation simplifies to the Young equation,
which relates the surface tensions between the three phases: solid, liquid and gas. Subsequently, this predicts the contact angle of a liquid droplet on a solid surfa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The bioanalyst deals with complex biological samples containing the analyte alongside a diverse range of chemicals that can have an adverse impact on the accurate and precise quantification of the analyte. As such, a wide range of techniques are applied to extract the analyte from its matrix. These include:
*Protein pr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The gas-diffusion electrocrystallization process was invented in 2014 by Xochitl Dominguez Benetton at the Flemish Institute for Technological Research, in Belgium. The patent for the process granted in Europe was filed in 2015 and its expiration is anticipated in 2036. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plasma spraying offers versatility of usable coatings, and high-temperature performance. Plasma spraying can accommodate a wide range of materials, versus other techniques. As long as the difference between melting and decomposition temperatures is greater than 300 K, plasma spraying is viable. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the late 1930s August Pfund used a triple-pass cell like the one shown above for atmospheric study. The cell, which became known as the Pfund cell, is constructed using two identical spherical mirrors, each having a hole carefully machined into its center. The separation distance between the mirrors is equal to the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The salt marsh plant Batis maritima contains the enzyme methyl chloride transferase that catalyzes the synthesis of CHCl from S-adenosine-L-methionine and chloride. This protein has been purified and expressed in E. coli, and seems to be present in other organisms such as white rot fungi (Phellinus pomaceus), red algae... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A major limitation of classical omic studies is the isolation of only one level of biological complexity. For example, transcriptomic studies may provide information at the transcript level, but many different entities contribute to the biological state of the sample (genomic variants, post-translational modifications,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is an energy transfer mechanism where two molecules in their triplet excited states interact to form a ground state molecule and an excited molecule in its singlet state. This mechanism is example of Dexter energy transfer mechanism. In triplet-triplet annihilation, one molecule trans... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diatomic molecules are normally in their lowest or ground state, which conventionally is also known as the state. When a gas of diatomic molecules is bombarded by energetic electrons, some of the molecules may be excited to higher electronic states, as occurs, for example, in the natural aurora; high-altitude nuclear ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Mark S. Workentin is a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Western Ontario. The primary interests of the Workentin research group are materials chemistry, organic electrochemistry, organic photochemistry, physical organic chemistry and physical materials organic electrophotochemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the old days of traditional manufacturing, steel and other metals arrived at factories in an untreated and unpainted state. Companies would fabricate and paint or treat the metal components of their product before assembly. This was costly, time-consuming, and environmentally harmful. The coil coating process was pi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Polymer degradation is a change in the properties—tensile strength, color, shape, or molecular weight—of a polymer or polymer-based product under the influence of one or more environmental factors, such as heat, light, and the presence of certain chemicals, oxygen, and enzymes. This change in properties is often the re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ramesh Jasti is a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Oregon. He was the first person to synthesize the elusive cycloparaphenylene in 2008 during post doctoral work in the laboratory of Professor Carolyn Bertozzi. He started his laboratory at Boston University where he was the recipient of the NSF CAREE... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Captopril blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and prevents the degradation of vasodilatory prostaglandins, thereby inhibiting vasoconstriction and promoting systemic vasodilation. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Forming acyliminium ions from α-hydroxyamides can be done using methanesulfonyl chloride and a base, typically triethylamine. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
August 2023 research, drawing from 176 flux stations globally, reveals a climate trade-off: increased carbon uptake from afforestation results in reduced albedo. Initially, this reduction may lead to moderate global warming over a span of approximately 20 years, but it is expected to transition into significant cooling... | 5 | Photochemistry |
There are polyols based on renewable sources such as plant-based materials including castor oil and cottonseed oil. Vegetable oils and biomass are also potential renewable polyol raw materials. Seed oil can even be used to produce polyester polyols. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two types of electrolytes: strong and weak. Strong electrolytes usually undergo complete ionization, and therefore they have higher conductivity than weak electrolytes, which undergo only partial ionization. For strong electrolytes, such as salts, strong acids and strong bases, the molar conductivity depends ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A kairomone is a semiochemical, emitted by an organism, which mediates interspecific interactions in a way that benefits an individual of another species which receives it, without benefitting the emitter. Two main ecological cues are provided by kairomones; they generally either indicate a food source for the receiver... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jai Pal Mittal was born on 21 September 1940 in Meerut in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. He completed his graduate (BSc) and master's studies (MSc) in chemistry from the Agra University and migrated to Mumbai in 1959, looking for career opportunities. He joined the Training School of Atomic Energy Establishment, er... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The shockwave generated coldwork (plastic strain) in the workpiece material creates compressive and tensile residual stresses to maintain an equilibrium state of the material. These residual stresses are compressive at the workpiece surface and gradually fade into low tensile stresses below and surrounding the laser pe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The acronym prefix "R.A." is sometimes pronounced as the one syllable word "ray" because of the plot's strong resemblance to a geometric ray. This characteristic arrow-like shape derives from two key features: on the right at the vector origin, a long asymptotic tail, and on the left (forming the arrow head) two (oft... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In his ruling, Mr Justice Akenhead said it was clear that the council had permitted toxic waste to disperse into the atmosphere. He also said that there was a "statistically significant" cluster of birth defects between 1989 and 1999, and that, "toxicologically, there were present on and from the Corby Borough Council ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Different average values can be defined, depending on the statistical method applied. In practice, four averages are used, representing the weighted mean taken with the mole fraction, the weight fraction, and two other functions which can be related to measured quantities:
*Number average molar mass (), also loosely re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Hofmeister series or lyotropic series is a classification of ions in order of their lyotrophic properties, which is the ability to salt out or salt in proteins. The effects of these changes were first worked out by Franz Hofmeister, who studied the effects of cations and anions on the solubility of proteins. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When overheating, the temperature of the part rises above the operating temperature. Overheating can take place:
*if heat is produced in more than expected amount (such as in cases of short-circuits, or applying more voltage than rated), or
*if heat dissipation is poor, so that normally produced waste heat does not dr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heavy water, DO, self-ionizes less than normal water, HO;
:DO + DO DO + OD
This is due to the equilibrium isotope effect, a quantum mechanical effect attributed to oxygen forming a slightly stronger bond to deuterium because the larger mass of deuterium results in a lower zero-point energy.
Expressed with activities a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acid solutions exhibit proton-conductivity, while pure proton conductors are usually dry solids. Typical materials are polymers or ceramic. Typically, the pores in practical materials are small such that protons dominate direct current and transport of cations or bulk solvent is prevented. Water ice is a common example... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The quality of an SKP measurement is affected by a number of factors. This includes the diameter of the SKP probe, the probe to sample distance, and the material of the SKP probe. The probe diameter is important in the SKP measurement because it affects the overall resolution of the measurement, with smaller probes lea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oil-tar creosote is derived from the tar that forms when using petroleum or shale oil in the manufacturing of gas. The distillation of the tar from the oil occurs at very high temperatures; around 980 °C. The tar forms at the same time as the gas, and once processed for creosotes contains a high percentage of cyclic hy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fretting in Aluminium causes black debris to be present in the contact area due to the fine oxide particles. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Exometabolomics, or "metabolic footprinting", is the study of extracellular metabolites. It uses many techniques from other subfields of metabolomics, and has applications in biofuel development, bioprocessing, determining drugs' mechanism of action, and studying intercellular interactions. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mathews was raised on a dairy farm near the unincorporated community of Auroraville, Wisconsin in Waushara County, Wisconsin. As a youth, he had little interest in farm life or in the cheese factory operated by his older brother. His parents sent Joseph to public school in nearby Berlin, a city that straddles the bound... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The count rates observed from a given astronomical radiation source have no simple relationship to the flux from that source, such as might be incident at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. This lack of a simple relationship is due in no small part to the complex properties of radiation detectors.
These detector proper... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Measurement of diel changes in dissolved gases within the lake, also known as the "free-water" method, has quickly become the most common method of estimating lake metabolism since the wide adoption of autonomous sensors used to measure dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in water. The free-water method is particularly... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Below is the sequence of events that are followed in phage display screening to identify polypeptides that bind with high affinity to desired target protein or DNA sequence:
# Target proteins or DNA sequences are immobilized to the wells of a microtiter plate.
# Many genetic sequences are expressed in a bacteriophage l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All elements aside from argon, neon, and helium form fluorides by direct reaction with fluorine. Chlorine is slightly more selective, but still reacts with most metals and heavier nonmetals. Following the usual trend, bromine is less reactive and iodine least of all. Of the many reactions possible, illustrative is the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes consume ATP in the attachment tRNA to amino acids, forming aminoacyl-tRNA complexes. Aminoacyl transferase binds AMP-amino acid to tRNA. The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps:
# aa + ATP ⟶ aa-AMP + PP
# aa-AMP + tRNA ⟶ aa-tRNA + AMP
The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the active metabolite of ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA), like other omega-3 fatty acid based drugs, appears to reduce production of triglycerides in the liver and to enhance clearance of triglycerides from circulating very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles. The way it does that ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The enzyme is important for carotenoid biosynthesis during chloroplast biogenesis. In developing plastids, its activity prevents the over-reduction of the plastoquinone pool. Knockout plants for PTOX exhibit phenotypes of variegated leaves with white patches. Without the enzyme, the carotenoid synthesis pathway slows d... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Brain tissue swelling, known as cerebral oedema, results from brain injury and other traumatic head injuries that can increase intracranial pressure (ICP). Negatively charged molecules within cells create a fixed charge density, which increases intracranial pressure through the Donnan effect. ATP pumps maintain a negat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The equation relating thermal energy to thermal mass is:
where Q is the thermal energy transferred, C is the thermal mass of the body, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
For example, if 250 J of heat energy is added to a copper gear with a thermal mass of 38.46 J/°C, its temperature will rise by 6.50 °C.
If the body ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The efficiency of duplex sequencing depends on the final number of DCSs which is directly related to the number of reads in each family (family size). If the family size is too small then the DCS can not be assembled and if too many reads are sharing the same tag, the data yield will be low. Family size is determined b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrazine, organohydrazines, and 1,1-diorganohydrazines react with aldehydes and ketones to give hydrazones.
Phenylhydrazine reacts with reducing sugars to form hydrazones known as osazones, which was developed by German chemist Emil Fischer as a test to differentiate monosaccharides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mercury has been smelted from cinnabar for thousands of years. Mercury dissolves many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, to form amalgams (an alloy in a soft paste or liquid form at ambient temperature). Amalgams have been used since 200 BC in China for gilding objects such as armor and mirrors with precious metals... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Most molecular carbido complexes are clusters, usually featuring carbide as a six-fold bridging ligand. Examples include [C(CO)], and [C(CO)]. Though exceptions exist, such as the nonanuclear Ruthenium cluster (μ-C)Ru(CO) (μ-η: η:η-CH) containing a tripped trigonal prism geometry around the carbide.
The iron carbonyl c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) is also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1). Transgenic gene knockout mice lacking MAPK3 are viable and it is thought that MAPK1 can fulfill some MAPK3 functions in most cells. The main exception is in T cells. Mice lacking MAPK3 have reduced T cell develo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The oceanic carbon cycle (or marine carbon cycle) is composed of processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the seafloor. The carbon cycle is a result of many interacting forces across multiple time and space scales that circulates carbon... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Copy number variation was initially thought to occupy an extremely small and negligible portion of the genome through cytogenetic observations. Copy number variations were generally associated only with small tandem repeats or specific genetic disorders, therefore, copy number variations were initially only examined in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The solubility product for the hydroxide of a metal ion, M, is usually defined, as follows:
However, general-purpose computer programs are designed to use hydrogen ion concentrations with the alternative definitions.
For hydroxides, solubility products are often given in a modified form, K*, using hydrogen ion concent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Relative inductive effects have been experimentally measured through the resulting s of a nearby carboxylic acid group (see ). In increasing order of -I effect or decreasing order of +I effect, common functional groups are:
Hydrogen subsituents also exhibit an isotope effect: relative to the same order,
where H is hyd... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lineatin was first isolated in 1977 by MacConnell. The absolute configuration of the biologically active form was later determined as (+)-(1R,4S,5R,7R)-3,3,7-trimethyl-2,9- dioxatricyclo[3.3.1.0]nonane, whereas other enatinomers process no biological attraction activity. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Blacklights are a common tool for rock-hunting and identification of minerals by their fluorescence. The most common minerals and rocks that glow under UV light are fluorite, calcite, aragonite, opal, apatite, chalcedony, corundum (ruby and sapphire), scheelite, selenite, smithsonite, sphalerite, sodalite. The first pe... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The movement of adatoms across a surface can be described by the Burton, Cabrera and Frank (CBF) model. The model treats adatoms as a 2D gas on top of the surface. The adatoms diffuse with a diffusion constant D; they are desorbed back to the medium above with a rate of per atom and adsorbed with flux F.
The diffusion... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although technically speaking, DNA sequence polymorphism has been going on since the use of RFLP in the 1960s, the analysis has changed significantly over the years. DNA sequence polymorphism uses older techniques like RFLP, but on a larger scale. Sequencing is much faster and more efficient. The analysis is automated,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several types of glycosylation, although the first two are the most common.
* In N-glycosylation, sugars are attached to nitrogen, typically on the amide side-chain of asparagine.
* In O-glycosylation, sugars are attached to oxygen, typically on serine or threonine, but also on tyrosine or non-canonical amino... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The anomeric effect is taken into consideration synthetically. Due to its discovery in sugars, sugar and carbohydrate chemistry is one of the more common synthetic uses of the anomeric effect. For instance, the Koenigs-Knorr glycosidation installs an α-OR or β-OR group in high diastereoselectivity which is effected by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is an additional multiplex advantage for emission lines of atomic and molecular spectra. At the peak of the emission line, a monochromator measurement will be noisy, since the noise is proportional to the square root of the signal. For the same reason, the measurement will be less noisy at the baseline of the spe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A different, but related, mechanism is Dexter electron transfer.
An alternative method to detecting protein–protein proximity is the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), where two parts of a fluorescent protein are each fused to other proteins. When these two parts meet, they form a fluorophore on a timesca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are various mechanisms for glycosylation, although most share several common features:
*Glycosylation, unlike glycation, is an enzymatic process. Indeed, glycosylation is thought to be the most complex post-translational modification, because of the large number of enzymatic steps involved.
*The donor molecule i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A kinetic scheme is a network (a directed graph) of distinct states (although repetition of states may occur and this depends on the system), where each pair of states i and j are associated with directional rates, (and ). It is described with a master equation: a first-order differential equation for the probability ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While radon presents the aforementioned risks in adults, exposure in children leads to a unique set of health hazards that are still being researched. The physical composition of children leads to faster rates of exposure through inhalation given that their respiratory rate is higher than that of adults, resulting in m... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
SIR2 is an NAD-dependent lysine deacetylase. It was the first-discovered member of the Sirtuin protein family and it is highly conserved, with homologs found in organisms ranging from humans to bacteria and archaea. It interacts with a variety of protein substrates, but does not exhibit strong affinity for DNA, chromat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rosenthals reagent is a metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complex with zirconium (CpZr) or titanium (CpTi) used as central atom of the metallocene fragment CpM. Additional ligands such as pyridine or THF are commonly used as well. With zirconium as central atom and pyridine as ligand, a dark purple to black soli... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In its anionic form, the green chromophore has an absorption maxima at 506 nm and an emission maxima at 516 nm. It is formed autocatalytically from amino acids His-62, Tyr-63 and Gly-64. Immediately surrounding the chromophore there is a cluster of charged or polar amino acids as well as structural water molecules. A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* A kinetic scheme with time dependent rates: When the connections depend on the actual time (i.e. matrix depends on the time, ), the process is not Markovian, and the master equation obeys, . The reason for a time dependent rates is, for example, a time dependent external field applied on a Markovian kinetic scheme... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sandra Pizzarello was born in Venice, Italy in 1933. In 1955, she graduated summa cum laude from the University of Padua earning her Doctor of Biological Sciences degree under her adviser Professor Roncato. Pizzarello went on to work as a research associate developing tranquilizers for Farmitalia Research Laboratories ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclobutadiene is a classic textbook example of an antiaromatic compound. It is conventionally understood to be planar, cyclic, and have 4 π electrons (4n for n=1) in a conjugated system.
However, it has long been questioned if cyclobutadiene is genuinely antiaromatic and recent discoveries have suggested that it may n... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alison Sarah Tomlin is a British physical chemist and applied mathematician whose research involves building detailed mathematical models of combustion, including uncertainty quantification for those models. She is a professor in the School of Chemical and Process Engineering at the University of Leeds, where she heads... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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