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Freshly-distilled trichloroacetonitrile is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor that discolours rapidly yellowish to light brown. It is sensitive towards water, acids and bases.
The bond lengths are 146.0 pm (C–C), 116.5 pm (C≡N) and 176.3 pm (C–Cl). The bond angle is 110.0° (Cl–C–Cl). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There is evidence that immunological mechanisms may injure hypothermically perfused kidneys after reimplantation if the perfusate contained specific antibody. Cross described two pairs of human cadaver kidneys that were perfused simultaneously with cryoprecipitated plasma containing type specific HLA antibody to one of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIXI_pl-Akk&feature=emb_logo Solar power from space] 5-minute video about space-based solar power plants by the European Space Agency
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091020135852/http://www.thefutureschannel.com/dockets/realworld/space_based_solar_power/ Powering the Planet] 20-minut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* [https://vimeo.com/132472772 Towards a metabolism for synthetic cells] (video KNAW-symposium: Op jacht naar de minimale cel, 24 juni 2015 op Vimeo)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8BpEiYEvAU De mens als schepper] (The human being as creator. Unifocus on YouTube. Subtitles in English) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methane chlorination is a chain reaction. If only the products and reactants are analyzed, the result is:
However, this reaction has 3 intermediate reactants which are formed during a sequence of 4 irreversible second order reactions until we arrive at the final product. This is why it is called a chain reaction. Follo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermopiles are used for measuring the intensity of incident radiation, typically visible or infrared light, which heats the hot junctions, while the cold junctions are on a heat sink. It is possible to measure radiative intensities of only a few μW/cm with commercially available thermopile sensors. For example, some l... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Evelyn B. Man was born in Lawrence, New York, but she grew up in North Stonington, Connecticut. Man's father, Edward Man, was an attorney from New York City and her mother was Mary Hewitt Man.
Man graduated from Wheeler High School, and then, in 1925, she graduated from Wellesley College with a degree in chemistry. M... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When used as a food additive, ractopamine added to feed can be distributed by the blood to the muscle tissues, where it serves as a full agonist to murine (mouse or rat) TAAR1, a receptor protein (not necessarily in humans). It is also an agonist to beta-adrenergic receptors. A cascade of events will then be initiated... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
These density differences caused by temperature and salinity ultimately separate ocean water into distinct water masses, such as the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). These two waters are the main drivers of the circulation, which was established in 1960 by Henry Stommel and Arnold B. ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Grignard reagents serve as a base for non-protic substrates (this scheme does not show workup conditions, which typically includes water). Grignard reagents are basic and react with alcohols, phenols, etc. to give alkoxides (ROMgBr). The phenoxide derivative is susceptible to formylation by paraformaldehyde to give sa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plant immune system activity is regulated in part by signaling hormones such as:
* Salicylic acid
* Jasmonic acid
* Ethylene
There can be substantial cross-talk among these pathways. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Before modern PCR methods existed, it was almost impossible to analyze degraded DNA samples. Methods like restriction fragment length polymorphism or RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism, which was the first technique used for DNA analysis in forensic science, required high molecular weight DNA in the sample i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Applications of phase change materials include, but are not limited to:
* Thermal energy storage, such as the FlexTherm Eco by Flamco.
* Solar cooking
* Cold Energy Battery
* Conditioning of buildings, such as ice-storage
* Cooling of heat and electrical engines
* Cooling: food, beverages, coffee, wine, milk products, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
John William Draper (May 5, 1811 – January 4, 1882) was an English scientist, philosopher, physician, chemist, historian and photographer. He is credited with pioneering portrait photography (1839–40) and producing the first detailed photograph of the moon in 1840. He was also the first president of the American Chemic... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Modern biological research has revealed strong evidence that the enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain assemble into larger, supramolecular structures called supercomplexes, instead of the traditional fluid model of discrete enzymes dispersed in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These supercomplexes are funct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The BOD is used in measuring waste loadings to treatment plants and in evaluating the BOD-removal efficiency of such treatment systems. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Stereoisomers have the same atoms or isotopes connected by bonds of the same type, but differ in their shapes – the relative positions of those atoms in space – apart from rotations and translations.
In theory, one can imagine any arrangement in space of the atoms of a molecule or ion to be gradually changed to any oth... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Calmodulin 1 ()
* Calmodulin 2 ()
* Calmodulin 3 ()
* calmodulin 1 pseudogene 1 ()
* Calmodulin-like 3 ()
* Calmodulin-like 4 ()
* Calmodulin-like 5 ()
* Calmodulin-like 6 () | 1 | Biochemistry |
The concept of using a post-column catalytic reactor to enhance the response of the FID was described by Kenneth Porter & D.H. Volman, for the reduction of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide to methane using a nickel catalyst. This process was later refined by Johns & Thompson, and is now commonplace in many laboratori... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In plumbing systems fluxes are used to keep the mating surfaces clean during soldering operations. The fluxes often consist of corrosive chemicals such as ammonium chloride and zinc chloride in a binder such as petroleum jelly. If too much flux is applied to the joint then the excess will melt and run down the bore of ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gustavs Vanags was born in "Rungas" house of the Schnicken (Sniķeru) manor (now in Ukri Parish, Auce Municipality). He received primary education in the Mitau Classic Gymnasium, and in 1910 enrolled Riga Polytechnic Institute. During the First World War, he, among many, went in evacuation to the inner regions of Russia... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ELSDs analyze solutes eluting out of the chromatographic column, both in LC and SFC. As the eluent exits the columns outlet into the detector inlet, it is mixed with an inert carrier gas (usually nitrogen) and forced through a nebulizer, which separates the liquid into fine aerosolized droplets. These droplets then pas... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
TIRAP (TIR domain containing adaptor protein) is an adapter molecule associated with toll-like receptors. The innate immune system recognizes microbial pathogens through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Different TLRs recognize different pathogen-associated molecular pa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rotary vacuum drum filter designs available vary in physical aspects and their characteristics. The filtration area ranges from 0.5 m to 125 m. Disregarding the size of the design, filter cloth washing is a priority as it ensures efficiency of cake washing and acting vacuum. However, a smaller design would be more ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
After time is allowed for binding with the oligonucleotide probes, the hope is that some of the proteins on the membrane filter have bound to the probes. Any probe that was not able to bind a protein needs to be removed. Once unbound probe removal has been taken care of, to better visualize the membrane filter, it is s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term "triangle of death" was first used with regard to the region in a September 2004 scientific publication in the Lancet Oncology. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Sponge iron is not useful by itself, but can be processed to create wrought iron or steel. The sponge is removed from the furnace, called a bloomery, and repeatedly beaten with heavy hammers and folded over to remove the slag, oxidize any carbon or carbide, and weld the iron together. This treatment usually creates wro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A non-stick surface is engineered to reduce the ability of other materials to stick to it. Non-stick cookware is a common application, where the non-stick coating allows food to brown without sticking to the pan. Non-stick is often used to refer to surfaces coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a well-known brand... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of adhesion GPCRs may have important roles within the immune system. In particular, members the EGF-TM7 subfamily which possess N-terminal EGF-like domains are predominantly restricted to leukocytes suggesting a putative role in immune function. The human EGF‑TM7 family is composed of CD97, EMR1 (F4/80 recept... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The thermodynamic potentials also satisfy
where is the chemical potential defined as (for constant n</sub> with j≠i):
This last partial derivative is the same as , the partial molar Gibbs free energy. This means that the partial molar Gibbs free energy and the chemical potential, one of the most important properties ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In April 1989, MIM Holdings Limited acquired the world rights to the Jameson Cell from TUNRA, with TUNRA retaining the rights to use the Cell for waste water treatment.
After the initial applications within the MIM Holdings group of companies, the years to 1994 saw Jameson Cells installed by various base and precious m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The reaction is catalyzed by a base and a divalent metal such as calcium. The intermediary steps taking place are aldol reactions, reverse aldol reactions, and aldose-ketose isomerizations. Intermediates are glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, and tetrose sugars. In 1959, Breslow proposed a mechanism f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In biology, actinic light denotes light from solar or other sources that can cause photochemical reactions such as photosynthesis in a species. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There's evidence of very early metallurgy at Aratashen, going back to the first half of the sixth millennium BCE. According to A. Courcier,
At Aratashen and Khatunakh/Aknashen, there are similarities to the contemporary sites of Kultepe I, and Alikemek-Tepesi. Another prehistoric site that is close to Aratashen is Masi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dynamic reserve, in the context of the dynamic energy budget theory, refers to the set of metabolites (mostly polymers and lipids) that an organism can use for metabolic purposes. These chemical compounds can have active metabolic functions, however. They are not just "set apart for later use." Reserve differs from str... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term GM ("genetically modified") is often used as a synonym of transgenic to refer to plants modified using recombinant DNA technologies. Plants with transgenic/GM disease resistance against insect pests have been extremely successful as commercial products, especially in maize and cotton, and are planted annually ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Quinine total synthesis
* Vitamin B total synthesis
* Strychnine total synthesis
* Paclitaxel (Taxol) total synthesis
* Cholesterol total synthesis | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As described above, the use of N-terminal and side chain protecting groups is essential during peptide synthesis to avoid undesirable side reactions, such as self-coupling of the activated amino acid leading to (polymerization). This would compete with the intended peptide coupling reaction, resulting in low yield or e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
At boiling and higher temperatures the sum of the individual component partial pressures becomes equal to the overall pressure, which can symbolized as .
Under such conditions, Dalton's law would be in effect as follows:
:P = P + P + ...
Then for each component in the vapor phase:
:y = P / P, y = P&... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Drugs can profoundly affect thyroid function tests. Listed below is a selection of important effects.
↓: reduced serum concentration or structure parameter; ↑: increased serum concentration or structure parameter; ↔: no change; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; T: Total triiodothyronine; T: Total thyroxine; fT: Free th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A dentine conditioning agent is used initially, to remove the smear layer resulting from the preparation of a cavity and, to alter the dentine surface by partially demineralising the intertubulary dentine. This partially demineralised dentine acts as a hollow scaffolding which can be perfused with the primer. Over-etch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Nanodragster, dubbed the worlds smallest hot rod, is a molecular nanocar. The design improves on previous nanocar designs and is a step towards creating molecular machines. The name comes from the nanocars resemblance to a dragster, as its staggered wheel fitment has a shorter axle with smaller wheels in the front ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Mongo foot refers to the use of the rider's front foot for pushing. Normally, a skateboarder will feel more comfortable using their back foot to push, while their front foot remains on the board. In the minority case of mongo-footed skateboarders, the opposite is true. Some skateboarders who do not push mongo in their ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
As studies of the consequences of ocean acidification for marine organisms and ecosystems expanded rapidly over the past decade, the methods employed to evaluate the effects of expected future changes in ocean chemistry have become more sophisticated. Initial studies frequently involved measurements of the survival or ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The idea of affinity is extremely old. Many attempts have been made at identifying its origins. The majority of such attempts, however, except in a general manner, end in futility since "affinities" lie at the basis of all magic, thereby pre-dating science. Physical chemistry, however, was one of the first branches o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is now widely accepted that atherosclerosis is a result of cellular and molecular events characteristic of inflammation. Vascular inflammation can be caused by upregulation of Ang-II, which is produced locally by inflamed vessels and induces synthesis and secretion of IL-6, a cytokine responsible for induction of an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1763, James Watt was working as instrument maker at the University of Glasgow when he was assigned the job of repairing a model Newcomen engine and noted how inefficient it was.
In 1765, Watt conceived the idea of equipping the engine with a separate condensation chamber, which he called a "condenser". Because the c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of lactose derivatives or analogs have been described that are useful for work with the lac operon. These compounds are mainly substituted galactosides, where the glucose moiety of lactose is replaced by another chemical group.
* Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is frequently used as an inducer of t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AR4 is expressed in Halobacterium species xz 515. The organism was first identified in a salt lake in Tibet. The gene encoding it was identified by H. Wang and colleagues in 2000. In most bacteriorhodopsin homologs, H release to the extracellular medium takes place before a replacement ion is taken up from the cytosoli... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Real-time PCR technique can be classified by the chemistry used to detect the PCR product, specific or non-specific fluorochromes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Molecular imprinting describes a process by which a host is constructed from small molecules using a suitable molecular species as a template. After construction, the template is removed leaving only the host. The template for host construction may be subtly different from the guest that the finished host binds to. In ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Solomon's considerable contributions to science have been recognised by his peers through election to the following Academies:
* Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (FIChemE, 2007)
* Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS, 2004).
* Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another problem with plotting this (or any) type of count data is [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overplotting overplotting] which is solved in the RA plot by jittering the points out away from each other but no so far as to merge with other coordinates. The result of this feature is a patchwork-like appearance to the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used in a wide range of applications.
In the paint and coatings industry, it is a useful tool to investigate the quality of coatings and to detect the presence of corrosion.
It is used in many biosensor systems as a label-free technique to measure bacterial concentration and to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous fatty acid amide, and lipid modulator PEA has been studied in in vitro and in vivo systems using exogenously added or dosed compound; there is evidence that it binds to a nuclear receptor, through which it exerts a variety of biological effects, some related to chronic infl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The German Institute for Standardization publishes a standard for pH measurement using pH meters, DIN 19263.
Very precise measurements necessitate that the pH meter is calibrated before each measurement. More typically calibration is performed once per day of operation. Calibration is needed because the glass electrode... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The liver, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), lungs, kidney, and brain are among the tissues that participate in the chiral inversion of medicines. The liver has been shown to be the most crucial organ in the development of this mechanism. Although some studies contend that rat liver homogenates lack the enzymatic mechanis... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
No heterogeneous catalyst has been commercialized for asymmetric hydrogenation.
The first asymmetric hydrogenation focused on palladium deposited on a silk support. Cinchona alkaloids have been used as chiral modifiers for enantioselectivity hydrogenation.
An alternative technique and one that allows more control over ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Feringa received his MSc degree with distinction from the University of Groningen in 1974. He subsequently obtained a PhD degree at the same university in 1978, with the thesis titled "Asymmetric oxidation of phenols. Atropisomerism and optical activity". Following a short period at Shell in the Netherlands and the Un... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Consider the reaction below:
The two elements involved, iron and chlorine, each change oxidation state; iron from +2 to +3, chlorine from 0 to −1. There are then effectively two half reactions occurring. These changes can be represented in formulas by inserting appropriate electrons into each half reaction:
Given... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Retromer is a complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and directly back to the plasma membrane. Mutations in retromer and its associated proteins have been linked to Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases.
Retromer is a het... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All magneto-optical traps require at least one trapping laser plus any necessary repumper lasers (see above). These lasers need stability, rather than high power, requiring no more than the saturation intensity, but a linewidth much less than the Doppler width, usually several megahertz. Because of their low cost, comp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrocarbons are a class of molecule that is defined by functional groups called hydrocarbyls that contain only carbon and hydrogen, but vary in the number and order of double bonds. Each one differs in type (and scope) of reactivity.
There are also a large number of branched or ring alkanes that have specific names, e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) occurs when the starting material racemate is able to epimerize easily, resulting in an essentially racemic starting material mix at all points during the reaction. Then, the enantiomer with the lower barrier to activation can form in, theoretically, up to 100% yield. This is in contras... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In 1884, Jacobus van t Hoff proposed the Van t Hoff equation describing the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction:
where ΔU is the change in internal energy, K is the equilibrium constant of the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, and T is thermodynamic temperature. Based o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aluminium, like its congener boron, is less electronegative than carbon (Al, 1.61; C, 2.55); thus, aluminium-bound carbons in organoalanes possess partial negative charge and are nucleophilic as a result. Generally, however, organoalanes are not nucleophilic enough to transfer an organic group on their own (the excepti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Isotopocule is a shorthand for an isotopically substituted molecule. Isotopocules are molecules that differ only in their isotopic composition or the intramolecular position of the isotopes. It is an umbrella term for the more specific terms isotopologue and isotopomer, coined by Jan Kaiser and Thomas Röckmann in 2008. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gestonorone caproate was first described in 1960. It was developed by Schering and has been marketed since at least 1968. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The antibiotic is produced under many brand names across the world.
* Bangladesh: Ancef, Ancef forte, Aphrin, Avlosef, Cefadin, Cephadin, Cephran, Cephran-DS, Cusef, Cusef DS, Dicef , Dicef forte, Dolocef, Efrad, Elocef, Extracef, Extracef-DS, Intracef, Kefdrin, Lebac, Lebac Forte, Medicef, Mega-Cef, Megacin, Polycef,... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In cell culture, a monolayer refers to a layer of cells in which no cell is growing on top of another, but all are growing side by side and often touching each other on the same growth surface. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although isomerization of proteins has been known about since 1968 when it was discovered by C. Tanford, proline isomerization and its use as a noncovalent histone tail modification was not discovered until 2006 by Nelson and his colleagues. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964.
Like all tachykinins, physalaemin is a sialagogue (increases salivation) and a potent vasodilator with hypotensive effects. | 1 | Biochemistry |
High precision isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is another method for measuring kinetic fractionation of isotopes for natural abundance KIE measurements. Widlanski and coworkers demonstrated KIE at natural abundance measurements for the hydrolysis of sulfate monoesters. Their observation of a large KIE suggests ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two basic sets of theorems exists, one for flux and another for concentrations. The concentration connectivity theorems are divided again depending on whether the system species is different from the local species . | 1 | Biochemistry |
In polymer systems, the general definition () holds; the elementary constituents are now the monomers making up the chains. However, the structure factor being a measure of the correlation between particle positions, one can reasonably expect that this correlation will be different for monomers belonging to the same ch... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In spite of the stepwise, radical mechanism, both stereoselective intra- and intermolecular variants have emerged. Cyclic enones are employed, otherwise competitive cis-trans isomerization ensues.
The mechanism of [2+2] photocyclization is proposed to begin with photoexcitation of the enone to a singlet excited state. ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The first SLIM were fabricated using PCB technology to demonstrate a range of simple ion manipulations in gases at low pressures (a few torr). This SLIM technology has conceptual similarities with integrated electronic circuits, but instead of moving electrons, electric fields were used to create pathways, switches, et... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* United States: California, Minnesota, Delaware, Washington DC and Wisconsin restrict use of less than lethal projectiles and devices using them.
* United Kingdom: Citizens may not use PAVA, under Section 5 of the Firearms Act 1968; however, police, prison officers and other officials are allowed to use PAVA to uphol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Protecting a substrate with a PPG is commonly referred to as "photocaging." This term is especially popular in biological systems. For example, Ly et al. developed a p-iodobenzoate-based photocaged reagent, which would experience a homolytic photoclevage of the C-I bond. They found that the reaction could occur with ex... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Parkes process, patented in 1850 uses molten zinc. Zinc is not miscible with lead and when the two molten metals are mixed the zinc separates and floats to the top carrying only some 2% lead. However silver preferentially dissolves in zinc, so the zinc that floats to the top carries a significant proportion of the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In intramolecular organic reactions, two reaction sites are contained within a single molecule. This configuration elevates the effective concentration of the reacting partners resulting in high reaction rates. Many intramolecular reactions are observed where the intermolecular version does not take place.
Intramolecu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several biomolecules, including PUFAs and some amino acids, cannot be made by human beings and must be supplied in the diet. These molecules are termed “essential dietary components” and serve as building blocks that are incorporated into larger structures such as proteins and cell membranes. PUFA membrane components a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Radical Polymerization is used in the curing of acrylic resins in the presence of UV in the industry. Light energy from UV breaks apart photoinitiaters, forming radicals. The radical then react with the polymers, forming polymers with radical groups that then react with additional monomers. The monomer chain extends un... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A typical L1 element is approximately 6,000 base pairs (bp) long and consists of two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) which are flanked by untranslated regions (UTRs) and target site duplications. In humans, ORF2 is thought to be translated by an unconventional termination/reinitiation mechanism, while mouse ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some ferredoxins have a sufficiently high redox potential that they can be directly reduced by NADPH. One such ferredoxin is adrenoxin (-274mV) which takes part in the biosynthesis of many mammalian steroids. The ferredoxin Fd3 in the roots of plants that reduces nitrate and sulfite has a midpoint potential of -337mV a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
This is not the usual form in which the equation is used. Instead, the equation is set to zero, meaning , indicating we are at equilibrium and the concentrations and are now equilibrium concentrations, hence:
Rearranging this gives the so-called Haldane relationship:
The advantage of this is that one of the four cons... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As a result of the surface tension inherent to liquids, curved surfaces are formed in order to minimize the area. This phenomenon arises from the energetic cost of forming a surface. As such the Gibbs free energy of the system is minimized when the surface is curved.
The Kelvin equation is based on thermodynamic princi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bare gold clusters, i.e., clusters without stabilizing ligand shells can be synthesized and studied in vacuum using molecular beam techniques. Their structures have been experimentally studied using, e.g., anion photoelectron spectroscopy, far-infrared spectroscopy, as well as measurements of their ion mobility and ele... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fumagillin is a complex biomolecule and used as an antimicrobial agent. It was isolated in 1949 from the microbial organism Aspergillus fumigatus. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Referring to conduction, Partington writes: "If a hot body is brought in conducting contact with a cold body, the temperature of the hot body falls and that of the cold body rises, and it is said that a quantity of heat has passed from the hot body to the cold body."
Referring to radiation, Maxwell writes: "In Radiatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Fischer carbene can undergo nucleophilic abstraction where a methyl group is removed. With the addition of a small abstracting agent, the abstracting agent would normally add to the carbene carbon. In this case however, the steric bulk of the abstracting agent that is added causes the abstraction of the methyl grou... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although thermal degradation is defined as an oxygen free process it is difficult in practise to completely exclude oxygen. Where this is the case thermal oxidation is to be expected, leading to the formation of free radicals by way of hydroperoxides. These may then participate in thermal degradation reactions, acceler... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first article relating to continuous flow peptide synthesis was published in 1986, but due to technical limitations, it was not until the early 2010's when more academic groups started using continuous flow for the rapid synthesis of peptides. The advantages of continuous flow over traditional batch methods is the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The systematic name of pyridine, within the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature recommended by the IUPAC, is . However, systematic names for simple compounds are used very rarely; instead, heterocyclic nomenclature follows historically established common names. IUPAC discourages the use of in favor of pyridine. The numbering... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Radical theory is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry describing the structure of organic compounds. The theory was pioneered by Justus von Liebig, Friedrich Wöhler and Auguste Laurent around 1830 and is not related to the modern understanding of free radicals. In this theory, organic compounds were thought to e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Translational regulation of MITF is still an unexplored area with only two peer-reviewed papers (as of 2019) highlighting the importance. During glutamine starvation of melanoma cells ATF4 transcripts increases as well as the translation of the mRNA due to eIF2α phosphorylation. This chain of molecular events leads to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
London dispersion forces, named after the German-American physicist Fritz London, are weak intermolecular forces that arise from the interactive forces between instantaneous multipoles in molecules without permanent multipole moments. In and between organic molecules the multitude of contacts can lead to larger contrib... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The effect has mainly been observed on alkaline atoms which have nuclear properties particularly suitable for working with traps. As of 2012, using ultra-low temperatures of or below, Bose–Einstein condensates had been obtained for a multitude of isotopes, mainly of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal,
and lanthanide a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The properties of a compound relating to human olfactory perception includes its odour quality, threshold and intensity as a function of its concentration.
The odour quality of a (odour-active) compound is assessed using odour descriptors in sensory descriptive analyses. It shows the sensory–chemical relationship in vo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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