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Solar energy conversion has the potential to be a very cost-effective technology. It is cheaper as compared to non-conventional energy sources. The [https://www.learnarrow.com/2020/01/top-8-most-popular-uses-of-solar-energy.html use of solar energy] help to increase employment and development of the transportation & ag... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While it is useful to study bulk cell entities, there is an underlying need to study an individual or single cell as it will provide a better understanding of how it contributes to the entity as a whole. It was found that the utilization of electrochemical techniques could analyze cells without interrupting cellular ac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eshelby work helped shape the fields of defect mechanics and micromechanics of inhomogeneous solids for fifty years, including the controlling mechanisms of plastic deformation and fracture.The scientific phenomenon called Eshelby's inclusion is named after this scientist, and points at an ellipsoidal subdomain in an i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In practice, the Joule–Thomson effect is achieved by allowing the gas to expand through a throttling device (usually a valve) which must be very well insulated to prevent any heat transfer to or from the gas. No external work is extracted from the gas during the expansion (the gas must not be expanded through a turbine... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Crystallography has 230 space groups to distinguish, far more than the 17 wallpaper groups, but many of the symmetries in the groups are the same. Thus one can use a similar notation for both kinds of groups, that of Carl Hermann and Charles-Victor Mauguin. An example of a full wallpaper name in Hermann-Mauguin style (... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Iron export occurs in a variety of cell types, including neurons, red blood cells, macrophages and enterocytes. The latter two are especially important since systemic iron levels depend upon them. There is only one known iron exporter, ferroportin. It transports ferrous iron out of the cell, generally aided by cerulopl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfuryl fluoride is marketed in the U.S. by three manufacturers, under four different brand names. Vikane (Dow) (EPA Reg. No. 62719- 4-ZA) has been commercially available since the early 1960s, with Zythor (marketed by competitor Ensystex of North Carolina) (EPA Reg. No. 81824- 1-AA) being more recently introduced gra... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Rescue fusion hybridization is a process used to manufacture some therapeutic cancer vaccines in which individual tumor cells obtained through biopsy are fused with an antibody-secreting cell to form a heterohybridoma. This cell then secretes the unique idiotype, or immunoglobulin antigen characteristic of the individu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, a histone octamer is the eight-protein complex found at the center of a nucleosome core particle. It consists of two copies of each of the four core histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The octamer assembles when a tetramer, containing two copies of H3 and two of H4, complexes with two H2A/H2B... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is a lower limit for the length of the interconnect that will allow higher current carrying capability. It is known as "Blech length". Any wire that has a length below this limit will have a stretched limit for electromigration. Here, a mechanical stress buildup causes an atom back flow process which reduces or e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Senapathy proposed that the gene-expression regulatory sequences (promoter and poly-A addition site sequences) also could have originated from stop codons. A conserved sequence, AATAAA, exists in almost every gene a short distance downstream from the end of the protein-coding message and serves as a signal for the addi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Halogenation of saturated hydrocarbons is a substitution reaction. The reaction typically requires free radical pathways. The regiochemistry of the halogenation of alkanes is largely determined by the relative weakness of the C–H bonds. This trend is reflected by the faster reaction at tertiary and secondary positions.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This is a modification of the method of oxidative tethering to a para-methoxybenzyl ether. The difference here is that the para-alkoxybenzyl group is attached to a solid support; the β-mannoside product is released into the solution phase in the last step, while the by-products remain attached to the solid phase. This ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1963, Ralph Pearson proposed a qualitative concept known as the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases principle. later made quantitative with help of Robert Parr in 1984. Hard applies to species that are small, have high charge states, and are weakly polarizable. Soft applies to species that are large, have low charge state... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
LAAM is indicated as a second-line treatment for the treatment and management of opioid dependence if patients fail to respond to drugs like methadone or buprenorphine.
LAAM is used as an oral solution of LAAM hydrochloride at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in bottles of 120 and 500 mL under the brand name Orlaam. The fir... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Epigenetic Therapy is the use of drugs or other epigenome-influencing techniques to treat medical conditions.
It is recently regarded as promising therapy to NSCLC.
As can be seen in the above, SFRP1 was downregulated epigenetically in NSCLC and was recently proposed as one of epigenetic therapy target. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The presence of ptaquiloside has been detected in a variety of ferns, including the species in the genera Pteridium (bracken), Pteris, Microlepia, and Hypolepis. Pteridium aquilinum (commonly known as bracken fern) is the most common ptaquiloside-containing fern with a wide geographical and ecological distribution. It ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, an electrofuge is a leaving group which does not retain the lone pair of electrons from its previous bond with another species (in contrast to a nucleofuge, which does). It can result from the heterolytic breaking of covalent bonds.
After this reaction an electrofuge may possess either a positive or a neu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, a molecule experiences strain when its chemical structure undergoes some stress which raises its internal energy in comparison to a strain-free reference compound. The internal energy of a molecule consists of all the energy stored within it. A strained molecule has an additional amount of internal ener... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fatty acid synthesis starts with acetyl-CoA and builds up by the addition of two-carbon units. Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells while oxidative degradation occurs in the mitochondria. Many of the enzymes for the fatty acid synthesis are organized into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The third annual Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference was held virtually on Thursday, June 24, and Friday, June 25, 2021.
2021 Career Panel featured Kay Brummond (Univ of Pittsburgh), Martha A. Sarpong (GlaxoSmithKline), Emma Radoux (Royal Society of Chemistry), Callie Bryan (Janssen), Kimberly Steward (Car... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As shown in the table below, the three chief national producers of copper, respectively, in 2002, were Chile, Indonesia, and the United States. In 2013, they were Chile, China, and Peru. Twenty-one of the 28 largest copper mines in the world (as of 2006) are not amenable to expansion. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) is a protein consisting of an adenylyl cyclase enzyme domain directly linked to a BLUF (blue light receptor using FAD) type light sensor domain. When illuminated with blue light, the enzyme domain becomes active and converts ATP to cAMP, an important second messenger in many cells.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water-use efficiency (WUE) refers to the ratio of plant biomass to water lost by transpiration, can be defined either at the leaf, at the whole plant or a population/stand/field level:
*leaf level : photosynthetic water-use efficiency (also called instantaneous water-use efficiency WUE), which is defined as the ratio o... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Downregulation of gene expression via siRNA has been an important research tool in in vitro studies. Susceptibility of siRNAs to nuclease degradation, though, makes use of them in vivo problematic. In 2005, researchers working with hepatitis B virus(HBV) in rodents, determined that certain modifications of the siRNA ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The theory is based on the assumption that the reaction can be described by a reaction coordinate, and that we can apply Boltzmann distribution at least in the reactant state.
A new, especially reactive segment of the reactant, called the saddle domain, is introduced, and the rate constant is factored:
where α is the c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Monothiophosphate is the anion [POS], which has C symmetry. A common salt is sodium monothiophosphate (NaPOS). Monothiophosphate is used in research as an analogue of phosphate in biochemistry. Monothiophosphate esters are biochemical reagents used in the study of transcription, substitution interference assays. Someti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In Batesian mimicry, potential prey organisms will mimic chemicals emitted by an organism that poses a greater risk to the predator in order to deter attack. Most commonly this form of chemical mimicry is seen in plant species through the release of mimicked defense chemicals. The organism being mimicked may contain no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrodes, especially stimulating electrodes and the high current density they discharge, can raise electrochemical issues. Electrodes will be surrounded by tissue and electrolytes; stimulation, resultant electric fields, and induced polarizations will change local ion concentrations and local pH which can then cause ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The volume of a thermodynamic system typically refers to the volume of the working fluid, such as, for example, the fluid within a piston. Changes to this volume may be made through an application of work, or may be used to produce work. An isochoric process however operates at a constant-volume, thus no work can be p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adsorption and desorption can both be promoted by exposure of trans metal oxides to light, the predominant process being controlled by experimental conditions. Adsorption of oxygen by illumination of TiO or ZnO at room temperature with low pressure results in the adsorption of oxygen, while at high pressures illuminati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hardenability is the depth to which a steel is hardened after putting it through a heat treatment process. It should not be confused with hardness, which is a measure of a sample's resistance to indentation or scratching. It is an important property for welding, since it is inversely proportional to weldability, that i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For adhesive bonding of materials, wetting of the surface, which can be measured by the contact angle, is critical to successful adhesive application. To determine how well a liquid wets a solid surface is proportional to the contact angle from the liquid while on the solid. This is determined by the respective surface... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An aglycone (aglycon or genin) is the chemical compound remaining after the glycosyl group on a glycoside is replaced by a hydrogen atom. For example, the aglycone of a cardiac glycoside would be a steroid molecule. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The program runs either with fixed input data for the number of years determined by the user. This option can be used to predict future developments based on long-term average input values, e.g. rainfall, as it will be difficult to assess the future values of the input data year by year.
The program also offers the pos... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Nicholas J. Turro (May 18, 1938 – November 24, 2012) was an American chemist, Wm. P. Schweitzer Professor of Chemistry at Columbia University. He was a world renowned organic chemist and leading world expert on organic photochemistry. He was the recipient of the 2011 Arthur C. Cope Award in Organic Chemistry, given a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In chemistry the reactivity–selectivity principle or RSP states that a more reactive chemical compound or reactive intermediate is less selective in chemical reactions. In this context selectivity represents the ratio of reaction rates.
This principle was generally accepted until the 1970s when too many exceptions star... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
About 164,000,000 tons were produced in 2019. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is assumed that the scattered light intensity is a linear function of species’ concentrations.
where is a proportionality constant. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Copy number analysis is the process of analyzing data produced by a test for DNA copy number variation in an organism's sample. One application of such analysis is the detection of chromosomal copy number variation that may cause or may increase risks of various critical disorders. Copy number variation can be detected... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A method for phenolic content quantification is volumetric titration. An oxidizing agent, permanganate, is used to oxidize known concentrations of a standard solution, producing a standard curve. The content of the unknown phenols is then expressed as equivalents of the appropriate standard.
Some methods for quantifica... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several properties make NiSi an important local contact material in the area of microelectronics, among them a reduced thermal budget, low resistivity of 13–14 μΩ·cm and a reduced Si consumption when compared to alternative compounds. | 8 | Metallurgy |
At the end of World War II, the Allies occupied Germany and found large stockpiles of chemical weapons that they did not know how to dispose of or deal with. Ultimately, the Allies disposed large quantities of these chemical weapons into the Baltic Sea, including 32 000 tonnes of chemical munitions and chemical warfare... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Elly Schwab-Agallidis (born Elly Agallidis, , ; – ) was a Greek physicist/physical chemist and one of the first women in Greece to be awarded a PhD in the field. She was the wife of Georg-Maria Schwab, who met her in Munich as the supervisor of the experimental work for her doctoral thesis; the couple then worked toge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sagan and Khare note the presence of tholins through multiple locations: "as a constituent of the Earth's primitive oceans and therefore relevant to the origin of life; as a component of red aerosols in the atmospheres of the outer planets and Titan; present in comets, carbonaceous chondrites asteroids, and pre-planeta... | 9 | Geochemistry |
High-frequency vibrating screening equipment is a shaker whose frame is fixed and the drive vibrates only the screen cloth. High frequency vibration equipment is for particles that are in this particle size range of an 1/8 in (3 mm) down to a +150 mesh. Traditional shaker screeners have a difficult time making separat... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A useful way to study the interaction of an atom in a Gaussian beam is to look at the harmonic potential approximation of the intensity profile the atom experiences. In the case of the two-level atom, the potential experienced is related to its AC Stark Shift,
where is the natural line width of the excited state, is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy is a method for characterizing properties of fluids and dispersed particles. It is also known as acoustic spectroscopy.
There is an international standard for this method.
Measurement of attenuation coefficient versus ultrasound frequency yields raw data for further calculation of va... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Vargulin (with the associated luciferase) has applications in biotechnology:
* in a variety of assays, to report gene or gene expression after luciferase have been genetically introduced in cells,
* to detect ATP, that is used in the vargulin/luciferase reaction (cell viability assays).
Although less stable, the Cyprid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ANCAP reports that some RHD cars imported to Australia did not perform as well on crash tests as the LHD versions, although the cause is unknown, and may be due to differences in testing methodology. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Seraj has established a well-equipped plant biotechnology laboratory at the University of Dhaka. She has been a co-principal investigator in several projects, such as the Generation Challenge Program (GCP)—an initiative to use molecular biology to help boost agricultural production.
Seraj has not only worked on fine ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, the limit of local stability with respect to small fluctuations is clearly defined by the condition that the second derivative of Gibbs free energy is zero.
The locus of these points (the inflection point within a G-x or G-c curve, Gibbs free energy as a function of composition) is known as the spino... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Young's modulus of a mineral can be predicted by varying one cell parameter at a time and observing the evolution of the stress tensor. Because the raw output of a simulation includes energy and volume, the integrated version of the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state is often used to determine bulk modulus. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The sorbent tube and the focusing trap may be packed with one or more sorbents. The type and number of sorbents depends on a number of factors including the sampling setup, the analyte volatility range, analyte concentration, and the humidity of the sample.
One of the most versatile and popular sorbents for thermal des... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While there are many abiotic sources and sinks for O, the presence of the profuse concentration of free oxygen in modern Earth's atmosphere and ocean is attributed to O production from the biological process of oxygenic photosynthesis in conjunction with a biological sink known as the biological pump and a geologic pro... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Hyperconjugation is the stabilizing interaction that results from the interaction of the electrons in a sigma bond (usually C-H or C-C) with an adjacent empty (or partially filled) non-bonding p-orbital or antibonding π orbital or an antibonding sigma orbital to give an extended molecular orbital that increases the sta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photoredox catalysis is a branch of photochemistry that uses single-electron transfer. Photoredox catalysts are generally drawn from three classes of materials: transition-metal complexes, organic dyes, and semiconductors. While organic photoredox catalysts were dominant throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, soluble tr... | 5 | Photochemistry |
To be representative, the layer must meet the following criteria:
• The volume fraction of each type of particle is the same in the representative layer as in the sample as a whole.
• The surface area fraction of each type of particle is the same in the representative layer as in the sample as a whole.
• The void fract... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In contrast to the oxidative citric acid cycle, the reverse or reductive cycle has a few key differences. There are three enzymes specific to the reductive citric acid cycle – citrate lyase, fumarate reductase, and α-ketoglutarate synthase.
The splitting of citric acid to oxaloacetate and acetate is in catalyzed by cit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 also known as guanylate cyclase 2D, retinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2D (guanylate cyclase 2D) gene. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* halocarbonates, including carbonate fluorides, carbonate chlorides, carbonate bromides
* phosphates, including fluoride phosphates, chloride phosphate, phosphate molybdates, phosphate arsenates
* borates
** halide borates, including fluoride borates borate chlorides, borate bromides, borate iodides
** chalcogenide bo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
On blood tests, an elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase usually indicates tissue damage, which has multiple potential causes, reflecting its widespread tissue distribution:
*Hemolytic anemia
*Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
*Infections such as infectious mononucleosis, meningitis, encephalitis, HIV/AIDS. It is notably... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A special case of a chemical synapse is the neuromuscular junction, in which the axon of a motor neuron terminates on a muscle fiber. In such cases, the released neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which binds to the acetylcholine receptor, an integral membrane protein in the membrane (the sarcolemma) of the muscle fibe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Products using amphetamine base are now marketed. Dyanavel XR, a liquid suspension form became available in 2015, and contains about 24% levoamphetamine. Adzenys XR, an orally dissolving tablet came to market in 2016 and contains 25% levoamphetamine. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In terms of mechanism, the insertion of alkenes into M–H bond and into M–C bonds are described similarly. Both involve four-membered transition states that place the less substituted carbon on the metal.
The reverse of olefin insertion into a metal-hydrogen bond is β-hydride elimination. The Principle of Microscopic Re... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Loss-of-function mutations in the STAT3 gene result in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, associated with recurrent infections as well as disordered bone and tooth development.
Gain-of-function mutations in the STAT3 gene have been reported to cause multi-organ early onset auto-immune diseases; such as thyroid disease, di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FDA stock solution is prepared by dissolving 5 mg of fluorescein diacetate in 1 ml acetone, and sucrose may be added for live cell viability testing. FDA stain must be kept in the dark at 4°C or it will spoil. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemically, phosphatidylethanols are phospholipids carrying two fatty acid chains, which are variable in structure, and one phosphate ethyl ester. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In most vertebrates, digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps:
# Ingestion: placing food into the mouth (entry of foo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfolipids are sulfur containing lipids. Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols are the predominant sulfolipids present in plants. In leaves its content comprises up to 3 - 6% of the total sulfur present. This sulfolipid is present in plastid membranes and likely is involved in chloroplast functioning. The route of biosynthe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The specific heat capacity of LAGP materials with general formula fits into the Maier-Kelley polynomial law in the temperature range from room temperature to 700 °C:
where
: is the absolute temperature,
: are fitting constants.
Typical values are in the range of 0.75 - 1.5 J⋅g⋅K in the temperature interval 25 - 100 °... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrothermal vents contribute dissolved Si to the ocean Si reservoir. Currently, it is challenging to determine the magnitude of hydrothermal Si fluxes, due to lack of data on the δSi values associated with this flux. There are only two published data points of the δSi value of hydrothermal vents (−0.4‰ and −0.2‰). | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 1922, Bowen became a Fellow in Chemistry of University College, Oxford, succeeding R. B. Bourdillon, who was briefly Fellow in Chemistry at the College from 1919 to 1921, but who subsequently changed his field of interest from chemistry to medicine. Bowen also served as Domestic Bursar of University College and as J... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Fe–Ni metal clusters are crucial for energy production in many bacteria. A primary source of energy in bacteria is the oxidation and reduction of H which is performed by hydrogenase enzymes.
These enzymes are able to create a charge gradient across the cell membrane which serves as an energy store. In aerobic environme... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electroreflectance (also: electromodulated reflectance) is the change of reflectivity of a solid due to the influence of an electric field close to, or at the interface of the solid with a liquid. The change in reflectivity is most noticeable at very specific ranges of photon energy, corresponding to the band gaps at c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A galactosylceramide, or galactocerebroside is a type of cerebroside consisting of a ceramide with a galactose residue at the 1-hydroxyl moiety.
The galactose is cleaved by galactosylceramidase.
Galactosylceramide is a marker for oligodendrocytes in the brain, whether or not they form myelin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lightly crosslinked refers to the lightly woven polymer portion of the scavenger. This type of resin becomes swollen in a particular solvent, allowing an impurity to react with a specified functional group. In many times single solvents are not sufficient to expand the resin, in which case a second solvent must be adde... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A thermodynamic limit does not exist in all cases. Usually, a model is taken to the thermodynamic limit by increasing the volume together with the particle number while keeping the particle number density constant. Two common regularizations are the box regularization, where matter is confined to a geometrical box, and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An interesting alternative synthesis of azlocillin involves activation of the substituted phenylglycine analogue 1 with 1,3-dimethyl-2-chloro-1-imidazolinium chloride (2) and then condensation with 6-APA. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The aerosolization of bacteria in dust contributes heavily to the transport of bacterial pathogens. A well-known case of disease outbreak by bioaerosol was the meningococcal meningitis outbreak in sub-Saharan Africa, which was linked to dust storms during dry seasons.
Other outbreaks have been reportedly linked to dust... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Schilling test was a medical investigation used for patients with vitamin B (cobalamin) deficiency. The purpose of the test was to determine how well a patient is able to absorb B12 from their intestinal tract. The test is now considered obsolete and is rarely performed, and is no longer available at many medical ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The simplest liquid crystal phase is the nematic. In a nematic phase, organic molecules lack a crystalline positional order, but do self-align with their long axes roughly parallel. The molecules are free to flow and their center of mass positions are randomly distributed as in a liquid, but their orientation is const... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Wilhelm Roentgen is credited with the discovery of radioactivity in 1895 with many others such as Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, and Marie Curie following closely behind to further advance the field of radioactivity. John Lawrence, a physicist at The University of California Berkeley, first used nuclear medicin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Histamine has important roles in human physiology as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. As a hormone, it is involved in the inflammatory response and itching. It regulates physiological functions in the gut and acts on the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. As a neurotransmitter, histamine promotes arousal and regulat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Scavenger resins are polymers (resins) with bound functional groups that react with specific by-products, impurities, or excess reagents produced in a reaction. Polymer-bound functional groups permit the use of many different scavengers, as the functional groups are confined within a resin or are simply bound to the so... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Assisted by Lewis acid catalyst, Friedel-Crafts methylsulfonation of aryl ring can be achieved by MsO. In contrast to MsCl, either activated or deactivated benzene derivatives can form the corresponding sulfonatesin satisfactory yields with MsO.
Examples of aromatic sulfonation with MsO:
* Sulfonation of chlorobenzene ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The maintenance of heterochromatin regions by RITS complexes has been described as a self-reinforcing feedback loop, in which RITS complexes stably bind the methylated histones of a heterochromatin region using the Chp1 protein and induce co-transcriptional degradation of any nascent messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal-induced embrittlement (MIE) is the embrittlement caused by diffusion of metal, either solid or liquid, into the base material. Metal induced embrittlement occurs when metals are in contact with low-melting point metals while under tensile stress. The embrittler can be either solid (SMIE) or liquid (liquid metal e... | 8 | Metallurgy |
siRNAs transfection into cells typically lowers the expression of many genes, however, the upregulation of genes is also observed. The upregulation of gene expression can partially be explained by the predicted gene targets of endogenous miRNAs. Computational analyses of more than 150 siRNA transfection experiments sup... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SNP detection through molecular beacons makes use of a specifically engineered single-stranded oligonucleotide probe. The oligonucleotide is designed such that there are complementary regions at each end and a probe sequence located in between. This design allows the probe to take on a hairpin, or stem-loop, structure... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rather than directly measuring concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, OCO-2 records how much of the sunlight reflected off the Earth is absorbed by molecules in an air column. OCO-2 makes measurements in three different spectral bands over four to eight different footprints of approximately each. About 2... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses. This is achieved by transforming a target molecule into simpler precursor structures regardless of any potential reactivity/interaction with reagents. Each precursor material is examined using the same method. This procedu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Saturation binding measures the specific binding of a radioligand at varying concentrations while at equilibrium. Through this method, the number of receptors can be determined as well as affinity of the ligand to these receptors. Saturation binding experiments are often called "Scatchard experiments" as they can be gr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* The reaction 2 H + O → 2 HO provides an example of chain branching. The propagation is a sequence of two steps whose net effect is to replace an H atom by another H atom plus two OH radicals. This leads to an explosion under certain conditions of temperature and pressure.
** H• + O → •OH + •O•
** •O• + H → •OH + H•
*... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The process of repolarization causes an overshoot in the potential of the cell. Potassium ions continue to move out of the axon so much so that the resting potential is exceeded and the new cell potential becomes more negative than the resting potential. The resting potential is ultimately re-established by the closing... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Laboratory cultures of marine phytoplankton (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Phaeocystis sp., Thalassiosira weissflogii, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis sp., Porphyridium sp., Synechococcus sp., Tetraselmis sp., Prorocentrum sp., and Emiliana huxleyi) produce CHCl, but in relatively insignificant amounts. An extensive st... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are actually two versions in mathematics of the abstract dual lattice concept, for a given lattice L in a real vector space V, of finite dimension.
The first, which generalises directly the reciprocal lattice construction, uses Fourier analysis. It may be stated simply in terms of Pontryagin duality. The dual gro... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Southern blot for DNA
* northern blot for RNA
* reverse northern blot for RNA
* western blot for proteins
* far-western blot for protein–protein interactions
* eastern blot for post-translational modification
* far-eastern blot for glycolipids
* dot blot | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, the pentagonal planar molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where five atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a pentagon. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Cryogenics, the study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures and the study of producing extremely low temperatures
* Cryoelectronics, the study of superconductivity under cryogenic conditions and its applications
* Cryosphere, those portions of Earth's surface where water ice naturall... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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