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Amorphous metals exhibit unique softening behavior above their glass transition and this softening has been increasingly explored for thermoplastic forming of metallic glasses. Such low softening temperature allows for developing simple methods for making composites of nanoparticles (e.g. carbon nanotubes) and bulk me... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Desorption as well as reactions on surfaces are straightforward to describe with transition state theory. Analysis of adsorption to a surface from a liquid phase can present a challenge due to lack of ability to assess the concentration of the solute near the surface. When full details are not available, it has been pr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stepwise elongation, in which the amino acids are connected step-by-step in turn, is ideal for small peptides containing between 2 and 100 amino acid residues. Another method is fragment condensation, in which peptide fragments are coupled. Although the former can elongate the peptide chain without racemization, the yi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
About 70% of the ingested imidapril is absorbed quickly from the gut; this percentage is reduced significantly when taken with a fatty meal. It reaches highest blood plasma concentrations after two hours and has a biological half-life of two hours. The substance is a prodrug and is activated to imidaprilat, which reach... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
As mentioned above the histone tails have been shown to directly interact with the DNA of the nucleosome. Each histone in the octamer has an N-terminal tail that protrudes from the histone core. The tails play roles both in inter and intra nucleosomal interactions that ultimately influence gene access. Histones are pos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because dextromethorphan can trigger a histamine release (allergic reaction), atopic children, who are especially susceptible to allergic reactions, should be administered dextromethorphan only if absolutely necessary, and only under the strict supervision of a healthcare professional. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
DVS measurement has applications over a wide range of industries. Both equilibrium vapor sorption isotherms and vapor sorption kinetic results can yield vital information for materials ranging from pharmaceuticals to fuel cells. Although water sorption experiments are most common, the use of organic vapor in DVS expe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While the halogens are not nucleophilic in their diatomic form (e.g. I is not a nucleophile), their anions are good nucleophiles. In polar, protic solvents, F is the weakest nucleophile, and I the strongest; this order is reversed in polar, aprotic solvents. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The versatility of the Sonogashira reaction makes it a widely used reaction in the synthesis of a variety of compounds. One such pharmaceutical application is in the synthesis of SIB-1508Y, which is more commonly known as Altinicline. Altinicline is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist that has shown potential in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Moreover, Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is best recognized for its roles in the brain, particularly in the neocortex and hippocampal regions because it serves as a ubiquitous mediator of cellular Ca2+ signals. CaMKII is abundant in the nervous system, mainly concentrated in the synapses in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The common technique of cleaning silverware by immersion of the silver or sterling silver (or even just silver plated objects) and a piece of aluminium (foil is preferred because of its much greater surface area than that of ingots, although if the foil has a "non-stick" face, this must be removed with steel wool first... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Product imaging of positive ions formed by REMPI detection is only one of the areas where charged particle imaging has become useful. Another area was in the detection of electrons. The first ideas along these lines seem to have an early history. Demkov et al. were perhaps the first to propose a "photoionization micr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transgender people who were medically assigned female at birth sometimes elect to take hormone replacement therapy. This process causes virilization by inducing many of the effects of a typically male puberty. Many of these effects are permanent, but some effects can be reversed if the transgender individual stops or p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reaction (a) is the sum of reactions (b) and (c), for which the total ΔH = −393.5 kJ/mol, which is equal to ΔH in (a).
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</ol> | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sapropel (a contraction of Ancient Greek words sapros and pelos, meaning putrefaction and mud (or clay), respectively) is a term used in marine geology to describe dark-coloured sediments that are rich in organic matter. Organic carbon concentrations in sapropels commonly exceed 2 wt.% in weight.
The term sapropel even... | 9 | Geochemistry |
He was awarded a PhD is in physical chemistry from Battersea College of Technology. During his study he married a German in London in October 1963; their common language is English. Mrs al-Saadi raised their children in Hamburg.
He retired a lieutenant general in 1994 and was made a presidential scientific advisor. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Peptides are ancient signaling systems that are found in almost all animals on Earth. Genome sequencing reveals evidence of neuropeptide genes in Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Placozoa, some of oldest living animals with nervous systems or neural-like tissues. Recent studies also show genomic evidence of neuropeptide proce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfuric acid reacts with most bases to give the corresponding sulfate or bisulfate.
Sulfuric acid reacts with sodium chloride, and gives hydrogen chloride gas and sodium bisulfate:
Aluminium sulfate, also known as paper maker's alum, aluminium sulfate is made by treating bauxite with sulfuric acid:
Sulfuric acid can a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Micrometeorites have been collected from deep-sea sediments, sedimentary rocks and polar sediments. They were previously collected primarily from polar snow and ice because of their low concentrations on the Earth's surface, but in 2016 a method to extract micrometeorites in urban environments was discovered. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Third order spectroscopy, sometimes revered to as Aspnes's third-derivative, is a technique used to enhance the resolution of a spectroscopy measurement. This technique was first used by D.E. Aspnes to study electroreflectance in 1971. Using 3rd order derivatives can sharpen the peak of a function (see figure). Especia... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since it is accepted that ion suppression has the potential to affect the other analytical parameters of any assay, a prudent approach to any LC-MS method development should include an evaluation of ion-suppression. There are two accepted protocols by which this may be achieved, described as follows. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Receptor-activated G proteins are bound to the inner surface of the cell membrane. They consist of the G and the tightly associated G subunits.
There are four main families of G subunits: Gα (G stimulatory), Gα (G inhibitory), Gα, and Gα. They behave differently in the recognition of the effector molecule, but share a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a transcription factor that belongs to the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family of proteins. The proteins of STAT family transmit signals from a receptor complex to the nucleus and activate gene expression. Similarly as other STAT f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are a number of ways to measure ocean turbidity, including autonomous remote vehicles, shipcasts and satellites.
From a satellite, a proxy measurement of the water turbidity can be made by examining the amount of reflectance in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. For the Advanced Very High Resolut... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP), also known as deoxyguanylic acid or deoxyguanylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a derivative of the common nucleic acid guanosine triphosphate (GTP), in which the –OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been reduced to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2, also known as CRTC2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CRTC2 gene. | 1 | Biochemistry |
When most materials are electrically polarized, the polarization induced, P, is almost exactly proportional to the applied external electric field E; so the polarization is a linear function. This is called linear dielectric polarization (see figure). Some materials, known as paraelectric materials, show a more enhanc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Scientific works are normally published in peer-reviewed journals, but He failed to do so regarding the birth of gene-edited babies. This was one of the grounds on which He was criticized. It was later reported that He did submit two manuscripts to Nature and the Journal of the American Medical Association, which were ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Discovered in 1937 by Robin Hill, Hill reagents allowed the discovery of electron transport chains during photosynthesis.
These are dyes that act as artificial electron acceptors, changing color when they are reduced.
An example of a Hill reagent is 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). | 5 | Photochemistry |
meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA or mCPBA) is a peroxycarboxylic acid. It is a white solid often used widely as an oxidant in organic synthesis. mCPBA is often preferred to other peroxy acids because of its relative ease of handling. mCPBA is a strong oxidizing agent that may cause fire upon contact with flammable... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The appropriate halocarbyne precursors of choice can be reacted with organolithium reagents to afford the respective lithiocarbyne derivate by virtue of lithium/halogen exchange. This species can serve as a lynchpin for subsequent carbide linkage with an additional metal complex. Phosphine-based analogues were first in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Balliol-Trinity Laboratories in Oxford, England, was an early chemistry laboratory at the University of Oxford.
The laboratory was located between Balliol College and Trinity College, hence the name. It was especially known for physical chemistry.
Chemistry was first recognized as a separate discipline at Oxford Un... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While tartaric acid is well-tolerated by humans and lab animals, an April 2021 letter to the editor of JAVMA hypothesized that the tartaric acid in grapes could be the cause of grape and raisin toxicity in dogs.
In dogs, the tartaric acid of tamarind causes acute kidney injury, which can often be fatal. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A few Gram-positive bacteria are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin: Leuconostoc and Pediococcus species, but these organisms rarely cause diseases in humans. Most Lactobacillus species are also intrinsically resistant to vancomycin, with the exception of L. acidophilus and L. delbrueckii, which are sensitive. Other... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Frémy's salt is prepared from hydroxylaminedisulfonic acid. Oxidation of the conjugate base gives the purple dianion:
:HON(SOH) → [HON(SO)] + 2 H
:2 [HON(SO)] + PbO → 2 [ON(SO)] + PbO + HO
The synthesis can be performed by combining nitrite and bisulfite to give the hydroxylaminedisulfonate. Oxidation is typically cond... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bicyclic molecules are described by IUPAC nomenclature. The root of the compound name depends on the total number of atoms in all rings together, possibly followed by a suffix denoting the functional group with the highest priority. Numbering of the carbon chain always begins at one bridgehead atom (where the rings mee... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
He obtained both his diploma and PhD (first synthesis of Kekulene) from the University of Heidelberg in 1977 and 1979, respectively. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ; plural SNPs ) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Although certain definitions require the substitution to be present in a sufficiently large fraction of the population (e.g. 1% or more), many pub... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surveys showed that 54% of lakes in Asia are eutrophic; in Europe, 53%; in North America, 48%; in South America, 41%; and in Africa, 28%. In South Africa, a study by the CSIR using remote sensing has shown more than 60% of the reservoirs surveyed were eutrophic.
The World Resources Institute has identified 375 hypoxic ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A [1,j]-sigmatropic rearrangement is also a two component pericyclic reaction: one component is the π-system, the other component is the migrating group. The simplest case is a [1,j]-hydride shift across a π-system where j is odd. In this case, as the hydrogen has only a spherically symmetric s orbital, the reaction ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
London dispersion forces arise from instantaneous dipoles between two nonpolar molecules close together. The random nature of electron orbit allows moments in which the charge distribution in a molecule is unevenly distributed, allowing an electrostatic attraction to another molecule with a temporary dipole. A larger m... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In molecular biology, a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets. Where these triplets equate to amino acids or stop signals during translation, they are called codons.
A single strand of a nucleic acid mol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Formally, amidines are a class of oxoacids. The oxoacid from which an amidine is derived must be of the form RE(=O)OH, where R is a substituent. The −OH group is replaced by an −NH group and the =O group is replaced by =NR, giving amidines the general structure RE(=NR)NR. When the parent oxoacid is a carboxylic acid, t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The concentration of CDOM can have a significant effect on biological activity in aquatic systems. CDOM diminishes light intensity as it penetrates water. Very high concentrations of CDOM can have a limiting effect on photosynthesis and inhibit the growth of phytoplankton, which form the basis of oceanic food chains an... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Since its first inception in 1967, many synthesis techniques have been developed and employed for the polymerization of o-phthalaldehyde. Most notably, living polymerization methods are among the most common and promising techniques used, as can be seen in the high number of publications in the literature depicting the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A sulfur-based main group analog of a carbyne complex has been prepared by Seppalt and coworkers. The compound, trifluoro(2,2,2-trifluoroethylidyne)-λ-sulfurane, FC–C≡SF, prepared by dehydrofluorination of FC–CH=SF or FC–CH–SF, is an unstable gas that readily undergoes dimerization to form trans-(CF)(SF)C=C(CF)(SF) at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A base metal, such as iron (Fe) goes into aqueous solution as positively charged cation, Fe. As the metal is oxidized under anaerobic conditions by the protons of water, H ions are reduced to form molecular H. This can be written in the following ways under acidic and neutral conditions respectively:
:Fe + 2 H → Fe +... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A ChemFET is a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor, that is a field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution. When the target analyte concentration changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the analyte solution separates the source an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Depolarization is essential to the functions of many cells in the human body, which is exemplified by the transmission of stimuli both within a neuron and between two neurons. The reception of stimuli, neural integration of those stimuli, and the neuron's response to stimuli all rely upon the ability of neurons to util... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Non-biologic surface coatings will occur via two mechanisms, the first being direct hydrophobic interaction of the lipid tail with a hydrophobic surface resulting in a monolayer of FSL at the surface. The second surface coating will be through the formation of bilayers, which probably either encapsulate fibres or being... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are many situations where prediction of partition coefficients prior to experimental measurement is useful. For example, tens of thousands of industrially manufactured chemicals are in common use, but only a small fraction have undergone rigorous toxicological evaluation. Hence there is a need to prioritize the r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A shape resonance is a metastable state in which an electron is trapped due to the shape of a potential barrier.
Altunata describes a state as being a shape resonance if, "the internal state of the system remains unchanged upon disintegration of the quasi-bound level."
A more general discussion of resonances and their ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
α-Ketovaleric acid is a keto acid that is found in human blood. Unlike related keto acids, it is not an intermediate or metabolite associated with amino acids and its origin is unknown. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nitrite is detected and analyzed by the formation of a red pink colour upon treatment of a nitrite-containing sample with the Griess reagent, which consists of two components in an acidic solution: an aniline derivative and a coupling agent. The most common arrangements use sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediami... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
MFGM lipid components such as sphingolipids are involved in the intestinal uptake of cholesterol. Studies in adult rodents have shown that milk sphingomyelin could lower the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner. Intestinal cholesterol absorption in adult rodents consuming a high fat diet was ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pyramidal inversion in nitrogen and amines is known as nitrogen inversion. It is a rapid oscillation of the nitrogen atom and substituents, the nitrogen "moving" through the plane formed by the substituents (although the substituents also move - in the other direction); the molecule passing through a planar transition ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In eukaryotes, ribosomal rRNA and the tRNAs involved in translation are controlled by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) . RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) is responsible for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) within the cell. Particularly for Pol II, much of the regulatory checkpoints in the tran... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Precipitation and surface water leaches dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from vegetation and plant litter and percolates through the soil column to the saturated zone. The concentration, composition, and bioavailability of DOC are altered during transport through the soil column by various physicochemical and biological ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Carbon sequestration - when acting as a carbon sink - helps to mitigate climate change and thus reduce harmful effects of climate change. It helps to slow the atmospheric and marine accumulation of greenhouse gases, which are released by burning fossil fuels and industrial livestock production.
Carbon sequestration, w... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Methylene iodide and two equivalents of ethyl acetoacetate react in the presence of sodium methoxide to form the diethyl ester of 2,4-diacetyl pentane. This precursor is treated with base to induce cyclization. Finally, heat is applied to generate Hagemann's ester. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* M.J.R Cantow Polymer Fractionation Academic Press, New York (1967)
* L.H. Tung Fractionation of Synthetic Polymers Marcel Dekker, New York (1977)
* F. Francuskiewicz Polymer Fractionation Springer, Berlin (1994)
* R. Koningsveld, L.D. Kleintjens, H. Geerissen, P. Schützeichel, B.A. Wolf „Fractionation“ in: Comprehens... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The standard enthalpy change of any reaction can be calculated from the standard enthalpies of formation of reactants and products using Hesss law. A given reaction is considered as the decomposition of all reactants into elements in their standard states, followed by the formation of all products. The heat of reaction... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The genomes of Melainabacteria organisms isolated from ground water indicate that the organism has the capacity to fix nitrogen. Melainabacteria lack linked electron transport chains but have multiple methods to generate a membrane potential which can then produce ATP via ATP synthase. They are able to use Fe hydroge... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In order to get a good quality product, removing the inclusion becomes necessary. Liquid metal filtration through a ceramic medium is an efficient way to clean the metal. Different types of ceramic media are used in-line in foundries, such as ceramic foam filters, porous tube filters, bonded ceramic filters, and deep b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built. Simply, this is the structural unit of carbohydrates.
They are usually colorless, water-soluble, and crystalline organic soli... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During normal metabolism in humans approximately 20% of the 1,3BPG produced does not go any further in the glycolytic pathway. It is instead shunted through an alternate pathway involving the reduction of ATP in the red blood cells. During this alternate pathway it is made into a similar molecule called 2,3-bisphosphog... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, causing the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid to be replaced with the hydrophobic amino acid valine at the sixth position.
The β-globin gene is found on the short arm of chromosome 11. The association of two wild-type α-globin subu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The slightly kinked diagonal line on the main part of the map is known as the surge (or stall) line. Above this line is a region of unstable flow, which is an area best avoided.
A compressor surge or compressor stall causes an abrupt reversal of airflow in the compressor. Compressor blades create a pumping action by wo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2013, Russia and China banned ractopamine in pork, and Russia also in beef, deeming it unfit for human consumption. Because the traditional Chinese diet embraces pig offal, and because ractopamine is concentrated by the gastro-intestinal system of animals, Chinese officials have banned ractopamine. Other countries i... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
SDS is not carcinogenic in low concentrations according to some studies. Like all detergents, sodium lauryl sulfate removes oils from the skin, and can cause skin and eye irritation. It has been shown to irritate the skin of the face, with prolonged and constant exposure (more than an hour) in young adults. SDS may wor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nuclear pre-mRNA introns (spliceosomal introns) are characterized by specific intron sequences located at the boundaries between introns and exons. These sequences are recognized by spliceosomal RNA molecules when the splicing reactions are initiated. In addition, they contain a branch point, a particular nucleotide se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A nonsynonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. Nonsynonymous substitutions differ from synonymous substitutions, which do not alter amino acid sequences and are (sometimes) silent mutations. As nonsynonymous substitutions result in a biological change in the orga... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Concrete exposed to seawater is susceptible to its corrosive effects. The effects are more pronounced above the tidal zone than where the concrete is permanently submerged. In the submerged zone, magnesium and hydrogen carbonate ions precipitate a layer of brucite (magnesium hydroxide: Mg(OH)), about 30 micrometers thi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) is an intermediate in the production of polysaccharides. It is important in nucleotide sugars metabolism, and is the substrate for the transferase B4GALT5. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lohr and coworkers (2001) report that in a comprehensive study of pancreatic secretions of individuals without pancreatic carcinoma, p53 mutations could be found in the pancreatic juices of a small percentage of participants. Because mutations of p53 has been extensively found in pancreatic carcinomas, the researchers... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, neighbouring group participation (NGP, also known as anchimeric assistance) has been defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as the interaction of a reaction centre with a lone pair of electrons in an atom or the electrons present in a sigma or pi bond contained wi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In physics, the signal might be a wave, such as an electromagnetic wave, an acoustic wave, or the vibration of a mechanism. The power spectral density (PSD) of the signal describes the power present in the signal as a function of frequency, per unit frequency. Power spectral density is commonly expressed in watts per h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photolysis is performed resulting in photoactivation of the TIVA tag in the target cell or cells. Specifically, uncaging of the TIVA tag is accomplished using a 405-nm laser while measuring FRET excited by 514 nm. During this process, the mRNA-capturing moiety is released and subsequently anneals to the poly(A) tail of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reactivity ratio of a growing copolymer chain terminating in a given monomer is the ratio of the reaction rate constant for addition of the same monomer and the rate constant for addition of the other monomer. That is, and , where for example is the rate constant for propagation of a polymer chain ending in monom... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Wulff construction is a method to determine the equilibrium shape of a droplet or crystal of fixed volume inside a separate phase (usually its saturated solution or vapor). Energy minimization arguments are used to show that certain crystal planes are preferred over others, giving the crystal its shape. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In friction stir processing (FSP), a rotating tool is used with a pin and a shoulder to a single piece of material to make specific property enhancement, such as improving the materials toughness or flexibility, in a specific area in the micro-structure of the material via fine grain of a second material with propertie... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* As with all carbonyl compounds, the protons on the α-carbon are labile due to keto–enol tautomerization. Thus, the α-carbon is easily halogenated in the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation.
* The Schmidt reaction converts carboxylic acids to amines.
* Carboxylic acids are decarboxylated in the Hunsdiecker reaction.
* ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transferrin is a serum protein that carries iron through the bloodstream to the bone marrow, where red blood cells are manufactured, as well as to the liver and spleen. Structurally, transferrin is a polypeptide with two N-linked polysaccharide chains. These polysaccharide chains are branched with sialic acid residues.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Throughout the years there have been a few mass bleaching events that have affected the Great Barrier Reef. In particular, the years of 2016 and 2017, saw the reef sustain two years of back to back bleaching periods. This long period accounted for an estimated loss of half of the coral life in the Great Barrier Reef. T... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Several methods exist to measure the inclusion content in liquid aluminium. The most common methods are PoDFA, Prefil, K-Mold and LiMCA. Measuring the inclusions is of great help to understand the impact of furnace preparation, alloying practice, feedstock mix, settling time, and similar parameters on melt cleanliness. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In marine systems DOC originates from either autochthonous or allochthonous sources. Autochthonous DOC is produced within the system, primarily by plankton organisms and in coastal waters additionally by benthic microalgae, benthic fluxes, and macrophytes, whereas allochthonous DOC is mainly of terrestrial origin supp... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Rate constants can be derived from the dataset published on the website [http://udfa.net]. Rate constants have the form:
k(T) = alpha*(T/300)*exp(-gamma/T)cms
The following table has the rate constants calculated for a typical temperature in a dense cloud T=10 K.
Formation rates r can be obtained using the rate consta... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In theoretical chemistry, a conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in a molecule, which in general lowers the overall energy of the molecule and increases stability. It is conventionally represented as having alternating single and multiple bonds. Lone pairs, radicals or carben... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is known through early Spanish accounts that native Ecuadorians used balsa rafts fitted with sails to travel along the northern Andean coast to trade. Indeed, the first king of Lambayeque, where axe-monies are known to have been manufactured, is said in ethnohistorical accounts to have arrived in the city by raft. T... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Protein–lipid interaction is the influence of membrane proteins on the lipid physical state or vice versa.
The questions which are relevant to understanding of the structure and function of the membrane are: 1) Do intrinsic membrane proteins bind tightly to lipids (see annular lipid shell), and what is the nature of th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder, mutations in the gene encoding for the fibrillin-1 protein impact nearly every one of its domains. Such defects in fibrillin-1 affect the signaling of TGFβ, as microfibrils directly govern the activity of TGFβ. This hinders the formation of the extracellular matrix, and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The synthesis and characterization of the platinum carbonyl dianions [Pt(CO)] (n = 1–10), also known as Chini clusters or more correctly Chini-Longoni clusters, are recognized by the scientific community as the most spectacular result of Chini's work.
Chini clusters follow the general formula of [Pt(CO)], 1 subunits. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The lower gastrointestinal tract (GI), includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine. The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut. The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In genetics, coverage is one of several measures of the depth or completeness of DNA sequencing, and is more specifically expressed in any of the following terms:
*Sequence coverage (or depth) is the number of unique reads that include a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence. Deep sequencing refers to the gene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to the active metal (usually Fe or Co), two other components comprise the catalyst: promoters and the catalyst support. Promoters are additives that enhance the behavior of the catalyst. For F-T catalysts, typical promoters including potassium and copper, which are usually added as salts. The choice of pro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The third stage of DNA demethylation is removal of the intermediate products of demethylation generated by a TET enzyme by base excision repair. As indicated above in Stage 2, after 5mC is first oxidized by a TET to form 5hmC, further oxidation of 5hmC by TET yields 5fC and oxidation of 5fC by TET yields 5caC. Both 5fC... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1963 J. O'M. Bockris, M. A. V. Devanathan and Klaus Müller proposed the BDM model of the double-layer that included the action of the solvent in the interface. They suggested that the attached molecules of the solvent, such as water, would have a fixed alignment to the electrode surface. This first layer of solvent ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For macroscopic bodies with known volumes and numbers of atoms or molecules per unit volume, the total van der Waals force is often computed based on the "microscopic theory" as the sum over all interacting pairs. It is necessary to integrate over the total volume of the object, which makes the calculation dependent on... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
As a liquid is supercooled, the difference in entropy between the liquid and solid phase decreases. By extrapolating the heat capacity of the supercooled liquid below its glass transition temperature, it is possible to calculate the temperature at which the difference in entropies becomes zero. This temperature has bee... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to the academic research, several companies have been set up to commercialize 3D optical data storage and some large corporations have also shown an interest in the technology. However, it is not yet clear whether the technology will succeed in the market in the presence of competition from other quarters s... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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