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Pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) is a predictive measurement of a stainless steel's resistance to localized pitting corrosion based on its chemical composition. In general: the higher PREN-value, the more resistant is the stainless steel to localized pitting corrosion by chloride.
PREN is frequently specifi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Difluoroethane is an extremely flammable gas, which decomposes rapidly on heating or burning, producing toxic and irritating fumes, including hydrogen fluoride and carbon monoxide.
In a DuPont study, rats were exposed to up to 25,000 ppm (67,485 mg/m) for six hours daily, five days a week for two years. This has become... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In context of x-rays, opacifiers are additives with high absorption of x-rays; typically these are particles or compounds of lead, barium (often barium sulfate), tungsten, or other high atomic weight elements. Sometimes opacifiers are added to medical implants to make them visible under X-ray imaging. This is especiall... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrons in solids have a chemical potential, defined the same way as the chemical potential of a chemical species: The change in free energy when electrons are added or removed from the system. In the case of electrons, the chemical potential is usually expressed in energy per particle rather than energy per mole, an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* The Charlotte, North Carolina Mint – 1835 to 1861. After the Civil War, the plant was reopened in 1868 as an assay office until 1913, when it was ultimately closed.
* The New Orleans, Louisiana Mint – 1835 to 1942. Coinage operations were conducted here from 1838, but were suspended from 1861 until 1879; assay functi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion is a direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons. A basic thermophotovoltaic system consists of a hot object emitting thermal radiation and a photovoltaic cell similar to a solar cell but tuned to the spectrum being emitted from the hot object.
As TPV system... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The protein structure of firefly luciferase consists of two compact domains: the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain is composed of two β-sheets in an αβαβα structure and a β barrel. The two β-sheets stack on top of each other, with the β-barrel covering the end of the sheets.
The C-termi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine is prepared by the reaction of tert-butyllithium with pyridine. The synthesis is reminiscent of the Chichibabin reaction.
Some related bulky pyridine compounds have been described, including 2,4,6-tri-t-butylpyridine and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The chemical structure of DNA is insufficient to understand the complexity of the 3D structures of DNA. In contrast, animated molecular models allow one to visually explore the three-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. The DNA model shown (far right) is a space-filling, or CPK, model of the DNA double helix. Animated mo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In Australia, and the United States, Armodafinil is considered to be a Schedule 4 prescription-only medicine or prescription animal remedy. Schedule 4 is defined as "Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be avai... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Between May 13–14, 2004 the site was enclosed with temporary mesh fencing and plain-clothed security guards commenced patrols of the public areas. At 02:00 on May 15 bulldozers arrived at the site and tree-felling began at 07:00. The work caused immediate concern to nearby residents who feared the work might unsettle a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The cryophorus was first described by William Hyde Wollaston in an 1813 paper titled, "On a method of freezing at a distance." | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
On subcellular distribution, histamine N-methyltransferase protein in humans is mainly localized to the nucleoplasm (which is an organelle, i.e., a subunit of a cell) and cytosol (which is the intracellular fluid, i.e., a fluid inside cells). In addition, it is localized to the centrosome (another organelle).
In humans... | 1 | Biochemistry |
:La yielded the highest water splitting rate of photocatalysts without using sacrificial reagents. This ultraviolet-based photocatalyst was reported to show water splitting rates of 9.7 mmol/h and a quantum yield of 56%. The nanostep structure of the material promotes water splitting as edges functioned as production... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Piperacillin is generally available in their stable form as crystallized potassium or sodium salt, quickly losing bactericidal activity upon dissolution due to their short half-lives. As the gastrointestinal tract does not absorb piperacillin and tazobactam, they are dissolved in a solution before being administered to... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Most IPNs do not interpenetrate completely on a molecular scale, but rather form small dispersed or bicontinuous phase morphologies with characteristic length scales on the order of tens of nanometers. However, since these length scales are relatively small, they are often considered homogeneous on a macroscopic scale.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Despite early successes such as the determination of the positions of hydrogen atoms in NHCl crystals by W. E. Laschkarew and I. D. Usykin in 1933, boric acid by John M. Cowley in 1953 and orthoboric acid by William Houlder Zachariasen in 1954, electron diffraction for many years was a qualitative technique used to che... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A solute in dilute solution usually follows Henrys law rather than Raoults law, and it is more usual to express the composition of the solution in terms of the molar concentration (in mol/L) or the molality (in mol/kg) of the solute rather than in mole fractions. The standard state of a dilute solution is a hypotheti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Born on 17 September 1940 in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Paramasivam Natarajan graduated in chemistry from the University of Madras in 1959. He started his career as a lecturer at the Government Arts College of the Madras University in 1959 but later moved to the NGM College, Pollachi in 1963. The next year, ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Sarfati is a chess FIDE Master, and achieved a draw against former world champion Boris Spassky during a tournament in Wellington in 1988, and was New Zealand's national chess champion in 1987–88.
Although tied with Rey Casse for first place in the Australian Junior Championship of 1981, he was not eligible to share th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some research has suggested that a deregulation of cAMP pathways and an aberrant activation of cAMP-controlled genes is linked to the growth of some cancers. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although engineered and modified in a laboratory setting, ELPs share structural characteristics with intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) naturally found in the body, such as tropoelastin, from which ELPs were given their name. The repeat sequences found in the biopolymer give each ELP a distinct structure, as well... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Time crystals do not violate the laws of thermodynamics: energy in the overall system is conserved, such a crystal does not spontaneously convert thermal energy into mechanical work, and it cannot serve as a perpetual store of work. But it may change perpetually in a fixed pattern in time for as long as the system can... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fumaric acid has been used as a food acidulant since 1946. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand. As a food additive, it is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297. It is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R4 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene, isobutylene, 1-butene, and cis- or trans-2-butene from C4 raffinate stream which mainly consists of n-butane. Normally C4R4 is a side product in tert-butyl alcohol plant if C4R3 is used for feed. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Interactomics is a discipline at the intersection of bioinformatics and biology that deals with studying both the interactions and the consequences of those interactions between and among proteins, and other molecules within a cell. Interactomics thus aims to compare such networks of interactions (i.e., interactomes) b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Within a homogeneous medium such as a solution, there is no scattering. For this case, researched extensively by August Beer, the concentration of the absorbing species follows the same linear contribution to absorbance as the path-length. Additionally, the contributions of individual absorbing species are additive. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The oxygen-evolving complex is the site of water oxidation. It is a metallo-oxo cluster comprising four manganese ions (in oxidation states ranging from +3 to +4) and one divalent calcium ion. When it oxidizes water, producing oxygen gas and protons, it sequentially delivers the four electrons from water to a tyrosine ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. The existence of chloroplast DNA was identified biochemically in 1959... | 5 | Photochemistry |
One of the most notable surveillance projects was the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) program, which lasted from 1990 to 2009. ATSDR partnered with 15 states to collect information for HSEES in order to track, report, and study chemical spills. The information in the HSEES system was used to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Redox mediators are often added to experimental systems to improve the rate of electron export from the biological material and/or electron transfer to the anode, especially when whole cells are employed as the light harvesting material. Quinones, phenazines, and viologens have all been successfully employed to increa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A wide range of cellular secretions (say, a specific antibody or cytokine) can be detected using the ELISA technique. The number of cells which secrete those particular substances can be determined using a related technique, the ELISPOT assay. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An amorphous metal (also known as metallic glass, glassy metal, or shiny metal) is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with disordered atomic-scale structure. Most metals are crystalline in their solid state, which means they have a highly ordered arrangement of atoms. Amorphous metals are non-crystalline, and... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Macronutrients are defined in several ways.
* The chemical elements humans consume in the largest quantities are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulphur, summarized as CHNOPS.
* The chemical compounds that humans consume in the largest quantities and provide bulk energy are classified as carbohydrat... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Tosyl azide is one of the most stable azide compounds but is still regarded as a potential explosive and should be carefully stored, while particular caution is vital for all reactions in which it is heated at or above 100 °C. The initial temperature of the explosive decomposition is about 120 °C. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the history of science, the principle of maximum work was a postulate concerning the relationship between chemical reactions, heat evolution, and the potential work produced there from. The principle was developed in approximate form in 1875 by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, in the field of thermochemistry, an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The project was not continued with the change in administrations after the 1980 United States elections. The Office of Technology Assessment concluded that "Too little is currently known about the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of SPS to make a sound decision whether to proceed with its development and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gemperline is author of more than 60 peer-reviewed publications in the field of Chemometrics.
His most-cited publication is his book, Practical Guide to Chemometrics (CRC Press), for which he served as both editor and as a contributor. The chapters he contributed were based on the teaching notes he had developed at Eas... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The coupling of chromatography with MS is a well developed chemical analysis strategy dating back from the 1950s. Gas chromatography (GC)–MS was originally introduced in 1952, when A. T. James and A. J. P. Martin were trying to develop tandem separation – mass analysis techniques. In GC, the analytes are eluted from th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Imidazolidinones are catalysts for many transformations such as asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions and Michael additions. Chiral catalysts induce asymmetric reactions, often with high enantioselectivities. This catalyst works by forming an iminium ion with carbonyl groups of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (enals) and enones ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Locascio attended James Madison University from 1979 to 1983 where she earned her B.Sc. in chemistry with a minor in biochemistry. In 1982, Locascio was a research assistant in the department of chemistry at West Virginia University. She attended the University of Utah from 1983 to 1986 while working as a research assi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The breakdown of DNA and RNA is occurring continuously in the cell. Purine and pyrimidine nucleosides can either be degraded to waste products and excreted or can be salvaged as nucleotide components. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recrystallization kinetics are commonly observed to follow the profile shown. There is an initial nucleation period t where the nuclei form, and then begin to grow at a constant rate consuming the deformed matrix. Although the process does not strictly follow classical nucleation theory it is often found that such math... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bromatometry is a titration process in which the bromination of a chemical indicator is observed.
Potassium bromate alone can be used for the analysis of organoarsenicals. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Melzer's reagent can be used to test whether spores are amyloid, nonamyloid, or dextrinoid.
* Spores that stain bluish-gray to bluish-black are amyloid
* Spores that stain brown to reddish-brown are dextrinoid
This test is normally performed on white spored mushrooms. If the spores are not light colored, a change will... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There has been a severe increase in mass mortality events associated with low oxygen causing mass hypoxia with the majority having been in the last 2 decades. The rise in water temperature leads to an increase in oxygen demand and the increase for ocean deoxygenation which causes these large coral reef dead zones. For ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Because unsaturated alanes are oxygen- and moisture-sensitive, they are most often prepared for immediate use without isolation. However, the method of preparation determines the configuration of the intermediate unsaturated alane, which is directly related to the configuration of the product (transfer of the alkenyl g... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vicat softening temperature or Vicat hardness is the determination of the softening point for materials that have no definite melting point, such as plastics. It is taken as the temperature at which the specimen is penetrated to a depth of by a flat-ended needle with a circular or square cross-section. For the Vicat ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alkyl groups are electron donating groups. The carbon on that is sp hybridized and less electronegative than those that are sp hybridized. They have overlap on the carbon–hydrogen bonds (or carbon–carbon bonds in compounds like tert-butylbenzene) with the ring p orbital. Hence they are more reactive than benzene and ar... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Casein kinase activity was found to be present in most cell types and to be associated with multiple enzymes. The type 1 casein kinase family of related gene products are now given designations such as "casein kinase 1 alpha" and "casein kinase 1 epsilon". | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Ryoji Noyori Prize is named in his honour. In 2000 Noyori became Honorary Doctor at the University of Rennes 1, where he taught in 1995, and in 2005, he became Honorary Doctor at Technical University of Munich and RWTH Aachen University, Germany. Noyori was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) i... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Most living tissues prosper at a near-neutral pH—that is, a pH close to 7. The pH of blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, for instance. When cells are grown in tissue culture, the medium in which they grow is held close to this physiological pH. A small amount of phenol red added to this growth medium will have a pink-red c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A demonstration-scale Fischer–Tropsch plant was built and operated by Rentech, Inc., in partnership with ClearFuels, a company specializing in biomass gasification. Located in Commerce City, Colorado, the facility produces about of fuels from natural gas. Commercial-scale facilities were planned for Rialto, California... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are a variety of ethical positions regarding the possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning. While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well. Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As miraculin is a readily soluble protein and relatively heat stable, it is a potential sweetener in acidic food, such as soft drinks. While attempts to express it in yeast and tobacco plants have failed, researchers have succeeded in preparing genetically modified E. coli bacteria that express miraculin. Lettuce and t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some ylides are 1,3-dipoles and interact in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. For instance an azomethine ylide is a dipole in the Prato reaction with fullerenes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The CHondritic Uniform Reservoir (CHUR) is a scientific model in astrophysics and geochemistry for the mean chemical composition of the part of the Solar Nebula from which, during the formation of the Solar System, chondrites formed. This hypothetical chemical reservoir is thought to have been similar in composition to... | 9 | Geochemistry |
FAHFAs (fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids) are formed in adipose tissue, improve glucose tolerance and also reduce adipose tissue inflammation. Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy-stearic acids (PAHSAs) are among the most bioactive members able to activate G-protein coupled receptors 120. Docosahexaenoic acid ester ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The belt-type machine is generally more applicable to smaller and to adhesive feed. In addition, the feed presentation is more stable which makes it more applicable for more difficult and heterogenous applications. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The malate–aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. These electrons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Non-thermal microwave effects or specific microwave effects have been posited in order to explain unusual observations in microwave chemistry. The main effect of the absorption of microwaves by dielectric materials is a brief displacement in the permanent dipoles which causes rotational entropy. Since the frequency of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
They were the first set of nonsense mutations to be discovered, isolated by Richard H. Epstein and Charles Steinberg and named after their friend and graduate Caltech student Harris Bernstein, whose last name means "amber" in German (cf. Bernstein).
Viruses with amber mutations are characterized by their ability to inf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Over the years, for example in his 1879 thesis, but particularly in 1926, Planck advocated regarding the generation of heat by rubbing as the most specific way to define heat. Planck criticised Carathéodory for not attending to this. Carathéodory was a mathematician who liked to think in terms of adiabatic processes, a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Proteins are the product of a gene that are formed from translation of a mature mRNA molecule. Proteins contain 4 elements in regards to their structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The linear amino acid sequence is also known as the primary structure. Hydrogen bonding between the amino acids of the pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PyBOP (benzotriazol-1-yloxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) is a peptide coupling reagent used in solid phase peptide synthesis. It is used as a substitute for the BOP reagent - avoiding the formation of the carcinogenic waste product HMPA. | 1 | Biochemistry |
GUIDE-Seq (Genome-wide, Unbiased Identification of DSBs Enabled by Sequencing) is a molecular biology technique that allows for the unbiased in vitro detection of off-target genome editing events in DNA caused by CRISPR/Cas9 as well as other RNA-guided nucleases in living cells. Similar to LAM-PCR, it employs multiple ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Carius halogen method in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of halogens in chemical substances.
A known mass of an organic compound is heated with fuming nitric acid in the presence of silver nitrate contained in a hard glass tube known as carius tube, in a furnace. Carbon and hydro... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In humans, consumption of cobalt-containing vitamin B meets all needs for cobalt. For cattle and sheep, which meet vitamin B needs via synthesis by resident bacteria in the rumen, there is a function for inorganic cobalt. In the early 20th century, during the development of farming on the North Island Volcanic Plateau ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Endergonic reactions can be achieved if they are either pulled or pushed by an exergonic (stability increasing, negative change in free energy) process. Of course, in all cases the net reaction of the total system (the reaction under study plus the puller or pusher reaction) is exergonic. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Generally, the main process in a rotary vacuum drum filter is continuous filtration whereby solids are separated from liquids through a filter medium by a vacuum. The filter cloth is one of the most important components on a filter and is typically made of weaving polymer yarns. The best selection of cloth can increase... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The conventional food contaminant test methods may be limited by complicated/tedious sample preparing procedure, long testing time, sumptuous instrument, and professional operator. However, some rapid, novel, sensitive, and easy to use and affordable methods were developed including:
* Cyanidin quantification by naphth... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Samples spotted on a SELDI surface are typically analyzed using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. An irradiating laser ionizes peptides from crystals of the sample/matrix mixture. The matrix absorbs the energy of the laser pulse, preventing destruction of the molecule, and transfers charge to the sample molecules, form... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general terms, different plant species are adapted to soils of different pH ranges. For many species, the suitable soil pH range is fairly well known. Online databases of plant characteristics, such as USDA PLANTS and Plants for a Future can be used to look up the suitable soil pH range of a wide range of plants. Do... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the low- limit, as the system is probed over large length scales, the structure factor contains thermodynamic information, being related to the isothermal compressibility of the liquid by the compressibility equation: | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
By the time of the 2nd Chapman Conference on the Gaia Hypothesis, held at Valencia, Spain, on 23 June 2000, the situation had changed significantly. Rather than a discussion of the Gaian teleological views, or "types" of Gaia hypotheses, the focus was upon the specific mechanisms by which basic short term homeostasis w... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A range of different sources can be used:
* A nuclear reactor
* An actinoid such as californium which emits neutrons through spontaneous fission
* An alpha source such as radium or americium, mixed with beryllium; this generates neutrons by a (α,C+n) reaction
* A D-T fusion reaction in a gas discharge tube | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As an acid–base indicator, its useful range lies between pH 3.0 and 4.6. It changes from yellow at pH 3.0 to blue at pH 4.6; this reaction is reversible. Bromophenol blue is structurally related to phenolphthalein (a popular indicator). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Transferrin is also associated with the innate immune system. It is found in the mucosa and binds iron, thus creating an environment low in free iron that impedes bacterial survival in a process called iron withholding. The level of transferrin decreases in inflammation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 4-1BB/4-1BBL complex consists of three monomeric 4-1BBs bound to a trimeric 4-1BBL. Each 4-1BB monomer binds to two 4-1BBLs via cysteine-rich domains (CRDs). The interaction between 4-1BB and the second 4-1BBL is required to stabilize their interactions. The link with 4-1BBL is largely made up of amino acids from t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Animal and human data have revealed evidence of harm to the embryo and teratogenicity associated with ACE inhibitors. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
While several experiments yielded negative results, in the 1980s, John Goodkind discovered the first anomaly in a solid by using ultrasound. Inspired by his observation, in 2004 Eun-Seong Kim and Moses Chan at Pennsylvania State University saw phenomena which were interpreted as supersolid behavior. Specifically, they ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ethylenediamine pyrocatechol (EDP), also known as ethylenediamine-pyrocatechol-water (EPW), is an anisotropic etchant solution for silicon. A typical formulation consists of ethylenediamine, pyrocatechol, pyrazine and water. It is carcinogenic and very corrosive. It is mainly used in research labs, and is not used in ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ecologically, V. fischeri is known to have symbiotic associations with a number of eukaryotic hosts, including the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid (Euprymna scolopes). In this relationship, the squid host maintains the bacteria in specialized light organs. The host provides a safe, nutrient rich environment for the bacteria a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Research has indicated that MFGM, or components thereof, may potentially play roles in brain development and cognitive function, immunity and gut health, and cardiovascular health.
MFGM has a set of proteins and lipids unique to breast milk: lactoferrin, Immunoglobulin G, sialic acid, cholesterol, phospholipids, sphing... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several photons of energy below the ionization threshold may actually combine their energies to ionize an atom. This probability decreases rapidly with the number of photons required, but the development of very intense, pulsed lasers still makes it possible. In the perturbative regime (below about 10 W/cm at optical f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lipid:In marine sediments, a stable lipid called IP25 (Ice Proxy with 25 carbon atoms), which is biosynthesized by sea-ice dwelling diatom, has been found to be generally related to spring sea-ice cover in the Arctic region, Thus this proxy could be used to reconstruct sea-ice coverage. A different biomarker, IPSO25 (I... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Heat transfer physics describes the kinetics of energy storage, transport, and energy transformation by principal energy carriers: phonons (lattice vibration waves), electrons, fluid particles, and photons. Heat is thermal energy stored in temperature-dependent motion of particles including electrons, atomic nuclei, in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heart muscle primarily metabolizes fat for energy and Acyl-CoA metabolism has been identified as a critical molecule in early stage heart muscle pump failure.
Cellular acyl-CoA content correlates with insulin resistance, suggesting that it can mediate lipotoxicity in non-adipose tissues. Acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Roderick MacKinnon commissioned Birth of an Idea, a tall sculpture based on the KcsA potassium channel. The artwork contains a wire object representing the channel's interior with a blown glass object representing the main cavity of the channel structure. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemical measures of water quality include dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, nutrients (nitrates and phosphorus), heavy metals, soil chemicals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), and pesticides. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
From 1875 to 1920 American steel production grew from 380,000 tons to 60 million tons annually, making the U.S. the world leader. The annual growth rates in steel 1870–1913 were 7.0% for the US; 1.0% for Britain; 6.0% for Germany; and 4.3% for France, Belgium, and Russia, the other major producers. This explosive Ameri... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Due to the potential for widespread usage and the evolving needs of researchers, many different mutants of GFP have been engineered. The first major improvement was a single point mutation (S65T) reported in 1995 in Nature by Roger Tsien. This mutation dramatically improved the spectral characteristics of GFP, resultin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For heterogeneous surfaces (consisting of two or more different types of material), the contact angle of a drop of liquid at each point along the three phase contact line with a solid surface is a result of the surface tension of the surface at that point. For example, if the heterogeneous regions of the surface form v... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ozone depletion
A team of researchers at the University of East Anglia analysed unpolluted air samples from Tasmania dating from the period 1978 to 2012. They concluded that the CFC's they studied had started entering the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in the 1960s and that while the abundance of certain CFCs ha... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
RANKL is a member of the TNF superfamily of ligands. Through binding to the RANK receptor it activates various molecules, like NF-kappa B, MAPK, NFAT and PI3K52. The RANKL/RANK signaling pathway regulates osteoclastogenesis, as well as, the survival and activation of osteoclasts. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dissolved inorganic carbon is a key component of the biological pump, which is defined as the amount of biologically produced organic carbon flux from the upper ocean to the deep ocean. Dissolved inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is fixed into organic carbon is produced through photosynthesis. Respiration ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the Old World, the first metals smelted were tin and lead. The earliest known cast lead beads were found in the Çatalhöyük site in Anatolia (Turkey), and dated from about 6500 BC, but the metal may have been known earlier.
Since the discovery happened several millennia before the invention of writing, there is no wr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A detailed and comprehensive literature review on the various aspects of sophorolipids production (e.g. producing micro-organisms, bio-synthetic pathway, effect of medium components and other fermentation conditions and downstream process of sophorolipids is available in the published work of Van Bogaert et al. This... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the nervous system there are primarily two ways of propagating signals. By far the most common method of intracellular signal propagation is the action potential. The dendrites of neurons contain ionotropic (aka ligand-gated ion channel) and metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors that bind chemical neurotransmitter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In coordination chemistry, Tanabe–Sugano diagrams are used to predict absorptions in the ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) electromagnetic spectrum of coordination compounds. The results from a Tanabe–Sugano diagram analysis of a metal complex can also be compared to experimental spectroscopic data. They are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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