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Gene therapy may be classified into two types by the type of cell it affects: somatic cell and germline gene therapy.
In somatic cell gene therapy (SCGT), the therapeutic genes are transferred into any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte, or undifferentiated stem cell. Any such modifications affect the indi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NP-40 (also known as Tergitol-type NP-40 and nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) is a commercially available detergent with CAS Registry Number 9016-45-9. NP-40 is an ethoxylated nonylphenol for non-ionic surfactants and can act as emulsifier and demulsifier agent.
NP-40 is often used to break open all membranes within a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several experimental techniques for the determination of transport numbers. The Hittorf method is based on measurements of ion concentration changes near the electrodes. The moving boundary method involves measuring the speed of displacement of the boundary between two solutions due to an electric current. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The principle of detailed balance can be used in kinetic systems which are decomposed into elementary processes (collisions, or steps, or elementary reactions). It states that at equilibrium, each elementary process is in equilibrium with its reverse process. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Thomas H. Lowry & Kathleen Schueller Richardson, 1987, Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edn., New York, NY, US: Harper & Row, , see [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0060440848], accessed 20 June 2015.
* Francis A. Carey & Richard J. Sundberg, 2006, "Title Advanced Organic Chemistry: Part A: Structu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The cause of Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic defect that is passed from parent to child. This genetic defect is located in the HEXA gene, which is found on chromosome 15.
The HEXA gene makes part of an enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase A, which plays a critical role in the nervous system. This enzyme helps break down a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A hydrogencarbonate indicator (hydrogencarbonate indicator) is a type of pH indicator that is sensitive enough to show a color change as the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in an aqueous solution increases. The indicator is used in photosynthesis and respiration experiments to find out whether carbon dioxide is bei... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Terrestrial and marine ecosystems are chiefly connected through riverine transport, which acts as the main channel through which erosive terrestrially derived substances enter into oceanic systems. Material and energy exchanges between the terrestrial biosphere and the lithosphere as well as organic carbon fixation and... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Photo-methionine can be used to label recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli cells; though methionine in general is a rare amino acid so that means it could only give limited structural data. Nevertheless, photo-methionine was incorporated into Ca regulating protein calmodulin (CaM that was 17-kDa) that has nine meth... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The thiol-yne reaction (also known as alkyne hydrothiolation) is an organic reaction between a thiol and an alkyne. The reaction product is an alkenyl sulfide. The reaction was first reported in 1949 with thioacetic acid as reagent and rediscovered in 2009. It is used in click chemistry and in polymerization, especia... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term gerontoplast was first introduced in 1977 to define the unique features of the plastid formed during leaf senescence. The process of senescence brings about regulated dismantling of cellular organelles involved in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts responsible for gas exchange in stomata are the last organelles to d... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Viscosity, a physical property, is a measure of how well adjacent molecules stick to one another. A solid can withstand a shearing force due to the strength of these sticky intermolecular forces. A fluid will continuously deform when subjected to a similar load. While a gas has a lower value of viscosity than a liquid,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Each plastid creates multiple copies of its own unique genome, or plastome, (from plastid genome)which for a chlorophyll plastid (or chloroplast) is equivalent to a chloroplast genome, or a chloroplast DNA. The number of genome copies produced per plastid is variable, ranging from 1000 or more in rapidly dividing new c... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Shpolskii systems are low-temperature host–guest systems – they are typically rapidly frozen solutions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suitable low molecular weight normal alkanes. The emission and absorption spectra of lowest energy electronic transitions in the Shpolskii systems exhibit narrow lines instead of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The equivalence of the two formulations can also be seen by a simple parity argument without appeal to case analysis.
Proposition. The following formulations of the Woodward–Hoffmann rules are equivalent:
(A) For a pericyclic reaction, if the sum of the number of suprafacial 4q + 2 components and antarafacial 4r compon... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bulk metallic glasses have been modeled using atomic scale simulations (within the density functional theory framework) in a similar manner to high entropy alloys. This has allowed predictions to be made about their behavior, stability and many more properties. As such, new bulk metallic glass systems can be tested an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) is a neurochemical model suggesting specific functional roles of main neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of behaviour. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1895 he left MIT to become the fourth president of Lehigh University. Lehighs endowment was predominantly in the stock of the major company of its founder, Asa Packers Lehigh Valley Railroad. The Panic of 1893 crashed the market, brought the country into depression that lasted years, and nearly brought the universit... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Spectroradiometers are used in many applications, and can be made to meet a wide variety of specifications. Example applications include:
*Solar UV and UVB radiation
*LED measurement
*Display measurement and calibration
*CFL testing
*Remote detection of oil slicks
*Plant research and development
*Earth and planetary ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some invertebrates use calcium compounds for building their exoskeleton (shells and carapaces) or endoskeleton (echinoderm plates and poriferan calcareous spicules). | 1 | Biochemistry |
A second Fe species apart from the ferrate(VI) ion, [(Mecy-ac)FeN](PF), has been reported. This species, is formed by oxidation followed by photolysis to yield the Fe(VI) species. Characterization of the Fe(VI) complex was done by Mossbauer, EXAFS, IR, and DFT calculations. Unlike the ferrate(VI) ion, compound 5 is dia... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
James Marrow was born on 23 November 1966 in Bromborough, Wirral to John Williams Marrow and Mary Elizabeth Marrow. He attended Wirral Grammar School for Boys, then graduated with a 1st Class Honours Master of Arts (M.A) in Natural Sciences (Materials Science) from the University of Cambridge in 1988, where he was a st... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Add master mix which contains buffer, dNTP mix, MgCl, Taq polymerase and nuclease-free water to each PCR tube. Then add the necessary primer to the tubes. Next, place the PCR tubes in a thermal cycler for 30 cycles of the amplification program. This includes: denaturation, annealing, and elongation. The products of RT-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lithium-containing NASICON-type crystals are described by the general formula , in which M stands for a metal or a metalloid (Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, Ge), and display a complex three-dimensional network of corner-sharing octahedra and phosphate tetrahedra. Lithium ions are hosted in voids in between, which can be subdivided i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plants have many protection mechanisms to cope with stresses from the environment, which include ultraviolet light, cold or hot weather, windy days, and mechanical wounding. There are multiple pathways, but one pathway that plants have been able to develop is a self-defense mechanism by recognize pathogens through path... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This can be the case when studying a bimolecular reaction and a simultaneous hydrolysis (which can be treated as pseudo order one) takes place: the hydrolysis complicates the study of the reaction kinetics, because some reactant is being "spent" in a parallel reaction. For example, A reacts with R to give our product C... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synthesis of organoberyllium compounds is limited but literature have shown that beryllium can react with halides, alkyls, alloxides and other organic compounds. Alkylation of beryllium halide is one of the most widely-used method in beryllium chemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The detector used in a spectroradiometer is determined by the wavelength over which the light is being measured, as well as the required dynamic range and sensitivity of the measurements. Basic spectroradiometer detector technologies generally fall into one of three groups: photoemissive detectors (e.g. photomultiplier... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An example of a publication using live IGSNs can be found here:
This paper contains several samples identified by IGSN. One of them is IGSN: 10.58052/SSH000SUA. Information about this sample can be obtained by resolving the IGSN by adding the URL of the resolver before the IGSN: https://doi.org/10.58052/SSH000SUA.
IGSN... | 9 | Geochemistry |
1,3-Propanedithiol reacts with metal ions to form chelate rings. Illustrative is the synthesis of the derivative diiron propanedithiolate hexacarbonyl upon reaction with triiron dodecacarbonyl:
:Fe(CO) + CH(SH) → Fe(SCH)(CO) + H + Fe(CO) + CO | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alexander Butlerov showed in 1861 that the formose reaction created sugars including tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses when formaldehyde is heated under basic conditions with divalent metal ions like calcium. R. Breslow proposed that the reaction was autocatalytic in 1959. | 9 | Geochemistry |
With the help of the Lifshitz Theory on Casimir, respectively van der Waals, interactions of macroscopic bodies premelting can be viewed from an electrodynamical perspective.
A good example for determining the difference between complete and incomplete premelting is ice. From vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) frequencies upward... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After 125 years of study, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene yielded a second polymorph. The usual form has the space group Pbca, but in 2004, a second polymorph was obtained in the space group Pca2 when the compound was crystallised in the presence of an additive, trisindane. This experiment shows that additives can induce the app... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 2011 Eremets and Troyan reported observing the liquid metallic state of hydrogen and deuterium at static pressures of . This claim was questioned by other researchers in 2012.
It is recently proposed that the hydrogen in stars has an electric conductivity of . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A travel symmetry operation for an object is a symmetry operation f for which no point p has the property p = f(p).
Table 2. Travel symmetry operations in three dimensions.
a R and i are numbers ≥ 1. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Archaeal translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in archaea. Not much is known on this subject, but on the protein level it seems to resemble eukaryotic translation.
Most of the initiation, elongation, and termination factors in archaea have homologs in eukaryotes. Shine-Dalgarno s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mycoestrogens are produced by various strains of fungi, many of which fall under the genus Fusarium. Fusarium fungi are filamentous fungi that are found in the soil and are associated with plants and some crops, especially cereals. Zearalenone is mainly produced by F. graminearum and F. culmorum strains, which inhabit ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although multicomponent working fluids have significant thermodynamic advantages over pure (single-component) ones, research and application keep focusing on pure working fluids. However, there are some typical examples for multicomponent based technologies such as Kalina cycle which uses water and ammonia mixture, or ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA digital data storage is the process of encoding and decoding binary data to and from synthesized strands of DNA.
While DNA as a storage medium has enormous potential because of its high storage density, its practical use is currently severely limited because of its high cost and very slow read and write times.
In J... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diphosphorus is an old target of chemists since it is the heavy analogue of N. Its fleeting existence is inferred by the controlled degradation of certain niobium complexes in the presence of trapping agents. Again, a Diels-Alder strategy is employed in the trapping: | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
SPIKE (Signaling Pathways Integrated Knowledge Engine) is a database of highly curated interactions for particular human pathways. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Real gases can be characterized by their difference from ideal. This is done by writing the mechanical equation of state in the form where , called the compressibility factor, is usually expressed either as a function of pressure and temperature, or density and temperature, and in each case in the limit or , , the id... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since fish emulsion is naturally derived, it is considered an organic fertilizer appropriate for use in organic horticulture. In addition to having a typical N-P-K analysis of 5-2-2, fish emulsion adds micronutrients.
Fish emulsion, applied as a liquid fertilizer, is also used when growing roses to enhance the bloom co... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Nitrifying bacteria are present in distinct taxonomical groups and are found in highest numbers where considerable amounts of ammonia are present (such as areas with extensive protein decomposition, and sewage treatment plants). Nitrifying bacteria thrive in lakes, streams, and rivers with high inputs and outputs of s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FAM227B is most highly expressed in the testis at 1.983 +/- 0.404 RPKM, in the kidney at 1.408 +/- 0.152 RPKM, in the adrenal at 1.177 +/- 0.088 RPKM, and in the thyroid 1.133 +/- 0.165 RPKM. It is also expressed to a lesser degree in the appendix, bone marrow, brain, colon, duodenum, endometrium, esophagus, fat, gall ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With the invention of hollow casting bronze became the most important medium of monumental sculpture, largely because of its strength and lightness, which admitted poses that would not be possible in stone. But the value of the metal in later ages has involved the destruction of nearly all such statues. The few complet... | 8 | Metallurgy |
After protein amino acid sequences have been translated from nucleic acid chains, they can be edited by appropriate enzymes. Although this is a form of protein affecting protein sequence, not explicitly covered by the central dogma, there are not many clear examples where the associated concepts of the two fields have ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The idea of a database to document all known molecular interactions was originally put forth by Tony Pawson in the 1990s and was later developed by scientists at the University of Toronto in collaboration with the University of British Columbia. The development of the Biomolecular Interaction Network Database (BIND) ha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Accepted nomenclature is to designate the number of components of the rotaxane in brackets as a prefix. Therefore, the a rotaxane consisting of a single dumbbell-shaped axial molecule with a single macrocycle around its shaft is called a [2]rotaxane, and two cyanostar molecules around the central phosphate group of dia... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A typical LFER relation for predicting the equilibrium concentration of a compound or solute in the vapor phase to a condensed (or solvent) phase can be defined as follows (following M.H. Abraham and co-workers):
where is some free-energy related property, such as an adsorption or absorption constant, , anesthetic pot... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A carbon sink is a natural or artificial process that "removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere". These sinks form an important part of the natural carbon cycle. An overarching term is carbon pool, which is all the places where carbon on Earth can be, i.e. the atmosphe... | 5 | Photochemistry |
With certain polar substituents, hydrogen bonding can occur in the allylic system between the substituents. Rather than the strain that would normally occur in the close group proximity, the hydrogen bond stabilizes the conformation and makes it energetically much more favorable. This scenario occurs when the allylic... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
She graduated from Pierre and Marie Curie University. She studied the price of land in the 1700s and the Riverstrahler model of river nutrient transfer. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The threat of acidification includes a decline in commercial fisheries and the coast-based tourism industry. Several ocean goods and services are likely to be undermined by future ocean acidification potentially affecting the livelihoods of some 400 to 800 million people, depending upon the greenhouse gas emission scen... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Per IUPAC, the term biaryl refers to an assembly of two aromatic rings joined by a single bond, starting with the simplest, biphenyl. Biaryls constitute an important structural motif of physical organic, synthetic, and catalytic interest—for instance, underlying the area of atropisomers in enantioselective synthesis—an... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In most countries, a separate definition of VOCs is used with regard to indoor air quality that comprises each organic chemical compound that can be measured as follows: adsorption from air on Tenax TA, thermal desorption, gas chromatographic separation over a 100% nonpolar column (dimethylpolysiloxane). VOC (volatile ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Select filter cloth to obtain good wear and solid binding characteristics. Use moderate blowback pressure to avoid high wear. Adjust duration of blow back pressure short enough to remove the cake from the filter cloth. The tuning of valve body is important for the blow back to prevent the excess filtrated being force b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In regards to rhythmicity of the clock in a free running setting PRR9 and PRR5 are associated with longer and shorter periods respectively. For each gene, the double mutant with PRR7 exacerbates observed trends in rhythmicity. The triple mutant renders the plant arrhythmic. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.408. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In northern Europe, France, Germany, England and the Netherlands, bellfounding has been an enormous industry since the early part of the Middle Ages. Unfortunately a large number of medieval bells have been melted down and recast, and in times of warfare many were seized to be cast into guns. Early bells are of gracefu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The chemical and biochemical properties of Mg present the cellular system with a significant challenge when transporting the ion across biological membranes. The dogma of ion transport states that the transporter recognises the ion then progressively removes the water of hydration, removing most or all of the water at ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Previous efforts to understand how sulfur metabolism and biosynthetic pathways relied on expensive labeling experiments using radioactive S. By leveraging natural assimilatory processes, stable isotope ratios can be used to track the sources of sulfur for plants, plant organs used in sulfur acquisition, the movement of... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Heavy meromyosin (HMM) is the larger of the two fragments obtained from the muscle protein myosin II following limited proteolysis by trypsin or chymotrypsin. HMM contains two domains S-1 and S-2, S-1 contains is the globular head that can bind to actin while the S-2 domain projects at and angle from light meromyosin (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (or DDQ) is the chemical reagent with formula CCl(CN)O. This oxidant is useful for the dehydrogenation of alcohols, phenols, and steroid ketones. DDQ decomposes in water, but is stable in aqueous mineral acid. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transannular strain can be eliminated by the simple addition of a carbon bridge. E,Z,E,Z,Z-[10]-annulene is quite unstable; while it has the requisite number of π-electrons to be aromatic, they are for the most part isolated. Ultimately, the molecule itself is very difficult to observe. However, by the simple addition ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Surface diffusion may be studied by a variety of techniques, including both direct and indirect observations. Two experimental techniques that have proved very useful in this area of study are field ion microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. By visualizing the displacement of atoms or clusters over time, it is p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first stereoselective synthesis was reported by Rajender Reddy Leleti and E. J.Corey. Later several routes to the total synthesis of salinosporamide A have been reported. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One category of reactions under Curtin–Hammett control includes transformations in which the more stable conformer reacts more quickly. This occurs when the transition state from the major intermediate to its respective product is lower in energy than the transition state from the minor intermediate to the other possib... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thomas Henry Haines (born August 9, 1933) was an American author, social activist, biochemist and academic. He was a professor of chemistry at City College of New York and of Biochemistry at the Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education. He was a visiting professor in the Laboratory of Thomas Sakmar at Rockefeller Un... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A reduction–oxidation (redox) equilibrium can be handled in exactly the same way as any other chemical equilibrium. For example,
:Fe + Ce Fe + Ce;
However, in the case of redox reactions it is convenient to split the overall reaction into two half-reactions. In this example
:Fe + e Fe
:Ce + e Ce
The standard free en... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The conjugate base of a sulfinic acid is a sulfinate anion. The enzyme cysteine dioxygenase converts cysteine into the corresponding sulfinate. One product of this catabolic reaction is the sulfinic acid hypotaurine. Sulfinite also describes esters of sulfinic acid. Cyclic sulfinite esters are called sultines. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The exact size of the GPCR superfamily is unknown, but at least 831 different human genes (or about 4% of the entire protein-coding genome) have been predicted to code for them from genome sequence analysis. Although numerous classification schemes have been proposed, the superfamily was classically divided into three ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Barbara McClintock discovered the first TEs in maize (Zea mays) at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. McClintock was experimenting with maize plants that had broken chromosomes.
In the winter of 1944–1945, McClintock planted corn kernels that were self-pollinated, meaning that the silk (style) of the flower... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid–base imbalance occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range (7.32 to 7.42). An abnormally low pH in the extracellular fluid is called an acidemia and an abnormally high pH is called an alkalemia.
Acidemia and alkalemia unambiguously refer to the actual change in the pH of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prior to the discovery of rasagiline, a closely related analog called [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/SU-11739 SU-11739] (AGN 1133) was patented. At first, the N-methyl was necessary for the agent to be considered a ring cyclized analog of pargyline with ca. twenty-times the potency. However, the N-methyl co... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The use of highly reactive metals in chemical synthesis was popularized in the 1960s. One development in this theme is the use of metal vapor synthesis, as described by Skell, Timms, Ozin, and others. All of these methods relied on elaborate instrumentation to vaporize the metals, releasing an atomic form of these re... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Spatially resolve acoustic spectroscopy (SRAS) is an optical technique that uses optically generated high frequency surface acoustic waves to probe
the direction elastic parameters of the surface and, as such, it can vividly reveal the surface microstructure of metals.
It can also image the crystallographic orientat... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For cellular organisms, the transport of specific molecules across compartmentalizing membrane barriers is essential in order to exchange content with their environment and with other individuals. For example, content exchange between individuals enables the exchange of genes between individuals (horizontal gene transf... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Knowledge of which genes (when non-functional) cause which disorders will simplify diagnosis of patients and provide insights into the functional characteristics of the mutation. The advent of modern-day high-throughput sequencing technologies combined with insights provided from the growing field of genomics is resul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A way to identify aglycone is proposed to extract it from Agave spp. by using H-NMR and Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. The HMBC experiment can be combined with other techniques such as mass spectrometry to further examine the structure and the function of aglycone.
Samples of glycones and g... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The front-end optics of a spectroradiometer includes the lenses, diffusers, and filters that modify the light as it first enters the system. For Radiance an optic with a narrow field of view is required. For total flux an integrating sphere is required. For Irradiance cosine correcting optics are required. The material... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Theophrastus (–287 BCE), and Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 CE). However, this did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, even despite the development of more advanced distillation te... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Beatriz Roldán Cuenya (born 1976 in Oviedo) is a Spanish physicist working in surface science and catalysis. Since 2017 she has been director of the Department of Interface Science at the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society in Berlin, Germany. Since April 2023, she has also been interim director of the Depa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
#"Walter, Filip Neriusz", in Stanley S. Sokol, The Polish Biographical Dictionary, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1992.
#Stefan Sękowski, Stefan Szostkiewicz, Serce i retorta (The Heart and the Retort), Warsaw, Wiedza Powszechna, 1957.
#Aleksander Jełowicki, Wspomnienia (Memoirs), Paris, 1839.
#Stanisław Wodzicki, Wspom... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Increased risk might be posed by the expected rise in total sulphur emissions from 4,400 kilotonnes (kt) in 1990 to 6,500 kt in 2000, 10,900 kt in 2010 and 18,500 in 2020. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Comparing the two contributing structures of benzene, all single and double bonds are interchanged. Bond lengths can be measured, for example using X-ray diffraction. The average length of a C–C single bond is 154 pm; that of a C=C double bond is 133 pm. In localized cyclohexatriene, the carbon–carbon bonds should be a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Binders promote the binding of pigment particles between themselves and the coating layer of the paper. Binders are spherical particles less than 1 µm in diameterr. Common binders are styrene maleic anhydride copolymer or styrene-acrylate copolymer. The surface chemical composition is differentiated by the adsorption o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The GUS system is not the only available gene reporter system for the analysis of promoter activity. Other competing systems are based on e.g. luciferase, GFP, beta-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase. The use of one or the other system is mainly dependent on the organism of int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Toluene derivatives with heteroatom-containing substituents in the ortho position undergo site-selective benzylic lithiation in the presence of organolithium compounds (either alkyllithiums or lithium dialkylamides). Coordination of the Lewis acidic lithium atom to the Lewis basic heteroatom, as well as inductive effec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mant et al. reported that HILIC/CEX offered unique selectivity, stronger separation power and wider range of applications compared to RPLC for peptide separations. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Amine oxides exhibit many kinds of reactions.
*Pyrolytic elimination. Amine oxides, when heated to 150–200 °C undergo a Cope reaction to form a hydroxylamine and an alkene. The reaction requires the alkyl groups to have hydrogens at the beta-carbon (i.e. works with ethyl and above, but not methyl)
*Reduction to amines.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Cotton effect in physics, is the characteristic change in optical rotatory dispersion and/or circular dichroism in the vicinity of an absorption band of a substance.
In a wavelength region where the light is absorbed, the absolute magnitude of the optical rotation at first varies rapidly with wavelength, crosses ze... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Poolman has received numerous awards, including the Biochemistry Award (1989) of the Dutch Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Organisation (NVBMB), a Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences fellowship (1989), a Human Frontiers Science Program Organization award (1992), the SON ‘Jonge Chemici’ award (1997), the F... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photochlorination is one of the largest implementations of photochemistry to organic synthesis. The photon is however not absorbed by the organic compound, but by chlorine. Photolysis of Cl gives chlorine atoms, which abstract H atoms from hydrocarbons, leading to chlorination. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Nitrogen can be fixed by lightning converting nitrogen gas () and oxygen gas () in the atmosphere into (nitrogen oxides). The molecule is highly stable and nonreactive due to the triple bond between the nitrogen atoms. Lightning produces enough energy and heat to break this bond allowing nitrogen atoms to react with ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Langelier saturation index (sometimes Langelier stability index) is a calculated number used to predict the calcium carbonate stability of water. It indicates whether the water will precipitate, dissolve, or be in equilibrium with calcium carbonate. In 1936, Wilfred Langelier developed a method for predicting the p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid created by John Roebuck's process approached a 65% concentration. Later refinements to the lead chamber process by French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and British chemist John Glover improved concentration to 78%. However, the manufacture of some dyes and other chemical processes require a more concent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nickel titanium, also known as nitinol, is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium, where the two elements are present in roughly equal atomic percentages. Different alloys are named according to the weight percentage of nickel; e.g., nitinol 55 and nitinol 60.
Nitinol alloys exhibit two closely related and unique propert... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Soil E is also largely a function of hydrological conditions. In the event of a flood, saturated soils can shift from oxic to anoxic, creating a reducing environment as anaerobic microbial processes dominate. Moreover, small anoxic hotspots may develop within soil pore spaces, creating reducing conditions. With time, t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the way by which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed to other forms of energy, for example, to heat. The absorption of light during wave propagation is often called attenu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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