text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Unfortunately, the Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation is stoichiometric. The product bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium carbonyl chloride is not readily converted back to a CO-free reagent. Above 200 °C, carbon monoxide RhCl(CO)(PPh) does decarbonylate, however these high temperatures are often prohibitive. The ideal Tsuji–W... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Leigh and co-workers recently began to explore a strategy in which template ions could also play an active role in promoting the crucial final covalent bond forming reaction that captures the interlocked structure (i.e., the metal has a dual function, acting as a template for entwining the precursors and catalyzing cov... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The calorimeter constants are used in constant pressure calorimetry to calculate the amount of heat required to achieve a certain raise in the temperature of the calorimeter's contents. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Microcystins—or cyanoginosins—are a class of toxins produced by certain freshwater cyanobacteria; primarily Microcystis aeruginosa but also other Microcystis, as well as members of the Planktothrix, Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Nostoc genera.
Microcystin-LR (i.e. X = leucine, Z = arginine) is the most toxic form of over ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
IR Spectrum Table by Frequency
IR Spectra Table by Compound Class
To use an IR spectrum table, first need to find the frequency or compound in the first column, depending on which type of chart that is being used. Then find the corresponding values for absorption, appearance and other attributes. The value for absorpti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrochemistry is the study of processes driven through an applied potential at a solid-liquid or liquid-liquid interface. The behavior of an electrode-electrolyte interface is affected by the distribution of ions in the liquid phase next to the interface forming the electrical double layer. Adsorption and desorption... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PIK3CA frequently have gain of function mutations in urothelial cancer. Similar to PI3Ka, PI3Kb is expressed in many different cells, and it is mainly involved in the activation of platelets and development of thrombotic diseases. Studies have shown that PI3Kb contribute to tumor proliferation as well. Specifically, it... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Hüttenwerke Kayser smelter at Lünen in Germany installed an ISASMELT plant in 2002 to replace three blast furnaces and one Peirce-Smith converter used for smelting scrap copper. The company was subsequently bought by Norddeutsche Affinerie AG, which in turn became Aurubis.
The process used at the Lünen smelter invo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Like hot black oxide, mid-temperature black oxide converts the surface of the metal to magnetite (FeO). However, mid-temperature black oxide blackens at a temperature of , significantly less than hot black oxide. This is advantageous because it is below the solution's boiling point, meaning there are no caustic fumes p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The number of workers in the United States exposed to beryllium vary but has been estimated to be as high as 800,000 during the 1960s and 1970s. A more recent study from 2004 estimated the number of exposed workers in the United States to be around 134,000.
The rate of workers becoming sensitized to beryllium varies ba... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The growth rates of calthemite stalactite straws, stalagmites and flowstone etc., is very much dependent on the supply rate and continuity of the saturated leachate solution to the location of CaCO deposition. The concentration of atmospheric CO in contact with the leachate, also has a large influence on how quickly th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
It is possible to create IBIs for use by minimally trained monitoring personnel, however the precision obtainable is lower than that conducted by trained professionals. Safeguards to assure robustness in spite of potential misidentifications or protocol variations require careful testing. Ongoing quality control by est... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), is a solid phase extraction technique that involves the use of a fiber coated with an extracting phase, that can be a liquid (polymer) or a solid (sorbent), which extracts different kinds of analytes (including both volatile and non-volatile) from different kinds of media, that can b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Citalopram: steps were taken to separate the more potent enantiomer, escitalopram.
* Thalidomide is a drug whose two enantiomers cause distinctly different effects from one another. The unforeseen teratogenicity of the (R)-(+)-isomer caused it to become an important case study of stereochemistry in medicine. Although... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the 1990s, Southern Peru Copper Corporation ("SPCC") was seeking to modernise its smelter at Ilo in southern Peru as part of 1997 commitment to the Peruvian government to capture at least 91.7% of the sulfur dioxide generated in its smelting operations by January 2007. It initially selected flash smelting technolog... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cryoneurolysis is performed with a cryoprobe, which is composed of a hollow cannula that contains a smaller inner lumen. The pressurized coolant (nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen) travels down the lumen and expands at the end of the lumen into the tip of the hollow cannula. No coolant exits the cryoprob... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reversible work is the maximal useful work which can be obtained, , and can only be fully utilized in an ideal reversible process. An irreversible process produces some work , which is less than . The lost work is then ; in other words, is the work which was lost or not exploited during the process due to irrevers... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Wood is a natural organic material consisting primarily of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin. Regarding mechanical properties, the fibers are strong in tension, and the lignin matrix resists compression. Thus wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters and using b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two papers describe MgtE, a fourth Mg uptake protein in bacteria unrelated to MgtA/B or CorA. This gene has been sequenced and the protein, 312 amino acids in size, is predicted to contain either four or five TM spanning domains that are closely arranged in the C-terminal part of the protein (see figure). This region o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For most purposes, ozone production would be a detrimental side effect of lamp operation. To prevent this, most germicidal lamps are treated to absorb the 185 nm mercury emission line (which is the longest wavelength of mercury light which will ionize oxygen).
In some cases (such as water sanitization), ozone productio... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The carbonate pump, sometimes called the carbonate counter pump, starts with marine organisms at the ocean's surface producing particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) in the form of calcium carbonate (calcite or aragonite, CaCO). This CaCO is what forms hard body parts like shells. The formation of these shells increases a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The thionyl group is SO, a sulfur atom plus an oxygen atom.
It occurs in compounds such as thionyl fluoride, SOF.
Thionyl chloride, SOCl, is a common reagent used in organic synthesis to convert carboxylic acids to acyl chlorides.
In organic chemistry, the thionyl group is known as a sulfoxide group or sulfinyl group, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Grain boundaries can cause failure mechanically by embrittlement through solute segregation (see Hinkley Point A nuclear power station) but they also can detrimentally affect the electronic properties. In metal oxides it has been shown theoretically that at the grain boundaries in AlO and MgO the insulating properties ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are relatively few CRESU apparatuses in existence for the simple reason that the gas throughput and pumping requirements are huge, which makes them expensive to run. Two of the leading centres have been the University of Rennes (France) and the University of Birmingham (UK). A more recent development has been a p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metal carbonyls are coordination complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands. Metal carbonyls are useful in organic synthesis and as catalysts or catalyst precursors in homogeneous catalysis, such as hydroformylation and Reppe chemistry. In the Mond process, nickel tetracarbonyl is used to produce pure ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSHs), also known as polyglycitol syrup (INS 964), are mixtures of several sugar alcohols (a type of sugar substitute). Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates were developed by the Swedish company Lyckeby Starch in the 1960s. The HSH family of polyols is an approved food ingredient in Canad... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) or glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase is responsible for the irreversible addition of a myristoyl group to N-terminal or internal glycine residues of proteins. This modification can occur co-translationally or post-translationally. In vertebrates, this modification is carri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ceramic microstructures are most often analyzed by reflected visible-light microscopy in brightfield. Darkfield is used in limited circumstances, e.g., to reveal cracks. Polarized transmitted light is used with thin sections, where the contrast between grains comes from birefringence. Very fine microstructures may re... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gilbert studied for a Bachelor of Science at the University of Florida, from 1940 to 1942. He then moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison for this PhD, which he obtained in 1945 under the supervision of Samuel M. McElvain. While at Wisconsin he met Carl Djerassi, with whom he would go on to form a lasting friends... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code (translation table 11) is the DNA code used by bacteria, archaea, prokaryotic viruses and chloroplast proteins. It is essentially the same as the standard code, however there are some variations in alternative start codons. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main use of Woollins reagent is the selenation of carbonyl compounds. For instance, Woollins reagent will convert a carbonyl into a selenocarbonyl. Additionally, Woollins' reagent has been used to selenonate carboxylic acids, alkenes, alkynes, and nitriles. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A monosubstituted cyclohexane is one in which there is one non-hydrogen substituent in the cyclohexane ring. The most energetically favorable conformation for a monosubstituted cyclohexane is the chair conformation with the non-hydrogen substituent in the equatorial position because it prevents high steric strain from ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A Newman projection is a drawing that helps visualize the 3-dimensional structure of a molecule. This projection most commonly sights down a carbon-carbon bond, making it a very useful way to visualize the stereochemistry of alkanes. A Newman projection visualizes the conformation of a chemical bond from front to back,... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Cytochrome c is widely believed to be localised solely in the mitochondrial intermembrane space under normal physiological conditions. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, where it activates the caspase family of proteases, is believed to be the primary trigger leading to the onset of apoptosis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In water solution, orthophosphoric acid and its three derived anions coexist according to the dissociation and recombination equilibria below
Values are at 25°C and 0 ionic strength.
The pK values are the pH values where the concentration of each species is equal to that of its conjugate bases. At pH 1 or lower, the p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The results of glycol adsorption, cation exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and chemical tests all give data that may be used for quantitative estimations. After the quantities of organic matter, carbonates, free oxides, and nonclay minerals have been determined, the percentages of cla... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) was pioneered in the laboratory of Dr. W.L. Hubbell. In SDSL, sites for attachment of spin labels are introduced into recombinantly expressed proteins by site-directed mutagenesis. Functional groups contained within the spin label determine their specificity. At neutral pH, protein... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclic compounds may or may not exhibit aromaticity; benzene is an example of an aromatic cyclic compound, while cyclohexane is non-aromatic. In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is used to describe a cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) molecule that exhibits unusual stability as compared to other geometric or co... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Goldich dissolution series is a method of predicting the relative stability or weathering rate of common igneous minerals on the Earth's surface, with minerals that form at higher temperatures and pressures less stable on the surface than minerals that form at lower temperatures and pressures. | 9 | Geochemistry |
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP or HMB-PP) is an intermediate of the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The enzyme HMB-PP synthase (GcpE, IspG) catalyzes the conversion of 2-C-methyl--erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) into HMB-PP. HMB-PP is then converted furt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term ‘acid sulfate soils’ (ASS) was coined by the Working Party on Nomenclature and Methods for the first International Symposium on Acid Sulfate Soils (1972, Wageningen) to mean soils that contain, or have the potential to produce, sulfuric acid in quantities that cause significant and long-lasting changes in key ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
With diffusion together with a uniform flow with velocity in the lateral direction, the autocorrelation is:
where is the average residence time if there is only a flow (no diffusion). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Unlike direct DNA damage, which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV-B light, reactive chemical species can travel through the body and affect other areas—possibly even inner organs. The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact that the malignant melanoma can occur in places that are not d... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 2016, John Zhang and a mixed team of scientists from Mexico and New York used the spindle transfer technique to help a Jordanian woman to give birth to a baby boy. The mother had Leigh disease and already had four miscarriages and two children who had died of the disease. Valery Zukin, director of the Nadiya clinic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ferroin sulfate may be prepared by combining phenanthroline to ferrous sulfate in water.
:3 phen + Fe → [Fe(phen)]
The main reaction is 1-electron oxidation.
[Fe(phen)] → [Fe(phen)] + 1 e
Addition of sulfuric acid to an aqueous solution of [Fe(phen)] causes hydrolysis:
:[Fe(phen)] + 3 HSO + 6 HO → [Fe(OH)] + 3 ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Higher dietary intakes of magnesium correspond to lower diabetes incidence. For people with diabetes or at high risk of diabetes, magnesium supplementation lowers fasting glucose. | 1 | Biochemistry |
*4.A.1 The PTS Glucose-Glucoside (Glc) Family
*4.A.2 The PTS Fructose-Mannitol (Fru) Family
*4.A.3 The PTS Lactose-N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose-β-glucoside (Lac) Family
*4.A.4 The PTS Glucitol (Gut) Family
*4.A.5 The PTS Galactitol (Gat) Family
*4.A.6 The PTS Mannose-Fructose-Sorbose (Man) Family
*4.A.7 The PTS L-Ascorbate ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organic peroxides are widely used to initiate polymerization of olefins, e.g. the formation of polyethylene. A key step is homolysis:
The tendency to homolyze is also exploited to modify polymers by grafting or visbreaking, or cross-link polymers to create a thermoset. When used for these purposes, the peroxide is hig... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hammond's postulate is especially important when looking at the rate-limiting step of a reaction. However, one must be cautious when examining a multistep reaction or one with the possibility of rearrangements during an intermediate stage. In some cases, the final products appear in skewed ratios in favor of a more uns... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MCD can be used as an optical technique for the detection of electronic structure of both the ground states and excited states. It is also a strong addition to the more commonly used absorption spectroscopy, and there are two reasons that explain this. First, a transition buried under a stronger transition can appear i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most common standard in Europe is ISO 9454-1 (also known as DIN EN 29454-1).
This standard specifies each flux by a four-character code: flux type, base, activator, and form. The form is often omitted.
Therefore, 1.1.2 means rosin flux with halides. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum/rhodium alloy for each conductor. These are among the most stable thermocouples, but have lower sensitivity than other types, approximately 10 μV/°C. Type B, R, and S thermocouples are usually used only for high-temperature measurements due to their high cost a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Samarium iodide is easily prepared in nearly quantitative yields from samarium metal and either diiodomethane or 1,2-diiodoethane. When prepared in this way, its solutions is most often used without purification of the inorganic reagent.
Solid, solvent-free SmI forms by high temperature decomposition of samarium(III) i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
k+-transporting ATPase - karyotype - KduI/IolB isomerase family - kilobase - kinase - Klenow fragment - Knock-down - knock-out - knock-out experiment - knockout - Kozak sequence | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2009, Stephen Bustin led an international group of scientists including Mikael Kubista to put together a set of guidelines on how to perform qPCR and what forms of data should be collected and published in the process. This also allowed editors and reviewers of scientific journals to employ the guidelines when looki... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1929, the conversion of oleic acid to stearic acid in the presence of hydrazine was observed. The short-lived intermediate diimide was not implicated in this reductive process until the 1960s. Since that time, several methods of generating transient amounts of diimide have been developed. In the presence of unpolari... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Patina ( or ) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze, and similar metals and metal alloys (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of a surface ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Some organic matter not already in the soil comes from groundwater. When the groundwater saturates the soil or sediment around it, organic matter can freely move between the phases. Groundwater has its own sources of natural organic matter including:
* organic matter deposits, such as kerogen and coal.
* soil and sedim... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Deflagration (Lat: de + flagrare, to burn down) is subsonic combustion in which a pre-mixed flame propagates through an explosive or a mixture of fuel and oxidizer. Deflagrations in high and low explosives or fuel–oxidizer mixtures may transition to a detonation depending upon confinement and other factors. Most fires... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The photocytes present in Amphipholis squamata have been found to contain a golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. They have also been found to contain up to six different kinds of vesicles within their cytoplasm. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Drospirenone is marketed in combination with an estrogen under a variety of brand names throughout the world. Among others, it is marketed in combination with ethinylestradiol under the brand names Yasmin and Yaz, in combination with estetrol under the brand name Nextstellis, and in combination with estradiol under the... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the presence of copper(II) chloride, methanesulfonyl chloride will add across alkynes to form β-chloro sulfones. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Following multiphoton or tunnel ionization the electron is being accelerated by inverse Bremsstrahlung and can collide with the nearby molecules and generate new electrons through collisions. If the pulse duration is long, the newly ionized electrons can be accelerated and eventually avalanche or cascade ionization fol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two common mechanisms by which the size of a particular restriction fragment can vary. In the first schematic, a small segment of the genome is being detected by a DNA probe (thicker line). In allele A, the genome is cleaved by a restriction enzyme at three nearby sites (triangles), but only the rightmost fra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The above techniques can be combined with computational methods to estimate staining levels without staining the cell. These approaches, generally, rely on training a deep-convolutional neural network to perform imaging remapping, converting the bright-field or phase image into a fluorescent image. By decoupling the tr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Angeli–Rimini reaction is an organic reaction between an aldehyde and N-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide in presence of base forming a hydroxamic acid.
The other reaction product is a sulfinic acid. The reaction was discovered by the two Italian chemists Angelo Angeli and Enrico Rimini (1874–1917), and was published... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In oceanography, a prime example of a limiting factor is a limiting nutrient. Nutrient availability in freshwater and marine environments plays a critical role in determining what organisms survive and thrive. Nutrients are the building blocks of all living organisms, as they support biological activity. They are requi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hess's law states that enthalpy changes are additive. Thus the value of the standard enthalpy of reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpies of formation of products and reactants as follows:
Here, the first sum is over all products and the second over all reactants, and are the stoichiometric coefficients o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The height h of a liquid column is given by Jurin's law
where is the liquid-air surface tension (force/unit length), θ is the contact angle, ρ is the density of liquid (mass/volume), g is the local acceleration due to gravity (length/square of time), and r is the radius of tube.
As r is in the denominator, the thinner... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Beryllium derivatives and reagents are often prepared by alkylation of beryllium chloride. Examples of known organoberyllium compounds are dineopentylberyllium, beryllocene (CpBe), diallylberyllium (by exchange reaction of diethyl beryllium with triallyl boron), bis(1,3-trimethylsilylallyl)beryllium and Be(mes)2. Ligan... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Gibbs–Thomson effect, in common physics usage, refers to variations in vapor pressure or chemical potential across a curved surface or interface. The existence of a positive interfacial energy will increase the energy required to form small particles with high curvature, and these particles will exhibit an increase... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If the quasi-steady-state hypothesis is assumed in addition to BFEI hypothesis, then the complex concentration can be assumed to be in a stationary (steady) state according to the Briggs–Haldane hypothesis, and the GEBIK equations become
which are written in a form similar to the classical Micaelis-Menten equations for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cementite changes from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic upon heating to its Curie temperature of approximately .
A natural iron carbide (containing minor amounts of nickel and cobalt) occurs in iron meteorites and is called cohenite after the German mineralogist Emil Cohen, who first described it. | 8 | Metallurgy |
An inverse agonist can have effects similar to those of an antagonist, but causes a distinct set of downstream biological responses. Constitutively active receptors that exhibit intrinsic or basal activity can have inverse agonists, which not only block the effects of binding agonists like a classical antagonist but al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Staudinger reaction is a chemical reaction of an organic azide with a phosphine or phosphite produces an iminophosphorane. The reaction was discovered by and named after Hermann Staudinger. The reaction follows this stoichiometry:
:RP + RN → RP=NR + N | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because the urea conversion is incomplete, the urea must be separated from the unconverted reactants, including the ammonium carbamate. Various commercial urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea forms and the way that unconverted reactants are further processed. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The plausibility that life was imported to Earth from elsewhere was tested by subjecting plant seeds to 1.5 years of exposure to solar UV, solar and galactic cosmic radiation, temperature fluctuations, and space vacuum outside the International Space Station. Of the 2100 exposed wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In geometry, a sphere packing is an arrangement of non-overlapping spheres within a containing space. The spheres considered are usually all of identical size, and the space is usually three-dimensional Euclidean space. However, sphere packing problems can be generalised to consider unequal spheres, spaces of other dim... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The line-operated vacuum tube receiver was invented in 1925 by Edward S. Rogers, Sr. The unit operated with 5 Rogers AC vacuum tubes and the Rogers Battery-Eliminator Power Unit (power supply). This unit was later marketed for $120 as "Type 120". He established the Toronto station CFRB (an abbreviation of Canadas Firs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, diazirines are a class of organic molecules consisting of a carbon bound to two nitrogen atoms, which are double-bonded to each other, forming a cyclopropene-like ring, 3H-diazirine (). They are isomeric with diazocarbon groups (), and like them can serve as precursors for carbenes by loss of a mo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In chemistry, a strong electrolyte is a solute that completely, or almost completely, ionizes or dissociates in a solution. These ions are good conductors of electric current in the solution.
Originally, a "strong electrolyte" was defined as a chemical compound that, when in aqueous solution, is a good conductor of el... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a disulfide (or disulphide in British English) is a compound containing a functional group or the anion. The linkage is also called an SS-bond or sometimes a disulfide bridge and usually derived from two thiol groups.
In inorganic chemistry, the anion appears in a few rare minerals, but the functional... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, pentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with 3-pentanone. It is seen in amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dimethyl malonate is a diester derivative of malonic acid. It is a common reagent for organic synthesis used, for example, as a precursor for barbituric acid. It is also used in the malonic ester synthesis. It can be synthesized from dimethoxymethane and carbon monoxide.
Dimethyl malonate is used extensively in the fra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Kinetic studies show that malate dehydrogenase enzymatic activity is ordered. The cofactor NAD/NADH is bound to the enzyme before the substrate. The Km value for malate, i.e., the concentration at which the enzyme activity is half-maximal, is 2 mM. The Kcat value is 259.2 s. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term clone is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis. Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction. As an example, some Europea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The parent metallacyclopentadiene, or metallole, has the formula LM(CH). Most arise from the coupling of two alkynes at a low valent metal centers such as derivatives of Co(I) and Zr(II). Late metal derivatives (Co, Ni) are intermediates in the metal-catalysed trimerization of alkynes to arenes. Early metal derivativ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Methylphosphine and dimethylphosphine (garlic-metallic, two of the most potent odorants known)
* Phosphine (zinc phosphide poisoned bait)
* Diacetyl (butter flavor)
* Acetoin (butter flavor)
* Nerolin (orange flowers)
* Tetrahydrothiophene (added to natural gas)
* 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (cork taint)
* Substituted pyr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Previous studies have shown that progesterone supports the normal development of neurons in the brain, and that the hormone has a protective effect on damaged brain tissue. It has been observed in animal models that females have reduced susceptibility to traumatic brain injury and this protective effect has been hypoth... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Microtubules formed from pure tubulin undergo subunit uptake and loss at ends by both random exchange diffusion, and by a directional (treadmilling) element. Treadmilling is inefficient, and for microtubules at steady state: the Wegner s-value (the reciprocal of the number of molecular events required for the net upta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are actually several physical mechanisms that produce the elastic forces within the network chains as a rubber sample is stretched. Two of these arise from entropy changes and one is associated with the distortion of the molecular bond angles along the chain backbone. These three mechanisms are immediately appare... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main advantage of locating a space power station in geostationary orbit is that the antenna geometry stays constant, and so keeping the antennas lined up is simpler. Another advantage is that nearly continuous power transmission is immediately available as soon as the first space power station is placed in orbit, L... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Resazurin (7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one 10-oxide) is a phenoxazine dye that is weakly fluorescent, nontoxic, cell-permeable, and redox‐sensitive. Resazurin has a blue to purple color above pH 6.5 and an orange color below pH 3.8. It is used in microbiological, cellular, and enzymatic assays because it can be irreversi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Almost all functional transcripts are derived from known genes. The only exceptions are a small number of transcripts that might play a direct role in regulating gene expression near the prompters of known genes. (See Enhancer RNA.)
Gene occupy most of prokaryotic genomes so most of their genomes are transcribed. Many... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfur dioxide is a convenient and widely used source of the sulfonyl functional group. Specifically, Sulfur dioxide participates in cycloaddition reactions with dienes.
The industrially useful solvent sulfolane is prepared by addition of sulfur dioxide to buta-1,3-diene followed by hydrogenation of the resulting sulfo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Salt spray testing is popular because it is relatively inexpensive, quick, well standardized, and reasonably repeatable. Although there may be a weak correlation between the duration in salt spray test and the expected life of a coating in certain coatings such as hot-dip galvanized steel, this test has gained worldwi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The form of the crucible has varied through time, with designs reflecting the process for which they are used, as well as regional variation. The earliest crucible forms derive from the sixth/fifth millennium B.C. in Eastern Europe and Iran. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The excretion of urea is called ureotelism. Land animals, mainly amphibians and mammals, convert ammonia into urea, a process which occurs in the liver and kidney. These animals are called ureotelic. Urea is a less toxic compound than ammonia; two nitrogen atoms are eliminated through it and less water is needed for it... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dislocations in a crystal lattice are line defects that are associated with local stress fields. Dislocations allow shear at lower stress than that needed for a perfect crystal structure. The local stress fields result in interactions between the dislocations which then result in strain hardening or cold working. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 2018, RT001 was given to a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) under a "compassionate use scheme". | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.