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Carbon Action is an investor-led initiative which shows how companies in investment portfolios are managing carbon emissions and energy efficiency.
Over 300 investors with US$25 trillion in assets under management ask the world's highest emitting companies to take three specific actions in response to climate change:
*... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
;AIME
*Sir Henry Ayers foundation president, 1893
*Uriah Dudley foundation general secretary 1893–1897
*David Lauder Stirling (c. 1871 – 30 August 1949); president 1894, secretary 1906–1941 or later; also secretary, Victorian Chamber of Mines 1898–1945
*H. W. Ferd Kayser (mine manager Mount Bischoff Tin Mining Company)... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lasso peptides are short peptides containing an N-terminal macrolactam macrocycle "ring" through which a linear C-terminal "tail" is threaded. Because of this threaded-loop topology, these peptides resemble lassos, giving rise to their name. They are a member of a larger class of amino-acid-based lasso structures. Addi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenolic compounds can act as protective agents, inhibitors, natural animal toxicants and pesticides against invading organisms, i.e. herbivores, nematodes, phytophagous insects, and fungal and bacterial pathogens. The scent and pigmentation conferred by other phenolics can attract symbiotic microbes, pollinators and ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Zero-point energy is fundamentally related to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Roughly speaking, the uncertainty principle states that complementary variables (such as a particles position and momentum, or a fields value and derivative at a point in space) cannot simultaneously be specified precisely by any given ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hexamethylenetetramine is the base component to produce RDX and, consequently, C-4 as well as octogen (a co-product with RDX), hexamine dinitrate, hexamine diperchlorate and HMTD. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Butyllithium reacts with some organic bromides and iodides in an exchange reaction to form the corresponding organolithium derivative. The reaction usually fails with organic chlorides and fluorides:
: CHLi + RX → CHX + RLi (X = Br, I)
This lithium–halogen exchange reaction is useful for preparation of several types ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photochemical conversion occurs due to interactions between the chromophoric unit and residues in its vicinity. Glu-212 functions as a base that removes a proton from His-62 aiding in the cleavage of the His-62-Nα-Cα bond. Replacing Glu-212 with glutamine prevents photoconversion. At low pH, the yield of Eos involved ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In most cases mesocrystals form nanoparticles in solution. These nanoparticles aggregate and arrange in crystallographic formation, without any additives. The main causes of this ordering are tensorial polarization forces and dipole fields. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lidocaine, a local anesthetic, has multiple inhibitory actions on the receptor and analysis of the structure of lidocaine has identified the presence of a hydrophobic aromatic ring and a hydrophilic terminal amine. Diethylamine (DEA), a molecule that mimics the hydrophilic moiety of lidocaine by way of a positively cha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Microalgae have gained attention in recent years due to several reasons including their greater sensitivity to pollutants than many other organisms. In addition, they occur abundantly in nature, they are an essential component in very many food webs, they are easy to culture and to use in assays and there are few if an... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The simplest application of this technique is to assess whether a given protein binds to a region of interest within a DNA molecule. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplify and label region of interest that contains a potential protein-binding site, ideally amplicon is between 50 and 200 base pairs in length. Add prote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Scintillons are not identical in different species. Scintillons isolated from dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Pyrocystis such as P. lunula (previously Dissodinium lunula) or P. noctiluca are less dense than those of L. polyedra and do not contain LBP. Little is known about the structure or composition of scintil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The composition of gases present in the soils pores, referred to commonly as the soil atmosphere or atmosphere of the soil, is similar to that of the Earths atmosphere. Unlike the atmosphere, moreover, soil gas composition is less stagnant due to the various chemical and biological processes taking place in the soil. T... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Methane clathrate, also known commonly as methane hydrate, is a form of water ice that contains a large amount of methane within its crystal structure. Potentially large deposits of methane clathrate have been found under sediments on the ocean floors of the Earth, although the estimates of total resource size given by... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Electrometallurgy involves metallurgical processes that take place in some form of electrolytic cell. The most common types of electrometallurgical processes are electrowinning and electro-refining. Electrowinning is an electrolysis process used to recover metals in aqueous solution, usually as the result of an ore hav... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A library is often prepared by random fragmentation of DNA and ligation of common adaptor sequences. However, the generated short reads challenge the identification of structural variants, such as indels, translocations, and duplication. Large regions of simple repeats can further complicate the alignment. Alternativel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deane Judd was very interested the effect of light polarization and degree of diffusion on the appearance of objects. He made important contributions to the fields of colorimetry, color discrimination, color order, and color vision. Judd defined the scattering power for a sample as , where is the particle diameter. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Traumatic brain injury is a major neurological disorder when the brain is injured by traumatic force such as a bluent trauma or blast over-pressure wave.
For the disorders of central nervous system, the neuronal cell body-located Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemoglobin acts to transport oxygen which the body receives to all body tissue via blood vessels. Over time, when red blood cells need to be replenished, the hemoglobin is broken down in the spleen; it breaks down into two parts: heme group consisting of iron and bile and protein fraction. While protein and iron are ut... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While a reaction may exhibit one set of kinetic behavior at early conversion, that behavior may change due to:
* changes in catalyst resting state influenced by changing substrate concentrations
* multiple or changing mechanisms influenced by substrate or product concentrations
* catalyst activation (an initiation peri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis. The mRNA sequence is determined by the seq... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cold black oxide, also known as room temperature black oxide, is applied at a temperature of . It is not an oxide conversion coating, but rather a deposited copper selenide (CuSe) compound. Cold black oxide is convenient for in-house blackening. This coating produces a similar color to the one the oxide conversion does... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Of historical interest but not often of practical value, the first isocyanide, allyl isocyanide, was prepared by the reaction of allyl iodide and silver cyanide.
:RI + AgCN → RNC + AgI | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although arsenical bronze occurs in the archaeological record across the globe, the earliest artifacts so far known, dating from the 5th millennium BC, have been found on the Iranian plateau. Arsenic is present in a number of copper-containing ores (see table at right, adapted from Lechtman & Klein, 1999), and therefor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A variety of geologic and environmental settings have been proposed for an origin of life. These theories are often in competition with one another as there are many differing views of prebiotic compound availability, geophysical setting, and early life characteristics. The first organism on Earth likely looked differe... | 9 | Geochemistry |
S1 end mapping - S1 nuclease - satellite DNA - screening - SDS-PAGE - secondary structure - selection - selenium responsive proteins - sense strand - sequence - sequence motif - sequence polymorphism - sequence-tagged site - sequential epitope - severe combined immunodeficiency - sex chromosome - sex-linked - Shine-Dal... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most studied is neurturin’s role in neurodegenerative disease like Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons, where several rat studies have implicated neurturin’s role in rescuing neurons. However, these results have never been observed in humans. Hirschsprung disease, a autosomal dominant genetic disorder, is characteri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Indirect immunofluorescence is one of the most commonly used tests for ANAs. Typically, HEp-2 cells are used as a substrate to detect the antibodies in human serum. Microscope slides are coated with HEp-2 cells and the serum is incubated with the cells. If the said and targeted antibodies are present then they will bin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On April 17, 2005, the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant in Connecticut was shut down due to a "false alarm" that indicated an unsafe pressure drop in the reactor's steam system when the steam pressure was actually nominal. The false alarm was caused by a tin whisker that short circuited the logic board responsible for mon... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Halo ketones take part in several reaction types, especially since they are bifunctional, with two electrophilic sites (α-carbon and carbonyl carbon). In one manifestation of this duality, they are precursors to heterocycles. Thiazoles arise from reaction of chloroacetone with thioamides.2-Aminothiazoles are similarly... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The interfacial (surface) tension, St, (dyne cm), can be calculated by applying the equation of capillary rise method (when the contact angle Ө → 0):<br />
where:
* h (cm) is the height of Hg column above the Hg meniscus in the capillary
* r (cm) is the radius of capillary
* g is the acceleration due to gravity
* d (g ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. Because most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are present in the genome but not in the mature mRNA, the cDNA generated from a RT-PCR reaction is the exact (without regard to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptases) DNA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In May 2010, an application of SNALPs to the Ebola Zaire virus made headlines, as the preparation was able to cure rhesus macaques when administered shortly after their exposure to a lethal dose of the virus, which can be up to 90% lethal to humans in sporadic outbreaks in Africa. The treatment used for rhesus macaque... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1962, Harvard professor Edward O. Wilson published one of the first concrete studies constructing the groundwork for the notion of trail pheromones. Claiming an odor trail is deposited by the sting apparatus of the hymenopteran Solenopsis saevissima which results in a pathway from the colony to a food source, this s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In alphabetic order
* Alanine transaminase (ALT)
* Body fat percentage
* Body mass index
* Body temperature
* Blood pressure
* Blood sugar level
* Complete blood count
* Creatinine
* C-reactive protein (inflammation)
* Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
* Heart rate
* Hematocrit (HCT)
* Hemoglobin (Hgb)
* Mean corp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Termination is the process of breaking up the polymerase complex and ending the RNA strand. In eukaryotes using RNA Pol II, this termination is very variable (up to 2000 bases), relying on post transcriptional modification.
Little regulation occurs at termination, although it has been proposed newly transcribed RNA is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Antibody elution is the process of removing antibodies that are attached to their targets, such as the surface of red blood cells. Techniques include using heat, a freeze-thaw cycle, ultrasound, acids or organic solvents. No single method is best in all situations. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In genetics, an expressed sequence tag (EST) is a short sub-sequence of a cDNA sequence. ESTs may be used to identify gene transcripts, and were instrumental in gene discovery and in gene-sequence determination. The identification of ESTs has proceeded rapidly, with approximately 74.2 million ESTs now available in publ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mitigation of adverse impacts of runoff can take several forms:
* Land use development controls aimed at minimizing impervious surfaces in urban areas
* Erosion controls for farms and construction sites
* Flood control and retrofit programs, such as green infrastructure
* Chemical use and handling controls in agricult... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl chloroformate, pyridine or aqueous sodium hydroxide at ambient temperature
* Electrolysis
* Deprotection using zinc metal | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The rate of hypothyroidism is around six times higher in people who take lithium. Low thyroid hormone levels in turn increase the likelihood of developing depression. People taking lithium thus should routinely be assessed for hypothyroidism and treated with synthetic thyroxine if necessary.
Because lithium competes wi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The tendency of a given chemical species to partition itself
preferentially between liquid and vapor phases is the Henry's law constant. There can be VLE data for mixtures of four or more components, but such a boiling-point diagram is hard to show in either tabular or graphical form. For such multi-component mixtures,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A silencer is a sequence-specific element that induces a negative effect on the transcription of its particular gene. There are many positions in which a silencer element can be located in DNA. The most common position is found upstream of the target gene where it can help repress the transcription of the gene. This di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
eIF-2 - eIF-2 kinase - electrochemical potential - electron - electron capture - electron configuration - electron microscopy - electron shell - electron transport chain - electron volt - electronegativity - electrophile - electrophoresis - electrophysiology - element - element symbol - ELISA - ELISPOT - embryo - embry... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The order of ligands which possess cis-labilizing effects are as follows:
CO, AuPPh, H, SnPh, GePh, SO, NCH CO , NCO
Anionic ligands such as F, Cl, OH, and SH have particularly strong CO labilizing effects in complexes. This is because these ligands will stabilize the 16 e intermediate by electron donation from ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The concentration of carbamate (HbCO2) was estimated in oxygenated and deoxygenated red blood cells of adult and fetal humans. The estimation was carried out at a constant pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2 = 40 mm Hg) and varied pH levels of the serum. The bicarbonate concentration in the red cells was calculated using ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Bark, L. S. and Bark, S. M.; (1969). Thermometric titrimetry. International Series of Monographs in Analytical Chemistry Vol 33 Pergamon Press (Oxford) Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 68-57883
*Barthel, J.; (1975) Thermometric titrations. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 75-17503... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
With improvements in measuring techniques such as atomic force microscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscope, researchers were able to produce and image droplets at ever smaller scales. With the reduction in droplet size came new experimental observations of wetting. These observations confirmed tha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flash smelting () is a smelting process for sulfur-containing ores including chalcopyrite. The process was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at the Harjavalta plant in 1949 for smelting copper ore. It has also been adapted for nickel and lead production.
A second flash smelting system was developed by... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1802, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac published results of similar, though more extensive experiments. Gay-Lussac credited Charles earlier work by naming the law in his honor. Gay-Lussac himself is credited with the law describing pressure, which he found in 1809. It states that the pressure exerted on a containers sides by... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the genus Lyophyllum the lamellae usually turn blue with the application of para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB or pDAB). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
On some other instances in biology (not necessarily about cell signaling), the term "Scaffold protein" is used in a broader sense, where a protein holds several things together for any purpose.
;In chromosome folding: Chromosome scaffold has important role to hold the chromatin into compact chromosome. Chromosome scaf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) are found in many bacteriophages but originated in bacterial cells. AMGs modulate host cell metabolism during infection so that the phage can replicate more efficiently. For instance, bacteriophages that infect the abundant marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (cyanoph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The metal-dependent Fdh's feature Mo or W at their active sites. These active sites resemble the motif seen in DMSO reductase, with two molybdopterin cofactors bound to Mo/W in a bidentate fashion. The fifth and sixth ligands are sulfide and either cysteinate or selenocysteinate.
The mechanism of action appears to in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mond gas is a cheap coal gas that was used for industrial heating purposes. Coal gases are made by decomposing coal through heating it to a high temperature. Coal gases were the primary source of gas fuel during the 1940s and 1950s until the adoption of natural gas. They were used for lighting, heating, and cooking, ty... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Marine snow is made up of a variety of mostly organic matter, including dead or dying animals and phytoplankton, protists, fecal matter, sand, and other inorganic dust. Most trapped particles are more vulnerable to grazers than they would be as free-floating individuals. Aggregates can form through abiotic processes (i... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In resting cells, axin molecules oligomerize with each other through their C-terminal DIX domains, which have two binding interfaces. Thus they can build linear oligomers or even polymers inside the cytoplasm of cells. DIX domains are unique: the only other proteins known to have a DIX domain are Dishevelled and DIXDC1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hypophosphorous acid (and its salts) are used to reduce metal salts back into bulk metals. It is effective for various transition metals ions (i.e. those of: Co, Cu, Ag, Mn, Pt) but is most commonly used to reduce nickel. This forms the basis of electroless nickel plating (Ni–P), which is the single largest industrial ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Apart from X-ray crystallography, important analytical techniques for the characterization of metal carbonyls are infrared spectroscopy and C NMR spectroscopy. These two techniques provide structural information on two very different time scales. Infrared-active vibrational modes, such as CO-stretching vibrations, are ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Synthetic biopolymers are human-made copies of biopolymers obtained by abiotic chemical routes. Synthetic biopolymer of different chemical nature have been obtained, including polysaccharides, glycoproteins, peptides and proteins, polyhydroxoalkanoates, polyisoprenes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The specific study of the ferrous compounds (those including iron, Fe) used in the past. Iron metal was first encountered in meteorites, and was later extracted from iron ores to create wrought iron which was never fully molten, and later, cast iron. Iron combined with carbon formed steel, allowing people to develop su... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Various combinations of the driving force and moving phase determine various electrokinetic effects. According to J.Lyklema, the complete family of electrokinetic phenomena includes:
* electrophoresis, as motion of charged particles under influence of electric field;
* electro-osmosis, as motion of liquid in porous bod... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biohydrometallurgy is used to perform processes involving metals, for example, microbial mining, oil recovery, bioleaching, water-treatment and others. Biohydrometallurgy is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. It is usually utilized when conventional mining procedures are too expensive or ineffecti... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For each particular lattice, a conventional cell has been chosen on a case-by-case basis by crystallographers based on convenience of calculation. These conventional cells may have additional lattice points located in the middle of the faces or body of the unit cell. The number of lattice points, as well as the volume ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Simple monosaccharides have a linear and unbranched carbon skeleton with one carbonyl (C=O) functional group, and one hydroxyl (OH) group on each of the remaining carbon atoms. Therefore, the molecular structure of a simple monosaccharide can be written as H(CHOH)(C=O)(CHOH)H, where ; so that its elemental formula is C... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Simple chemical weapons were used sporadically throughout antiquity and into the Industrial age. It was not until the 19th century that the modern conception of chemical warfare emerged, as various scientists and nations proposed the use of asphyxiating or poisonous gases. So alarmed were nations that multiple internat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GCaMP consists of three key domains: an M13 domain at the N-terminus, a calmodulin (CaM) domain at the C-terminus, and a GFP domain in the center. The GFP domain is circularly permuted such that the native N- and C-termini are fused together by a six-amino-acid linking sequence, and the GFP sequence is split in the mid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Julius Tafel discovered that hydroxylamine hydrochloride or sulfate salts can be produced by electrolytic reduction of nitric acid with HCl or Sulfuric acid| respectively:
Hydroxylamine can also be produced by the reduction of nitrous acid or potassium nitrite with bisulfite:
: (100 °C, 1 h)
Hydrochloric acid dispropor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The second most studied triad is the Cysteine-Histidine-Aspartate motif. Several families of cysteine proteases use this triad set, for example TEV protease and papain. The triad acts similarly to serine protease triads, with a few notable differences. Due to cysteines low pK, the importance of the Asp to catalysis var... | 1 | Biochemistry |
LOV domains have been found to control gene expression through DNA binding and
to be involved in redox-dependent regulation, like e.g. in the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Notably, LOV-based optogenetic tools have been gaining wide popularity in recent years to control a myriad of cellular events, including cell ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While serving Rajasthan University as a professor, Mehrotra was known to have contributed in organizing a research school there and successfully tried to obtain Special Assistance Program as well as University Leadership Program from UGC. The research school has since published several original research papers in inter... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In a crystal, the constitutive particles are arranged periodically, with translational symmetry forming a lattice. The crystal structure can be described as a Bravais lattice with a group of atoms, called the basis, placed at every lattice point; that is, [crystal structure] = [lattice] [basis]. If the lattice is infi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Whereas most meteorites originate from asteroids, the contrasting make-up of micrometeorites suggests that most originate from comets.
Fewer than 1% of MMs are achondritic and are similar to HED meteorites, which are thought to be from the asteroid 4 Vesta. Most MMs are compositionally similar to carbonaceous chondrite... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A number of SRCD beamlines exist, or are being constructed (), around the world as listed in the table.
As of 2022 components from former SRCD beamline CD12 (on [https://www.ibpt.kit.edu/kara.php KARA]) are now installed on the [https://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/en/beamlines/disco DISCO] beamline
This facility also r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aliphatic diisocyanates are not used in the production of polyurethane foam as the cost is too high and foam is very much a commodity. It is used in special applications for polyurethane, such as enamel coatings which are resistant to abrasion and degradation from ultraviolet light. There are also multiple patents wher... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In this method the solid particles present into the two immiscible liquids can be easily separated by suspending those solid particles directly into these immiscible or somewhat miscible liquids. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transamination is mediated by several types of aminotransferase enzymes. An aminotransferase may be specific for an individual amino acid, or it may be able to process any member of a group of similar ones, for example the branched-chain amino acids, which comprises valine, isoleucine, and leucine. The two common type... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This book deals with assaying techniques. Various designs of furnaces are detailed. Then cupellation, crucibles, scorifiers and muffle furnaces are described. The correct method of preparation of the cupels is covered in detail with beech ashes being preferred. Various other additives and formulae are described, but Ag... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An enantiopure drug is a pharmaceutical that is available in one specific enantiomeric form. Most biological molecules (proteins, sugars, etc.) are present in only one of many chiral forms, so different enantiomers of a chiral drug molecule bind differently (or not at all) to target receptors. Chirality can be observed... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The test was originally developed by Ludwig Wilhelm Winkler, in later literature referred to as Lajos Winkler, while working at Budapest University on his doctoral dissertation in 1888. The amount of dissolved oxygen is a measure of the biological activity of the water masses. Phytoplankton and macroalgae present in th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thioureas are building blocks to pyrimidine derivatives. Thus thioureas condense with β-dicarbonyl compounds. The amino group on the thiourea initially condenses with a carbonyl, followed by cyclization and tautomerization. Desulfurization delivers the pyrimidine.
Similarly, aminothiazoles can be synthesized by the rea... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A cyclic compound (or ring compound) is a term for a compound in the field of chemistry in which one or more series of atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring. Rings may vary in size from three to many atoms, and include examples where all the atoms are carbon (i.e., are carbocycles), none of the atoms are ca... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Green vegetables such as spinach provide magnesium because of the abundance of chlorophyll molecules, which contain the ion. Nuts (especially Brazil nuts, cashews and almonds), seeds (e.g., pumpkin seeds), dark chocolate, roasted soybeans, bran, and some whole grains are also good sources of magnesium.
Although many fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As the name would suggest this type of response is triggered by very low levels of light and is thought to be mediated by phytochrome A. It can be initiated by fluences as low as 0.0001μmol/m up to about 0.05μmol/m. Germination of Arabidopsis can be induced with very low levels of red light, as can oat seedlings. Such ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The internal diameter (ID) of an HPLC column is an important parameter. It can influence the detection response when reduced due to the reduced lateral diffusion of the solute band. It can also affect the separation selectivity, when flow rate and injection volumes are not scaled down or up proportionally to the smalle... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hydrogen probes are used to monitor the penetration of hydrogen into steels, which can cause brittleness, porosity or decarbonization. | 8 | Metallurgy |
There is no cure for berylliosis; the goals of treatment are to reduce symptoms and slow the progression of disease.
Although the evidence that stopping exposure to beryllium decreases progression of the disease is limited, it is still considered to be an accepted approach to treatment in any stage of disease.
People w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Physical organic chemistry is the study of the interrelationships between structure and reactivity in organic molecules. It can be seen as the study of organic chemistry using tools of physical chemistry such as chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, thermochemistry, and quantum chemistry. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A common dynamic covalent building motif is bond formation between a carbon center and a heteroatom such as nitrogen or oxygen. Because the bond formed between carbon and a heteroatom is less stable than a carbon-carbon bond, they offer more reversibility and reach thermodynamic equilibrium faster than carbon bond form... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In high-temperature metal joining processes (welding, brazing and soldering), fluxes are nearly inert at room temperature, but become strongly reducing at elevated temperatures, preventing oxidation of the base and filler materials. The role of flux is typically dual: dissolving the oxides already present on the metal ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bromophenol is also used as a colour marker to monitor the process of agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Since bromophenol blue carries a slight negative charge at moderate pH, it will migrate in the same direction as DNA or protein in a gel; the rate at which it migrates varies accord... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dialysis has both advantages and disadvantages. Following the structure of the previous section, the pros and cons are discussed based on the type of dialysis used. Advantages and drawbacks of both, diffusion dialysis and electrodialysis, are outlined below. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A common kind of hydrolysis occurs when a salt of a weak acid or weak base (or both) is dissolved in water. Water spontaneously ionizes into hydroxide anions and hydronium cations. The salt also dissociates into its constituent anions and cations. For example, sodium acetate dissociates in water into sodium and acetate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several derivatives of vancomycin are currently being developed, including oritavancin and dalbavancin (both lipoglycopeptides). Possessing longer half-lives than vancomycin, these newer candidates may demonstrate improvements over vancomycin due to less frequent dosing and activity against vancomycin-resistant bacter... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Amit Chatterjee, Sponge Iron Production By Direct Reduction Of Iron Oxide, PHI Learning Private Limited, 2010, 353 p. (, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IcT6-tg1uz4C&printsec=frontcover read online] [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIcT6-tg1uz4C%26printsec%3Dfrontc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A finery forge was used to refine wrought iron at least by the 3rd century BC in ancient China, based on the earliest archaeological specimens of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) site at Tieshengguo. Pigott speculates that the finery forge existed in t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The quantum yield of a photochemical reaction describes the number of molecules undergoing a photochemical event per absorbed photon:
In a chemical photodegradation process, when a molecule dissociates after absorbing a light quantum, the quantum yield is the number of destroyed molecules divided by the number of photo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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