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A superhydrophobic coating is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (ultrahydrophobicity) materials. Droplets hitting this kind of coating can fully rebound. Generally speaking, superhydrophobic coatings are made from composite materials where one component provides the roughness and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During a meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences Section of Geology and Mineralogy in 1903, geologist Amadeus William Grabau proposed a new rock classification system in his paper Discussion of and Suggestions Regarding a New Classification of Rocks'. Within the primary subdivision of "Endogenetic rocks" – rocks fo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron with an alloying element. In plain-carbon steel, austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727 °C); other alloys of steel have different eutectoid temperatures. The aust... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 2005, British researchers noticed that the net flow of the northern Gulf Stream had decreased by about 30% since 1957. Coincidentally, scientists at Woods Hole had been measuring the freshening of the North Atlantic as Earth becomes warmer. Their findings suggested that precipitation increases in the high northern l... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Generally, it is not easy to achieve pure organic phosphorescence, partly because of the instability of the triplet state (easily be quenched by moisture, oxygen, etc). Host-guest structures can provide a rigid matrix, which protects the triplet state from being quenched. In this circumstance, α-CD and CB could be used... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
As shown in Eq. 2, the neutral pathway of the Heck reaction begins with the oxidative addition of the aryl or alkenyl halide into a coordinatively unsaturated palladium(0) complex (typically bound to two phosphine ligands) to give complex I. Dissociation of a phosphine ligand followed by association of the alkene yield... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Decreased oxygen availability results in decreases in many zooplankton species’ egg production, food intake, respiration, and metabolic rates. Temperature and salinity in areas of decreased oxygen concentrations also affect oxygen availability. Higher temperatures and salinity lower oxygen solubility decrease the parti... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Recognition of its prevalence and consequences has led to governments and non-government organizations promoting vitamin A fortification of foods and creating programs that administer large bolus-size oral doses of vitamin A to young children every four to six months. In 2008, the World Health Organization estimated th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neutron stars form as remnants of massive stars after a supernova event. Unlike their progenitor star, neutron stars do not consist of a gaseous plasma. Rather, the intense gravitational attraction of the compact mass overcomes the electron degeneracy pressure and causes electron capture to occur within the star. The r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many electrophilic oxides insert into metal carbon bonds; these include sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide. These reactions have limited practical significance, but are of historic interest. With transition metal alkyls, these oxides behave as electrophiles and insert into the bond between metals and th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Information about the mechanism of a reaction is often provided by the use of chemical kinetics to determine the rate equation and the reaction order in each reactant.
Consider the following reaction for example:
:CO + NO → CO + NO
In this case, experiments have determined that this reaction takes place according ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A disproportionation reaction is one in which a single substance is both oxidized and reduced. For example, thiosulfate ion with sulfur in oxidation state +2 can react in the presence of acid to form elemental sulfur (oxidation state 0) and sulfur dioxide (oxidation state +4).
Thus one sulfur atom is reduced from +2 to... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The compound 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile; chemical formula: CHClN), a cyanocarbon, is the defining component of tear gas commonly referred to as CS gas, which is used as a riot control agent.
Exposure causes a burning sensation and tearing of the eyes to the extent that t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All data in BacMap is non-proprietary or is derived from a non-proprietary source. It is freely accessible and available to anyone. In addition, nearly every data item is fully traceable and explicitly referenced to the original source. BacMap data is available through a public web interface and downloads. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The five atoms bonded to the central atom are not all equivalent, and two different types of position are defined. For phosphorus pentachloride as an example, the phosphorus atom shares a plane with three chlorine atoms at 120° angles to each other in equatorial positions, and two more chlorine atoms above and below th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Using the dynamic partitioning capabilities employed in dPCR, improved NGS sequencing can be achieved by partitioning of complex PCR reactions prior to amplification to give more uniform amplification across many distinct amplicons for NGS analysis. Additionally, the improved specificity of complex PCR amplification re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In cases where the diameter of a trapped particle is significantly smaller than the wavelength of light, the conditions for Rayleigh scattering are satisfied and the particle can be treated as a point dipole in an inhomogeneous electromagnetic field. The force applied on a single charge in an electromagnetic field is k... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:
1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass:
* autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide ()
* heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds
* mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Despite their modern abundance, due to their small size and fragility, copepods are extremely rare in the fossil record. The oldest known fossils of copepods are from the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) of Oman, around 303 million years old, which were found in a clast of bitumen from a glacial diamictite. The copep... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The analysis of ratios of carbon-13 to carbon-12 along the length of a single elephant hair led Cerling and his crew to understand the elephants' diet. During the wet season, after the grass had grown long enough for elephants to grab with their trunks, their tail hair showed the presence of different form of carbon, i... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Palmitoylcarnitine is an ester derivative of carnitine involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. During the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), fatty acids undergo a process known as β-oxidation to produce energy in the form of ATP. β-oxidation occurs primarily within mitochondria, however the mitochondrial membrane preve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Common side effects associated with the administration of piperacillin-tazobactam include:
* Gastrointestinal: constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
* Dermatologic: erythema, pain, phlebitis, rash
* Neurologic: headaches, insomnia
Prolonged periods of piperacillin-tazobactam therapy have been associated with the pot... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
NPP3 is probably a major contributor to nucleotide metabolism in the intestine and liver.
Intestinal NPP3 would be involved in hydrolyzing food-derived nucleotides.
The liver releases ATP and ADP into the bile to regulate bile secretion. It subsequently reclaims adenosine via a pathway that probably contains NPP3. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reaction catalyzed is:
ATP + AMP ⇔ 2 ADP
The equilibrium constant varies with condition, but it is close to 1. Thus, ΔG for this reaction is close to zero. In muscle from a variety of species of vertebrates and invertebrates, the concentration of ATP is typically 7-10 times that of ADP, and usually greater than 100... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For an odd-numbered saturated fat (C), 0.5 * n - 1.5 oxidations are necessary, and the final process yields 8 acetyl CoA and 1 propionyl CoA. It is then converted to a succinyl CoA by a carboxylation reaction and generates additional 5 ATP (1 ATP is consumed in carboxylation process generating a net of 4 ATP). In addit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclohexane conformations are any of several three-dimensional shapes adopted by molecules of cyclohexane. Because many compounds feature structurally similar six-membered rings, the structure and dynamics of cyclohexane are important prototypes of a wide range of compounds.
The internal angles of a regular, flat hexag... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Iminium cations are obtained by protonation and alkylation of imines:
They also are generated by the condensation of secondary amines with ketones or aldehydes:
This rapid, reversible reaction is one step in "iminium catalysis".
More exotic routes to iminium cations are known, e.g. from ring-opening reactions of pyridi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Depending on the type of ligand a co-receptor binds, its location and function can vary. Various ligands include interleukins, neurotrophic factors, fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factors and epidermal growth factors. Co-receptors prominent in embryonic tissue have a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electron transport protein plastocyanin is present in the lumen and shuttles electrons from the cytochrome b6f protein complex to photosystem I. While plastoquinones are lipid-soluble and therefore move within the thylakoid membrane, plastocyanin moves through the thylakoid lumen.
The lumen of the thylakoids is als... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Termination: The TE-domain (thio-esterase domain) hydrolyzes the completed polypeptide chain from the PCP-domain of the previous module, thereby often forming cyclic amides (lactams) or cyclic esters (lactones).
* Also, the peptide can be released by an R-domain that reduces the thioester bond to terminal aldehyde or... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Iron was never smelted by Native Americans, thus the New World never entered a proper "Iron Age" before European discovery, and the term is not used of the Americas. But there was limited use of native (unsmelted) iron ore, from magnetite, iron pyrite and ilmenite (iron–titanium), especially in the Andes (Chavin and Mo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Adrenaline stimulates photocytes to emit light for many species of fish. It is believed that sympathetic nervous impulses provide the stimulus that causes photocytes to emit light. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The relative importance-measuring property of the PageRank link analysis algorithm could be used to identify new possible drug targets in proteins. A PageRank-based algorithm could identify important protein targets in the pathogen organism better than a method considering only the number of incoming edges (in-degree) ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The "A260 unit" is used as a quantity measure for nucleic acids. One A260 unit is the amount of nucleic acid contained in 1 mL and producing an OD of 1. The same conversion factors apply, and therefore, in such contexts:
:1 A260 unit dsDNA = 50 µg
:1 A260 unit ssDNA = 33 µg
:1 A260 unit ssRNA = 40 µg | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For large base-sizes, some of the cyclobutanes can be fused anti to each other, giving a non-convex polygon base. These are geometric isomers of the prismanes. Two isomers of [12]prismane that have been studied computationally are named helvetane and israelane, based on the star-like shapes of the rings that form their... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Sulfidation is relevant to the formation of sulfide minerals.
A large scale application of sulfidation is the conversion of molybdenum oxides to the corresponding sulfides. This conversion is a step in the preparation of catalysts for hydrodesulfurization wherein alumina impregnated with molybdate salts are converted ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are a group of gases containing fluorine. They are divided into several types, the main of those are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). They are used in refrigeration, air conditioning, heat pumps, fire suppression, electronics, aerospace, magnesi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Jeewanu is derived from Sanskrit jeewa, meaning "life", and anu, meaning the "smallest part of something", or the "indivisible". In contemporary Hindi, jeewanu also means unicellular organisms such as bacteria. Bahadur specifically used the term to represent the Indian philosophical tradition not only through the use o... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, a band gap, also called a bandgap or energy gap, is an energy range in a solid where no electronic states exist. In graphs of the electronic band structure of solids, the band gap refers to the energy difference (often expressed in electronvolts) between the top of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is based on the principle that the intensity of light received by the observer depends upon the distance of the observer from the source and the temperature of the distant source. A modern pyrometer has an optical system and a detector. The optical system focuses the thermal radiation onto the detector. The output ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Toxicology refers to the science of the chemical and physical properties of toxic substances. Samples from a body are analyzed for drugs or other toxic substances. The concentrations are measured and the substance's contribution to a death can be determined. This is done by comparing concentrations to lethal limits. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The potential for transcription and translation to regulate each other was recognized by the team of Marshall Nirenberg, who discovered that the processes are physically connected through the formation of a DNA-ribosome complex. As part of the efforts of Nirenbergs group to determine the genetic code that underlies pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Butyryl phosphate is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid. The glutamate oxidation of butyryl phosphate may provide the main source of energy for Clostridium tetanomorphum. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB) is an international PhD program in molecular biology and cellular biology founded in 2006 by the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics and the University of Freiburg.
The Max Planck Society (MPG) started in 2000 ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Krebs cycle, also known as the TCA cycle or Citric Acid cycle, is a biochemical pathway that facilitates the breakdown of glucose in a cell. Both citrate and malate involved in the citrate-malate shuttle are necessary intermediates of the Krebs cycle. Usually, oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle is generated from the c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate, or more accurately 2-fluoroethyl fluoroacetate, is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the fluoroacetate ester of 2-fluoroethanol, or in other words, the 2-fluoroethyl ester of fluoroacetic acid. 2-Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate is two times more toxic than methyl fluoroacetate. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Symbiosis in lichens is so well-balanced that lichens have been considered to be relatively self-contained miniature ecosystems in and of themselves. It is thought that lichens may be even more complex symbiotic systems that include non-photosynthetic bacterial communities performing other functions as partners in a ho... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Under certain hydrological parameters, some aquifers are more prone to contamination than other aquifers. The parameters that are taken into consideration when calculating the vulnerability of aquifers to contamination are: depth to water (factor d), net recharge (factor r), aquifer media (factor a), soil media (facto... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
R-410A cannot be used in R-22 service equipment because of higher operating pressures (approximately 40 to 70% higher).
While R-410A has negligible fractionation potential, it cannot be ignored when charging. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
It is during encapsulation that the ZnS shell plays an especially important role, in that it helps prevent the agglomeration of CdSe particles that had no shell by occupying the previously mentioned bonds on the dot's surface; however, clumping can still occur through secondary forces that arise from common hydrophobic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Research on paracrine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway revealed its potential in activating invasive behavior of ovarian epithelial cells. This epithelial to mesenchymal transition is highly evident in metastasis. Paracrine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway is necessary in the transition from stationary epit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Before the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the mole was defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 (the most common isotope of carbon).
The term gram-molecule was formerly used to mean one mole of molecules, and gram-atom ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Determining whether a potential biosignature is worth investigating is a fundamentally complicated process. Scientists must consider any and every possible alternate explanation before concluding that something is a true biosignature. Such consideration entails investigating the minute details that make other planets u... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Exopolysaccharides can facilitate the attachment of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to plant roots and soil particles, which mediates a symbiotic relationship. This is important for colonization of roots and the rhizosphere, which is a key component of soil food webs and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. It also allows for succ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Prilezhaev reaction involves the conversion of an alkene to an epoxide using a peracid as the oxidant and was first reported in 1909. The reaction has been used as the final step of the synthesis of scopine, a tropane alkaloid. In this approach, a [4+3] cycloaddition mediated by diiron nonacarbonyl is used to con... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Metabolite damage can occur through enzyme promiscuity or spontaneous chemical reactions. Many metabolites are chemically reactive and unstable and can react with other cell components or undergo unwanted modifications. Enzymatically or chemically damaged metabolites are always useless and often toxic. To prevent toxic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jordi Folch Pi (March 25, 1911October 3, 1979) was a Spanish biochemist at Harvard University (McLean Hospital) who was recognized universally as one of the founders of the field of structural chemistry of complex lipids and as a leader in the development of Neurochemistry , as a distinct discipline within the Neurosci... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. The ability to exhibit aerobic respiration may yield benefits to the aerobic organism, as aerobic respiration yields more energy than anaerobic respiration. Energy production of the cell involves the synthesis of ATP by... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Source:
* Lomonosov Prize, 1974.
* Mendeleev Prize, 1979.
* Nesmeyanov Prize, 1991.
* Demidov Prize, 2003.
* State Prize, 2004.
* IUPAC 2013 Distinguished Women in Chemistry or Chemical Engineering Award, 2013. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
EosFP was first discovered in 2005 during a large scale screen for PAFPs (photoactivatable fluorescent proteins) within the stony coral Lobophyllia hemprichii. It has since been successfully cloned in Escherichia coli and fusion constructs have been developed for use in human cells. Eos was named after the Greek godde... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Nearly all RAPD markers are dominant, i.e. it is not possible to distinguish whether a DNA segment is amplified from a locus that is heterozygous (1 copy) or homozygous (2 copies). Codominant RAPD markers, observed as different-sized DNA segments amplified from the same locus, are detected only rarely.
* PCR is an en... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Andrée Marquet and her collaborators have been interested in reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry, in particular those involving carbanions (enolates, alpha anions of sulfoxides), and have used the results of these studies in synthesis, for example for total synthesis of biotin.
She then turned to mechanistic enzym... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thigmonastic movements, those that occur in response to touch, are used as a defense in some plants. The leaves of the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, close up rapidly in response to direct touch, vibration, or even electrical and thermal stimuli. The proximate cause of this mechanical response is an abrupt change in t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several protein members of the BRCA1-associated genome surveillance complex (BASC) associate with RNA polymerase II and play a role in transcription.
The transcription factor TFIIH is involved in transcription initiation and DNA repair. MAT1 (for ménage à trois-1) is involved in the assembly of the CAK complex. CAK is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many important biological processes involve redox reactions. Before some of these processes can begin iron must be assimilated from the environment.
Cellular respiration, for instance, is the oxidation of glucose (CHO) to CO and the reduction of oxygen to water. The summary equation for cell respiration is:
The process... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There is no known antidote against MFA, but there are some suggestions regarding the treatment of MFA poisoning. Advised is to use an intravenous injection of fast-acting anesthetics directly after poisoning. The anesthetic should be pentothal sodium or evipan sodium followed by an intramuscular injection of long-actin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In real-life situations, particles in solution do not have a fixed size, resulting in the probability that a particle that would otherwise be hampered by a pore passing right by it. Also, the stationary-phase particles are not ideally defined; both particles and pores may vary in size. Elution curves, therefore, resemb... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Boats are traditionally piloted from starboard (the right-hand side) to facilitate priority to the right.
According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, water traffic is effectively RHT: a vessel proceeding along a narrow channel must keep to starboard, and when two power-driven vessels a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The phrase originates from the French word espoilelier, a verb conveying the meaning: to seize by violence, to plunder, to take by force. | 8 | Metallurgy |
PDC electrolysis was first considered theoretically in 1952, and experimental research began as early as 1960 however it was originally focused on its technical applications to industry and the possibilities of improving the quality and rate of metal deposition. It partially succeeded, providing promising results its a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It has been shown that in brain ThTP is synthesized in mitochondria by a chemiosmotic mechanism, perhaps similar to ATP synthase. In mammals, ThTP is hydrolyzed to thiamine pyrophosphate (ThDP) by a specific thiamine-triphosphatase. It can also be converted into ThDP by thiamine-diphosphate kinase. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as peptide transduction domains (PTDs), are short peptides (< 40 amino acids) that efficiently pass through cell membranes while being covalently or non-covalently bound to various molecules, thus facilitating these molecules' entry into cells. Cell entry occurs primarily by... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels belong to the superfamily of voltage-gated K (Kv) and cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) channels. HCN channels are thought to consist of four either identical or non-identical subunits that are integrally embedded in the cell membrane to create an ion-c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Collectin-10, also known as collectin liver 1, is a collectin protein that in humans is encoded by the COLEC10 gene. Its structure is similar to mannan-binding lectin (MBL).
Collectin liver 1 (CL-L1) show very similar carbohydrate selectivity as MBL. Two other discovered collectins include collectin placenta 1 (CL-P1) ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, a GC box, also known as a GSG box, is a distinct pattern of nucleotides found in the promoter region of some eukaryotic genes. The GC box is upstream of the TATA box, and approximately 110 bases upstream from the transcription initiation site. It has a consensus sequence GGGCGG which is position-d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the acid catalyzed and base catalyzed hydrolysis of esters gives transition states for the rate determining steps that have differing charge densities, their structures differ only by two hydrogen atoms. Taft thus assumed that steric effects would influence both reaction mechanisms equally. Due to this, the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plastic pipes under water or other fluids experience hydrodynamic forces that can result in fatigue. The pipes reach failure sooner as temperatures and exposure to aggressive substances increase. For static fatigue tests, rotating machines apply weight on the material under study causing it to bend in different directi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The photosynthetic partner in a lichen is called a photobiont. The photobionts in lichens come from a variety of simple prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In the majority of lichens the photobiont is a green alga (Chlorophyta) or a cyanobacterium. In some lichens both types are present; in such cases, the alga is ty... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The hardening of the protein component of insect cuticle has been shown to be due to the tanning action of an agent produced by oxidation of a phenolic substance forming sclerotin. In the analogous hardening of the cockroach ootheca, the phenolic substance concerned is 3:4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid).
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The game of Tetris is a puzzle game in which blocks of 4 are adsorbed onto a surface during game play. Scientists have used Tetris blocks "as a proxy for molecules with a complex shape" and their "adsorption on a flat surface" for studying the thermodynamics of nanoparticles. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish and amphibians create cryoprotectants (antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Cryopro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mechanism of the SHJ reaction begins with the formation of the key cyclic cation 1. Nucleophilic attack at the anomeric position by the most nucleophilic nitrogen (N) then occurs, yielding the desired β-nucleoside 2. A second reaction of this nucleoside with 1 generates bis(riboside) 3. Depending on the nature of t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A large number of researchers have dedicated and are dedicating their efforts to the study of the Warburg effect that is intimately associated with the Warburg hypothesis. In oncology, the Warburg effect is the observation that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lact... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on her extraction, Wright thinks the "glomalin molecule is a clump of small glycoproteins with iron and other ions attached... glomalin contains from 1 to 9% tightly bound iron.... We've seen glomalin on the outside of hyphae, and we believe this is how the hyphae seal themselves so they can carry water and nutr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The success and implications of xDNA prompted research to examine other factors which could alter B-DNAs chemical properties and create a new system for information storage with broader applications. yDNA also uses a benzene ring, similar to xDNA, with the only difference being the site of addition of the aromatic ring... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Trinder glucose activity test is a diagnostic test used in medicine to determine the presence of glucose or glucose oxidase. The test employs the Trinder reagent, and is a colour change test resulting from the Trinder reaction.
The Trinder reagent, named after P. Trinder of the Biochemistry Department of the Royal ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this book Agricola provides a detailed account of beneficiation of different ores. He describes the processes involved in ore sorting, roasting and crushing. The use of water for washing ores is discussed in great detail, e.g. the use of launders and washing tables. Several different types of machinery for crushing ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1988, climatologist Stephen Schneider organised a conference of the American Geophysical Union. The first Chapman Conference on Gaia, was held in San Diego, California on March 7, 1988.
During the "philosophical foundations" session of the conference, David Abram spoke on the influence of metaphor in science, and of... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The pyrogallolarene macrocycle is typically prepared by condensation of pyrogallol and an aldehyde in concentrated acid solution in the presence of an alcohol solvent, usually methanol or ethanol. The reaction conditions can usually be carefully adjusted to precipitate the pure product or the product may be purified by... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
There are (at least) 10 different ways to classify space groups into classes. The relations between some of these are described in the following table. Each classification system is a refinement of the ones below it. To understand an explanation given here it may be necessary to understand the next one down.
gave anot... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Thermodynamic power cycles are the basis for the operation of heat engines, which supply most of the world's electric power and run the vast majority of motor vehicles. Power cycles can be organized into two categories: real cycles and ideal cycles. Cycles encountered in real world devices (real cycles) are difficult t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In reality, this method is rarely used due to the difficulty of collecting and analysing the gas concentrations. However, by using an assumed value for oxygen consumption, cardiac output can be closely approximated without the cumbersome and time-consuming oxygen consumption measurement. This is sometimes called an a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For people who are alert and able to swallow, drinking warm (not hot) sweetened liquids can help raise the temperature. General medical consensus advises against alcohol and caffeinated drinks. As most hypothermic people are moderately dehydrated due to cold-induced diuresis, warmed intravenous fluids to a temperature ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Elsholz et al. (2012), showed that McsB and YwlE are a protein arginine kinase and phosphatase, rather than a tyrosine kinase and phosphatase because they observed only an McsB/YwlE-dependent detection of protein arginine phosphorylation or dephosphorylation in vivo. Specifically, they suggested that YwIE acts as a PAP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the first human genome draft the fraction of LINE elements of the human genome was given as 21% and their copy number as 850,000. Of these, L1, L2 and L3 elements made up 516,000, 315,000 and 37,000 copies, respectively. The non-autonomous SINE elements which depend on L1 elements for their proliferation make up 13%... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levetiracetam, sold under the brand name Keppra among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy. It is used for partial-onset, myoclonic, or tonic–clonic seizures and is taken either by mouth as an immediate or extended release formulation or by injection into a vein.
Common side effects of levetiracetam include s... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
One industrial application is the production of magnesium, which begins with production of magnesium chloride by chlorination of magnesium oxide:
Electrolysis of the resulting molten magnesium chloride is conducted at 700 °C:
Aluminium metal is produced from aluminium oxides by electrolysis of a molten mixture of sodiu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Carnot cycle is a cycle composed of the totally reversible processes of isentropic compression and expansion and isothermal heat addition and rejection. The thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle depends only on the absolute temperatures of the two reservoirs in which heat transfer takes place, and for a power cy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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