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Deuterium is one of only five stable nuclides with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. (H, Li, B, N, Ta; the long-lived radionuclides K, V, La, Lu also occur naturally.) Most odd-odd nuclei are unstable with respect to beta decay, because the decay products are even-even, and are therefore more stro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Divergent evolution of active site residues is slow, due to strong chemical constraints. Nevertheless, some protease superfamilies have evolved from one nucleophile to another. This can be inferred when a superfamily (with the same fold) contains families that use different nucleophiles. Such nucleophile switches have ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry, a pendant group (sometimes spelled pendent) or side group is a group of atoms attached to a backbone chain of a long molecule, usually a polymer. Pendant groups are different from pendant chains, as they are neither oligomeric nor polymeric.
For example, the phenyl groups are the pen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bird populations are one of many indicators of herbicide damage.Most observed effects are due not to toxicity, but to habitat changes and the decreases in abundance of species on which birds rely for food or shelter. Herbicide use in silviculture, used to favor certain types of growth following clearcutting, can cause... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Quinones and their derivatives are the basis of many organic redox systems. In one study, 1,2-dihydrobenzoquinone-3,5-disulfonic acid (BQDS) and 1,4-dihydrobenzoquinone-2-sulfonic acid (BQS) were employed as cathodes, and conventional Pb/PbSO was the anolyte in a hybrid acid AORFB. Quinones accept two units of electric... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Smelting and melting of copper and its alloys such as leaded bronze was done in crucibles similar to those of the Roman period which have thinner walls and flat bases to sit within the furnaces. The technology for this type of smelting started to change at the end of the Medieval period with the introduction of new tem... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The poly(A) tail contains binding sites for poly(A) binding proteins (PABPs). These proteins cooperate with other factors to affect the export, stability, decay, and translation of an mRNA. PABPs bound to the poly(A) tail may also interact with proteins, such as translation initiation factors, that are bound to the 5' ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calcite changes to calcite-II and calcite-III at pressures of 1.5, and 2.2 GPa. Siderite undergoes a chemical change at 10 GPa at 1800K to form FeO. Dolomite decomposes 7GPa and below 1000 °C to yield aragonite and magnesite. However, there are forms of iron containing dolomite stable at higher pressures and temperatur... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the presence of strong electrostatic fields it is predicted that virtual particles become separated from the vacuum state and form real matter. The fact that electromagnetic radiation can be transformed into matter and vice versa leads to fundamentally new features in quantum electrodynamics. One of the most importa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Condor Dense Medium Separator (DMS) is a multi-stage, high efficiency media separation machine for mineral processing operations at the rougher and scavenger stage. It is typically used in a pre-concentration duty prior to processing or milling to reject barren material. The unit is manufactured with either two or ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Born series can also be written for other scattering quantities like the T-matrix which is closely related to the scattering amplitude.
Iterating Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the T-matrix we get
For the T-matrix stands only for retarded Greens operator . The standing wave Greens operator would give the K-matr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1996—early in her career at UMN—Ashe was the first author on a paper published in Science, entitled "Correlative memory deficits, Aβ elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice", describing a mouse model of Alzheimers disease, which furthered her rising star as a scientist; the mice are used in research around... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The parent metallacyclopentane has the formula LM(CH). Such compounds are intermediates in the metal catalysed dimerization, trimerization, and tetramerization of ethylene to give but-1-ene, hex-1-ene and oct-1-ene, respectively. Metallacyclopentanes are invoked as intermediates in the evolution of heterogeneous alken... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A gene product is the biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene. A measurement of the amount of gene product is sometimes used to infer how active a gene is. Abnormal amounts of gene product can be correlated with disease-causing alleles, such as the overactivity of oncogenes whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As with other procedures predicated on biochemical alteration followed by sequencing, the development of high-throughput sequencing has removed the limitations requiring prior knowledge of sites of interest and primer design. The method causes a lot of RNA degradation, so it is necessary to start with a large amount of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tetrabutyltin is used as an antifouling paint for ships, for the prevention of slimes in industrial recirculating water systems, for combating freshwater snails that cause bilharzia, as a wood and textile preservative, and as a disinfectant. Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide is used as an acaricide. Triphenyltin hydroxide and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biosynthesis by the transsulfuration pathway starts with aspartic acid. Relevant enzymes include aspartokinase, aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine O-transsuccinylase, cystathionine-γ-synthase, Cystathionine-β-lyase (in mammals, this step is performed by homocysteine methyltransf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using ostracod crustaceans as palaeoclimate proxies has been well established for the Quaternary. Not only their indicator species, but also the trace element and stable isotope geochemistry of their shells have been documented as evidence of past climate fluctuations. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Somatic tissue can be stored in vitro for short periods of time. This is done in a light and temperature controlled environment that regulates the growth of cells. As an ex situ conservation technique tissue culture is primary used for clonal propagation of vegetative tissue or immature seeds. This allows for the proli... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One important property of carbon in organic chemistry is that it can form certain compounds, the individual molecules of which are capable of attaching themselves to one another, thereby forming a chain or a network. The process is called polymerization and the chains or networks polymers, while the source compound is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In ecological terms, because of its important role in biological systems, phosphate is a highly sought after resource. Once used, it is often a limiting nutrient in environments, and its availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms. This is generally true of freshwater environments, whereas nitrogen is more ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Various techniques are used in the investigative process of metallurgical failure analysis.
* Macroscopic examination: camera, stereoscope
* Microscopic examination: light microscopy, electron microscopy, x-ray microscopy, metallographic etching
* Mechanical testing: hardness testing, tensile testing, Charpy impact tes... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) is a technique used in molecular biology to obtain the full length sequence of an RNA transcript found within a cell. RACE results in the production of a cDNA copy of the RNA sequence of interest, produced through reverse transcription, followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thure E. Cerling received his Bachelor of Science degree in geology and chemistry from Iowa State University, in Ames, Iowa, in 1972, and, in 1973, his Master of Science in geology from Iowa State. In 1977 he was awarded a Ph.D. in geology from the University of California at Berkeley. From 1977 to 1979 he worked as a ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GA3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a metabolite that occurs as an intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms. With the chemical formula H(O)CCH(OH)CHOPO</sup>, this anion is a monophosphate es... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A dangling side chain is a hydrocarbon chain side chains that branch off of the backbone of the polymer. Attached to the side chain are polar functional groups. The side chains "dangle" across the surface of the hydrogel, allowing it to interact with other functional groups and form new bonds. The ideal side chain woul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the episode "Encyclopedia Galactica" of his TV series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Carl Sagan speculates that some intelligent extraterrestrial beings might have a genetic code based on polyaromatic sulfonyl halides instead of DNA. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This chemogenetic technique can be used for remote manipulation of cells, in particular excitable cells like neurons, both in vitro and in vivo with the administration of specific ligands. Similar techniques in this field include thermogenetics and optogenetics, the control of neurons with temperature or light, respect... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene are susceptible to photo-oxidation and around 70% of light stabilizers produced world-wide are used in their protection, despite them representing only around 50% of global plastic production. Aliphatic hydrocarbons can only adsorb high energy UV-rays with a wavelength... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1707, Abraham Darby I patented a method of making cast iron pots. His pots were thinner and hence cheaper than those of his rivals. Needing a larger supply of pig iron he leased the blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709. There, he made iron using coke, thus establishing the first successful business in Europe t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The following list describes a viewpoint on the interdisciplinary relationships between molecular biology and other related fields.
* Molecular biology is the study of the molecular underpinnings of the biological phenomena, focusing on molecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms and interactions.
* Biochemistry is t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The museum has several functional areas, with the main museum building covering over 13,000 square feet. The displays at the main museum building contains iron-industry content as well as a wide variety of archaeological artifacts. In addition, the museum also houses the Walter B. Jones Centre for Industrial Archaeolog... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, vinylidenes are compounds with the functional group C=CH. An example is 1,1-dichloroethene (CCl=CH) commonly called vinylidene chloride. It and vinylidene fluoride are precursors to commercially useful polymers. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic synthesis, industrial and otherwise, the nitro group is a versatile functional group. A mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids introduces a nitro substituent onto various aromatic compounds by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Many explosives, such as TNT, are prepared this way:
Either concentrated sulfuric... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In terms of bonding, isocyanates are closely related to carbon dioxide (CO) and carbodiimides (C(NR)). The C−N=C=O unit that defines isocyanates is planar, and the N=C=O linkage is nearly linear. In phenyl isocyanate, the C=N and C=O distances are respectively 1.195 and 1.173 Å. The C−N=C angle is 134.9° and the N=C... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency (NCCAH) is a milder and late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Its prevalence rate in different ethnic groups varies from 1 in to 1 in . Some people affected by the condition have no relevant signs and symptoms, while others experienc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dissociation of pyrophosphoric acid generates four anions, , where the charge k ranges from 1 to 4. The last one is pyrophosphate . The pyrophosphates are mostly water-soluble.
Likewise, tripolyphosphoric acid yields at least five anions , where k ranges from 1 to 5, including tripolyphosphate . Tetrapolyphosphoric a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
1,1,1-Trichloroethane was one of the volatile organochlorides that have been tried as alternatives to chloroform in anaesthesia.
In the 1880s, it was found to be a safe and strong substitute for chloroform but its production was expensive and difficult.
In 1880, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane was suggested as an anaesthetic. It... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Proteins are normally hydrolysed slowly even without enzymes or bacteria, with a half life of 460 years, but can be preserved if they are desiccated, pickled or frozen. Being enclosed in bone also helps preservation. Over time the amino acids tend to racemize, and those with more functional groups are lost earlier. Pro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 2018, the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 was noted by researchers to be declining more slowly than expected, and it subsequently emerged that it remains in widespread use as a blowing agent for polyurethane foam insulation in the construction industry of China. In 2021, researchers announced that emissions dec... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Palmitoylcarnitine contains the saturated fatty acid known as palmitic acid (C16:0) which is bound to the β-hydroxy group of the carnitine. The core carnitine structure, consisting of butanoate with a quaternary ammonium attached to C4 and hydroxy group at C3, is a common molecular backbone for the transfer of multiple... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The AFM is interfaced with an infrared spectrometer. For work using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the spectrometer is equipped with a conventional black body infrared source. A particular region of the sample may first be chosen on the basis of the image obtained using the AFM imaging mode of operatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Muscular activity requires ATP, which is provided by the breakdown of glycogen in the skeletal muscles. The breakdown of glycogen, known as glycogenolysis, releases glucose in the form of glucose 1-phosphate (G1P). The G1P is converted to G6P by phosphoglucomutase. G6P is readily fed into glycolysis, (or can go into th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Simple permutation-based estimation is used to determine how likely a given RP value or better is observed in a random experiment.
# generate p permutations of k rank lists of length n.
# calculate the rank products of the n genes in the p permutations.
# count how many times the rank products of the genes in the permu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metalation (Alt. spelling: Metallation) is a chemical reaction that forms a bond to a metal. This reaction usually refers to the replacement of a halogen atom in an organic molecule with a metal atom, resulting in an organometallic compound. In the laboratory, metalation is commonly used to activate organic molecules d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Water disinfection/decontamination, a form of solar water disinfection (SODIS). Adsorbents attract organics such as tetrachloroethylene. Adsorbents are placed in packed beds for 18 hours. Spent adsorbents are placed in regeneration fluid, essentially removing organics still attached by passing hot water opposite to t... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Carboxypeptidase B (, protaminase, pancreatic carboxypeptidase B, tissue carboxypeptidase B, peptidyl-L-lysine [L-arginine]hydrolase) is a carboxypeptidase that preferentially cleaves off basic amino acids arginine and lysine from the C-terminus of a peptide. This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas, and it travels to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AutoAnalyzers are still used for a few clinical applications such as neonatal screening or Anti-D, but the majority of instruments are now used for industrial and environmental work. Standardized methods have been published by the ASTM (ASTM International), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as the In... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In biochemistry, differences between the isotopomers of biochemicals such as starches is of practical importance in archaeology. They offer clues to the diet of prehistoric humans that lived as long ago as paleolithic times. This is because naturally occurring carbon dioxide contains both C and C. Monocots, such as ric... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Toxic hotspots are locations where emissions from specific sources such as water or air pollution may expose local populations to elevated health risks, such as cancer. These emissions contribute to cumulative health risks of emissions from other sources nearby. Urban, highly populated areas around pollutant emitters s... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In nature, pyruvate oxidase employs two cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate (ThDP) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to catalyze a conversion of pyruvate to acetyl phosphate. First, ThDP mediates a decarboxylation of pyruvate and generates an active aldehyde as a product. The aldehyde is then oxidized by FAD and is su... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A group of researchers at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) has reportedly increased the thermostability of DSC by using amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizer in conjunction with quasi-solid-state gel electrolyte. The stability of the device matches that of a conventional inorganic silicon-based solar cell... | 5 | Photochemistry |
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS) are two analytical techniques that, in principle, seem to be incompatible. However, because these two approaches share a great deal of applications in the analysis of suitable molecules, typically less than 1000 u, a large ef... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Unlike in protein coding regions, where the assumption of sequence conservation of functionally homologous genes have been frequently proved, there is not a clear relationship of conservation between sequences and their functions for regulatory regions. The transcriptional promoters regions are under less stringent se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Wetting theory: Wetting is the oldest and most prevalent theory of adhesion. The adhesive components in a liquid solution anchor themselves in irregularities on the substrate and eventually harden, providing sites on which to adhere. Surface tension effects restrict the movement of the adhesive along the surface of the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like in vivo MRS, fMRS can probe different nuclei, such as hydrogen (H) and carbon (C). The H nucleus is the most sensitive and is most commonly used to measure metabolite concentrations and concentration dynamics, whereas C is best suited for characterizing fluxes and pathways of brain metabolism. The natural abundanc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to its ability to form derivatives through its nitrogen atom and the structural rigidity of its chirality, camphorsultam is often used in reactions as a chiral auxiliary in order to allow a reaction to proceed with very specific stereoselectivity. During the synthesis of Manzacidin B, camphorsultam is used in order... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Meselson-Stahl experiment was a landmark experiment in molecular biology that provided evidence for the semiconservative replication of DNA. Conducted in 1958 by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, the experiment involved growing E. coli bacteria in a medium containing heavy isotope of nitrogen (N) for several gen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An ideal solution would follow Raoult's law, but most solutions deviate from ideality. Interactions between gas molecules are typically quite small, especially if the vapor pressures are low. However, the interactions in a liquid are very strong. For a solution to be ideal, the interactions between unlike molecules mus... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*[http://shahid.mbc.net/media/video/28404/%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9_351 Report and Interview with Eng. Mohamed Osman Baloola in MBC in Week, MBC TV .(08:05 - 18:10) ]
*[http://www.alhurra.com/media/video/210481.html?z=0&zp=1 R... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Mobile Phone Based Remote Monitoring and Control system For Individualized Healthcare. First AMA-IEEE Medical Technology on Individualized Healthcare, Washington DC, US.2010
*Connected Healthcare Solution Using Cell phone. ASME's 5th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference & Exhibition, California, US.2010
*Automat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Once a refinement has been completed the results should be checked to verify that the chosen model is acceptable. generally speaking, a model is acceptable when the data are fitted within experimental error, but there is no single criterion to use to make the judgement. The following should be considered. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The determination of trace acids in organic matrices is a common analytical task assigned to titrimetry. Examples are Total Acid Number (TAN) in mineral and lubricating oils and Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in edible fats and oils. Automated potentiometric titration procedures have been granted standard method status, for ex... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Of particular interest are DNA ligases. These molecules have demonstrated remarkable chemoselectivity in RNA branching reactions. Although each repeating unit in a RNA strand owns a free hydroxyl group, the DNA ligase takes just one of them as a branching starting point. This cannot be done with traditional organic che... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The photopyroelectric refers to the technique of the optimal system which is mainly based on the imaginary system and the pyroelectric detector. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for some minerals in 1997. Where there was not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) was used instead. AIs are typically matched to actual... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids, however some of these share similar characteristics. For example, leucine and isoleucine are both aliphatic, branched hydrophobes. Similarly, aspartic acid and glutamic acid are both small, negatively charged residues.
Although there are many ways to classify amino acids, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1933, Prelog married Kamila Vitek. The couple had a son Jan (born 1949).
An intellectual with a wide cultural background, Prelog was one of the 109 Nobel Prize winners who signed the peace appeal for Croatia in 1991.
Vladimir Prelog died in Zürich, at the age of 91. An urn containing Prelog's ashes was ceremoniously... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In cases where an enolization is occurring around an allylic group (usually as part of a cyclic system), A strain can cause the reaction to be nearly impossible. In these situations, acid treatment would normally cause the alkene to become protonated, moving the double bond to the carboxylic group, changing it to a hy... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Orthogonal spectra to the dynamic dataset E are obtained with the Hilbert-transform:
where:
*Ψ is the 2D asynchronous spectrum
*ν en ν are two spectral channels
*y is the vector composed of the signal intensities in E in column ν
*n the number of signals in the original dataset
*N the Noda-Hilbert transform matrix
The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although it is generally accepted that vanilla was domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread to the Old World in the 16th century, in 2019, researchers published a paper stating that vanillin residue had been discovered inside jars within a tomb in Israel dating to the 2nd millennium BCE, suggesting the possi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sometime in the medieval period, water power was applied to the bloomery process. It is possible that this was at the Cistercian Abbey of Clairvaux as early as 1135, but it was certainly in use in early 13th century France and Sweden. In England, the first clear documentary evidence for this is the accounts of a forge... | 8 | Metallurgy |
fMRS was developed as an extension of MRS in the early 1990s. Its potential as a research technology became obvious when it was applied to an important research problem where PET studies had been inconclusive, namely the mismatch between oxygen and glucose consumption during sustained visual stimulation. The H fMRS stu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the case of ATI the photoelectron peaks should appear at
where the integer n represents the minimal number of photons absorbed, and the integer s represents the number of additional photons absorbed. W is the ionization energy, and is the electron kinetic energy of the peak corresponding to s additional photons b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The formation of an amide using a carbodiimide is a common reaction, but carries the risk of several side reactions. The acid 1 will react with the carbodiimide to produce the key intermediate: the O-acylisourea 2, which can be viewed as a carboxylic ester with an activated leaving group. The O-acylisourea will react ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Altszyler et al. (2017) have shown that these ultrasensitivity measures can be linked by the following equation:
where denoted the mean value of the variable x over the range [a,b]. | 1 | Biochemistry |
If both the equilibrium constant, and the standard enthalpy change, , for a reaction have been determined experimentally, the standard entropy change for the reaction is easily derived. Since and
To a first approximation the standard enthalpy change is independent of temperature. Using this approximation, definite i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Usha Ranjan Ghatak (1931–2005) was an Indian synthetic organic chemist, stereochemist and the director of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). He was known for his contributions in developing novel protocols of stereoselective synthesis of diterpenoids. He was an elected fellow of the Indian Ac... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Knot theory which categorises chain entanglements. The usage of knot theory is limited to a small percentage of proteins as most of them are unknot. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A classic example of this process is the quinine sulfate fluorescence, which can be quenched by the use of various halide salts. The excited molecule can de-excite by increasing the thermal energy of the surrounding solvated ions.
Several natural molecules perform a fast internal conversion. This ability to transform t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The three-level-amplifier is the template of a quantum device. It operates by employing a hot and cold bath
to maintain population inversion between two energy levels which is used to amplify light by stimulated emission
The ground state level (1-g) and the excited level (3-h) are coupled to a hot bath of temperature .... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The measure of the promoter activity has a broad meaning. The promoter activity could be measured for different situations or research questions, such as:
* estimation of the level of expression in comparison (relative) to some known value
* how fast a gene is expressed after induction
* the timing of expression rela... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a mechanism employed by plants and algae to protect themselves from the adverse effects of high light intensity. It involves the quenching of singlet excited state chlorophylls (Chl) via enhanced internal conversion to the ground state (non-radiative decay), thus harmlessly dissipa... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Two limiting mechanisms, one operating under kinetic and the other thermodynamic control, have been identified for lateral lithiation reactions. The mechanisms of most lateral lithiations fall somewhere between these two limiting mechanisms, and the precise mechanism of a particular lithiation depends on two factors:
*... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The eye is most sensitive to damage by UV in the lower UV‑C band at 265–275 nm. Radiation of this wavelength is almost absent from sunlight at the surface of the Earth but is emitted by artificial sources such as the electrical arcs employed in arc welding. Unprotected exposure to these sources can cause "welder's flas... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Stirred tank, also called agitation leaching, involves contacting material, which has usually undergone size reduction and classification, with leach solution in agitated tanks. The agitation can enhance reaction kinetics by enhancing mass transfer. Tanks are often configured as reactors in series. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Applications of dendrimers typically involve conjugating other chemical species to the dendrimer surface that can function as detecting agents (such as a dye molecule), affinity ligands, targeting components, radioligands, imaging agents, or pharmaceutically active compounds. Dendrimers have very strong potential for t... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Boltzmann constant provides a mapping from the characteristic microscopic energy to the macroscopic temperature scale . In fundamental physics, this mapping is often simplified by using the natural units of setting to unity. This convention means that temperature and energy quantities have the same dimensions. In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The modern understanding of heat is often partly attributed to Thompsons 1798 mechanical theory of heat (An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction'), postulating a mechanical equivalent of heat.
A collaboration between Nicolas Clément and Sadi Carnot (Reflections on the Moti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to its similar structure and properties, pentavalent arsenic metabolites are capable of replacing the phosphate group of many metabolic pathways. The replacement of phosphate by arsenate is initiated when arsenate reacts with glucose and gluconate in vitro. This reaction generates glucose-6-arsenate and 6-arsenoglu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Clonal derivation exists in nature in some animal species and is referred to as parthenogenesis (reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate). This is an asexual form of reproduction that is only found in females of some insects, crustaceans, nematodes, fish (for example the hammerhead shark), Cape honeybees, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anhydrous reacts vigorously with bases, so suitable precautions are required.
It can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and the respiratory system if inhaled or on contact. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pinoresinol biosynthesis involved a protein called a dirigent protein. The first dirigent protein was discovered in Forsythia intermedia. This protein has been found to direct the stereoselective biosynthesis of (+)-pinoresinol from coniferyl alcohol monomers. Recently, a second, enantiocomplementary dirigent protein w... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Gibbs paradox arises when entropy is calculated using an dimensional phase space, where is also the number of particles in the gas. These particles are spatially confined to the one-dimensional interval . The volume of the surface of fixed energy is
The subscripts on are used to define the state variables and will ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In order to fully understand complex ocean systems, a wide variety of sensor arrays, capable of surviving for long periods of time in harsh conditions, are necessary. A suite of sensors (over 100) were selected and strategically placed throughout RSN. They are located at Axial Seamount, Hydrate Ridge, and also on the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Malonyl-CoA signals glucose utilization and it controls the entry and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in the mitochondria. Circulating glucose in the liver stimulates its uptake. Glucose oxidation produces citrate which can be converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Malonyl-CoA inhibits the carni... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NEM is a Michael acceptor in the Michael reaction, which means that it adds nucleophiles such as thiols. The resulting thioether features a strong C-S bond and the reaction is virtually irreversible. Reaction with thiols occur in the pH range 6.5–7.5, NEM may react with amines or undergo hydrolysis at a more alkaline... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A variety of methods for the generation of diimide exist. The most synthetically useful methods are:
* Oxidation of hydrazine with oxygen, in the presence of a copper(II) catalyst and/or a carboxylic acid
* Decarboxylation of dipotassium azodicarboxylate in the presence of an acid
* Thermal decomposition of sulfonylhyd... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For a box of radiation, ignoring quantum mechanics, the energy of a classical field in thermal equilibrium is infinite, since equipartition demands that each field mode has an equal energy on average, and there are infinitely many modes. This is physically ridiculous, since it means that all energy leaks into high-freq... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pulsed sources allow for the utilization of Fourier-transform spectroscopy principles in scanning near-field optical microscopy techniques. Particularly in nano-FTIR, where the scattering from a sharp probe-tip is used to perform spectroscopy of samples with nanoscale spatial resolution, a high-power illumination from ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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