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Metal ions have multiple roles during the reaction. Firstly it can bind to negatively charged substrate groups so they will not repel electron pairs from active site's nucleophilic groups. It can attract negatively charged electrons to increase electrophilicity. It can also bridge between active site and substrate. At ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Steel with an ultimate tensile strength of less than 1000 MPa (~145,000 psi) or hardness of less than HRC 32 on the Hardness Rockwell Scale is not generally considered susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. As an example of severe hydrogen embrittlement, the elongation at failure of 17-4PH precipitation hardened stainl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The data feeds several key products, primarily abundance profiles. These profiles summarize and reorganize the information found in the similarity files in a more easily digestible format. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common side effects (more than 10% of patients) are hot flashes and sweating, which are typical of estrogen deficiency as caused by exemestane, and also insomnia, headache, and joint pain. Nausea and fatigue are mainly observed in patients with advanced breast cancer.
An occasional decrease in lymphocytes has ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
After his arrival at Oxford and during World War II, Cornforth significantly influenced the work on penicillin, particularly in purifying and concentrating it. Penicillin is usually very unstable in its crude form; as a consequence of this, researchers at the time were building upon Howard Floreys work on the drug. In ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* [http://bioinformatics.ai.sri.com/ptools/ Pathway Tools]: A bioinformatics software package that assists in the construction of pathway/genome databases such as EcoCyc. Developed by Peter Karp and associates at the SRI International Bioinformatics Research Group, Pathway Tools has several components. Its PathoLogic m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To extract quantities of interest, the autocorrelation data can be fitted, typically using a nonlinear least squares algorithm. The fit's functional form depends on the type of dynamics (and the optical geometry in question). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One short inscription on the pillar is associated with the Tomara king Anangpal, although it is hard to decipher.. Alexander Cunningham (1862–63) read the inscription as follows:
Based on this reading, Cunningham theorized that Anangpal had moved the pillar to its current location while establishing the city of Delhi. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
NaDMSO condenses with esters (1) to form β-ketosulfoxides (2), which can be useful intermediates. Reduction of β-ketosulfoxides with aluminium amalgam gives methyl ketones (3). Reaction with alkyl halides followed by elimination gives α,β-unsaturated ketones (4). β-ketosulfoxides can also be used in the Pummerer rearra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The final steps from the common corrinoid intermediate E-37/HE-44 to cobyric acid E-44/HE-51 were carried out by the two groups collaboratively and in parallel, the ETH group working with material produced by the A/D approach, and the Harvard group with that from the A/B approach. What the two groups in fact accomplish... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to Lord Kelvin's equation of 1871,
If the particle is assumed to be spherical, then ; hence,
Note: Kelvin defined the surface tension as the work that was performed per unit area by the interface rather than on the interface; hence his term containing has a minus sign. In what follows, the surface tension ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Normally, the Wnt signaling pathway leads to stabilization of β-catenin through inactivation of a protein complex containing the tumor suppressors APC and Axin. This destruction complex normally triggers β-catenin phosphorylation, inducing its degradation. De-regulation of the autocrine Wnt signaling pathway via mutati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ding Kuiling (; born March 1966) is a Chinese organic chemist. He has been Executive Vice President of Shanghai Jiao Tong University since October 2018, and formerly served as President of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The NMR spectrum of the product formed from the reaction of the substrate with a CDA at room temperature is compared with one of the following: | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Neuromedin N is a neuropeptide derived from the same precursor polypeptide as neurotensin, and with similar but subtly distinct expression and effects. Composed of the amino acid sequence Lys-Ile-Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu, neuromedin N is homologous to neurotensin, both of whose sequences are found on the pro neurotensin/neurome... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a sense, any spectrum analyzer that has vector signal analyzer capability is a realtime analyzer. It samples data fast enough to satisfy Nyquist Sampling theorem and stores the data in memory for later processing. This kind of analyser is only realtime for the amount of data / capture time it can store in memory and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For vitamin A labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was set at 5,000 IU, but it was revised to 900 μg RAE on 27 May 2016. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Refer... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radon concentration in the atmosphere is usually measured in becquerels per cubic meter (Bq/m), which is an SI derived unit. As a frame of reference, typical domestic exposures are about 100 Bq/m indoors and 10–20 Bq/m outdoors. In the US, radon concentrations are often measured in picocuries per liter (pCi/L), with 1 ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, intercalation is the insertion of molecules between the planar bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This process is used as a method for analyzing DNA and it is also the basis of certain kinds of poisoning.
There are several ways molecules (in this case, also known as ligands) can interact with DNA. ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The recrystallization behavior of materials containing a wide distribution of particle sizes can be difficult to predict. This is compounded in alloys where the particles are thermally-unstable and may grow or dissolve with time. In various systems, abnormal grain growth may occur giving rise to unusually large crystal... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Due to the lone pair of electrons, halogen groups are available for donating electrons. Hence they are therefore ortho / para directors. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Natural fermentation predates human history. Since ancient times, humans have exploited the fermentation process. The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation is 13,000-year-old residues of a beer, with the consistency of gruel, found in a cave near Haifa in Israel. Another early alcoholic drink, made from frui... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most of the existing hydrophobicity scales are derived from the properties of amino acids in their free forms or as a part of a short peptide. Bandyopadhyay-Mehler hydrophobicity scale was based on partitioning of amino acids in the context of protein structure. Protein structure is a complex mosaic of various dielectr... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Thallium compounds such as thallium sulfate have been used for impregnating wood and leather to kill fungal spores and bacteria, and for the protection of textiles from attack by moths. Thallium sulfate has been used as a depilatory and in the treatment of venereal disease, skin fungal infections, and tuberculosis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The sum of the mass concentrations of all components (including the solvent) gives the density of the solution:
Thus, for pure component the mass concentration equals the density of the pure component. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The α-aminoadipate pathway is a biochemical pathway for the synthesis of the amino acid -lysine. In the eukaryotes, this pathway is unique to several species of yeast, higher fungi (containing chitin in their cell walls), and the euglenids. It has also been reported from bacteria of the genus Thermus and also in Pyroco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Marchywka effect refers to electrochemical cleaning of diamond using an electric field induced with remote electrodes. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mikhail Tsvet invented chromatography in 1900 during his research on plant pigments. He used liquid-adsorption column chromatography with calcium carbonate as adsorbent and petrol ether/ethanol mixtures as eluent to separate chlorophylls and carotenoids. The method was described on 30 December 1901 at the XI Congress o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Although most plasmids are double-stranded DNA molecules, some consist of single-stranded DNA, or predominantly double-stranded RNA. RNA plasmids are non-infectious extrachromosomal linear RNA replicons, both encapsidated and unencapsidated, which have been found in fungi and various plants, from algae to land plants. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Addition across the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond can be Markovnikov or anti-Markovnikov depending on the catalyst. When considering the possibly of R/S chirality, four products can be obtained: Markovnikov with R or S and anti-Markovnikov addition with R or S. Although there have been many reports of catalytic hydroa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Yu was awarded a Royal Society University Research Fellowship in 2003, which allowed him to start his independent research towards the development of asymmetric C–H activation reactions. In 2004, he moved to Brandeis University as an assistant professor of chemistry. He moved to The Scripps Research Institute as an ass... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Metal aromaticity or metalloaromaticity is the concept of aromaticity, found in many organic compounds, extended to metals and metal-containing compounds. The first experimental evidence for the existence of aromaticity in metals was found in aluminium cluster compounds of the type where M stands for lithium, sodium o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The oldest surviving Watt engine is Old Bess of 1777, now in the Science Museum, London.
The oldest working engine in the world is the Smethwick Engine, brought into service in May 1779 and now at Thinktank in Birmingham (formerly at the now defunct Museum of Science and Industry, Birmingham).
The oldest still in its ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pets, especially dogs, can contribute to fecal contamination of surface waters. Runoff from roads, parking lots, and yards can carry animal wastes to streams through storm sewers. Birds can be a significant source of fecal coliform bacteria. Swans, geese, seagulls, and other waterfowl can all elevate bacterial counts... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dioxane is used in a variety of applications as a versatile aprotic solvent, e. g. for inks, adhesives, and cellulose esters. It is substituted for tetrahydrofuran (THF) in some processes, because of its lower toxicity and higher boiling point (101 °C, versus 66 °C for THF).
While diethyl ether is rather insoluble in w... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Since the late 1970s, the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the ozone layer. After the development of his electron capture detector, James Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air, finding a mole fraction of 60 ppt of CFC-11 over Ireland. I... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase catalyzes in vivo ATP-dependent synthesis of ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. In mutated Escherichia coli that had a disrupted nucleoside diphosphate kinase, adenylate kinase performed dual enzymatic functions. ADK complements nucleoside diphosphate kinase deficiency. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The model is based on seasonal input data and returns seasonal outputs. The number of seasons per year can be chosen between a minimum of one and a maximum of four. One can distinguish for example dry, wet, cold, hot, irrigation or fallow seasons. Reasons of not using smaller input/output periods are:
#short-term (e.g.... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Conserved cycles in a biochemical network can be identified by examination of the stoichiometry matrix, The stoichiometry matrix for a simple cycle with species A and AP is given by:
The rates of change of A and AP can be written using the equation:
Expanding the expression leads to:
Note that . This means that , wher... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Multiple isoforms of the Fas receptor protein are produced by alternative splicing. Two normally occurring isoforms in humans are produced by an exon-skipping mechanism. An mRNA including exon 6 encodes the membrane-bound form of the Fas receptor, which promotes apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Increased expression... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Woodward and Hoffmann developed the pericyclic selection rules after performing extensive orbital-overlap calculations. At the time, Woodward wanted to know whether certain electrocyclic reactions might help synthesize vitamin B. Chemists knew that such reactions exhibited striking stereospecificity, but could not pr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Interferome is managed by a team at Monash University :Monash Institute of Medical Research and the University of Cambridge | 1 | Biochemistry |
An environment's plasmidome refers to the plasmids present in it.
The term is a portmanteau of the two English words Plasmid and Kingdom.
In biological research, plasmidome may refer to the actual plasmids that were found and isolated from a certain microorganism by means of culturing isolated microorganism and investi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To describe dynamics of the systems that obey the generalized mass action law, one has to represent the activities as functions of the concentrations c and temperature. For this purpose, use the representation of the activity through the chemical potential:
where μ is the chemical potential of the species under the co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A pulsed Fourier-transform spectrometer does not employ transmittance techniques. In the most general description of pulsed FT spectrometry, a sample is exposed to an energizing event which causes a periodic response. The frequency of the periodic response, as governed by the field conditions in the spectrometer, is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An advantage of the microscope spectrometer is its ability to use microscope apertures to precisely control the area of sample analysis. Flat capillaries can be used for analyzing small liquid samples, up to about 10 micro-liters in volume. Quartz or mirror-based optics can be used for studying samples from the ultravi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At 15 GPa graphite changes to a hard transparent form, that is not diamond. Diamond is very resistant to pressure, but at about 1 TPa (1000 GPa) transforms to a BC-8 form. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Sodium methoxide, also called sodium methylate and sodium methanolate, is a white powder when pure. It is used as an initiator of an anionic addition polymerization with ethylene oxide, forming a polyether with high molecular weight. Both sodium methoxide and its counterpart prepared with potassium are frequently use... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Contact between a contaminant and an organism can occur through any route. The possible routes of exposure are: inhalation, if the contaminant is present in the air; ingestion, through food, drinking or hand-to-mouth behavior; and dermal absorption, if the contaminant can be absorbed through the skin.
Exposure to a con... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Because of the decreased basicity compared to pyridine, electrophilic substitution of pyrimidine is less facile. Protonation or alkylation typically takes place at only one of the ring nitrogen atoms. Mono-N-oxidation occurs by reaction with peracids.
Electrophilic C-substitution of pyrimidine occurs at the 5-position,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginning of the Bronze Age around 3000 BC, during which copper objects formed from polymetallic ores had different physical properties. The earliest bronze objects had tin or arsenic content of less than 2% and are therefore believed to be the result of unintentional alloying... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many high-pressure, high-temperature materials have been observed in fulgurites. Many of these minerals and compounds are also known to be formed in extreme environments such as nuclear weapon tests, hypervelocity impacts, and interstellar space. Shocked quartz was first described in fulgurites in 1980. Other materials... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 2020 a team at the University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany) re-gained the antibacterial power of vancomycin by modifying the molecule with a cationic oligopeptide. The oligopeptide consists of six arginin units in Position V. In comparison to the unmodified vancomycin the activity against vancomycin-resistant bacter... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
PCAF has been shown to interact with:
* BRCA2,
* CTNNB1,
* CREBBP,
* EVI1,
* HNF1A,
* IRF1,
* IRF2,
* KLF13,
* Mdm2
* Myc,
* NCOA1,
* POLR2A,
* RBPJ,
* TCF3,
* TRRAP, and
* TWIST1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In conjunction with organosilicates, phosphonates are also used to treat "sudden oak death", which is caused by the fungus-like eukaryote Phytophthora ramorum. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mitochondria and plastids evolved from free-living prokaryotes into current cytoplasmic organelles through endosymbiotic evolution. Mitochondria are thought to be necessary for eukaryotic life to exist. They are known as the cell's powerhouses because they provide the majority of the energy or ATP required by the cell.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inductive cleavage, in organic chemistry, is the charge-initiated counterpoint to radical initiated alpha-cleavage. Since inductive cleavage does not require unpairing and re-pairing electrons it can occur at both radical cationic and cationic sites. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Increasing the substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction (enzyme activity). However, enzyme saturation limits reaction rates. An enzyme is saturated when the active sites of all the molecules are occupied most of the time. At the saturation point, the reaction will not speed up, no matter how much addition... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Low molecular weight polyols are widely used in polymer chemistry where they function as crosslinking agents and chain extenders. Alkyd resins for example, use polyols in their synthesis and are used in paints and in molds for casting. They are the dominant resin or "binder" in most commercial "oil-based" coatings. App... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In physical chemistry, a hot atom is an atom that has a high kinetic or internal energy.
When molecule AB adsorbs on a surface dissociatively,
# both A and B adsorb on the surface, or
# only A adsorbs on the surface, and B desorbs from the surface.
In case 2, B gains a high translational energy from the adsorption ener... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Microcystins have a common structural framework of D-Ala-X--Z-Adda-D-γ-Glu-, where X and Z are variable amino acids; the systematic name "microcystin-XZ" (MC-XZ in short) is then assigned based on the one letter codes (if available; longer codes otherwise) of the amino acids. If the molecule show any other modification... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In chemistry, an activated complex represents a collection of intermediate structures in a chemical reaction when bonds are breaking and forming. The activated complex is an arrangement of atoms in an arbitrary region near the saddle point of a potential energy surface. The region represents not one defined state, but ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PARP1 is involved in base excision repair (BER), single- and double-strand break repair, and chromosomal stability. It is also involved in transcriptional regulation through its facilitation of protein–protein interactions. PARP1 uses NAD in order to perform its function in apoptosis. If a PARP becomes overactive the c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biosensors are attached to a substance of interest. Normally, this substance would not be able to absorb light, but with the attached biosensor, light can be absorbed and emitted on a spectrophotometer. Additionally, biosensors that are fluorescent can be viewed with the naked eye. Some fluorescent biosensors also have... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tablets are small, solid dosages suitable for the use of mucoadhesive coatings. The coating may be formulated to adhere to a specific mucosa, enabling both systemic and targeted local administration. Tablets are generally taken enterally, as the size and stiffness of the form results in poor patient compliance when adm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After receiving his Ph.D., Herman T. Briscoe was appointed assistant professor of chemistry at Indiana University, working his way to professor of chemistry in 1928. Throughout his career, Briscoe authored or coauthored 23 publications on conductivity, physical properties, and the reactions of organic and inorganic mol... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry is named after Lord Rutherford, a physicist sometimes referred to as the father of nuclear physics. Rutherford supervised a series of experiments carried out by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden between 1909 and 1914 studying the scattering of alpha particles through metal foils. W... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is prepared by disulfonation of naphthalene with oleum:
:CH + 2 SO → CH(SOH)
Further sulfonation gives The 1,3,5-trisulfonic acid derivative. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An inverted repeat sequence with no intervening nucleotides between the initial sequence and its downstream reverse complement is a palindrome. <br /> EXAMPLE:<br />
Step 1: start with an inverted repeat: <br />
Step 2: remove intervening nucleotides: <br />
This resulting sequence is palindr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrolysis of a silyl enol ether results in the formation of a carbonyl compound and a disiloxane. In this reaction, water acts as an oxygen nucleophile and attacks the silicon of the silyl enol ether. This leads to the formation of the carbonyl compound and a trimethylsilanol intermediate that undergoes nucleophilic s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The word electrolyte derives from Ancient Greek ήλεκτρο- (ēlectro-), prefix related to electricity, and λυτός (lytos), meaning "able to be untied or loosened". | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For individuals not previously exposed to OC effects, the general feelings after being sprayed can be best likened to being "set alight". The initial reaction, should the spray be directed at the face, is the involuntary closing of the eyes, an instant sensation of the restriction of the airways and the general feeling... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bacterial populations interact in a similar manner to cells in tissue. They communicate through physical interactions and signaling molecules such as homoserine lactones and peptides as a means to control metabolism and regulate growth . A common example and one of the most studied forms of bacterial cell interactions... | 1 | Biochemistry |
He became a member of the legislative assembly of the self-governing Colony of Victoria as a radical and supporter of the Land Convention, representing Castlemaine.
He was postmaster-general of Victoria in 1861. He resigned from the legislature in 1864. He had sponsored bills on medical practitioners and adulteration o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the general case of two convex bodies, the effective radius can be expressed as follows
where R and R" are the principal radii of curvature for the surfaces i' = 1 and 2, evaluated at points of closest approach distance, and φ is the angle between the planes spanned by the circles with smaller curvature radii. W... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As a long-acting injection, zuclopenthixol decanoate comes in a 200 mg and 500 mg ampoule. Doses can vary from 50 mg weekly to the maximum licensed dose of 600 mg weekly. In general, the lowest effective dose to prevent relapse is preferred. The interval may be shorter as a patient starts on the medication before exten... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The decline of filter-feeding shellfish populations, such as oysters, likely contribute to HAB occurrence. As such, numerous research projects are assessing the potential of restored shellfish populations to reduce HAB occurrence. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The term "environmental toxin" can sometimes explicitly include synthetic contaminants such as industrial pollutants and other artificially made toxic substances. As this contradicts most formal definitions of the term "toxin", it is important to confirm what the researcher means when encountering the term outside of m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sarıçiftçi has published more than 500 scientific publications in scientific journals. He is one of the most cited scientists in his field. In a global ranking of the best materials scientists Sarıçiftçi was classified as 14th. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Thorpe–Ingold effect, gem-dimethyl effect, or angle compression is an effect observed in chemistry where increasing steric hindrance favours ring closure and intramolecular reactions. The effect was first reported by Beesley, Thorpe, and Ingold in 1915 as part of a study of cyclization reactions. It has since been... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
It was not until 1666 that Isaac Newton showed that white lights from the sun could be dissipated into a continuous series of colors. So Newton introduced the concept which he called spectrum to describe this phenomenon. He used a small aperture to define the beam of light, a lens to collimate it, a glass prism to disp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levopropylhexedrine (Eventin) is an adrenergic alkylamine used as an anorectic in Germany and patented by Smith Kline & French in 1947. It has also been used in the anticonvulsant preparation barbexaclone in combination with phenobarbital to offset sedation. Levopropylhexedrine is the levorotatory S-enantiomer of propy... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Brevianamides are indole alkaloids that belong to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced as secondary metabolites of fungi in the genus Penicillium and Aspergillus. Structurally similar to paraherquamides, they are a small class compounds that contain a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazoctane ring system. One... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Surfactants are in demand for a wide range of industrial applications as they increase solubility, foaming capacity and lower surface tensions. In particular, rhamnolipids have been used broadly in the cosmetic industry for products such as moisturisers, condom lubricant and shampoo. Rhamnolipids are efficacious in bio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The space occupied by a polymer molecule is generally expressed in terms of radius of gyration, which is an average distance from the center of mass of the chain to the chain itself. Alternatively, it may be expressed in terms of pervaded volume, which is the volume spanned by the polymer chain and scales with the cube... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A frozen zoo is a storage facility in which genetic materials taken from animals (e.g. DNA, sperm, eggs, embryos and live tissue) are stored at very low temperatures (−196 °C) in tanks of liquid nitrogen. Material preserved in this way can be stored indefinitely and used for artificial insemination, in vitro fertilizat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Raphaël Horace Dubois (20 June 1849, Le Mans – 21 January 1929) was a French pharmacologist known for his work on bioluminescence and anesthesia. He coined the terms proteon and bioproteon, from the Greek "proteon" for matter and "bios" for life. Bioproteon means "living matter". He concluded that there was no differ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The major breakthroughs occurred during the Second World War as the result of research conducted independently in the United Kingdom and the United States into the potential use of herbicides in war. The compound 2,4-D was first synthesized by W. G. Templeman at Imperial Chemical Industries. In 1940, his work with indo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The dyes used in early experimental cells (circa 1995) were sensitive only in the high-frequency end of the solar spectrum, in the UV and blue. Newer versions were quickly introduced (circa 1999) that had much wider frequency response, notably "triscarboxy-ruthenium terpyridine" [Ru(4,4',4"-(COOH)-terpy)(NCS)], which i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Sometimes grouped into the chemical mechanism of adhesion, hydrogen bonding can increase adhesive strength by the dispersive mechanism. Hydrogen bonding occurs between molecules with a hydrogen atom attached to a small, electronegative atom such as fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen. This bond is naturally polar, with the hy... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Using , , (assuming body temperature) and the fact that one volt is equal to one joule of energy per coulomb of charge, the equation
can be reduced to
which is the Nernst equation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Von Stahel und Eysen (English: On Steel and Iron) is the first printed book on metallurgy, published in 1532 by several publishers: Kunegunde Hergot in Nuremberg, Melchior Sachs in Erfurt, and Peter Jordan in Mainz. It has been suggested that Hergot was probably the first to publish the text, as the material seems to c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The linear molecular geometry describes the geometry around a central atom bonded to two other atoms (or ligands) placed at a bond angle of 180°. Linear organic molecules, such as acetylene (), are often described by invoking sp orbital hybridization for their carbon centers.
According to the VSEPR model (Valence Shell... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A neolithic-chalcolithic tell is located south of the town.
The first occupation phase at Aratashen was pre-ceramic, going back to 6500 BCE. Parallels are found in the southeastern Trans-Caucasia, and in the northeastern Mesopotamia, especially based on the construction techniques and the lithic and bone tools.
Also th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The usefulness of TD Diffuse optics lies in its ability to continually and noninvasive monitor optical properties of tissue. Making it a powerful diagnostic tool for long-term bedside monitoring in infants and adults alike. It has already been demonstrated that TD diffuse optics can be successfully applied to various b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Joanna V. Clark is an American geoscientist working for Geocontrols Systems Inc on the JETS Contract at NASA Johnson Space Center. She is collaborator on the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) and Mars Science Lab (MSL) science teams. Her research includes oxychlorines, chlorides, phyllosilicates, manganese oxides and has a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Core subjects are similar to biochemistry courses and typically include gene expression, research methods, proteins, cancer research, immunology, biotechnology and many more. In some universities molecular medicine is combined with another discipline such as chemistry, functioning as an additional study to enrich the u... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tailings are also called mine dumps, culm dumps, slimes, refuse, leach residue, slickens, or terra-cone (terrikon). | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Full-length ncRNA capture – BoMoC has high processivity across modified RNA templates resulting in the production of more full-length cDNA products compared to common reverse transcriptase's, which are prone to premature termination at modified sites.
* Single tube reaction – All cDNA synthesis steps can be performed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The tail addition step in this synthesis (Scheme 6) was identical to that in the Nicolaou tail addition and was based on Oijma chemistry. The A ring was functionalized with a hydroxyl group through pyridinium chlorochromate oxidation of α-acylketone 49 to form ketone 50. Subsequent reduction using sodium borohydride pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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