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In quantum field theory (QFT), the fabric of "empty" space is visualized as consisting of fields, with the field at every point in space and time being a quantum harmonic oscillator, with neighboring oscillators interacting with each other. According to QFT the universe is made up of matter fields whose quanta are ferm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Using matrix matched calibration standards can compensate for ion suppression. Using this technique, calibration standards are prepared in identical sample matrix to that used for analysis (e.g. plasma) by spiking a normal sample with known concentrations of analyte. This is not always possible for biological samples, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) – also known as ancestral gene/sequence reconstruction/resurrection – is a technique used in the study of molecular evolution. The method uses related sequences to reconstruct an "ancestral" gene from a multiple sequence alignment.
The method can be used to resurrect ancestral pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In an open system, there is an exchange of energy and matter between the system and the surroundings. The presence of reactants in an open beaker is an example of an open system. Here the boundary is an imaginary surface enclosing the beaker and reactants. It is named closed, if borders are impenetrable for substance, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Roy Jensen in 1976 theorised that primordial enzymes had to be highly promiscuous in order for metabolic networks to assemble in a patchwork fashion (hence its name, the patchwork model). This primordial catalytic versatility was later lost in favour of highly catalytic specialised orthologous enzymes. As a consequence... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The specificity constant (also known as the catalytic efficiency) is a measure of how efficiently an enzyme converts a substrate into product. Although it is the ratio of and it is a parameter in its own right, more fundamental than . Diffusion limited enzymes, such as fumarase, work at the theoretical upper limit o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Imidoyl chlorides are organic compounds that contain the functional group RC(NR)Cl. A double bond exist between the RN and the carbon centre. These compounds are analogues of acyl chloride. Imidoyl chlorides tend to be highly reactive and are more commonly found as intermediates in a wide variety of synthetic procedu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hybridization is a basic property of nucleotide sequences and is taken advantage of in numerous molecular biology techniques. Overall, genetic relatedness of two species can be determined by hybridizing segments of their DNA (DNA-DNA hybridization). Due to sequence similarity between closely related organisms, higher t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mechanical alloying (MA) is a solid-state and powder processing technique involving repeated cold welding, fracturing, and re-welding of blended powder particles in a high-energy ball mill to produce a homogeneous material. Originally developed to produce oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) nickel- and iron-base supera... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, a ladder polymer is a type of double stranded polymer with the connectivity of a ladder. In a typical one-dimensional polymer, e.g. polyethylene and polysiloxanes, the monomers form two bonds, giving a chain. In a ladder polymer the monomers are interconnected by four bonds. Inorganic ladder polymers ar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The surface-area-to-volume ratio or surface-to-volume ratio (denoted as SA:V, SA/V, or sa/vol) is the ratio between surface area and volume of an object or collection of objects.
SA:V is an important concept in science and engineering. It is used to explain the relation between structure and function in processes occur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Under high pressure, solubility of increases. On opening the bottle to atmospheric pressure, solubility decreases and the gas bubbles are released from the liquid. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The stationary phase or adsorbent in column chromatography is a solid. The most common stationary phase for column chromatography is silica gel, the next most common being alumina. Cellulose powder has often been used in the past. A wide range of stationary phases are available in order to perform ion exchange chromato... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Like some fatty acids, carotenoids are lipophilic due to the presence of long unsaturated aliphatic chains. As a consequence, carotenoids are typically present in plasma lipoproteins and cellular lipid structures. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tetrafluoromethane, like other fluorocarbons, is very stable due to the strength of its carbon–fluorine bonds. The bonds in tetrafluoromethane have a bonding energy of 515 kJ⋅mol. As a result, it is inert to acids and hydroxides. However, it reacts explosively with alkali metals. Thermal decomposition or combustion of ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Common inspection methods for steel castings are magnetic particle testing and liquid penetrant testing. Common inspection methods for aluminum castings are radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant testing. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although bleaching has long been practiced, the first photochemical reaction was described by Trommsdorff in 1834. He observed that crystals of the compound α-santonin when exposed to sunlight turned yellow and burst. In a 2007 study the reaction was described as a succession of three steps taking place within a single... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Pigulevsky was married to Nina Viktorovna Pigulevskaya (1894-1970), a soviet historian, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, specialist in the history of Byzantium, the Near and Middle East in the early Middle Ages. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxins (bAREs) covalently transfer an ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to target proteins of infected eukaryotes, to yield nicotinamide and a free hydrogen ion. bAREs are produced as enzyme precursors, consisting of a "A" and "B" domains: the "A" domain is responsible for ADP-ribosylation activity... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The formyl group readily oxidizes to the corresponding carboxyl group (). The preferred oxidant in industry is oxygen or air. In the laboratory, popular oxidizing agents include potassium permanganate, nitric acid, chromium(VI) oxide, and chromic acid. The combination of manganese dioxide, cyanide, acetic acid and meth... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The x-axis is usually some function of compressor entry mass flow, usually corrected flow or non-dimensional flow, as opposed to real flow. This axis can be considered a rough measure of the axial Mach number of the flow through the device. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because of their excellent characteristics and manufacturing methods, liquid metals are often used in wearable devices, medical devices, interconnected devices and so on.
Typical uses of liquid metals include thermostats, switches, barometers, heat transfer systems, and thermal cooling and heating designs. Uniquely, th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Since buildings are not totally sealed (at the very minimum, there is always a ground level entrance), the stack effect will cause air infiltration. During the heating season, the warmer indoor air rises up through the building and escapes at the top either through open windows, ventilation openings, or unintentional h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In one large-scale application, para-xylene is converted to terephthalic acid. The major application of ortho-xylene is as a precursor to phthalate esters, used as plasticizer. Meta-xylene is converted to isophthalic acid derivatives, which are components of alkyd resins. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*The lac operon consists of 3 structural genes, and a promoter, a terminator, regulator, and an operator. The three structural genes are: lacZ, lacY, and lacA.
**lacZ encodes β-galactosidase (LacZ), an intracellular enzyme that cleaves the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose.
** lacY encodes Beta-galactosi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Morphological control on the nanoscale is still limited as COFs lack synthetic control in higher dimensions due to the lack of dynamic chemistry during synthesis. To date, researchers have attempted to establish better control through different synthetic methods such as solvothermal synthesis, interface-assisted synthe... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Ruppeiner geometry is thermodynamic geometry (a type of information geometry) using the language of Riemannian geometry to study thermodynamics. George Ruppeiner proposed it in 1979. He claimed that thermodynamic systems can be represented by Riemannian geometry, and that statistical properties can be derived from the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The F portion of ATP synthase is hydrophilic and responsible for hydrolyzing ATP. The F unit protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix space. Subunits α and β make a hexamer with 6 binding sites. Three of them are catalytically inactive and they bind ADP.
Three other subunits catalyze the ATP synthesis. The other F subun... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) is a variation of the multiplex polymerase chain reaction that permits amplification of multiple targets with only a single primer pair. It detects copy number changes at the molecular level, and software programs are used for analysis. Identification of deletions... | 1 | Biochemistry |
-Photo-leucine acquires its function after being exposed to UV light. This causes diazirine ring of -photo-leucine to lose its nitrogen atoms in form of nitrogen gas, leaving its carbon atom as a reactive free radical. The bonds established between this carbon, belonging to one protein (A), and atoms belonging to anoth... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Marine carbon is further separated into particulate and dissolved phases. These pools are operationally defined by physical separation – dissolved carbon passes through a 0.2 μm filter, and particulate carbon does not.
There are two main types of inorganic carbon that are found in the oceans:
* Dissolved inorganic car... | 9 | Geochemistry |
According to the description of an atom interacting with the electromagnetic field, the absorption of light by the atom depends on the frequency of the incident photons. More precisely, the absorption is characterized by a Lorentzian of width Γ/2 (for reference, for common rubidium D-line transitions). If we hav... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), also known as , is an Earth observation satellite and the worlds first satellite dedicated to greenhouse gas monitoring. It measures the densities of carbon dioxide and methane from 56,000 locations on the Earths atmosphere. The GOSAT was developed by the Japan Aerospace Ex... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* 999.99—five nines fine: The purest silver ever produced. This was achieved by the Royal Silver Company of Bolivia.
* 999.9—four nines fine: ultra-fine silver used by the Royal Canadian Mint for their Silver Maple Leaf and other silver coins
* 999—fine silver or three nines fine: used in Good Delivery bullion bars and... | 8 | Metallurgy |
By 1982 the technology was sufficiently advanced for the technique to be called "high-speed" countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC). Peter Carmeci initially commercialized the PC Inc. Ito Multilayer Coil Separator/Extractor which utilized a single bobbin (onto which the coil is wound) and a counterbalance, plus a set of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
β-Catenin also acts as a morphogen in later stages of embryonic development. Together with TGF-β, an important role of β-catenin is to induce a morphogenic change in epithelial cells. It induces them to abandon their tight adhesion and assume a more mobile and loosely associated mesenchymal phenotype. During this proce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Britannia metal (also called britannium or Britannia ware) is a specific type of pewter alloy, favoured for its silvery appearance and smooth surface. The composition by weight is typically about 92% tin, 6% antimony, and 2% copper.
Britannia metal is usually spun rather than cast, and melts at 255 degrees Celsius. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Increased intracellular levels of lactate can act as a signalling hormone, inducing changes in gene expression that will upregulate genes involved in lactate removal. These genes include MCT1, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and other enzymes involved in the lactate oxidation complex. Additionally, lactate will increase l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
However, most plants do not have CAM and must therefore open and close their stomata during the daytime, in response to changing conditions, such as light intensity, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration. When conditions are conducive to stomatal opening (e.g., high light intensity and high humidity), a proton pum... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Soil contamination from heavy elements can be found in the urban environments, which can be attributed to the transportation and industries along with the background levels (minerals-leaching heavy elements from weathering). Also, some of the most soil contaminated areas are around the mines such as the ones in Sloven... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Camphorsultam is synthesized by reduction of camphorsulfonylimine. This reaction was originally performed as a catalytic hydrogenation using Raney Nickel, but the modern preparation instead uses lithium aluminium hydride for the reduction. These reductive methods are stereoselective: although both the endo and exo dias... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The radical pair mechanism is currently accepted as the most common cause of CIDNP. This theory was proposed by Closs, and, independently, by Kaptein and Oosterhoff. There are, however, exceptions, and the DNP mechanism was found to be operational, for example, in many fluorine-containing radicals.
The chemical bond is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To find the shape of the minimal surface bounded by some arbitrary shaped frame using strictly mathematical means can be a daunting task. Yet by fashioning the frame out of wire and dipping it in soap-solution, a locally minimal surface will appear in the resulting soap-film within seconds.
The reason for this is that ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In vitro studies using purified 20S proteasomes showed that salinosporamide A has lower EC50 for trypsin-like (T-L) activity than does bortezomib. In vivo animal model studies show marked inhibition of T-L activity in response to salinosporamide A, whereas bortezomib enhances T-L proteasome activity.
Initial results fr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The van der Waals surface of a molecule is an abstract representation or model of that molecule, illustrating where, in very rough terms, a surface might reside for the molecule based on the hard cutoffs of van der Waals radii for individual atoms, and it represents a surface through which the molecule might be conceiv... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The inscription is undated, and contains a eulogy of a king named Candra, whose dynasty it does not mention. The identity of this king, and thus the date of the pillar, has been the subject of much debate. The various viewpoints about the identity of the issuer were assembled and analyzed in a volume edited by M. C. Jo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
It is common to model such a network with a set of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) or SDEs, describing the reaction kinetics of the constituent parts. Suppose that our regulatory network has nodes, and let represent the concentrations of the corresponding substances at time . Then the temporal evoluti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The foundations of Feigls work on spot analysis were the works of Hugo Schiff (the earliest publication about "spot test" was Shiffs detection of uric acid in 1859) and of Christian Friedrich Schonberg and Friedrich Goppelsröder on capillary analysis.
On the occasion of Feigl's 70th birthday the Chemical Society of Mid... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bronze statuettes were also made in every period of antiquity for votive use, and at least in Hellenistic and Roman times for domestic ornaments and furniture of household shrines. But the art of bronze statuary hardly existed before the introduction of hollow casting, about the middle of the 6th century BC. The most p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are also symbols that appear to be chemical element symbols, but represent certain very common substituents or indicate an unspecified member of a group of elements. These are called pseudoelement symbols or organic elements and are treated like univalent "elements" in skeletal formulae. A list of common pseudoel... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term "redox" stands for reduction-oxidation. It refers to electrochemical processes involving electron transfer to or from a molecule or ion, changing its oxidation state. This reaction can occur through the application of an external voltage or through the release of chemical energy. Oxidation and reduction descri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Baculovirus, a rod-shaped virus which infects insect cells, is used as the expression vector in this system. Insect cell lines derived from Lepidopterans (moths and butterflies), such as Spodoptera frugiperda, are used as host. A cell line derived from the cabbage looper is of particular interest, as it has been develo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The International Generic Sample Number or IGSN is a persistent identifier for sample. As an active persistent identifier it can be resolved through the Handle System. The system is used in production by the System for Earth Sample Registration (SESAR), Geoscience Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Resea... | 9 | Geochemistry |
George Hermann Büchi (August 1, 1921 – August 28, 1998) was a Swiss organic chemist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Paternòs reaction", known since the early twentieth century, was renamed to the "Paternò–Büchi reaction" based on enhancements made to it by Büchis research group.
Büchi died ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For mutually soluble compounds, Raoult's law states that the partial pressure of a compound is equal to its vapor pressure times its mole fraction. This means that mutually soluble contaminants will volatilize slower than if there was only one compound present. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
One strand of the DNA, the template strand (or noncoding strand), is used as a template for RNA synthesis. As transcription proceeds, RNA polymerase traverses the template strand and uses base pairing complementarity with the DNA template to create an RNA copy (which elongates during the traversal). Although RNA polyme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Latimer diagrams can be used in the construction of Frost diagrams, as a concise summary of the standard electrode potentials relative to the element. Since ΔG to HO, then from HO to HO) is the same as the Gibbs energy change for the overall reduction (i.e. from O to HO), in accordance with Hess's law. This can be used... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An isothermal titration calorimeter is composed of two identical cells made of a highly efficient thermally conducting and chemically inert material such as Hastelloy alloy or gold, surrounded by an adiabatic jacket. Sensitive thermopile/thermocouple circuits are used to detect temperature differences between the refer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An electrolithoautotroph is an organism which feeds on electricity. These organisms use electricity to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter by using electrons directly taken from solid-inorganic electron donors. Electrolithoautotrophs are microorganisms which are found in the deep crevices of the ocean. The warm,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A biomonitoring assessment requires a baseline dataset which, ideally, defines the environment in its natural or default state. This is then used for comparison against any subsequent measurements, in order to assess potential alterations or trends.
In some cases, these datasets are used to create standardised tools fo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The satellite was originally launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on a dedicated Taurus XL rocket. However, the payload fairing—a clam shell-shaped covering that protects the satellite during launch—apparently failed to separate from the spacecraft. "We have not had a successful launch toni... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A regulatory sequence is a segment of a nucleic acid molecule which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism. Regulation of gene expression is an essential feature of all living organisms and viruses. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The carbon cycle was first described by Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley, and popularised by Humphry Davy. The global carbon cycle is now usually divided into the following major reservoirs of carbon (also called carbon pools) interconnected by pathways of exchange:
* Atmosphere
* Terrestrial biosphere
* Ocean, ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The periodic presence of euxinic conditions in the Lower Cambrian has been supported by evidence found on the Yangtze platform in South China. Sulfur isotopes during the transition from Proterozoic to Phanerozoic give evidence for widespread euxinia, perhaps lasting throughout the Cambrian period. Towards the end of t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Z-FA-FMK, abbreviating for benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-alanyl-fluoromethyl ketone, is a very potent irreversible inhibitor of cysteine proteases, including cathepsins B, L, and S, cruzain, and papain. It also selectively inhibits effector caspases 2, 3, 6, and 7 but not caspases 8 and 10. This compound has been sho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Serum iron is a medical laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin and freely circulate in the blood. Clinicians order this laboratory test when they are concerned about iron deficiency, which can cause anemia and other problems. 65% of the iron in the body is bound up in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For a redox reaction
R O + e, without mass-transfer limitation, the relationship between the current density and the electrode overpotential is given by the Butler–Volmer equation:
with
is the exchange current density and and are the symmetry factors.
The curve vs. is not a straight line (Fig. 1), therefore a red... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first reported synthesis and characterisation of phosphaethynolate came from Becker et al. in 1992. They were able to isolate the anion as a lithium salt (in 87% yield) by reacting lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphide with dimethyl carbonate . The x-ray crystallographic analysis of the anion determined the bond le... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bioanalysis is a sub-discipline of analytical chemistry covering the quantitative measurement of xenobiotics (drugs and their metabolites, and biological molecules in unnatural locations or concentrations) and biotics (macromolecules, proteins, DNA, large molecule drugs, metabolites) in biological systems. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Oxidative deamination is the first step to breaking down the amino acids so that they can be converted to sugars. The process begins by removing the amino group of the amino acids. The amino group becomes ammonium as it is lost and later undergoes the urea cycle to become urea, in the liver. It is then released into th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This gene encodes an E26 transformation-specific related transcription factor. The encoded protein is primarily expressed in lymphoid cells and can act as both an enhancer and a repressor to regulate transcription of various genes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. The RNA world hypothesis holds that in the primordial soup there existed free-floating ribonucleotides, the fundamental molecules that com... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Larive worked in the field of bioanalytical chemistry, applying analytical tools such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry to the products of chemical separations. Much of her research focused on reducing the amount of sample needed for analysis, such as constructing microcoil NMR prob... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A dipole-induced dipole interaction (Debye force) is due to the approach of a molecule with a permanent dipole to another non-polar molecule with no permanent dipole. This approach causes the electrons of the non-polar molecule to be polarized toward or away from the dipole (or "induce" a dipole) of the approaching mol... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
An American IPM system is designed around six basic components:
* Acceptable pest levels—The emphasis is on control, not eradication. IPM holds that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can be expensive and unsafe. IPM programmes first work to establish acceptable pest levels, calle... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The SSA can be measured by adsorption using the BET isotherm. This has the advantage of measuring the surface of fine structures and deep texture on the particles. However, the results can differ markedly depending on the substance adsorbed. The BET theory has inherent limitations but has the advantage to be simple and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The output of CAGE is a set of short nucleotide sequences (often called tags in analogy to expressed sequence tags) with their observed counts. Copy numbers of CAGE tags provide a digital quantification of the RNA transcript abundances in biological samples. Using a reference genome, a researcher can usually determin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Endangered animal species and breeds are preserved using similar techniques. Animal species can be preserved in genebanks, which consist of cryogenic facilities used to store living sperm, eggs, or embryos. For example, the Zoological Society of San Diego has established a "frozen zoo" to store such samples using cryop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The lower flammability limit or lower explosive limit (LFL/LEL) represents the lowest air to fuel vapor concentration required for combustion to take place when ignited by an external source, for any particular chemical. Any concentration lower than this could not produce a flame or result in combustion. The upper flam... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Centromeres are the sites where spindle fibers attach to newly replicated chromosomes in order to segregate them into daughter cells when the cell divides. Each eukaryotic chromosome has a single functional centromere that is seen as a constricted region in a condensed metaphase chromosome. Centromeric DNA consists of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Every nitrate ion reduced to ammonia produces one OH ion. To maintain a pH balance, the plant must either excrete it into the surrounding medium or neutralize it with organic acids. This results in the medium around the plants roots becoming alkaline when they take up nitrate.
To maintain ionic balance, every NO taken ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A manual or automated process injects the sample onto a catalyst in a combustion tube operated from 680 up to 950 degrees C in an oxygen rich atmosphere. The concentration of carbon dioxide generated is measured with a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector.
Oxidation of the sample is complete after injection into th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1993 Philex Mining Corporation, a Philippines mining company, replaced the mechanical cleaner circuit with Cells at its Benguet copper concentrator. Following their successful operation, Philex replaced the mechanical cells in its cleaner-scavenger circuit in 1994 and began the phased introduction of Cell rougher an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There is an increased risk of central nervous system depression when eszopiclone is taken together with other CNS depressant agents, including antipsychotics, sedative hypnotics (like barbiturates or benzodiazepines), antihistamines, opioids, phenothiazines, and some antidepressants. There is also increased risk of cen... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
If one could observe a gas under a powerful microscope, one would see a collection of particles without any definite shape or volume that are in more or less random motion. These gas particles only change direction when they collide with another particle or with the sides of the container. This microscopic view of gas ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The stability of a colloidal system is defined by particles remaining suspended in solution and depends on the interaction forces between the particles. These include electrostatic interactions and van der Waals forces, because they both contribute to the overall free energy of the system.
A colloid is stable if the in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrofusion welding requires electrical current to be passed through the coils implanted in the fittings. Since the electrical energy input is an excellent indicator of the joint strength that develops during fusion, it is necessary to have consistent electrical power input. Energy input during the joining process is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The existence of backsplicing was first suggested in 2012. This backsplicing explains the genesis of circular RNAs resulting from the exact junction between the 3 boundary of an exon with the 5 boundary of an exon located upstream. In these exonic circular RNAs, the junction is a classic 3-5link.
The exclusion of intro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nickel allergy is the most common contact allergy in industrialized countries, affecting around 8% to 19% of adults and 8% to 10% of children. Women are affected 4–10 times as frequently as men. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the relatively small sample size achievable with dealloying, the mechanical properties of these materials are often probed using the following techniques:
* Nanoindentation
* Micropillar compression
* Deflection testing of bridges
* Thin-film wrinkling | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Polanyi potential adsorption theory is based on the assumption that the molecules near a surface move according to a potential, similar to that of gravity or electric fields. This model is applicable in the case of gases at a surface at constant temperature. Gas molecules move closer to that surface when the pres... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Scientists observed the thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue, which eventually led to the discovery of UCP1, initially known as "Uncoupling Protein". The brown tissue revealed elevated levels of mitochondria respiration and another respiration not coupled to ATP synthesis, which symbolized strong thermogenic ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Corrosion coupons are made in different shapes and sizes. These coupons are often made from same material of the pipe or tank/vessel which should be monitored for corrosion. The most common used coupons are as follows:
* strip coupon
* ladder strip coupon
* flush disc coupon
* multi-disc coupon
* scale coupon | 8 | Metallurgy |
Patricia Ana Matrai is a marine scientist known for her work on the cycling of sulfur. She is a senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Moexipril was an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Moexipril can be administered alone or with other antihypertensives or diuretics.
It works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
It was patented in 1... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Morpholino oligos were conceived by Summerton (Gene Tools) at AntiVirals Inc. (now Sarepta Therapeutics) and originally developed in collaboration with Weller. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a chemical trap is a chemical compound that is used to detect unstable compounds. The method relies on efficiency of bimolecular reactions with reagents to produce a more easily characterize trapped product. In some cases, the trapping agent is used in large excess. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There have been disputes on metamerism being included with other isomerisms such as position as well as chain isomerism, some authors still keep using it in their textbooks, mostly citing the examples of ethers and secondary amines. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* R: (:ja:理科年表): An (mostly) annual reference book published in Japan since 1925CE. Note that the actual published year is typically one year earlier than the nominal (book title) year.
</references>
* I: : Revised roughly by each decade. First edition 1935CE.
</references>
*D: Kyoritsu Great Dictionary of Chemistry
</... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Inadequate magnesium intake frequently causes muscle spasms, and has been associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, anxiety disorders, migraines, osteoporosis, and cerebral infarction. Acute deficiency (see hypomagnesemia) is rare, and is more common as a drug side-effect (such as chronic a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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