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Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus are used to suppress the immune system in organ allotransplant recipients to prevent rejection of the transplanted tissue. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deoxydehydration (DODH) is a chemical reaction for removing two adjacent hydroxyl groups in a vicinal diol to form an alkene. In contrast to hydrodeoxygenation which uses hydrogen as a reductant, deoxydehydration is able to use a variety of other reductants such as alcohols and organic phosphines. In research, the most... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Marion McQuillan (30 October 1921 – 24 June 1998) was a British metallurgist who specialised in the engineering uses for titanium and its alloys. She researched jet engine metals and was on the first team to research titanium for the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough (RAE). | 8 | Metallurgy |
In conventional seasoning, the oil or fat is converted into a hard surface at or above the high temperatures used for cooking, analogous to the reaction of drying oils. When oils or fats are heated, multiple degradation reactions occur, including decomposition, autoxidation, thermal oxidation, polymerization, and cycli... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorbs light, making the water appear darker or tea-colored. Absorption by CDOM is one measure of water clarity. Clarity can still be quite high in terms of visibility with high amounts of CDOM in the water, but the color of the water will be altered to yellow or brown, and the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Rather than internal displacement coordinates, an alternative approach to write the potential energy of a molecule as explained by Decius is to write it as a quadratic form in terms of generalized displacement forces (negative gradient) .
: (eq. 5)
This gradient is the first derivative of the potential energy with ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
According to a laboratory procedure hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid can be prepared by treating hydroxylamine sulfate with fuming sulfuric acid (oleum). The industrial process is similar.
:(NHOH)SO + 2SO → 2HNOSOH + HSO
The sulfonation of hydroxylamine can also be effected with chlorosulfonic acid by a method first publi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1978, Walter Gilbert published "Why Genes in Pieces" which first began to explore the idea that the gene is a mosaic—that each full nucleic acid strand is not coded continuously but is interrupted by "silent" non-coding regions. This was the first indication that there needed to be a distinction between the parts of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As of 2015, several bodies of water in the state of Washington were contaminated with PCBs, including the Columbia River, the Duwamish River, Green Lake, Lake Washington, the Okanogan River, Puget Sound, the Spokane River, the Walla Walla River, the Wenatchee River, and the Yakima River. A study by Washington State pub... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As with many other places in Britain, there have been speculative articles written that connect Ariconium to the characters in Arthurian tales. Some are careful with their wording and state that they are not asserting historical facts; others are less careful and propagate fiction in the guise of hypothesis.
There are ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A materials oscilloscope is a time-resolved synchrotron
high-energy X-ray technique to study rapid phase composition and microstructural related changes in a polycrystalline sample. Such device has been developed for in-situ studies of specimens undergoing physical thermo-mechanical simulation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Janet Gretchen Jones was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Vero Beach, Florida. She was an undergraduate student at Swarthmore College, where she was a Merit scholar. Jones was a graduate student at California Institute of Technology, where she worked alongside Fred Anson on ligand bridging in charge tra... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
During high-energy milling the powder particles are repeatedly flattened, cold welded, fractured and rewelded. Whenever two steel balls collide, some powder is trapped between them. Typically, around 1000 particles with an aggregate weight of about 0.2 mg are trapped during each collision. The force of the impact plast... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As mentioned previously, Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a host of virulence factors in concert, under the control of the quorum sensing system. Many studies show that inhibiting quorum sensing down-regulates the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, it has been shown that rhamnolipids specifically are a ke... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Porphine or porphin is an organic compound of empirical formula . It is heterocyclic and aromatic. The molecule is a flat macrocycle, consisting of four pyrrole-like rings joined by four methine bridges, which makes it the simplest of the tetrapyrroles.
The nonpolar tetrapyrrolic ring structure of porphine means it is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is an in situ method of measuring aerosol particle volume fraction, primary particle sizes, and other thermophysical properties in flames, during gas-phase nanoparticle synthesis, and in aerosol streams more broadly. The technique is prominently used to characterize soot.
The techniqu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
HO is a diatomic molecule. The electronic angular momentum along the molecular axis is +1 or -1, and the electronic spin angular momentum S=1/2. Because of the orbit-spin coupling, the spin angular momentum can be oriented in parallel or anti parallel directions to the orbital angular momentum, producing the splitting ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio:
RQ = CO / O
where the term "eliminated" refers to carbon dioxide (CO) removed from the body.
In this calculation, the CO and O must be given in the same units, and in quantities proportional to the number of molecules. Acceptable inputs would be either moles, or else volumes ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on current evidence, the term of endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor should represent a mechanism rather than a specific factor. The mechanism(s) of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (i.e., EDHF-mediated relaxation) seems to be heterogeneous depending on several factors (e.g., size and vascular bed),... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As of 2013, bottromycin has not been approved for any clinical applications, nor has it been tested in humans. The in vivo stability of bottromycin must be improved before it can be considered as a drug candidate. Work by Kobayashi and colleagues has already begun to address this issue, but more work may be in progress... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
TMAO is an organic osmolyte that has the useful biological function of protecting proteins against denaturing stresses such as high concentration of urea. Various bacteria grow anaerobically using TMAO as an alternative electron transport chain, allowing for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources such as glycerol. Ba... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA or HDEHP) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (CHO)POH. The colorless liquid is a diester of phosphoric acid and 2-ethylhexanol. It is used in the solvent extraction of uranium, vanadium and the rare-earth metals. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Perindopril shares the indications of ACE inhibitors as a class, including essential hypertension, stable coronary artery disease (reduction of risk of cardiac events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and/or revascularization), treatment of symptomatic coronary artery disease or heart failure, and dia... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
pRb is known to interact with more than 300 proteins, some of which are listed below:
* Abl gene
* Androgen receptor
* Apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor
* ARID4A
* Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
* BRCA1
* BRF1
* C-jun
* C-Raf
* CDK9
* CUTL1
* Cyclin A1
* Cyclin D1
* Cyclin T2
* DNMT1
* E2F1
* E2F2,
* E4F1
* EID1
*... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Galaxy IV was a telecommunications satellite that was disabled and lost due to short circuits caused by tin whiskers in 1998. It was initially thought that space weather contributed to the failure, but later it was discovered that a conformal coating had been misapplied, allowing whiskers formed in the pure tin plating... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The National Institutes of Health announced on 27 February 2015 the commencement of a randomized controlled trial of ZMapp to be conducted in Liberia and the United States. From March 2015 through November 2015, 72 individuals infected with the Ebola virus were enrolled in the trial; investigators stopped enrolling new... | 1 | Biochemistry |
radioisotope - radioisotopic labelling - Raman spectroscopy - random coil - Ras gene - Ras protein - reading frame - receptor (biochemistry) - receptor antagonist - receptor protein-tyrosine kinase - recombinant fusion protein - recombinant interferon-gamma - recombinant protein - recombination - redox - redox reaction... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most supramolecular catalysts are developed from rigid building blocks because rigid blocks are less complicated than flexible parts in constructing a desired shape and placing functional groups where the designer wants. Due to the rigidity, however, a slight mismatch from the transition state inevitably leads to poor ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Any periodic tiling can be seen as a wallpaper. More particularly, we can consider as a wallpaper a tiling by identical tiles edge‑to‑edge, necessarily periodic, and conceive from it a wallpaper by decorating in the same manner every tiling element, and eventually erase partly or entirely the boundaries between these t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Industrially, most alkylations are typically conducted using alcohols, not alkyl halides. Alcohols are less expensive than alkyl halides and their alkylation does not produce salts, the disposal of which can be problematic. Key to the alkylation of alcohols is the use of catalysts that render the hydroxyl group a good... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Raytec Vision is a camera and sensor-based manufacturer based in Parma and specialized in food sorting. The applications of Raytec Vision's machines are many: tomatoes, tubers, fruit, fresh cut, vegetables and confectionery products. Each machine can separate good products from wastes, foreign bodies and defects and gu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hemoglobin (Hb) is synthesized in a complex series of steps. The heme part is synthesized in a series of steps in the mitochondria and the cytosol of immature red blood cells, while the globin protein parts are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytosol. Production of Hb continues in the cell throughout its early developm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Resonance is to be distinguished from isomerism. Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but are distinct chemical species with different arrangements of atomic nuclei in space. Resonance contributors of a molecule, on the other hand, can only differ in the way electrons are formally assigned to atoms in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Zelinsky's scientific activity was very versatile: his works on the chemistry of thiophene and the stereochemistry of organic dibasic acids are widely known. In the summer of 1891, Zelinsky participated in an expedition to survey the waters of the Black Sea and the Odessa estuaries on the gunboat Zaporozhets, where he ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
EBSD detectors can have forward scattered electron diodes (FSD) at the bottom, in the middle (MSD) and at the top of the detector. Forward-scattered electron (FSE) imaging involves collecting electrons scattered at small angles from the surface of a sample, which provides information about the surface topography and co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heterosynaptic plasticity (or also heterotropic modulation) is a change in synaptic strength that results from the activity of other neurons. Again, the plasticity can alter the number of vesicles or their replenishment rate or the relationship between calcium and vesicle release. Additionally, it could directly affec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stress corrosion cracking is a phenomenon where a synergistic action of corrosion and tensile stress leads to brittle fracture of normally ductile materials at generally lower stress levels. During stress corrosion cracking, the material is relatively unattacked by the corrosive agent (no general corrosion, only locali... | 8 | Metallurgy |
LC–MS is widely used in the field of bioanalysis and is specially involved in pharmacokinetic studies of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacokinetic studies are needed to determine how quickly a drug will be cleared from the body organs and the hepatic blood flow. MS analyzers are useful in these studies because of their shorter ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Several software graphic tools will let you create 2D patterns using wallpaper symmetry groups. Usually you can edit the original tile and its copies in the entire pattern are updated automatically.
* [http://www.madpattern.com/ MadPattern], a free set of Adobe Illustrator templates that support the 17 wallpaper groups... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some physical constraints are usually incorporated in the calculations. For example, all the concentrations of free reactants and species must have positive values and association constants must have positive values.
With spectrophotometric data the calculated molar absorptivity (or emissivity) values should all be pos... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The precise mechanism of action for thalidomide was not known until the twenty-first century, although efforts to identify thalidomide's teratogenic action generated more than 2,000 research papers and the proposal of 15 or 16 plausible mechanisms by 2000. The primary mechanism of action of thalidomide and its analogs ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A traditional version of the second law of thermodynamics states: Heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body.
The second law refers to a system of matter and radiation, initially with inhomogeneities in temperature, pressure, chemical potential, and other intensive properties, that are due to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mesocrystals have unique structural features and the physical and physiochemical properties that come from that structure have made them become a subject of interest. Mesocrystals are expected to have a role in many different applications. These include heterogeneous photocatalysts, electrodes, optoelectronics, biome... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Caspian Summit is a head of state-level meeting of the five littoral states. The fifth Caspian Summit took place on August 12, 2018, in the Kazakh port city of Aktau. The five leaders signed the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea.
Representatives of the Caspian littoral states held a meeting in the c... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Science and Technology Council (STC) coordinates the scientific and technical activities of the IIR. The Science and Technology Council includes five distinct Sections that are in turn divided into ten Commissions. The Science and Technology Council includes:
* one President
* six Vice-presidents
* ten Commission P... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The biological pump is accompanied by a physico-chemical counterpart known as the solubility pump. This pump transports significant amounts of carbon in the form of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the ocean's surface to its interior. It involves physical and chemical processes only, and does not involve biologica... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Over the past few decades, AMMs have diversified rapidly and their design principles, properties, and characterization methods have been outlined more clearly. A major starting point for the design of AMMs is to exploit the existing modes of motion in molecules. For instance, single bonds can be visualized as axes of r... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Gestonorone caproate was studied in the treatment of prostate cancer in men at a dosage of 400 mg per week by intramuscular injection but, in contrast to the case of benign prostatic hyperplasia, was found to be ineffective.
SH-834 was a combination of 90 mg estradiol valerate and 300 mg gestonorone caproate for weekly... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Middle Bronze Age settlement is smaller than its precursor and no evidence for a palace has been found. | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are two main sources of new research projects, namely ideas originating from the researchers themselves ("supply push") and those coming from customers ("demand pull"). Ideas for new processes typically originate from researchers, ideas for new products from customers, respectively customer contacts. Particularly... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The detection of optical scattering and the gradient forces on micron sized particles was first reported in 1970 by Arthur Ashkin, a scientist working at Bell Labs. Years later, Ashkin and colleagues reported the first observation of what is now commonly referred to as an optical tweezer: a tightly focused beam of ligh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For a substance in solution (solute), the standard state is usually chosen as the hypothetical state it would have at the standard state molality or amount concentration but exhibiting infinite-dilution behavior (where there are no solute-solute interactions, but solute-solvent interactions are present). The reason fo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Optimal conditions for enantio-selective nucleophilic epoxidation depend on the substrate employed. Although a variety of substrates may be epoxidized using nucleophilic methods, each particular method tends to have limited substrate scope. This section describes asymmetric nucleophilic epoxidation methods, organizing ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Norlevorphanol is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan family that was never marketed. It is the levo-isomer of 3-hydroxymorphinan (morphinan-3-ol). Norlevorphanol is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance in the United States with an ACSCN of 9634 and in 2014 it had an annual aggregate manufacturing quota of 52 gr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Double Helix (2004), a novel by Nancy Werlin, is about 18-year-old Eli Samuels, who works for a famous molecular biologist named Dr. Quincy Wyatt. There is a mysterious connection between Dr. Wyatt and Elis parents, and all Eli knows about the connection is that it has something to do with his mother, who has Huntingt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In dendritic spines, SK channels are directly coupled to NMDA receptors. In addition to being activated by calcium flow through voltage-gated calcium channels, SK channels can be activated by calcium flowing through NMDA receptors, which occurs after depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. Experiments using apami... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (G, also referred to as deiodination capacity, total deiodinase activity or, if calculated from levels of thyroid hormones, as SPINA-GD) is the maximum amount of triiodothyronine produced per time-unit under conditions of substrate saturation. It is assumed to reflect the acti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phosphoramide arises from the reaction of phosphoryl chloride with ammonia. In moist air, it hydrolyzes to an ammonium salt:
It reacts with sodium hydroxide with loss of ammonia:
The related thiophosphoryl triamide compound was made from the reaction of thiophosphoryl chloride with ammonia. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The point of zero charge (pzc) is generally described as the pH at which the net charge of total particle surface (i.e. absorbent's surface) is equal to zero, which concept has been introduced in the studies dealt with colloidal flocculation to explain pH affecting the phenomenon.
A related concept in electrochemistry ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rapamycin and rapalogs crosslink the immunophilin FK506 binding protein, tacrolimus or FKBP-12, through its methoxy group. The rapamycin-FKBP12 complex interferes with FRB domain of mTOR. Molecular interaction between FKBP12, mTOR, and rapamycin can last for about three days (72 hours). The inhibition of mTOR blocks th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyanobacteria are capable of natural genetic transformation. Natural genetic transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA from its surroundings. For bacterial transformation to take place, the recipient bacteria must be in a state of competence, ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Gelbart's early interest in science was inspired by his time as an undergraduate researcher in the molecular spectroscopy group of William Klemperer at Harvard. As a graduate student at the University of Chicago, with his mentors Stuart A. Rice, Karl Freed, and Joshua Jortner, he developed the modern theory of non-radi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As in any technology that has long been conducted on the multi-million ton per year scale, flotation technologies have the potential to threaten the environment beyond the disruption caused by mining. Froth flotation employs a host of organic chemicals and relies upon elaborate machinery. Some of the chemicals (cyanide... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The EQCM sensitivity factor K can be calculated by combing the electrochemical cell measured charge density and QCM measured frequency shift. The sensitivity factor is only valid when the mass change on the electrode is homogenous. Otherwise, K is taken as the average sensitivity factor of the EQCM.
where is the measu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermocouples ideally should be very simple measurement devices, with each type being characterized by a precise curve, independent of any other details.
In reality, thermocouples are affected by issues such as alloy manufacturing uncertainties, aging effects, and circuit design mistakes/misunderstandings. | 8 | Metallurgy |
International law has prohibited the use of chemical weapons since 1899, under the Hague Convention: Article 23 of the Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land adopted by the First Hague Conference "especially" prohibited employing "poison and poisoned arms". A separate declaration stated that in any ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The adsorption of gases and solutes is usually described through isotherms, that is, the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent as a function of its pressure (if gas) or concentration (for liquid phase solutes) at constant temperature. The quantity adsorbed is nearly always normalized by the mass of the adsorbent to allo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An MDC is constructed similarly to a microbial fuel cell by including two
chambers with two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, in addition to both a third chamber separated by an anion exchange membrane (AEM) and cation exchange membrane (CEM), and a peripheral, external circuit that is responsible for aerobic and ana... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In plants and some algae, another enzyme, RuBisCO activase (Rca, , ), is required to allow the rapid formation of the critical carbamate in the active site of RuBisCO. This is required because ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) binds more strongly to the active sites of RuBisCO when excess carbamate is present, preventin... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The first example of ring-closing metathesis was reported by Dider Villemin in 1980 when he synthesized an Exaltolide precursor using a WCl/MeSn catalyzed metathesis cyclization in 60-65% yield depending on ring size (A). In the following months, Jiro Tsuji reported a similar metathesis reaction describing the prepara... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ostromislensky was born in Oryol, Russia to a family of a nobleman, a poruchik of elite corps. He received his education first at the Moscow cadet corps and then, from 1898 to 1902 at the Moscow Technical School. After graduation, in April 1902, Ostromislensky went to Germany, and enrolled to the Technical School in Ka... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chairman, Gordon Research Conference on Analytical Chemistry; James B. Himes Merit Award of the Chicago Chromatography Discussion Group; M.S. Tswett Award and Medal in Chromatography; American Chemical Society Award in Chromatography; ISCO Award in Biochemical Instrumentation; Eastern Analytical Symposium Award in Chro... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The approximate knife advance rate can be determined for a set of operating conditions using table 6 below. The table indicates the number of hours that the filter can operate in a one-inch pre coat cake; the required condition is that the advance blade must be at a constant position. This method can be used to check f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A solution of 1.485 g 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate is added to a solution of 695 mg FeSO·7HO in distilled water, and the resulting red solution is diluted to 100 mL. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The word solder comes from the Middle English word , via Old French and , from the Latin , meaning "to make solid". | 8 | Metallurgy |
The compounds are pale-yellow viscous liquids. They are hydrophobic, with low water solubilities: 0.0027–0.42 ng/L for Aroclors brand, but they have high solubilities in most organic solvents, oils, and fats. They have low vapor pressures at room temperature. They have dielectric constants of 2.5–2.7, very high thermal... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
It was first produced in 1878 by the German chemists August Michaelis (1847–1916) and Wilhelm La Coste (1854–1885). It is prepared by the reduction of diphenylarsinic acid with sulfur dioxide. An idealized equation is shown:
:PhAsOH + SO + HCl → PhAsCl + HSO
The process adopted by Edgewood Arsenal, the "sodium process"... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The compound was protected by a patent which was assigned to the German pharmaceutical company Hoechst AG (since merged into Aventis) on 29 October 1991. The patent was scheduled to expire on 29 October 2008. On 11 September 2007, in an appeal by the Indian company Lupin Ltd., the United States Court of Appeals for the... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones), or from their consumption of oxygen. Indirect calorimetry estimates the type and rate of substrate utilizat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Except in acid or siliceous igneous rocks containing greater than 66% of silica, known as felsic rocks, quartz is not abundant in igneous rocks. In basic rocks (containing 20% of silica or less) it is rare for them to contain as much silicon, these are referred to as mafic rocks. If magnesium and iron are above average... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Shihwa Bay is a costal resevior created in 1994 to supply surrounding agricultural lands with water, and act as a run-off lake for nearby industrial plants. The Bay was made without much enviornmental consideration, and by 1999, water quality had a significant drop. This drop in water quality is attributed to the bay n... | 9 | Geochemistry |
As stated previously, two diastereomers will not have identical chemical properties. This knowledge is harnessed in chiral synthesis to separate a mixture of enantiomers. This is the principle behind chiral resolution. After preparing the diastereomers, they are separated by chromatography or recrystallization. Note al... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Qualitative Chemical Analysis: Principles and methods, 1931
* General Chemistry for Colleges, 1935
* The Structure and properties of Matter, 1935
* An Introduction to College Chemistry, 1937 | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some fluorescent chemicals exhibit significant fluorescent quenching when exposed to increasing temperatures. This effect has been used to measure and examine the thermogenic properties of mitochondria. This involves placing mitochondria-targeting thermosensitive fluorophores inside cells, which naturally localise insi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal dusting is "a catastrophic form of corrosion that occurs when susceptible materials are exposed to environments with high carbon activities." The corrosion manifests itself as a break-up of bulk metal to metal powder. The suspected mechanism is firstly the deposition of a graphite layer on the surface of the meta... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The table below lists some of the properties of the BTX aromatic hydrocarbons, all of which are liquids at typical room conditions: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a "relaxed" double-helical segment of B-DNA, the two strands twist around the helical axis once every 10.4–10.5 base pairs of sequence. Adding or subtracting twists, as some enzymes do, imposes strain. If a DNA segment under twist strain is closed into a circle by joining its two ends, and then allowed to move freel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solubility values of organic acids, bases, and ampholytes of pharmaceutical interest may be obtained by a process called "Chasing equilibrium solubility". In this procedure, a quantity of substance is first dissolved at a pH where it exists predominantly in its ionized form and then a precipitate of the neutral (un-ion... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Australia, modafinil is considered to be a Schedule 4 prescription-only medicine. This means that it is a drug with a perceived low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence; still, the use of Schedule 4 drugs in Australia is restricted to those who have a valid prescription from a medical practitioner; import ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The volatilome (sometimes termed volatolome or volatome) contains all of the volatile metabolites as well as other volatile organic and inorganic compounds that originate from an organism, super-organism, or ecosystem. The atmosphere of a living planet could be regarded as its volatilome. While all volatile metabolites... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Heterotrimeric G protein complexes are composed of three distinct protein subunits named alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) subunits. The alpha subunits contain the GTP binding/GTPase domain flanked by long regulatory regions, while the beta and gamma subunits form a stable dimeric complex referred to as the beta-gamma ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An eluotropic series, which orders solvents by how much they move compounds, can help in selecting a mobile phase. Solvents are also divided into solvent selectivity groups. Using solvents with different elution strengths or different selectivity groups can often give very different results. While single-solvent mobile... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Museum of the History of Donetsk Metallurgical Plant was created in 1955, and it is located in the Technology House. The idea for its creation came from the director of the DMZ, Pavel Vasilyevich Andreev. The museum consists of more than 3000 exhibits. In 1971 the museum was awarded the title of national museum. Am... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are six steps in the mechanism of TFIIB action in the formation of the PIC and transcription initiation:
#RNA polymerase II is recruited to DNA through the TFIIB B core and B ribbon.
#RNA polymerase II unwinds DNA, aided by the TFIIB B linker and B reader (open complex formation).
#RNA polymerase II selects a tr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Retention uniformity, or R, is a concept in thin layer chromatography. It is designed for the quantitative measurement of equal-spreading of the spots on the chromatographic plate and is one of the Chromatographic response functions. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Eutrophication is a common phenomenon in coastal waters, where nitrogenous sources are the main culprit. In coastal waters, nitrogen is commonly the key limiting nutrient of marine waters (unlike the freshwater systems where phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient). Therefore, nitrogen levels are more important than ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Although the native biological role of APP is of obvious interest to Alzheimers research, thorough understanding has remained elusive. Experimental models of Alzheimers disease are commonly used by researchers to gain better understandings about the biological function of APP in disease pathology and progression. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metals such as aluminum naturally form a passivating oxide layer which provides moderate protection against corrosion. The layer is strongly adherent to the metal surface, and it will regrow quickly if scratched off. In conventional anodizing, this layer of oxide is grown on the surface of the metal by the application... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The thermal noise on the nanoscale is so great that moving in a particular direction is as difficult as “walking in a hurricane” or “swimming in molasses”. The theoretical operation of the Brownian motor can be explained by ratchet theory, wherein strong random thermal fluctuations are allowed to move the particle in t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Concern about the increasing discoveries of bay pollution problems, and of the institutional challenges of organizing bay restoration programs over a large geographical area, led to Congress directing the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to take a greater role in studying the scientific and technical aspects of... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
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