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The word metabolome appears to be a blending of the words "metabolite" and "chromosome". It was constructed to imply that metabolites are indirectly encoded by genes or act on genes and gene products. The term "metabolome" was first used in 1998 and was likely coined to match with existing biological terms referring ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) which is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar conditions. There is disagreement about its theoretical basis and the parameters required to produce the effect.
The Mpemba effe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cholesterol is a cell signaling molecule that is highly regulated in eukaryotic cell membranes. In human health, its effects are most notable in inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegeneration. At the molecular level, cholesterol primarily signals by regulating clustering of saturated lipids and proteins that d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transcription factor II E (TFE) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. It is a tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains and interacts with TAF6/TAFII80, ATF7IP, and varicella-zoster virus IE63 protein.
TFE recruits TFH to the initiation complex and sti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is thought to participate in the transfer of the phosphorylation potential from the matrix to the cytosol and vice versa. However, it is strongly favored towards GTP hydrolysis, thus it is not really considered as an important source of intra-mitochondrial substrate-level... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Non-Smad signaling proteins contribute to the responses of the TGF-β pathway in three ways. First, non-Smad signaling pathways phosphorylate the Smads. Second, Smads directly signal to other pathways by communicating directly with other signaling proteins, such as kinases. Finally, the TGF-β receptors directly phosphor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The primary application of proton-exchange membranes is in PEM fuel cells. These fuel cells have a wide variety of commercial and military applications including in the aerospace, automotive, and energy industries.
Early PEM fuel cell applications were focused within the aerospace industry. The then-higher capacity of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Apamin is a polypeptide possessing an amino acid sequence of H-Cys-Asn-Cys-Lys-Ala-Pro-Glu-Thr-Ala-Leu-Cys-Ala-Arg-Arg-Cys-Gln-Gln-His-NH (one-letter sequence CNCKAPETALCARRCQQH-NH, with disulfide bonds between Cys-Cys and Cys-Cys). Apamin is very rigid because of the two disulfide bridges and seven hydrogen bonds. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the year 2000 Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) initiated a pilot group of beef and cattle farmers to partake in an environmental management system that would be soon implemented into the cattle industry. The standard aimed for the pilot group was ISO 14001 which is the current system standard for principal manage... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Anaerobic oxidation of iron and steel commonly finds place in oxygen-depleted environments, such as in permanently water-saturated soils, peat bogs or wetlands in which archaeological iron artefacts are often found.
Anaerobic oxidation of carbon steel of canisters and overpacks is also expected to occur in deep geologi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Heme O (or haem O) differs from the closely related heme A by having a methyl group at ring position 8 instead of the formyl group. The isoprenoid chain at position 2 is the same.
Heme O, found in the bacterium Escherichia coli, functions in a similar manner to heme A in mammalian oxygen reduction. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A kinetic and regional chemical study of the Evelyn effect has been described. The results, in the Journal of Chemical Education, made claims involving the mechanism by which the dehydrations occurred.
The article looks into the claim of having E1 and E2 mechanisms occur in the reaction.
The researchers measured the k... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most important aliphatic compounds are:
* n-, iso- and cyclo-alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)
* n-, iso- and cyclo-alkenes and -alkynes (unsaturated hydrocarbons).
Important examples of low-molecular aliphatic compounds can be found in the list below (sorted by the number of carbon-atoms): | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several molecular biology studies during the 1950s indicated that RNA played some kind of role in protein synthesis, but that role was not clearly understood. For instance, in one of the earliest reports, Jacques Monod and his team showed that RNA synthesis was necessary for protein synthesis, specifically during the p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1967, Akira Fujishima discovered the Honda-Fujishima effect, (the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide).
Titanium dioxide| and other metal oxides are still most prominent catalysts for efficiency reasons. Including Strontium titanate| and Barium titanate|, this kind of semiconducting titanates, the conducti... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase also known as cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase or cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene which has an important role in cholesterol metabolism. It is a cytochrome P450 enzyme, which belongs to the oxidoreductase class, and converts cholesterol t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trimethylsilyl chloride is used to prepare other trimethylsilyl halides and pseudohalides, including trimethylsilyl fluoride, trimethylsilyl bromide, trimethylsilyl iodide, trimethylsilyl cyanide, trimethylsilyl azide, and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf). These compounds are produced by a salt metath... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In molecular biology, a response regulator is a protein that mediates a cell's response to changes in its environment as part of a two-component regulatory system. Response regulators are coupled to specific histidine kinases which serve as sensors of environmental changes. Response regulators and histidine kinases are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An event-specific detection searches for the presence of a DNA sequence unique to a certain GMO, usually the junction between the transgene and the organism's original DNA. This approach is ideal to precisely identify a GMO, yet highly similar GMOs will pass completely unnoticed. Event-specific detection is PCR-based. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ring A synthesis (scheme 4) started with reduction of the C9 ketone group in 28 to diol 29 with alane in toluene followed by diol protection in 30 as a dimethyl carbonate. This allowed selective oxidation of the C1 alcohol with DDQ after deprotection to ketone 31. This compound was alkylated to 32 at the C1 ketone grou... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Here, the OAA produced by PEPC is transaminated by aspartate aminotransferase to aspartate (ASP) which is the metabolite diffusing to the bundle sheath. In the bundle sheath ASP is transaminated again to OAA and then undergoes a futile reduction and oxidative decarboxylation to release . The resulting Pyruvate is trans... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The optimal configurations of scanning helium microscopes are geometrical configurations that maximise the intensity of the imaging beam within a given lateral resolution and under certain technological constraints.
When designing a scanning helium microscope, scientists strive to maximise the intensity of the imaging ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There may be a general misconception between the term corrosion inspection and corrosion monitoring, but inspection means frequent checkpoints to check for changes or deviations from predicted results, while corrosion monitoring is a continuous check to control and act quickly against change. In inspection, the purpose... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Based on their band structure, materials are characterised with a direct band gap or indirect band gap. In the free-electron model, k is the momentum of a free electron and assumes unique values within the Brillouin zone that outlines the periodicity of the crystal lattice. If the momentum of the lowest energy state in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a research infrastructure to quantify the greenhouse gas balance of Europe and adjacent regions. In November 2015 it received the international legal status of ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium) by decision of the European Commission. It is recognized b... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There is evidence from a phylogenetically diverse sample of tunicates (Urochordata) that AGA and AGG code for glycine. In other organisms, AGA/AGG code for either arginine or serine and in vertebrate mitochondria they code a STOP. Evidence for glycine translation of AGA/AGG was first found in 1993 in Pyura stolonifer... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ICP-MS allows determination of elements with atomic mass ranges 7 to 250 (Li to U), and sometimes higher. Some masses are prohibited such as 40 due to the abundance of argon in the sample. Other blocked regions may include mass 80 (due to the argon dimer), and mass 56 (due to ArO), the latter of which greatly hinde... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
EA-3148 (Substance 100A) is a "V-series" nerve agent related to the better-known compounds VX and VR. It was studied by both the US and Soviet chemical weapons programmes during the Cold War, and is notable as the only V-series organophosphate nerve agent specifically identified in public domain sources as having a hi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemical milling or industrial etching is the subtractive manufacturing process of using baths of temperature-regulated etching chemicals to remove material to create an object with the desired shape. Other names for chemical etching include photo etching, chemical etching, photo chemical etching and photochemic... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The biosynthesis of aspartate frequently involves the transamination of oxaloacetate.
The enzyme aspartokinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartate and initiates its conversion into other amino acids, can be broken up into 3 isozymes, AK-I, II and III. AK-I is feed-back inhibited by threonine, while AK-II ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In spatiospectral scanning, each 2-D sensor output represents a wavelength-coded (rainbow-colored, λ = λ(y)), spatial (x, y) map of the scene. A prototype for this technique, introduced in 2014, consists of a camera at some non-zero distance behind a basic slit spectroscope (slit + dispersive element). Advanced spatios... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At first glance, using the fact that it would appear that two measurements of would suffice to be able to obtain an accurate value of :
where and are the equilibrium constant values obtained at temperatures and respectively. However, the precision of values obtained in this way is highly dependent on the precisi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1961
* American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1962
* Foreign Member of the French Academy of Sciences, 1989
* American Philosophical Society, 1995
* The Royal Society, UK 1999 | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
GLV release is correlated with fruit ripeness. Although this may be of effect in attracting pollinators, it also can cause issues if these GLV’s attract predators. One such example of this is with boll weevils, as an increase of GLV release when the plants are ripe has been found to increase the predation rate of these... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sex pheromones have evolved in many species. The many types of pheromones (i.e. alarm, aggregation, defense, sexual attraction) all have a common cause acting as chemical cues to trigger a response. However, sex pheromones are particularly associated with signaling mating behaviors or dominance. The odors released can ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The quantum yield of photosynthesis, which is also the photochemical quenching of fluorescence, is calculated through the following equation:
Φ = (F-F)/F = F/F
F is the low fluorescence intensity, which is measured by a short light flash that is not strong enough to cause photochemistry, and thus induces fluorescence. ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
While capillary sequencing was the first approach to successfully sequence a nearly full human genome, it is still too expensive and takes too long for commercial purposes. Since 2005 capillary sequencing has been progressively displaced by high-throughput (formerly "next-generation") sequencing technologies such as Il... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process was invented in Hanau, Germany in 1917. Heraeus Vacuumschmelze and Dr. Wilhelm Rohn applied for a patent on vacuum melting on 12 January 1918 and were granted a German patent DE 345161.
Edwin Fitch Northrup built the first prototype of a vacuum induction furnace in the United States of America in 1920.
Medi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate
:ATP(aq) + (l) = ADP(aq) + HPO(aq) + H(aq)
releases of enthalpy. This may differ under physiological conditions if the reactant and products are not exactly in these ionization states. The values of the free energy released by cleaving either a phosphate (P) or a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the numerator we have the transition dipole moment for the transition, whose squared amplitude represents the strength of the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the atom, and is the vector electric field amplitude, which includes the polarization. The numerator has dimensions of energy, so dividing ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The mission of EPA is to protect human health and the environment.
EPA works to ensure that:
* Americans have clean air, land and water;
* National efforts to reduce environmental risks are based on the best available scientific information;
* Federal laws protecting human health and the environment are administered an... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
MAPseq or Multiplexed Analysis of Projections by Sequencing is a RNA-Seq based method for high-throughput mapping of neuronal projections. It was developed by Anthony M. Zador and his team at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and published in Neuron, a Cell Press magazine.
The method works by uniquely labeling neurons in a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), also known as pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), is a method for extracting various chemicals from a complex solid or semisolid sample matrix. The process uses high temperature and pressure, which results in the extraction taking less time and requiring less solvent, and possibl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Another route to is the Raschig process: aqueous ammonium nitrite is reduced by Bisulfite| and Sulfur dioxide| at 0 °C to yield a hydroxylamido-N,N-disulfonate anion:
This anion is then hydrolyzed to give hydroxylammonium sulfate :
Solid can be collected by treatment with liquid ammonia. Ammonium sulfate, , a side-pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In most cases the fractionation of polymers on a preparative scale is based on chromatographic methods (e.g. preparative SEC or Baker-Williams fractionation). Therefore, the production is normally limited to few grams only. For large scales of several grams up to kg or even tons the “continuous spin fractionation” can ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Researchers in structural geology are concerned with the orientations of planes and lines for a number of reasons. The foliation of a rock is a planar feature that often contains a linear feature called lineation. Similarly, a fault plane is a planar feature that may contain linear features such as slickensides.
These ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Specific volume () is the volume occupied by a unit of mass of a material. In many cases, the specific volume is a useful quantity to determine because, as an intensive property, it can be used to determine the complete state of a system in conjunction with another independent intensive variable. The specific volume al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For catalytic hydroboration, pinacolborane and catecholborane are widely used. They also exhibit higher reactivity toward alkynes. Pinacolborane is also widely used in a catalyst-free hydroborations. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This set of methods include number and brightness (N&B), photon counting histogram (PCH), fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (FIDA), and Cumulant Analysis. and Spatial Intensity Distribution Analysis. Combination of multiple methods is also reported.
Fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy overcomes the w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
F-ATPase gene linkage and gene order are widely conserved across ancient prokaryote lineages, implying that this system already existed at a date before the last universal common ancestor, the LUCA. | 5 | Photochemistry |
As magmatic gas travelling upward encounters meteoric water in an aquifer, steam is produced. Latent magmatic heat can also cause meteoric waters to ascend as a vapour phase. Extended fluid-rock interaction of this hot mixture can leach constituents out of the cooling magmatic rock and also the country rock, causing vo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Scottish chemist Thomas Graham (1805–1869) found experimentally that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles. In other words, the ratio of the rates of effusion of two gases at the same temperature and pressure is given by the inverse ratio of the square ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction method has been employed in a number of total synthesis efforts, like that of fuligocandin A and B, cocaine, diplodialide A and isoretronecanol
An example of general synthetic utility is the synthesis of novel carbapenems | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In contrast to other gas components, water content in air, or humidity, to a higher degree depends on vaporization and condensation from or into water, which, in turn, mainly depends on temperature. Therefore, when applying more pressure to a gas saturated with water, all components will initially decrease in volume ap... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ninhydrin was discovered in 1910 by the German-English chemist Siegfried Ruhemann (1859–1943). In the same year, Ruhemann observed ninhydrin's reaction with amino acids. In 1954, Swedish investigators Oden and von Hofsten proposed that ninhydrin could be used to develop latent fingerprints. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the pharmaceutical industry, some amorphous drugs have been shown to offer higher bioavailability than their crystalline counterparts as a result of the higher solubility of the amorphous phase. However, certain compounds can undergo precipitation in their amorphous form in vivo, and can then decrease mutual bioavai... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In New Zealand, pseudoephedrine is currently classified as a Class B Part II controlled drug in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975, making it illegal to supply or possess except on prescription.
Pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, and any product containing these substances, e.g. cold and flu medicines, were first classified in Octo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In molecular biology, complementarity describes a relationship between two structures each following the lock-and-key principle. In nature complementarity is the base principle of DNA replication and transcription as it is a property shared between two DNA or RNA sequences, such that when they are aligned antiparallel ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Certain isotopes of trace metals are preferentially oxidized or reduced; thus, transitions between redox species of the metal ions (e.g., Fe → Fe) are fractionating, resulting in different isotopic compositions between the different redox pools in the environment. Additionally, at high temperatures, metals ions can eva... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The chemical composition of the Earth and other bodies is determined by two opposing processes: differentiation and mixing. In the Earth's mantle, differentiation occurs at mid-ocean ridges through partial melting, with more refractory materials remaining at the base of the lithosphere while the remainder rises to form... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Sizing of a UV system is affected by three variables: flow rate, lamp power, and UV transmittance in the water. Manufacturers typically developed sophisticated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models validated with bioassay testing. This involves testing the UV reactor's disinfection performance with either MS2 or T1... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Linkage isomerism was first noted for nitropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride, . This cationic cobalt complex can be isolated as either of two linkage isomers. In the yellow-coloured isomer, the nitro ligand is bound through nitrogen. In the red linkage isomer, the nitrito is bound through one oxygen atom. The O-bonded is... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a regulatory cytosolic enzyme present in almost every cell. sAC is a source of cyclic adenosine 3’,5’ monophosphate (cAMP) – a second messenger that mediates cell growth and differentiation in organisms from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. sAC differentiates from the transmembrane adeny... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mini-bulk tests are conducted with 1-100t of samples on industrial scale sensor-based ore sorters. The size fraction intervals to be treated are prepared using screen classifications. Full capacity is established then with each fraction and multiple cut-points are programmed in the sorting software. After creating mult... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
On metal, patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides, carbonates, sulfides, or sulfates formed on the surface during exposure to atmospheric elements (oxygen, rain, acid rain, carbon dioxide, sulfur-bearing compounds). In common parlance, weathering rust on steel is often mistakenly referred to as... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* In quaternary structure denaturation, protein sub-units are dissociated and/or the spatial arrangement of protein subunits is disrupted.
* Tertiary structure denaturation involves the disruption of:
** Covalent interactions between amino acid side-chains (such as disulfide bridges between cysteine groups)
** Non-cova... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The C-N distance in isocyanides is 115.8 pm in methyl isocyanide. The C-N-C angles are near 180°.
Akin to carbon monoxide, isocyanides are described by two resonance structures, one with a triple bond between the nitrogen and the carbon and one with a double bond between. The π lone pair of the nitrogen stabilizes the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Partition chromatography theory and practice was introduced through the work and publications of Archer Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s. They would later receive the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for their invention of partition chromatography". | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Operando spectroscopy is a class of methodology, rather than a specific spectroscopic technique such as FTIR or NMR. Operando spectroscopy is a logical technological progression in in situ studies. Catalyst scientists would ideally like to have a "motion picture" of each catalytic cycle, whereby the precise bond-making... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heinz Falk (born April 29, 1939, in Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria) is professor emeritus for organic chemistry at Johannes Kepler University of Linz and editor of "Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Compounds".
His research is focused on structural analysis, synthesis, stereochemistry and photochemistry of plan... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In response to iron limitation in their environment, genes involved in microbe siderophore production and uptake are derepressed, leading to manufacture of siderophores and the appropriate uptake proteins. In bacteria, Fe-dependent repressors bind to DNA upstream to genes involved in siderophore production at high intr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since cells do not produce double-stranded RNA during normal nucleic acid metabolism, natural selection has favored the evolution of enzymes that destroy dsRNA on contact. The best known class of this type of enzymes is Dicer. It is hoped that broad-spectrum anti-virals could be synthesized that take advantage of this ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a method of changing the properties of a metal through intense, localized plastic deformation. This deformation is produced by forcibly inserting a non-consumable tool into the workpiece, and revolving the tool in a stirring motion as it is pushed laterally through the workpiece. The p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The search for antifungal agents with acceptable toxicity profiles led first to the discovery of ketoconazole, the first azole-based oral treatment of systemic fungal infections, in the early 1980s. Later, triazoles fluconazole and itraconazole, with a broader spectrum of antifungal activity and improved safety profile... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many very hydrophobic materials found in nature rely on Cassie's law and are biphasic on the submicrometer level. The fine hairs on some plants are hydrophobic, designed to exploit the solvent properties of water to attract and remove sunlight-blocking dirt from their photosynthetic surfaces. Inspired by this lotus eff... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
When hydrogen and steam are considered as reactants, the overall reaction takes this form:
where the forward reaction occurs during SOFC mode, and the backward reaction during SOEC mode. On the fuel electrode, hydrogen oxidation (forward reaction) takes in SOFC mode and water reduction (backward reaction) takes plain S... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysis enabled the use of metal oxide materials such as cuprous oxide nanocatalysts in flow processing technologies, which can enable the economical production of active pharmaceutical ingredients and various other fine chemicals. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*amp = ampicillin resistance
*azi = azide resistance
*bla = beta-lactam resistance
*cat = chloramphenicol resistance
*kan = kanamycin resistance
*rif = rifampicin resistance
*tonA = phage T1 resistance | 1 | Biochemistry |
To measure a PDRC surface's cooling power, the absorbed powers of atmospheric and solar radiations must be quantified. PDRC should not be measured when the surface is in a balanced or controlled state, but rather in a real-world setting. Standardized devices to measure PDRC effectiveness have been proposed.
Evaluating ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For a given nonlinear optical process, the polarization which generates the output is given by
where is the th order nonlinear susceptibility, for .
It is worth noting that all the even order susceptibilities become zero in centrosymmetric media. A proof of this is as follows.
Let be the inversion operator, defined ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Odessa, in the house in which Zelinsky lived while working at Novorossiysk University, the Department of Organic Chemistry, a descendant of the Odessa National University named after I.I.Mechnikov, now houses a memorial plaque. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Subfractions of LDL cholesterol that are implicated in causing atherosclerosis have reduced levels of sialic acid. These include small high density LDL particles and electronegative LDL. Reduced levels of sialic acid in small high density LDL particles increases the affinity of those particles for the proteoglycans in ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pdr1p is a main regulator of PDR genes and is known to target about 50 genes. Pdr1p binds to sequence 5-TCCGYGGR-3 of PDRE, which is located within the promoter sequences of its target genes. 218 genes are reported to possess PDRE. Pdr1p is observed to bind PDRE sites on DNA at basal level and also after simulation wi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ester exchange takes place between an ester carbonyl and an alcohol. Reverse esterification can take place via hydrolysis. This method has been used extensively in polymer synthesis. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In size-exclusion chromatography, the residence time of a molecule is related to its volume, which is roughly proportional to its molecular weight. Residence times also affect the performance of continuous fermentors.
Biofuel cells utilize the metabolic processes of anodophiles (electronegative bacteria) to convert che... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Many organofluorine compounds are produced by electrofluorination. One manifestation of this technology is the Simons process, which can be described as:
:RC–H + HF → RC–F + H
In the course of a typical synthesis, this reaction occurs once for each C–H bond in the precursor. The cell potentia... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
About 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium. All 11 are necessary for life. The remaining elements are trace elements, of which m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Converting is a type of metallurgical smelting that includes several processes; the most commercially important form is the treatment of molten metal sulfides to produce crude metal and slag, as in the case of copper and nickel converting. A now-uncommon form is batch treatment of pig iron to produce steel by the Bess... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pyridine has a flash point of 20 °C and is therefore highly flammable. Combustion produces toxic fumes which can include bipyridines, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Terpenes are a key component in chemotaxonomical classification of cannabis strains as terpene composition is a phenotypic trait. Majority of terpenes found in cannabis are hydrocarbons, which are a direct product of terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes. The molecular make up of terpenes in a cannabis plant involves the link... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A salamander (or deadman's foot or furnace bear) in the metallurgy dialect means all liquid and solidified
materials in the hearth of a blast furnace below the tap hole.
The target of the salamander tapping is to remove the remaining hot metal and slag from the blast furnace to allow a safe and efficient intermediate r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Newton's metal is a fusible alloy with a low melting point. Its composition by weight is 8 parts bismuth, 5 parts lead and 3 parts tin; its melting point is 97 °C.
Newton's metal is comparable to Cerrobend, but avoids its toxic cadmium content. This has encouraged its use for medical applications for easily shaped shie... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the in situ method, protein synthesis is carried out on a protein array surface that is pre-coated with a protein-capturing reagent or antibody. Once the newly synthesized proteins are released from the ribosome, the tag sequence that is also synthesized at the N- or C-terminus of each nascent protein will be bound ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lightweight textiles with porous surfaces are the most flammable fabrics. Wool is less flammable than cotton, linen, silk, or viscose (rayon). Polyester and nylon resist ignition, and melt rather than catch fire. Acrylic is the most flammable synthetic fiber. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Promoters reside at the beginning of the gene and serve as the site where the transcription machinery assembles and transcription of the gene begins. Enhancers turn on the promoters at specific locations, times, and levels and can be simply defined as the “promoters of the promoter.” Silencers are thought to turn off ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A-Values are measured using a mono-substituted cyclohexane ring, and are an indication of only the sterics a particular substituent imparts on the molecule. This leads to a problem when there are possible stabilizing electronic factors in a different system. The carboxylic acid substituent shown below is axial in the g... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The 3-dimensional structure of micrococcal nuclease (then called Staphyloccal nuclease) was solved very early in the history of protein crystallography, in 1969, deposited as now-obsolete Protein Data Bank file 1SNS. Higher-resolution, more recent crystal structures are available for the apo form as Protein Data Bank f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymers come in a wide variety of compositions, and this diversity of chemistry results in wide-ranging embrittlement mechanisms. The most common sources of polymer embrittlement include oxygen in the air, water in liquid or vapor form, ultraviolet radiation from the sun, acids, and organic solvents.
One of the ways t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ahrland, Chatt and Davies proposed that metal ions could be described as class A if they formed stronger complexes with ligands whose donor atoms are nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine than with ligands whose donor atoms are phosphorus, sulfur or chlorine and class B if the reverse is true. For example, Ni forms stronger com... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Mountain Pass deposit was discovered in 1949 by Herbert S. Woodward, Clarence Watkins and P. A. Simon, who noticed anomalously high radioactivity. Molybdenum Corporation of America bought most of the mining claims, and began small-scale production in 1952.
Production expanded greatly in the 1960s, to supply demand ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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