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For a light scattering instrument composed of many detectors placed at various angles, all the detectors need to respond the same way. Usually, detectors will have slightly different quantum efficiency, different gains, and are looking at different geometrical scattering volumes. In this case, a normalization of the de... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Xenin is a peptide hormone secreted from the chromogranin A-positive enteroendocrine cells called the K-cells in the mucous membrane of the duodenum and stomach of the upper gut. The peptide has been found in humans, dogs, pigs, rats, and rabbits.
In humans, xenin circulates in the blood plasma. There is a relationshi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A strong base deprotonates the dicarbonyl α-carbon. This carbon is preferred over the methyl carbon because the formed enolate is conjugated and thus resonance stabilized. The carbon then undergoes nucleophilic substitution. When heated with aqueous acid, the newly alkylated ester is hydrolyzed to a β-keto acid, whi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electroporation is performed with electroporators, purpose-built appliances that create an electrostatic field in a cell solution. The cell suspension is pipetted into a glass or plastic cuvette which has two aluminium electrodes on its sides. For bacterial electroporation, typically a suspension of around 50 microlite... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Three nucleobases found in nucleic acids, cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U), are pyrimidine derivatives:
In DNA and RNA, these bases form hydrogen bonds with their complementary purines. Thus, in DNA, the purines adenine (A) and guanine (G) pair up with the pyrimidines thymine (T) and cytosine (C), respectively... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluoride can act as a base. It can combine with a proton ():
This neutralization reaction forms hydrogen fluoride (HF), the conjugate acid of fluoride.
In aqueous solution, fluoride has a pK value of 10.8. It is therefore a weak base, and tends to remain as the fluoride ion rather than generating a substantial amount o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Geochemical Society was founded in 1955 at a meeting of the Geological Society of America. Its first president was Earl Ingerson and dues started at two dollars per year. In 1990 it was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in 1990.
In 1988, the Geochemical society created the Goldschmidt Conferences i... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Chayen holds nine patents and has launched several commercial products for protein crystallization, such as "Chayen Reddy MIP" and "Naomi's nucleant." In addition, she has won the following awards:
* Women of Outstanding Achievement for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Commendation, WISE Campaign (2012)
*Investigator of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All bonds are depicted as horizontal or vertical lines. The carbon chain is depicted vertically, with carbon atoms sometimes not shown and represented by the center of crossing lines (see figure below). The orientation of the carbon chain is so that the first carbon (C1) is at the top. In an aldose, C1 is the carbon of... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Given the ability to knock down, in essence, any gene of interest, RNAi via siRNAs has generated a great deal of interest in both basic and applied biology.
One of the biggest challenges to siRNA and RNAi based therapeutics is intracellular delivery. siRNA also has weak stability and pharmacokinetic behavior. Delivery ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2020, worldwide production capacity was approximately 180 million tonnes.
For use in industry, urea is produced from synthetic ammonia and carbon dioxide. As large quantities of carbon dioxide are produced during the ammonia manufacturing process as a byproduct of burning hydrocarbons to generate heat (predominantly... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The cell determines whether the amphibolic pathway will function as an anabolic or catabolic pathway by enzyme–mediated regulation at a transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. As many reactions in amphibolic pathways are freely reversible or can be bypassed, irreversible steps that facilitate their dual functio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In spectroscopy, spectral flux density is the quantity that describes the rate at which energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation through a real or virtual surface, per unit surface area and per unit wavelength (or, equivalently, per unit frequency). It is a radiometric rather than a photometric measure. In SI... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some kinds of stabilizers are:
* antioxidants these prevent autoxidation of materials and come in 3 primary forms.
** Oxygen scavengers (primarily phosphite esters such as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite) are commonly used during the initial processing of the plastic.
** Persistent radical scavengers prevent or ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If the solvent is a solid, then gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved.
* Gas in solids:
** Hydrogen dissolves rather well in metals, especially in palladium; this is studied as a means of hydrogen storage.
* Liquid in solid:
** Mercury in gold, forming an amalgam
** Water in solid salt or sugar, forming moist sol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It was historically used as a first-line treatment for hyperthyroidism, as the administration of pharmacologic amounts of iodine leads to temporary inhibition of iodine organification in the thyroid gland, caused by phenomena including the Wolff–Chaikoff effect and the Plummer effect. However it is not used to treat ce... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
After-rust is a form of rust which sometimes develops on a non-ferrous metal surface when that surface has been finished, deburred, or cleaned with a carbon steel brush or steel wool. It is caused by microscopic deposits of the steel which become embedded in the metal surface and which over time begin to oxidize. Thi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A typical run-around coil system comprises two or more multi-row finned tube coils connected to each other by a pumped pipework circuit. The pipework is charged with a heat exchange fluid, normally water, which picks up heat from the exhaust air coil and gives up heat to the supply air coil before returning again. Thu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mineral processing begins with beneficiation, consisting of initially breaking down the ore to required sizes depending on the concentration process to be followed, by crushing, grinding, sieving etc. Thereafter, the ore is physically separated from any unwanted impurity, depending on the form of occurrence and or fur... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Originally, the Van den Bergh reaction was used for a qualitative estimate of bilirubin.
This test is performed routinely in most medical laboratories and can be measured by a variety of methods.
Total bilirubin is now often measured by the 2,5-dichlorophenyldiazonium (DPD) method, and direct bilirubin is often measure... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pioneer factors can function passively, by acting as a bookmark for the cell to recruit other transcription factors to specific genes in condensed chromatin. This can be important for priming the cell for a rapid response as the enhancer is already bound by a pioneer transcription factor giving it a head start towards... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a channel transport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein. This secretion system transports various c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the presence of vanabins, concentration of vanadium found in the blood cells of Ascidia gemmata belonging to the suborder Phlebobranchia is 10,000,000 times higher than that in the surrounding seawater. A similar biological process might have played a role in the formation of vanadium ores.
Vanadium is also pres... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An important trait of hyperaccumulating plant species is enhanced translocation of the absorbed metal to the shoot. Metal toxicity is tolerated by plant species that are native to metalliferous soils. Exclusion, in which plants resist undue metal uptake and transport, and absorption and sequestration, in which plants p... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Krafft temperature is defined as the minimum temperature from which the micelle formation takes place. It is named after German chemist Friedrich Krafft. It has been found that solubility at the Krafft point is nearly equal to critical micelle concentration (CMC). Below the Krafft temperature, the maximum solubility of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While the carbamate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are commonly referred to as "carbamate insecticides" due to their generally high selectivity for insect acetylcholinesterase enzymes over the mammalian versions, the most potent compounds such as aldicarb and carbofuran are still capable of inhibiting mammalian acetyl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When nascent hydrogen is produced by anaerobic corrosion of iron by the protons of water, the atomic hydrogen can diffuse into the metal crystal lattice because of the existing concentration gradient. After diffusion, hydrogen atoms can recombine into molecular hydrogen giving rise to the formation of high-pressure mic... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In organic chemistry, a carbamate is a category of organic compounds with the general formula and structure , which are formally derived from carbamic acid (). The term includes organic compounds (e.g., the ester ethyl carbamate), formally obtained by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms by other organic funct... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Native chemical ligation of unprotected peptide segments is used to prepare the protein's polypeptide chain, which is then folded to form a protein molecule. In native chemical ligation, a peptide C-terminal thioester reacts with a second peptide that has a cysteine residue at its N-terminus, to give a product with a p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The taxol synthesis started from the terpene verbenone 1 in Scheme 1, which is the oxidation product of naturally occurring α-pinene and forming ring A. Construction of ring B started with abstraction of the pendant methyl group proton by potassium tert-butoxide (conjugated anion is formed) followed by nucleophilic ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The distinctive feature of the Grignard reagents is their formation from the organic halide and magnesium metal. Most other group II organic compounds are generated by salt metathesis, which limits their accessibility. The formation of the Grignard reagents has received intense scrutiny. It proceeds by a SET process.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Copper-clad steel (CCS), also known as copper-covered steel or the trademarked name Copperweld is a bi-metallic product, mainly used in the wire industry that combines the high mechanical strength of steel with the conductivity and corrosion resistance of copper.
It is mainly used for grounding purposes, line tracing t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Reducing agents can also be considered in demand as the rapid rise of low oxidation state chemistry has been reliant on them. Common compounds include but are not limited to potassium graphite (KC), sodium naphthalenide and its alkali derivatives, or s-block metals in their elemental form, such as lithium. However, the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, the effective molarity (denoted EM) is defined as the ratio between the first-order rate constant of an intramolecular reaction and the second-order rate constant of the corresponding intermolecular reaction (kinetic effective molarity) or the ratio between the equilibrium constant of an intramolecular re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heat engines, refrigeration cycles and heat pumps usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a thermodynamic cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid. Refrigeration and heat pump technologies often refer to working fluids as refrigerants. Most thermodynamic cycles make use of th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Erythropoietin receptor has been shown to interact with:
* CRKL,
* Erythropoietin,
* Grb2,
* Janus kinase 2,
* LYN,
* PIK3R1,
* PTPN6,
* SOCS2,
* SOCS3, and
* STAT5A. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Gouy-Chapman model fails for highly charged DLs. In 1924, Otto Stern suggested combining the Helmholtz model with the Gouy-Chapman model: in Stern's model, some ions adhere to the electrode as suggested by Helmholtz, giving an internal Stern layer, while some form a Gouy-Chapman diffuse layer.
The Stern layer accou... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In science, a process that is not reversible is called irreversible. This concept arises frequently in thermodynamics. All complex natural processes are irreversible, although a phase transition at the coexistence temperature (e.g. melting of ice cubes in water) is well approximated as reversible.
In thermodynamics, a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chemical composition for fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that fats contain considerably fewer oxygen atoms in proportion to atoms of carbon and hydrogen. When listed on nutritional information tables, fats are generally divided into six categories: total fats, saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In spectroscopy, a Voigt profile results from the convolution of two broadening mechanisms, one of which alone would produce a Gaussian profile (usually, as a result of the Doppler broadening), and the other would produce a Lorentzian profile. Voigt profiles are common in many branches of spectroscopy and diffraction. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There have been palytoxin poisonings through skin absorption e.g. in people who handled corals without gloves in their home aquariums in Germany and the USA. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As metabolite analyses are being conducted at the individual patient level, pharmacometabolomics may be considered a form of personalized medicine. This field is currently being employed in a predictive manner to determine the potential responses of therapeutic compounds in individual patients, allowing for more custom... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Protein interaction networks have been used to predict the function of proteins of unknown functions. This is usually based on the assumption that uncharacterized proteins have similar functions as their interacting proteins (guilt by association). For example, YbeB, a protein of unknown function was found to interact ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The system was originally developed by Richard Anthony Jefferson during his Ph.D. at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He adapted the technique for the use with plants as he worked in the Plant Breeding Institute of Cambridge, between 1985 and 1987. Since then thousands of labs have used the system, making it one ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For a single, nonrelativistic particle of mass m, in zero magnetic field, the transition dipole moment between two energy eigenstates ψ and ψ can alternatively be written in terms of the momentum operator, using the relationship
This relationship can be proven starting from the commutation relation between position x a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* The World Health Organization (WHO) published updated guidelines for drinking-water quality (GDWQ) in 2017.
*The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published regulation of water quality in the section of ICS 13.060, ranging from water sampling, drinking water, industrial class water, sewage, and ex... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are two major families of molecular motors that transport organelles throughout the cell. These families include the dynein family and the kinesin family. Both have very different structures from one another and different ways of achieving a similar goal of moving organelles around the cell. These distances, thou... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 9) is a genetic code used by the mitochondria of certain echinoderm and flatworm species. | 1 | Biochemistry |
ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann and Jendrassik and, independently, by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subba Rao of Harvard Medical School, both teams competing against each other to find an assay for phosphorus.
It was proposed to be the intermediary between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The extent of nephrotoxicity for vancomycin remains controversial. In 1980s, vancomycin with a purity > 90% was available, and kidney toxicity defined by an increase in serum creatinine of at least 0.5 mg/dl, occurred in only about 5% of patients. However, dosing guidelines from the 1980s until 2008 recommended vancomy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys were initially discovered by researchers of the Metals Branch of ARL's Weapons and Materials Research Directorate (WMRD) while they were testing a new nanostructured aluminum alloy intended for structural materials applications. During metallographic polishing for microhardness experi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In terms of volume, most petroleum is converted into fuels for combustion engines. In terms of value, petroleum underpins the petrochemical industry, which includes many high value products such as pharmaceuticals and plastics. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The preinitiation complex (PIC) is a large complex of proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes and archaea. The PIC helps position RNA polymerase II over gene transcription start sites, denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (TspO) are a family of proteins that are involved in transmembrane signalling. In either prokaryotes or mitochondria they are localized to the outer membrane, and have been shown to bind and transport dicarboxylic tetrapyrrole intermediates of the haem biosynthetic pathway. They are ass... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term macromolecular assembly (MA) refers to massive chemical structures such as viruses and non-biologic nanoparticles, cellular organelles and membranes and ribosomes, etc. that are complex mixtures of polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide or other polymeric macromolecules. They are generally of more than o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In every experiment, it is important to determine the relative concentration of the protein in question, ammonium persulfate, and Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate that will be used in the protein cross-linking experiment. Previous experiments have shown that for amyloid β-protein (Aβ), the peptide ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polyester resins are synthetic resins formed by the reaction of dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Maleic anhydride is a commonly used raw material with diacid functionality in unsaturated polyester resins. Unsaturated polyester resins are used in sheet moulding compound, bulk moulding compound and the tone... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The G protein-coupled receptors have seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains. Most of them are monomeric proteins, although GABA receptors require heterodimerization to function properly. The protein's N terminus is located on the extracellular side of the membrane and its C terminus is on the intracellular side.
The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One example is the pair . The former has one water of crystallization but the latter does not.
Another example is the pair of titanium(III) chlorides, . The former is violet and the latter, with two molecules of water of crystallization, is green. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Thermogenin (called uncoupling protein by its discoverers and now known as uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) is a mitochondrial carrier protein found in brown adipose tissue (BAT). It is used to generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis, and makes a quantitatively important contribution to countering heat loss in babie... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dallol mountain has an area of about , and rises about above the surrounding salt plains. A circular depression near the centre is probably a collapsed crater. The southwestern slopes have water-eroded salt canyons, pillars, and blocks. There are numerous saline springs and fields of small fumaroles.
Numerous hot spri... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Molded and laser-ablated shark skin replicas have been fabricated, and shown to be oleophobic in water. The molded replicas use a negative made of polyvinylsiloxane dental wax and the positive replica was made of epoxy. These replicas have also shown that the structure of shark skin reduces the fluid drag caused by tur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A semi-empirical method for the prediction of reactivity ratios is called the Q-e scheme which was proposed by Alfrey and Price in 1947. This involves using two parameters for each monomer, and . The reaction of
radical with monomer is written as
while the reaction of radical with monomer is written as
Where P is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The photochromic trans-cis isomerization of azobenzenes has been used extensively in molecular switches, often taking advantage of its shape change upon isomerization to produce a supramolecular result. In particular, azobenzenes incorporated into crown ethers give switchable receptors and azobenzenes in monolayers can... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The eastern blot is used for the detection of specific posttranslational modifications of proteins. Proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis before being transferred to a blotting matrix whereupon posttranslational modifications are detected by specific substrates (cholera toxin, concanavalin, phosphomolybdate, e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Observations of an extracellularly secreted glucosyltransferase (gtfG) sequentially proximal to and activated by an rgg gene with inverted repeats in the intergenic region of Streptococcus gordonii served as a basis for studying its homology between Streptococcus pyogenes. It was discovered that S. pyogenes also shared... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The MyD88-dependent response occurs on dimerization of TLRs, and is used by every TLR except TLR3. Its primary effect is activation of NFκB and Mitogen-activated protein kinase. Ligand binding and conformational change that occurs in the receptor recruits the adaptor protein MyD88, a member of the TIR family. MyD88 the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Nitrosyl (NO) binds to metals in one of two extreme geometries - bent where NO is treated as a pseudohalide (NO), and linear, where NO is treated as NO.
*Dioxygen can be non-innocent, since it exists in two oxidation states, superoxide (O) and peroxide (O).
Ligands with extended pi-delocalization such as porphyrins,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A single-molecule experiment is an experiment that investigates the properties of individual molecules. Single-molecule studies may be contrasted with measurements on an ensemble or bulk collection of molecules, where the individual behavior of molecules cannot be distinguished, and only average characteristics can be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PCLake is designed to study the effects of eutrophication on shallow lakes and ponds. On one hand, the model is used by scientists to study the general behavior of these ecosystems. For example, PCLake is used to understand the phenomena of alternative stable states and hysteresis, and in that light, the relative impor... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The HR-EBSD method can achieve a precision of ±10 in components of the displacement gradient tensors (i.e., variations in lattice strain and lattice rotation in radians) by measuring the shifts of zone axes within the pattern image with a resolution of ±0.05 pixels. It was limited to small strains and rotations (>1.5°)... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Laser diffraction analysis is typically accomplished via a red He-Ne laser or laser diode, a high-voltage power supply, and structural packaging. Alternatively, blue laser diodes or LEDs of shorter wavelength may be used. The light source affects the detection limits, with lasers of shorter wavelengths better suited fo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In order to define and characterize a biosynthetic gene cluster, all the putative genes within said cluster must first be identified and their functions must be characterized. This can be performed by complementation and knock out experiments. In the process of characterizing putative genes, the genome under study beco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A diet with insufficient vitamin D in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure causes vitamin D deficiency, which is defined as a blood 25(OH)D level below 12ng/mL (30nmol/liter), whereas vitamin D insufficiency is a blood 25(OH)D level of 12–20ng/mL (30–50nmol/liter). An estimated one billion adults worldwide are eith... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jaynes (1985, 2003, et passim) discussed the concept of probability. According to the MaxEnt viewpoint, the probabilities in statistical mechanics are determined jointly by two factors: by respectively specified particular models for the underlying state space (e.g. Liouvillian phase space); and by respectively specifi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Delapril (INN, also known as alindapril) is an ACE inhibitor used as an antihypertensive drug in some European and Asian countries but not in America. It is taken orally, available in 15 mg and 30 mg tablets. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ensuring accuracy of the results is essential if GEOTRACES is to build a meaningful global dataset. To this end, the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716041115/http://www.geotraces.org/science/intercalibration] Standards and Intercalibration (S&I) Committee is in charge of securing that truthful and precise data are g... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Plants have been engineered for scientific research, to display new flower colors, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. Many plants are pluripotent, meaning that a single cell from a mature plant can be harvested and under the right conditions can develop into a new plant. This ability can be taken advantage... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A bumblebee nest differs in size and structure from that of a honeybee. Bumblebee nests are smaller and contain far fewer individuals which is mostly due to differences in the method of colony reproduction. Honeybee colonies can contain up to 50,000 individuals, whereas bumblebee colonies usually only contain a few hun... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Therapeutic T cell engineering: altering T cells to target cancer-related antigens for treatment
* Monoclonal antibody production: improving monoclonal antibody production using engineered cells
* In vivo cell factories: engineering cells to produce therapeutics within the patient's body
* Directed stem cell differen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It was originally hypothesized that salinosporamide B was a biosynthetic precursor to salinosporamide A due to their structural similarities.
It was thought that the halogenation of the unactivated methyl group was catalyzed by a non-heme iron halogenase. Recent work using C-labeled feeding experiments reveal distinct ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Beyond its immediate industrial applications, ledeburite holds a central position in metallurgical studies. The exploration of this unique microconstituent contributes to a deeper understanding of phase transformations, solidification processes, and the principles governing alloy behavior. Researchers and metallurgists... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Mycoestrogens are xenoestrogens produced by fungi. They are sometimes referred to as mycotoxins. Among important mycoestrogens are zearalenone, zearalenol and zearalanol. Although all of these can be produced by various Fusarium species, zearalenol and zearalanol may also be produced endogenously in ruminants that ha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ectopic is a word used with a prefix ecto-, meaning “out of”, and the suffix -topic, meaning "place." Ectopic expression is an abnormal gene expression in a cell type, tissue type, or developmental stage in which the gene is not usually expressed. The term ectopic expression is predominantly used in studies using metaz... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Used doctor blades, from gravure and other printing and coating processes, can be inspected with a goniometer, typically with a built-in light source, to examine the blade edge for wear and correct angles. A difference in angle from that set on the machine may indicate excessive pressure, and a range of angles ("roundi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Production cost of microalgae-biofuel through implementation of raceway pond systems is dominated by the operational cost which includes labour, raw materials, and utilities. In raceway pond system, during the cultivation process, electricity takes up the largest energy fraction of total operational energy requirements... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Beginning in 2018 in response to the recurring hypoxic events, activists from civil society have lobbied under the name of "ILP (Iniciativa Legisativa Popular) Mar Menor" for a law that would recognize the right of the Mar Menor ecosystem to exist, treating it as a "legal person" following the legal paradigm of right... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Numerous biomolecules exhibit the ability to dissolve certain metal cations. Thus, proteins, polysaccharides, and polynucleic acids are excellent polydentate ligands for many metal ions. Organic compounds such as the amino acids glutamic acid and histidine, organic diacids such as malate, and polypeptides such as phyt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
: The commonly used markers include simple sequence repeats (or microsatellites), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The process of identification of plant genotypes is known as genotyping.
Another area that is developing is genotyping by sequencing. | 1 | Biochemistry |
VitaminD (ergocalciferol) and vitaminD (cholecalciferol) share a similar mechanism of action as outlined above. Metabolites produced by vitamin D are named with an er- or ergo- prefix to differentiate them from the D-based counterparts (sometimes with a chole- prefix).
* Metabolites produced from vitaminD tend to bind ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general, when scientists determine the amount of a substance that may be hazardous for humans, animals and/or the environment they determine the amount of the substance likely to trigger effects and if possible establish a safe level. In Europe, the European Food Safety Authority produced risk assessments for more t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CrysTBox (Crystallographic Tool Box) is a suite of computer tools designed to accelerate material research based on transmission electron microscope images via highly accurate automated analysis and interactive visualization. Relying on artificial intelligence and computer vision, CrysTBox makes routine crystallographi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
PI3K inhibitors may overcome drug resistance and improve advanced breast cancer (ABC) outcomes. Different PI3K inhibitors exhibit different effect against various PI3K types. Class IA pan-PI3K inhibitors have been more extensively studied than isoform specific inhibitors; Pictilisib is another pan-PI3K inhibitor with g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Great Calcite Belt (GCB) of the Southern Ocean is a region of elevated summertime upper ocean calcite concentration derived from coccolithophores, despite the region being known for its diatom predominance. The overlap of two major phytoplankton groups, coccolithophores and diatoms, in the dynamic frontal systems c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The advantage of using ketenyl anion molecule is to synthesize desired compound selectively without concerning dimerization before synthesizing a target product. In ylide-ketenyl anion, electrophile can be substituted in exchange of metal to functionalize the ketene moiety at high yield. Since the central carbon is ne... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the last century, refrigeration allowed new settlement patterns to emerge. This new technology has allowed for new areas to be settled that are not on a natural channel of transport such as a river, valley trail or harbor that may have otherwise not been settled. Refrigeration has given opportunities to early settle... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Upon illumination of the chloroplasts, the pH of the stroma rises from 7.0 to 8.0 because of the proton (hydrogen ion, ) gradient created across the thylakoid membrane. The movement of protons into thylakoids is driven by light and is fundamental to ATP synthesis in chloroplasts (Further reading: Photosynthetic reactio... | 5 | Photochemistry |
He invented the first hardware security module (HSM), the so-called "Atalla Box", a security system that secures a majority of transactions from ATMs today. At the same time, Atalla contributed to the development of the personal identification number (PIN) system, which has developed among others in the banking industr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Coordinates the activities of more than 70 polypeptides required for initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
* Binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly
* Serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex
* Acts as a channel for regulatory signals | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reflections, or mirror isometries, denoted by F, where c is a point in the plane and v is a unit vector in R. (F is for "flip".) have the effect of reflecting the point p in the line L that is perpendicular to v and that passes through c. The line L is called the reflection axis or the associated mirror. To find a for... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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