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Applications of quorum quenching that have been exploited by humans include the use of AHL-degrading bacteria in aquacultures to limit the spread of diseases in aquatic populations of fish, mollusks and crustaceans. This technique has also been translated to agriculture, to restrict the spread of pathogenic bacteria th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rwanda and Burundi, former Belgian colonies in Central Africa, are RHT but are considering switching to LHT like neighbouring members of the East African Community (EAC). A survey in 2009 found that 54% of Rwandans favoured the switch. Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles, easier maintenance and... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Based on the simplifying assumption that the signal can be attributed to temperature change alone, with the effects of salinity and ice volume change ignored, Epstein et al. (1953) estimated that
a increase of 0.22‰ is equivalent to a cooling of 1 °C (or 1.8 °F).
More precisely, Epstein et al. (1953) give a quadrat... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Persistent stimulation at the neuronal synapse can lead to markedly different outcomes for the post-synaptic neuron. Extended weak signaling can result in long-term depression (LTD), in which activation of the post-synaptic neuron requires a stronger signal than before LTD was initiated. In contrast, long-term potentia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general terms, chemotaxis is a biological process where living entities, such as cells or organisms, detect, maneuver, and react in response to a chemical signal in their environment. Such a phenomenon is critical for many biological processes, including but not limited to wound healing, detection of food, and avoid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Being a widely available reagent, TsCl has been heavily examined from the perspective of reactivity. It is used in dehydrations to make nitriles, isocyanides and diimides. In an unusual reaction focusing on the sulfur center, zinc reduces TsCl to the sulfinate, CHCHSONa. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An example of a repressor protein is the methionine repressor MetJ. MetJ interacts with DNA bases via a ribbon-helix-helix (RHH) motif. MetJ is a homodimer consisting of two monomers, which each provides a beta ribbon and an alpha helix. Together, the beta ribbons of each monomer come together to form an antiparallel b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Common synthetic polymers have main chains composed of carbon, i.e. C-C-C-C.... Examples include polyolefins such as polyethylene ((CHCH)) and many substituted derivative ((CHCH(R))) such as polystyrene (R = CH), polypropylene (R = CH), and acrylates (R = COR').
Other major classes of organic polymers are polyesters a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When a molecule absorbs a photon, the photon energy is converted and increases the molecule's internal energy level. Likewise, when an excited molecule releases energy, it can do so in the form of a photon. Depending on the energy of the photon, this could correspond to a change in vibrational, electronic, or rotationa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phytoreoviruses are non-turreted reoviruses that are major agricultural pathogens, particularly in Asia. One member of this family, Rice Dwarf Virus (RDV), has been extensively studied by electron cryomicroscopy and x-ray crystallography. From these analyses, atomic models of the capsid proteins and a plausible model ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The common names for aldehydes do not strictly follow official guidelines, such as those recommended by IUPAC, but these rules are useful. IUPAC prescribes the following nomenclature for aldehydes:
# Acyclic aliphatic aldehydes are named as derivatives of the longest carbon chain containing the aldehyde group. Thus, HC... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The transfer of acylated amines is more difficult than that of unsubstituted amines, although, unlike amine transfer by oxaziridines, there are no alternative methods that directly transfer acylated amines. Acylamine transfer has primarily been performed using amines and hydrazines as nucleophiles. Very few transfers o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
With metals in group 4 or 5 a so-called edge-capped octahedral clusters are more common. Twelve halides are located along the edge of the octahedron and six are terminal. Examples of this structure type are tungsten(III) chloride, TaCl(HO), NbF, and NbF.
Many of the early metal clusters can only be prepared when they ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thioesters have general structure R−C(O)−S−R. They are related to regular esters (R−C(O)−O−R) but are more susceptible to hydrolysis and related reactions. Thioesters formed from coenzyme A are prominent in biochemistry, especially in fatty acid synthesis. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ninhydrin (2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is an organic compound with the formula CH(CO)C(OH). It is used to detect ammonia and amines. Upon reaction with these amines, ninhydrin gets converted into deep blue or purple derivatives, which are called Ruhemann's purple. Ninhydrin is most commonly used to detect fingerpri... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, to be specific, those glycosyltransferases that transfer hexoses (hexosyltransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-D-(1,4-alpha-D-glucano)-transferase. Other names in common use include branching enzyme, am... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first swords known so far date to ca. the 33rd to 31st centuries BCE, during the Early Bronze Age, and have been founds at Arslantepe by Marcella Frangipane of Sapienza University of Rome. A cache of nine swords and daggers was found; they are cast from an arsenic–copper alloy. Analysis of two swords showed a coppe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR
* Honorary Member of Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR
* Honorary member of Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR
* Honorary Member of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1952)
* Honorary Member of Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1953)
* Honorary Member of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Eutrophication, an influx of nutrients (phosphate/nitrate), often a byproduct of agricultural run-off and sewage discharge, can result in large but short-lived algae blooms. Upon a bloom's conclusion, the dead algae sink to the bottom and are broken down until all oxygen is expended. Such a case is the Gulf of Mexico ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Alkoxyaluminium and closely related hydride reagents reduce a wide variety of functional groups, often with good selectivity. This section, organized by functional group, covers the most common or synthetically useful methods for alkoxyaluminium hydride reduction of organic compounds.
Many selective reductions of carbo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat or pressure, which increases the substance's temperature to the melting point. At the melting point, t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pteropods and brittle stars both form the base of the Arctic food webs and are both seriously damaged from acidification. Pteropods shells dissolve with increasing acidification and the brittle stars lose muscle mass when re-growing appendages. For pteropods to create shells they require aragonite which is produced thr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ampicillin has been used extensively to treat bacterial infections since 1961. Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci. Ampicillin (originally branded as "Penbritin") also dem... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
U. R. Ghatak was born on 26 February 1931 at Brahmanbaria, a town of historic importance in the undivided Bengal of British India (presently in Bangladesh) to Hem Ranjan Ghatak-Soudamini Devi couple as one among their seven children. He did his schooling locally and after passing matriculation examination in 1947, he c... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fuel made from microalgae could potentially have a low carbon footprint and is an active area of research, although no large-scale production system has been commercialized to date. Microalgae are aquatic unicellular organisms. Although they, unlike most plants, have extremely simple cell structures, they are still pho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The bond angles in aziridine are approximately 60°, considerably less than the normal hydrocarbon bond angle of 109.5°, which results in angle strain as in the comparable cyclopropane and ethylene oxide molecules. A banana bond model explains bonding in such compounds. Aziridine is less basic than acyclic aliphatic ami... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because alkynes have two π bonds, alkynes can form stable complexes in which they bridge two metal centers. The alkyne donates a total of four electrons, with two electrons donated to each of the metals. And example of a complex with this bonding scheme is η-diphenylacetylene-(hexacarbonyl)dicobalt(0). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Polyols may be classified according to their chemistry. Some of these chemistries are polyether, polyester, polycarbonate and also acrylic polyols. Polyether polyols may be further subdivided and classified as polyethylene oxide or polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG) and Polytetrahydrofuran or PTMEG. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polyfluorene is a polymer with formula , consisting of fluorene units linked in a linear chain — specifically, at carbon atoms 2 and 7 in the standard fluorene numbering. It can also be described as a chain of benzene rings linked in para positions (a polyparaphenylene) with an extra methylene bridge connecting every ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl) is a chloroformate ester. It is used to introduce the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl protecting group as the Fmoc carbamate. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The rate for the hydrolysis of cobalt(III) ammine (-containing) halide complexes are deceptive, appearing to be associative but proceeding by a pathway that is dissociative in character. The hydrolysis of follows second order kinetics: the rate increases linearly with concentration of hydroxide as well as the startin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
WECs are sub-surface white cracks networks within local microstructural changes that are characterised by a changed microstructure known as white etching area (WEA). The term "white etching" refers to the white appearance of the altered microstructure of a polished and etched steel sample in the affected areas. The WEA... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Substituted derivatives of porphine are called porphyrins. Many porphyrins are found in nature with the dominant example being protoporphyrin IX. Many synthetic porphyrins are also known, including octaethylporphyrin and tetraphenylporphyrin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 1993 RACI Polymer Division Citation
* 1999 Applied Research Award and Don Rivett Medal of RACI
* 2002 Euro-Asia Promotion and Cultural Foundation (Romanian Branch)Diploma of Excellence
* 2003 Corresponding Member of the Romanian Academy of Scientists
* 2014 SRB Excellence Award of the Romanian Society for Biomaterial... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As mentioned previously, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to metabolise a variety of substrates including n-alkanes, hexadecane and oils. Uptake of these hydrophobic substrates is speculated to rely on the production of rhamnolipids. It is thought that rhamnolipids either cause the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell sur... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A number of companies have commercialized mercury detection via CVAFS and produced transportable analysers capable of measuring mercury in ambient air. These devices can measure levels in the low parts per quadrillion range (10). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biodegradation of any plastic is a process that happens at solid/liquid interface whereby the enzymes in the liquid phase depolymerize the solid phase. Certain types of bioplastics as well as conventional plastics containing additives are able to biodegrade. Bioplastics are able to biodegrade in different environments ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Often the surroundings of a thermodynamic system may also be regarded as another thermodynamic system. In this view, one may consider the system and its surroundings as two systems in mutual contact, with long-range forces also linking them. The enclosure of the system is the surface of contiguity or boundary between t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ge joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant scientist, where she oversaw the mass spectrometry programme. She became an Associate Professor in 2015, and full Professor in 2019.
Ge develops high-resolution mass spectrometry proteomics to better understand cardiac disease. To image the very large prote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NCAs are typically prepared by phosgenation of amino acids:
They were first synthesized by Hermann Leuchs by heating an N-ethoxycarbonyl or N-methoxycarbonyl amino acid chloride in a vacuum at 50-70 °C:
A moisture-tolerant route to unprotected NCAs employs epoxides as scavengers of hydrogen chloride.
This synthesis of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The following forces play an important role in the interaction of colloid particles:
*Excluded volume repulsion: This refers to the impossibility of any overlap between hard particles.
*Electrostatic interaction: Colloidal particles often carry an electrical charge and therefore attract or repel each other. The charge ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Koenigs–Knorr reaction in organic chemistry is the substitution reaction of a glycosyl halide with an alcohol to give a glycoside. It is one of the oldest glycosylation reactions. It is named after Wilhelm Koenigs (1851–1906), a student of von Baeyer and fellow student with Hermann Emil Fischer, and Edward Knorr, a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The CFL phase has several remarkable properties.
* It breaks chiral symmetry.
* It is a superfluid.
* It is an electromagnetic insulator, in which there is a "rotated" photon, containing a small admixture of one of the gluons.
* It has the same symmetries as sufficiently dense hyperonic matter.
There are several varian... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many, if not all, retinalophototrophs are photoheterotrophs: although sufficient ATP is produced by light, they cannot subsist on light and inorganic substances alone because they cannot produce needed organic materials from only . This category includes retinalophototrophs that perform anaplerotic fixation, such as a ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In EPR spectroscopy, g-strain refers to broadening of g-values owing to small sample inhomogeneity owing to slight variations in the orientation of the paramagnetic centers. The phenomenon is indicated by broadening of the g-values that depends on the frequency of the spectrometer, such as X- or Q-band. If the line w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Natural water reservoirs in Texas have been threatened by anthropogenic activities due to large petroleum refineries and oil wells (i.e. emission and wastewater discharge), massive agricultural activities (i.e. pesticide release) and mining extractions (i.e. toxic wastewater) as well as natural phenomena involving freq... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The van der Waals forces arise from interaction between uncharged atoms or molecules, leading not only to such phenomena as the cohesion of condensed phases and physical absorption of gases, but also to a universal force of attraction between macroscopic bodies. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Condylostoma nuclear code (translation table 28) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the heterotrich ciliate Condylostoma magnum. This code, along with translation tables 27 and 31, is remarkable in that every one of the 64 possible codons can be a sense codon. Experimetnal evidence suggests that transl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The raw material was bar iron, or (from the introduction of mild steel in the late 19th century), a bar of steel. This was drawn into a flat bar (known as a tin bar) at the ironworks or steel works where it was made. The cross-section of the bar needed to be accurate in size as this would be the cross-section of the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Transesterification, which involves changing one ester into another one, is widely practiced:
Like the hydrolysation, transesterification is catalysed by acids and bases. The reaction is widely used for degrading triglycerides, e.g. in the production of fatty acid esters and alcohols. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) is pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There have been reports of off-label uses of pseudoephedrine for its stimulant properties. Long-distance truck drivers and athletes, for example, have reportedly used pseudoephedrine as a stimulant to increase their state of alertness/awareness.
A study has also found that pseudoephedrine can reduce milk production in ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) involves measuring resistive and capacitive changes caused by a biorecognition event. Typically, a small amplitude sinusoidal electrical stimulus is applied, causing current to flow through the biosensor. The frequency is varied over a range to obtain the impedance spectrum.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this process molten metal is poured in the mold and allowed to solidify while the mold is rotating. Metal is poured into the center of the mold at its axis of rotation. Due to inertial force, the liquid metal is thrown out toward the periphery.
Centrifugal casting is both gravity and pressure independent since it cr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The serotonin created by the brain comprises around 10% of total body serotonin. The majority (80-90%) is found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It travels around the brain along the medial forebrain bundle and acts on serotonin receptors. In the peripheral nervous system (such as in the gut wall) serotonin regulate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PDE inhibitors have been identified as new potential therapeutics in areas such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, dementia, depression, asthma, COPD, protozoal infections (including malaria) and schizophrenia.
PDE also are important in seizure incidence. For example, PDE compromised the antiep... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glide reflections, denoted by G, where c is a point in the plane, v is a unit vector in R, and w is non-null a vector perpendicular to v are a combination of a reflection in the line described by c and v, followed by a translation along w. That is,
or in other words,
(It is also true that
that is, we obtain the same re... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are a number of problems that can be encountered during the casting process. The main types are: gas porosity, shrinkage defects, mold material defects, pouring metal defects, and metallurgical defects. | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Food chemistry
* Food physics and Rheology
* Biophysical chemistry
* Physical chemistry
** Spectroscopy-applied
** Intermolecular forces
** Nanotechnology and nanostructures
* Chemical physics
** Molecular dynamics
** Surface chemistry and Van der Waals forces
** Chemical reactions and Reaction chemistry
* Quantum ch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An isocyanide (also called isonitrile or carbylamine) is an organic compound with the functional group –. It is the isomer of the related nitrile (–C≡N), hence the prefix is isocyano. The organic fragment is connected to the isocyanide group through the nitrogen atom, not via the carbon. They are used as building block... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The main precursors of glyceroneogenesis are pyruvate, lactate, glutamine, and alanine. Glyceroneogenesis is also known as the branched pathway of gluconeogenesis because its first few steps are the same.
When pyruvate or lactate is used as the precursor for glycerol 3-phosphate, glyceroneogenesis follows the same path... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Research in photocatalysis again paused until 1964, when V.N. Filimonov investigated isopropanol photooxidation from ZnO and ; while in 1965 Kato and Mashio, Doerffler and Hauffe, and Ikekawa et al. (1965) explored oxidation/photooxidation of and organic solvents from ZnO radiance. In 1970, Formenti et al. and Tanaka... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A telluroketone is an analog of a ketone in which the oxygen atom has been replaced by a tellurium atom. This change makes the functional group less stable, requiring greater steric and electronic stabilization. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The addition of hydrogen and an amino group (NR) using reagents other than the amine HNR is known as a "formal hydroamination" reaction. Although the advantages of atom economy and/or ready available of the nitrogen source are diminished as a result, the greater thermodynamic driving force, as well as ability to tune ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are three types of viral infections that can be considered under the topic of viral transformation. These are cytocidal, persistent, and transforming infections. Cytocidal infections can cause fusion of adjacent cells, disruption of transport pathways including ions and other cell signals, disruption of DNA, RN... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a polyoxometalate (abbreviated POM) is a polyatomic ion, usually an anion, that consists of three or more transition metal oxyanions linked together by shared oxygen atoms to form closed 3-dimensional frameworks. The metal atoms are usually group 6 (Mo, W) or less commonly group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) and group 7 ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sialic acid containing glycoproteins (sialoglycoproteins) bind selectin in humans and other organisms. Metastatic cancer cells often express a high density of sialic acid-rich glycoproteins. This overexpression of sialic acid on surfaces creates a negative charge on cell membranes. This creates repulsion between cells ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Iron–sulfur clusters are molecular ensembles of iron and sulfide. They are most often discussed in the context of the biological role for iron–sulfur proteins, which are pervasive. Many Fe–S clusters are known in the area of organometallic chemistry and as precursors to synthetic analogues of the biological clusters ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Spodden Valley asbestos controversy arose in May 2004 when approximately of land in Spodden Valley in Rochdale, England, formerly used by Turner Brothers Asbestos Company (later known as Turner & Newall), and the site of the worlds largest asbestos textile factory, was sold to MMC Estates, a property developer. Th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A core suite of environmental variables was selected at the start of the program that is expected to display detectable change on time scales of several days to one decade. Since 1988, the interdisciplinary station work has included physical, chemical, biological and sedimentological observations and rate measurements.... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A study published in 2016, by researchers from the University of South Florida, Canada and the Netherlands, used GRACE satellite data to estimate freshwater flux from Greenland. They concluded that freshwater runoff is accelerating, and could eventually cause a disruption of AMOC in the future, which would affect Europ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Transketolase (abbreviated as TK) is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the TKT gene. It participates in both the pentose phosphate pathway in all organisms and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. Transketolase catalyzes two important reactions, which operate in opposite directions in these two pathways. In the f... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Phillips catalyst, or the Phillips supported chromium catalyst, is the catalyst used to produce approximately half of the world's polyethylene. A heterogeneous catalyst, it consists of a chromium oxide supported on silica gel. Polyethylene, the most-produced synthetic polymer, is produced industrially by the polym... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Coined by Herbert J. Webber, the term clone derives from the Ancient Greek word (), twig, which is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig. In botany, the term lusus was used. In horticulture, the spelling clon was used until the early twentieth century; the final e came into use to indicate the vowel i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Henderson limit is the X-ray dose (energy per unit mass) a cryo-cooled crystal can absorb before the diffraction pattern decays to half of its original intensity. Its value is defined as 2 × 10 Gy (J/kg). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some alcohols are reduced to alkanes when treated with hydrosilanes in the presence of a strong Lewis acid. Brønsted acids may also be used. Tertiary alcohols undergo facile reduction using boron trifluoride etherate as the Lewis acid. Primary alcohols require an excess of the silane, a stronger Lewis acid, and long re... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Like some other ethers, dioxane combines with atmospheric oxygen upon prolonged exposure to air to form potentially explosive peroxides. Distillation of these mixtures is dangerous. Storage over metallic sodium could limit the risk of peroxide accumulation. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Giuseppe Resnati (born 26 August 1955) is an Italian chemist with interests in supramolecular chemistry and fluorine chemistry. He has a particular focus on self-assembly processes driven by halogen bonds and chalcogen bonds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Purely decorative work is rare among Minoan bronzes, and is comparatively poor in quality. There are several statuettes, very completely modelled but roughly cast; they are solid and unchased, with blurred details. Well known are a figure of a praying or dancing woman from the Troad, now at Berlin, and another from Hag... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The presence of chlorides to the steel surface, above a certain critical amount, can locally break the protective thin film of oxides on the steel surface, even if concrete is still alkaline, causing a very localized and aggressive form of corrosion known as pitting. Current regulations forbid the use of chloride conta... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, control coefficients are used to describe how much influence (i.e., control) a given reaction step has on the steady-state flux or species concentration level. In practice, this can be accomplished by changing the expression level of a given enzyme and measuring the resulting changes in flux and metabolit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A useful novel radiolabelled compound is one that is suitable either for medical imaging of certain body parts such as brain or tumors (injecting low doses of radioactivity) or for treating tumors (requiring injection of high doses of radioactivity). In both cases, the compound needs to accumulate in the target organ a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
HeSE has been used to construct empirical helium-surface scattering potentials through the measurement of selective adsorption resonances (bound state resonances) on the clean LiF(001) surface and the hydrogenated Si(111) surface. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The expansion of gold mining in the Rand of South Africa began to slow down in the 1880s, as the new deposits being found tended to contain pyritic ore. The gold could not be extracted from this compound with any of the then available chemical processes or technologies.
In 1887, John Stewart MacArthur, working in colla... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Because of the link between chlorophyll content and nitrogen content in leaves, chlorophyll fluorometers can be used to detect nitrogen deficiency in plants, by several methods.
Based on several years of research and experimentation, polyphenols can be the indicators of nitrogen status of a plant. For instance, when a ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Mesoscopic methods operate on length and time scales between the particle and continuum levels. For this reason, they combine elements of particle-based dynamics and continuum hydrodynamics.
An example is the lattice Boltzmann method, which models a fluid as a collection of fictitious particles that exist on a lattice.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Production of QGP in the laboratory is achieved by colliding heavy atomic nuclei (called heavy ions as in an accelerator atoms are ionized) at relativistic energy in which matter is heated well above the Hagedorn temperature T = 150 MeV per particle, which amounts to a temperature exceeding 1.66×10 K. This can be accom... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Perfluorocarbons dissolve relatively high volumes of gases. The high solubility of gases is attributed to the weak intermolecular interactions in these fluorocarbon fluids.
The table shows values for the mole fraction, , of nitrogen dissolved, calculated from the Blood–gas partition coefficient, at 298.15 K (25 °C), 0.... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Halons are usually defined as hydrocarbons where the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by bromine, along with other halogens. They are referred to by a system of code numbers similar to (but simpler than) the system used for freons. The first digit specifies the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, the second is the... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
It was long assumed that the midbody was simply a structural part of cytokinesis, and was totally degraded with the completion of mitosis. However, it is now understood that post-abscission, the midbody is converted into an endosome-like signalling molecule, and can be internalised by nearby cells.
This endosome is mar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Level P vectors are similar to level M constructs except that the BpiI sites are replaced by BsaI sites and the BsaI sites are replaced by BpiI sites. Several level M constructs with compatible fusion sites can be subcloned into a level P vector in one step. Theoretically, as many as 36 genes can be assembled in one co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2021, the globally tilled soil volume was estimated at 1840 km/yr. This value exceeds by two orders of magnitude the global total of all engineering earthworks. For comparison globally, the natural process of soil bioturbation by plant roots and earthworms, was estimated at 960 km/yr.
Mechanical soil cultivation pr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
SH2 domains, and other binding domains, have been used in protein engineering to create protein assemblies. Protein assemblies are formed when several proteins bind to one another to create a larger structure (called a supramolecular assembly). Using molecular biology techniques, fusion proteins of specific enzymes and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
# Excitatory synapse: Enhances the probability of depolarization in postsynaptic neurons and the initiation of an action potential.
# Inhibitory Synapse: Diminishes the probability of depolarization in postsynaptic neurons and the initiation of an action potential.
An influx of Na+ driven by excitatory neurotransmitter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trommel screens have a rotating drum on a shallow angle with screen panels around the diameter of the drum. The feed material always sits at the bottom of the drum and, as the drum rotates, always comes into contact with clean screen. The oversize travels to the end of the drum as it does not pass through the screen, w... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Plastocyanin is an electron carrier that transfers the electron from cytochrome b6f to the P700 cofactor of PSI in its ionized state P700. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Dentin bonding refers to process of bonding a resin to conditioned dentin, where mineral component is replaced with resin monomers to form a biocomposite comprising dentin collagen and cured resin. The adhesive-dentin interface forms a tight and permanent bond between dentin and composite resins.
It can be accomplished... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sigma B was the first anti-sigma factor identified in a bacterium. It is found in Bacillus subtilis and other similar bacteria. Sigma B is a stress response factor that plays a role in survival and against destruction that could be caused by other organisms such as mammals. General stress responses that are controlled... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA adenine methyltransferase identification, often abbreviated DamID, is a molecular biology protocol used to map the binding sites of DNA- and chromatin-binding proteins in eukaryotes. DamID identifies binding sites by expressing the proposed DNA-binding protein as a fusion protein with DNA methyltransferase. Binding... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many scientific endeavors are dependent upon accurate quantification of drugs and endogenous substances in biological samples; the focus of bioanalysis in the pharmaceutical industry is to provide a quantitative measure of the active drug and/or its metabolite(s) for the purpose of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, bio... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A catalyst's function is to increase the speed of the electron transfer (redox) reaction. Plastocyanin is believed to work less like an enzyme where enzymes decrease the transition energy needed to transfer the electron. Plastocyanin works more on the principles of entatic states where it increases the energy of the re... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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