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In physical organic chemistry, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is the change in the reaction rate of a chemical reaction when one of the atoms in the reactants is replaced by one of its isotopes. Formally, it is the ratio of rate constants for the reactions involving the light (k) and the heavy (k) isotopically substitu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two chemists generally expressed the composition of a mixture in terms of numerical values relating the amount of the product to describe the equilibrium state.
Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage, building on Claude Louis Berthollet's ideas about reversible chemical reactions, proposed the law of mass action in 1... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PT is known to dissociate into two parts in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): the enzymatically active A subunit (S1) and the cell-binding B subunit. The two subunits are separated by proteolic cleavage. The B subunit will undergo ubiquitin-dependent degradation by the 26S proteasome. However, the A subunit lacks lysine ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The thermally induced unidirectional shape-shape-memory effect is an effect classified within the new so-called smart materials. Polymers with thermally induced shape-memory effect are new materials, whose applications are recently being studied in different fields of science (e.g., medicine), communications and entert... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The amination of phosphorus trihalides occur sequentially, with each amination proceeding more slowly than the preceding:
:PCl + 2 HNMe → MeNPCl + [HNMe]Cl
:MeNPCl + 2 HNMe → (MeN)PCl + [HNMe]Cl
With bulky amines like diisopropylamine, the selectivity for the monosubstitution improves.
Commercially ava... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Some aldehydes are substrates for aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes which metabolize aldehydes in the body. There are toxicities associated with some aldehydes that are related to neurodegenerative disease, heart disease, and some types of cancer. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In size-exclusion chromatography, such as gel permeation chromatography, the intrinsic viscosity of a polymer is directly related to the elution volume of the polymer. Therefore, by running several monodisperse samples of polymer in a gel permeation chromatograph (GPC), the values of and can be determined graphically... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An important factor influencing a substance's volatility is the strength of the interactions between its molecules. Attractive forces between molecules are what holds materials together, and materials with stronger intermolecular forces, such as most solids, are typically not very volatile. Ethanol and dimethyl ether, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It can complement X-ray crystallography for studies of very small crystals (<0.1 micrometers), both inorganic, organic, and proteins, such as membrane proteins, that cannot easily form the large 3-dimensional crystals required for that process. Protein structures are usually determined from either 2-dimensional crystal... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* NSCLC (48% of investigated cell lines)
* SCLC (38% of investigated cell lines)
* Bladder cancers (38%)
* Breast cancers (46%)
* Malignant mesotheliomas (48%)
* Colorectal cancers (76%) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since its adoption into the International System of Units in 1971, numerous criticisms of the concept of the mole as a unit like the metre or the second have arisen:
* the number of molecules, etc. in a given amount of material is a fixed dimensionless quantity that can be expressed simply as a number, not requiring a ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When calculating a thermal transmittance it is helpful to consider the building's construction in terms of its different layers. For instance a cavity wall might be described as in the following table:
In this example the total insulance is 1.64 K⋅m/W. The thermal transmittance of the structure is the reciprocal of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When a substituent group is located ortho position to the carboxyl group in a substituted benzoic acid compound, the compound becomes more acidic surpassing the unmodified benzoic acid.
Generally ortho-substituted benzoic acids are stronger acids than their meta and para isomers. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein. Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of pepti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA-Binding Proteins (RBPs) are dynamic assemblages between mRNAs and different proteins that form messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs). These complexes are essential for the regulation of gene expression to ensure that all the steps are performed correctly throughout the whole process. Therefore, they are imp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The results showed that global warming potential and acidification potential were the most significant environmental impacts. On average producing a tonne of steel emits 1.8 tonnes of . However, a steel mill using a top gas recycling blast furnace (TGRBF) producing a tonne of steel will emit 0.8 to 1.3 tonnes of depen... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hot tin-dipping is the process of immersing a part into a bath of pure molten tin at a temperature greater than 450 °F or 232 °C.
Tinplate made via hot-dipped tin plating is made by cold rolling steel or iron, pickling to remove any scale, annealing to remove any strain hardening, and then coating it with a thin layer ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In environmental chemistry, the term "contamination" is in some cases virtually equivalent to pollution, where the main interest is the harm done on a large scale to humans, organisms, or environments. An environmental contaminant may be chemical in nature, though it may also be a biological (pathogenic bacteria, virus... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There are five main methodologies to create coordination cages. In directional bonding, also called edge-directed self-assembly, polyhedra are designed using a stoichiometric ratio of ligand to metal precursor. The symmetry interaction method involves combining naked metal ions with multibranched chelating ligands. Thi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
For the solvent isotope effects to be measurable, a finite fraction of the solvent must have a different isotopic composition than the rest. Therefore, large amounts of the less common isotopic species must be available, limiting observable solvent isotope effects to isotopic substitutions involving hydrogen. Detectab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
More recently, Evans presented a different model for nonchelate 1,3-inductions. In the proposed transition state, the β-stereocenter is oriented anti- to the incoming nucleophile, as seen in the Felkin–Anh model. The polar X group at the β-stereocenter is placed anti- to the carbonyl to reduce dipole interactions, and ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In 2002, Tang was awarded a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) search Fellowship and NIMS Researcher, enable to expand his research in photocatalysis in the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan. In 2005, he was appointed as a senior research associate in the Department of Chemistry at I... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Under a standard set of conditions, the melting point of a substance is a characteristic property. The melting point is often equal to the freezing point. However, under carefully created conditions, supercooling, or superheating past the melting or freezing point can occur. Water on a very clean glass surface will oft... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference took place on Friday, June 28, 2019, at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
2019 Career Panel featured Sarah Wengryniuk (Temple University), Emily McLaughlin (Bard College), Nikki Goodwin (GlaxoSmithKline), Jamie McCabe Dunn (Merck), Zhenzhen Dong... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A number of lines, generally 7-30, with interesting properties, such as yield or baking quality, are selected and all possible crosses of them are done. If many lines of different genetic background are used, a huge amount of genetic diversity will be present. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Activation of the ERK1/2 pathway by aberrant RAS/RAF signalling, DNA damage, and oxidative stress leads to cellular senescence. Low doses of DNA damage resulting from cancer therapy cause ERK1/2 to induce senescence, whereas higher doses of DNA damage fail to activate ERK1/2, and thus induce cell death by apoptosis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The diamond cubic crystal structure occurs for example diamond (carbon), tin, and most semiconductors. There are 8 atoms in the cubic unit cell. We can consider the structure as a simple cubic with a basis of 8 atoms, at positions
But comparing this to the FCC above, we see that it is simpler to describe the structure... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Although artificial pyroelectric materials have been engineered, the effect was first discovered in minerals such as tourmaline. The pyroelectric effect is also present in bone and tendon.
The most important example is gallium nitride, a semiconductor. The large electric fields in this material are detrimental in light... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dynamics of the MPI can be described by finding the time evolution of the state of the atom which is described by the Schrödinger equation. The form of this equation in the electric field gauge, assuming the single active electron (SAE) approximation and using dipole approximation, is the following
where is the el... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some subfields of geochemistry are:
*Aqueous geochemistry studies the role of various elements in watersheds, including copper, sulfur, mercury, and how elemental fluxes are exchanged through atmospheric-terrestrial-aquatic interactions.
*Biogeochemistry is the field of study focusing on the effect of life on the chemi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There are three stages in the post-Soviet history of Ural metallurgy:
* 1991-1994 - adaptation to market conditions, search for sources of raw materials and sales markets, accumulation of working capital.
* 1994-2003 - formation of vertically integrated companies and their development.
* since 2003 - modernization of e... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. After invading a host cells cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With hard water, soap solutions form a white precipitate (soap scum) instead of producing lather, because the 2+ ions destroy the surfactant properties of the soap by forming a solid precipitate (the soap scum). A major component of such scum is calcium stearate, which arises from sodium stearate, the main component of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As a "non-contact" process, the effect differs from traditional electrochemical processes where carrier flow through the surface is achieved by connection to a current source with highly conductive materials such as copper wire. It is well known that materials contacted to an anode can be modified in a variety of ways ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Micro-incineration or microincineration is a technique to determine the manner and distribution of mineral elements in biological cells, biological tissues and organs. Slide preparation of tissues can be used. Examples include calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and silicon (Si).
The o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Corrosion monitoring is the use of a corrator (corrosion meter) or set of methods and equipment to provide offline or online information about corrosion rate expressed in mpy (mill per year). - for better care and to take or improve preventive measures to combat and protect against corrosion. In this article, the diffe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Alkali metal nitrates are relatively low melting and thermally stable. The least stable, lithium nitrate| (m.p. 255 °C) decomposes only at 474 °C. At the other extreme, cesium nitrate melts at 414 °C and decomposes at 584 °C.
*60:40 mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate is a liquid between 260-550 °C. It has ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Photosensitizers have existed within natural systems for as long as chlorophyll and other light sensitive molecules have been a part of plant life, but studies of photosensitizers began as early as the 1900s, where scientists observed photosensitization in biological substrates and in the treatment of cancer. Mechanist... | 5 | Photochemistry |
CPT requires specialized chimeric probes, making CPT assays more expensive than PCR. Because CPT probes are so specific, a new probe must be designed for each unique assay, further increasing cost. Clinical implementation is hampered financially, but it is also limited by the possibility of samples containing nonspecif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Not all amino acid replacements have the same effect on function or structure of protein. The magnitude of this process may vary depending on how similar or dissimilar the replaced amino acids are, as well as on their position in the sequence or the structure. Similarity between amino acids can be calculated based on... | 1 | Biochemistry |
), gives a system of four non-linear ordinary differential equations that define the rate of change of reactants with time
In this mechanism, the enzyme E is a catalyst, which only facilitates the reaction, so that its total concentration, free plus combined, is a constant (i.e. ). This conservation law can also be o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*5.A.1 The Disulfide Bond Oxidoreductase D (DsbD) Family
*5.A.2 The Disulfide Bond Oxidoreductase B (DsbB) Family
*5.A.3 The Prokaryotic Molybdopterin-containing Oxidoreductase (PMO) Family | 1 | Biochemistry |
There has been controversy over energy-balance messages that downplay energy intake being promoted by food industry groups. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proteins are functional macromolecules responsible for catalysing the biochemical reactions that sustain life. Proteins carry out all functions of an organism, for example photosynthesis, neural function, vision, and movement.
The single-stranded nature of protein molecules, together with their composition of 20 or mor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the recent past the problem of removing the deleterious iron particles from a process stream had a few alternatives. Magnetic separation was typically limited and moderately effective. Magnetic separators that used permanent magnets could generate fields of low intensity only. These worked well in removing ferrous t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Pathogenic bacteria and fungi have developed the means of survival in animal tissue. They may invade the gastro-intestinal tract (Escherichia, Shigella and Salmonella), the lung (Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Streptococcus and Corynebacterium), skin (Staphylococcus) or the urinary tract (Escherichia and Pseudomonas). Such b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In theoretical physics, the electroweak model breaks parity maximally. All its fermions are chiral Weyl fermions, which means that the charged weak gauge bosons W and W only couple to left-handed quarks and leptons.
Some theorists found this objectionable, and so conjectured a GUT extension of the weak force which has ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Under the molecular orbital formalism, a typical ground-state molecule has electrons in the lowest possible energy levels. According to the Pauli principle, at most two electrons can occupy a given orbital, and if an orbital contains two electrons they must be in opposite spin states. The highest occupied molecular orb... | 5 | Photochemistry |
*Erosion corrosion
*Pitting corrosion Oxygen pitting
*Hydrogen embrittlement
*Hydrogen-induced cracking (ASM term)
*Corrosion embrittlement (ASM term)
*Hydrogen disintegration (NACE term)
*Hydrogen-assisted cracking (ASM term)
*Hydrogen blistering
*Corrosion | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the case of concrete, curing entails the formation of silicate crosslinks. The process is not induced by additives.
In many cases, the resin is provided as a solution or mixture with a thermally-activated catalyst, which induces crosslinking but only upon heating. For example, some acrylate-based resins are formula... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Epoxy and modified epoxy are standard coatings used to provide protective barriers to corrosion in ballast tanks. Exposed, unprotected steel will corrode much more rapidly than steel covered with this protective layer. Many ships also use sacrificial anodes or an impressed current for additional protection. Empty bal... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited disease which leads to progressive night blindness and loss of peripheral vision as a result of photoreceptor cell death. Most people who suffer from RP are born with rod cells that are either dead or dysfunctional, so they are effectively blind at nighttime, since these are the cel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Born series is the expansion of different scattering quantities in quantum scattering theory in the powers of the interaction potential (more precisely in powers of where is the free particle Green's operator). It is closely related to Born approximation, which is the first order term of the Born series. The ser... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The typical workflow of metabolomics studies is shown in the figure. First, samples are collected from tissue, plasma, urine, saliva, cells, etc. Next, metabolites extracted often with the addition of internal standards and derivatization. During sample analysis, metabolites are quantified (liquid chromatography or gas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Le Bail analysis fits parameters using a steepest descent minimization process. Specifically, the method is least squares analysis, which is an iterative process that is discussed later in this article. The parameters being fitted include the unit-cell parameters, the instrumental zero error, peak width parameters, and... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A chiral auxiliary is an organic compound which couples to the starting material to form a new compound which can then undergo diastereoselective reactions via intramolecular asymmetric induction. At the end of the reaction the auxiliary is removed, under conditions that will not cause racemization of the product. It i... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A few advantages of ATM over other related microspectroscopy techniques include the orientation of the THz electric field at the sample and the ability to readily measure materials that are sensitive to environmental conditions like hydration, cryo-cooling, and evacuation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
High-Mobility Group or HMG is a group of chromosomal proteins that are involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as
transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair. | 1 | Biochemistry |
*1979 Can Test Award by the Chemical Institute of Canada
*1983 Science & Engineering Research Council Senior Fellowship
*1983 Co-recipient of an IR-100 Award
*1984 Meggers Award by the Society for Applied Spectroscopy
*1984 Lester W. Strock Award by the Society for Applied Spectroscopy
*1984 Anachem Award
*1985 Chemic... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This is the most common use for galvanized metal, and hundreds of thousands of tons of steel products are galvanized annually worldwide. In developed countries most larger cities have several galvanizing factories, and many items of steel manufacture are galvanized for protection. Typically these include: street furnit... | 8 | Metallurgy |
R-410A was invented and patented by Allied Signal (now Honeywell) in 1991. Other producers around the world have been licensed to manufacture and sell R-410A, but Honeywell continues to be the leader in capacity and sales. R-410A was successfully commercialized in the air conditioning segment by a combined effort of Ca... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
ADP-ribosylation can affect gene expression at nearly every level of regulation, including chromatin organization, transcription factor recruitment and binding, and mRNA processing.
The organization of nucleosomes is key to regulation of gene expression: the spacing and organization of nucleosomes changes what regions ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Strange matter (or strange quark matter) is quark matter containing strange quarks. In extreme environments, strange matter is hypothesized to occur in the core of neutron stars, or, more speculatively, as isolated droplets that may vary in size from femtometers (strangelets) to kilometers, as in the hypothetical stran... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Particular disadvantages of the powder technology include:
# 100% sintered (iron ore) cannot be charged in the blast furnace
# sintering cannot create uniform sizes
# micro- and nanostructures produced before sintering are often destroyed. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Digital genetic sequences may be analyzed using the tools of bioinformatics to attempt to determine its function. | 1 | Biochemistry |
His academic career began in 1948 with a teaching position at Iowa State College; he served as Assistant Professor of Chemistry. In his capacity there he published his eponymous postulate which is now widely known as the most important publication in the field of organic photochemistry. He moved to the University of Ox... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two main classes of chemoreceptor: direct and distance.
* Examples of distance chemoreceptors are:
**olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory system: Olfaction involves the ability to detect chemicals in the gaseous state. In vertebrates, the olfactory system detects odors and pheromones in the nasal cavi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A polymer brush is the name given to a surface coating consisting of polymers tethered to a surface. The brush may be either in a solvated state, where the tethered polymer layer consists of polymer and solvent, or in a melt state, where the tethered chains completely fill up the space available. These polymer layers c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Subtractive hybridization is a technology that allows for PCR-based amplification of only cDNA fragments that differ between a control (driver) and experimental transcriptome. cDNA is produced from mRNA. Differences in relative abundance of transcripts are highlighted, as are genetic differences between species. The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electron transfer reactions are central to myriad processes and properties in soils, and redox potential, quantified as Eh (platinum electrode potential (voltage) relative to the standard hydrogen electrode) or pe (analogous to pH as -log electron activity), is a master variable, along with pH, that controls and is gov... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Base calling is the process of assigning nucleobases to chromatogram peaks, light intensity signals, or electrical current changes resulting from nucleotides passing through a nanopore. One computer program for accomplishing this job is Phred, which is a widely used base calling software program by both academic and co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because ELPs are protein-based biopolymers, synthesis involves manipulation of genes to continually express the monomeric repeat unit. Various techniques have been employed in the production of ELPs of various sizes, including unidirectional ligation or concatemerization, overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (O... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Wohlwill process is an industrial-scale chemical procedure used to refine gold to the highest degree of purity (99.999%). The process was invented in 1874 by Emil Wohlwill. This electrochemical process involves using a cast gold ingot, often called a doré bar, of 95%+ gold to serve as an anode. Lower percentages of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
However, if the detector is shot noise dominated (which is typically the case for a photomultiplier tube), noise will be proportional to the square root of the power, so that for a broad flat spectrum the noise will be proportional to the square root of m, where m is the number of sample points comprising the spectrum,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material. Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of three-dimensional space in ma... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, an asymmetric carbon is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms. The four atoms and/or groups attached to the carbon atom can be arranged in space in two different ways that are mirror images of each other, and which lead to so-called left-handed and right-ha... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP), also known as orotidylic acid, is a pyrimidine nucleotide which is the last intermediate in the biosynthesis of uridine monophosphate. OMP is formed from orotate and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate by the enzyme orotate phosphoribosyltransferase.
In humans, the enzyme UMP synthase convert... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It carried out work on reactors for the British civil and military (submarine fleet) nuclear energy programmes, investigating metallurgy. In the first ten years, it carried out research on materials for fast breeder reactors; it was the first time that niobium had been part of a fast breeder reactor. The site investiga... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the Arrhenius equation, the term activation energy (E) is used to describe the energy required to reach the transition state, and the exponential relationship holds. In transition state theory, a more sophisticated model of the relationship between reaction rates and the transition state, a superficially similar m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The developers of Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing have marketed it as a rapid, compact and economical sequencer that can be utilized in a large number of laboratories as a bench top machine. The company hopes that their system will take sequencing outside of specialized centers and into the reach of hospitals and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In common use, the research definition, including post-transition metals and metalloids, is extended to include compounds such as cementite, FeC. These compounds, sometimes termed interstitial compounds, can be stoichiometric, and share similar properties to the intermetallic compounds defined above. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The planets of the Solar System are divided into two groups: the four inner planets are the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars), with relatively small sizes and rocky surfaces. The four outer planets are the giant planets, which are dominated by hydrogen and helium and have lower mean densities. These ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The analysis of line intensity ratios is an important tool to obtain information about laboratory and space plasmas. In emission spectroscopy, the intensity of spectral lines can provide various information about the plasma (or gas) condition. It might be used to determine the temperature or density of the plasma. Sinc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the case of oxidizing treatments, spectra taken from treated surfaces will indicate the presence of functionalities in carbonyl and hydroxyl regions according to the Infrared spectroscopy correlation table. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aside from total synthesis, a potentially useful application of hydrogen-bond catalysis is the bulk synthesis of difficult-to-access chiral small molecules. A notable example is the gram-scale Strecker synthesis of unnatural amino acids using thiourea catalysis, reported in the journal Nature in 2009. The catalyst, whe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Arsenic is highly detrimental to the innate and the adaptive immune system of the body. When the amount of unfolded and misfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum stress is excessive, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to increase the activity of several receptors that are responsible the restoration of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA (or 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A) is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. The L-3-hydroxybutyl-CoA (or (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA) enantiomer is also the second to last intermediate in beta oxidation of even-numbered, straight chain, an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As the compound contains the peroxydisulfate ion as the counter anion, this compound should be treated as an explosive even though its explosive properties were not well established. The complex also releases tiny amounts of pyridine vapor which is a possible carcinogen. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A potential socioeconomic drawback associated with solar energy conversion is a disruption to the electric utility business model. In America, the economic viability of regional “monopoly” utilities is based on the large aggregation of local customers who balance out each other's variable load. Therefore, the widesprea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The ionizing effect of radiation on a gas is extensively used for the detection of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma, and X-rays. The original ionization event in these instruments results in the formation of an "ion pair"; a positive ion and a free electron, by ion impact by the radiation on the gas molecules. The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hansen solubility parameters were developed by Charles M. Hansen in his Ph.D thesis in 1967 as a way of predicting if one material will dissolve in another and form a solution. They are based on the idea that like dissolves like where one molecule is defined as being like another if it bonds to itself in a similar way.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A new synthetic approach, called nanofiber seeding, was developed to control the bulk morphology of chemically synthesized electronic organic polymers. Bulk quantities of nanofibers of conducting polymers such as polyaniline, can be synthesized in one step without the need for conventional templates, surfactants, polym... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Galactolysis refers to the catabolism of galactose.
In the liver, galactose is converted through the Leloir pathway to glucose 6-phosphate in the following reactions:
galacto- uridyl phosphogluco-
kinase transferase mutase
gal --------> gal... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In most theories of this state, it is supposed that vacancies – empty sites normally occupied by particles in an ideal crystal – lead to supersolidity. These vacancies are caused by zero-point energy, which also causes them to move from site to site as waves. Because vacancies are bosons, if such clouds of vacancies ca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2008, the submission was announced of a registration dossier to the European Medicines Agency and the FDA for Yondelis when administered in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil, Caelyx) for the treatment of women with relapsed ovarian cancer. In 2011, Johnson & Johnson voluntarily withdrew the su... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Strained alkenes also utilize strain-relief as a driving force that allows for their participation in click reactions. Trans-cycloalkenes (usually cyclooctenes) and other strained alkenes such as oxanorbornadiene react in click reactions with a number of partners including azides, tetrazines and tetrazoles. These react... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In middle and late transition metal complexes, there is larger thermodynamic preference for β-H elimination over β-alkyl elimination, where the difference is usually >15 kcal/mol. Examples involved middle and late transition metal complexes are either absent of β-hydrogens or use ring strain relief and aromaticity as d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The earliest reports of tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy typically used a Raman microscope coupled with an atomic force microscope. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM-TERS) has also become a reliable technique, since it utilizes the gap mode plasmon between the metallic pro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Zeeman effect can be demonstrated by placing a sodium vapor source in a powerful electromagnet and viewing a sodium vapor lamp through the magnet opening (see diagram). With magnet off, the sodium vapor source will block the lamp light; when the magnet is turned on the lamp light will be visible through the vapor.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
They include a number of transmembrane cytochrome b-like proteins including coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase (cytochrome bc1 ); cytochrome b6f complex; formate dehydrogenase, respiratory nitrate reductase; succinate - coenzyme Q reductase (fumarate reductase); and succinate dehydrogenase. See electron transport cha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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