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The pressure dependence of fugacity (at constant temperature) is given by
and is always positive.
The temperature dependence at constant pressure is
where is the change in molar enthalpy as the gas expands, liquid vaporizes, or solid sublimates into a vacuum. Also, if the pressure is , then
Since the temperature and e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Each of the groups in this section has two cell structure diagrams, which are to be interpreted as follows (it is the shape that is significant, not the colour):
On the right-hand side diagrams, different equivalence classes of symmetry elements are colored (and rotated) differently.
The brown or yellow area indicates ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hypothiocyanite is the anion [OSCN] and the conjugate base of hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). It is an organic compound part of the thiocyanates as it contains the functional group SCN. It is formed when an oxygen is singly bonded to the thiocyanate group. Hypothiocyanous acid is a fairly weak acid; its acid dissociation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Toxicity assessment/toxicology by metabolic profiling (especially of urine or blood plasma samples) detects the physiological changes caused by toxic insult of a chemical (or mixture of chemicals). In many cases, the observed changes can be related to specific syndromes, e.g. a specific lesion in liver or kidney. This ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several fluorescent protein exist in nature, but the most important one as a research tool is Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, which spontaneously fluoresces upon folding via specific serine-tyrosine-glycine residues. The benefit that GFP and other fluorescent proteins have over org... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Besides simple strand displacement schemes, DNA computers have also been constructed using the concept of toehold exchange. In this system, an input DNA strand binds to a sticky end, or toehold, on another DNA molecule, which allows it to displace another strand segment from the molecule. This allows the creation of mo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Elementary reaction steps with order 3 (called ternary reactions) are rare and unlikely to occur. However, overall reactions composed of several elementary steps can, of course, be of any (including non-integer) order.
Here stands for concentration in molarity (mol · L), for time, and for the reaction rate constant.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Out of the available endocrine-disrupting compounds looked at, flutamide has a notable effect on anogenital distance in rats.) | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The preferred geometries of the benzene dimer have been modeled at a high level of theory with MP2-R12/A computations and very large counterpoise-corrected aug-cc-PVTZ basis sets. The two most stable conformations are the parallel displaced and T-shaped, which are essentially isoenergetic. In contrast, the sandwich con... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
As reacts with water it can be used to dehydrate various metal chloride hydrates, such magnesium chloride (), aluminium chloride (), and iron(III) chloride (). This conversion involves treatment with refluxing thionyl chloride and follows the following general equation: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Assume that a beam of light enters a material sample. Define as an axis parallel to the direction of the beam. Divide the material sample into thin slices, perpendicular to the beam of light, with thickness sufficiently small that one particle in a slice cannot obscure another particle in the same slice when viewed a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This theory is a little similar to the Lock and Key Theory, but at this time the active site is preprogrammed to bind perfectly to substrate in transition state rather than in ground state. The formation of transition state within the solution requires a large amount of energy to relocate solvent molecules and the reac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Paul Walden (; ; ; 26 July 1863 – 22 January 1957) was a Russian, Latvian and German chemist known for his work in stereochemistry and history of chemistry. In particular, he discovered the Walden rule, he invented the stereochemical reaction known as Walden inversion and synthesized the first room-temperature ionic li... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For DNB type of boiling crisis, the flow is characterized by creeping vapor fluid between liquid and the wall. On top of the convective heat transfer, radiation heat transfer contributes to the heat transfer. After the dryout, the flow regime is shifted from an inverted annular to mist flow. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ruthenium-iridium nanosized corals (RuIr-NC) are electrodes consisting of nanosized anisotropic ruthenium-iridium sheets for efficient electrolysis of water in acid discovered in the Kyoto University.
The RuIr-NC were discovered unintentionally at the Kyoto University, but then investigated and refined for the purpose ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Donetsk Metallurgical Plant also called Donetsk Iron and Steel Works is an enterprise of Donetsk, Ukraine. It is a ferrous metallurgy enterprise that is located in the Leninskyi district of Donetsk. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The LHCG receptor's main function is the regulation of steroidogenesis. This is accomplished by increasing the intracellular levels of the enzyme cholesterol side chain cleaving enzyme, a member of the cytochrome P450 family. This leads to increased conversion of cholesterol into androgen precursors required to make ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Evaporation suppressing monolayers are materials that when applied to the air/water interface, will spread (or self-assemble) and form a thin film across the surface of the water. The purpose of these materials is to reduce evaporative water loss from dams and reservoirs. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Gilman reagent is a diorganocopper compound with the formula Li[CuR], where R is an alkyl or aryl. They are colorless solids. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Gibbs adsorption isotherm for multicomponent systems is an equation used to relate the changes in concentration of a component in contact with a surface with changes in the surface tension, which results in a corresponding change in surface energy. For a binary system, the Gibbs adsorption equation in terms of sur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Wolfram Saenger, Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, 1984, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
* Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2007, . Fourth edition is available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Weismann barrier, proposed by August Weismann in 1892, distinguishes between the "immortal" germ cell lineages (the germ plasm) which produce gametes and the "disposable" somatic cells. Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells (that is, somatic mutations are not inherited). This, befor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Seipin is a homo-oligomeric integral membrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that concentrates at junctions with cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs). Alternatively, seipin can be referred to as Berardinelli–Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2 protein (BSCL2), and it is encoded by the corresponding gene of the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As shrink fitting requires a uniform heating of the component to be expanded, it is best to try to use the lowest practical frequency when approaching heating for shrink fitting. Again the exception to this rule can be when removing parts from shafts. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In an alkene ring that does not contain an oxygen atom, any large substituent prefers to be in an equatorial position, in order to minimize steric effects. It has been observed in rings containing oxocarbenium ions that electronegative substituents prefer the axial or pseudo-axial positions. When the electronegative at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Semiconductor detectors, also called solid-state detectors, are fundamentally different from scintillation detectors: They rely on detection of the charge carriers (electrons and holes) generated in semiconductors by energy deposited by gamma ray photons.
In semiconductor detectors, an electric field is applied to the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Stöber-like process has been used to produce monodisperse carbon spheres using resorcinol-formaldehyde resin in place of a silica precursor. The modified process allows production of carbon spheres with smooth surfaces and a diameter ranging from 200 to 1000 nm. Unlike the silica-based Stöber process, this reaction i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1877, Köhler and Michaelis claimed that they synthesized the first isolated diphosphene (PhP=PPh). However, the molecular weight determination and X-ray crystallographic analysis later proved that this "diphosphene" only had a P-P single bond. Then the research to diphosphenes kept silent over almost 120 years until... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sonogashira couplings are employed in a wide array of synthetic reactions, primarily due to their success in facilitating the following challenging transformations: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This gene product is a component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle thought to participate in the first step in processing pre-ribosomal (r)RNA. It is associated with the U3, U8, and U13 small nucleolar RNAs and is located in the dense fibrillar component (DFC) of the nucleolus. The encoded... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bacteria of the genera Chromobacterium, Janthinobacterium, and Pseudoalteromonas produce a toxic secondary metabolite, violacein, to deter protozoan predation. Violacein is released when bacteria are consumed, killing the protozoan. Another bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aggregates into quorum sensing biofilms which... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Willauer started researching biphasic systems and phase transitions after graduating from Berry College. In 1998 she studied aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) for the potential of recapturing valuable dyes from textile manufacturing effluent. She investigated ions and catalysts.
In the 2000s, Willauer began studying metho... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Diphenylamine may be used as a wet chemical test for the presence of the nitrate ion. In this test, a solution of diphenylamine and ammonium chloride in sulfuric acid is used. In the presence of nitrates, diphenylamine is oxidized, giving a blue coloration. This reaction has been used to test for organic nitrates as we... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some of the most common amine protecting groups, such as BOC, FMOC, benzyl chloroformate and trichloroethyl chloroformate are carbamates. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tuberculostearic acid (D-10-Methylstearic acid) is a saturated fatty acid that is known to be produced by Mycobacterium spp. and two species of Streptomyces. It is formed from the precursor oleic acid (a monounsaturated fatty acid). After oleic acid is esterified to a phospholipid, S-adenosyl-methionine donates a meth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surfactants are classified into four main types, each with different properties and applications: anionic, cationic, nonionic and zwitterionic (or amphoteric). Anionic surfactants are compounds that contain an anionic polar group. Examples of anionic surfactants include sodium dodecyl sulfate and dioctyl sodium sulfosu... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Dexbrompheniramine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. It is the pharmacologically active dextrorotatory isomer of brompheniramine. It was formerly marketed in combination with pseudoephedrine under the name Drixoral in the US and Canada.... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The chemical potential, , of a substance B in an ideal mixture of liquids or an ideal solution is given by
where μ is the chemical potential of a pure substance , and is the mole fraction of the substance in the mixture.
This is generalised to include non-ideal behavior by writing
when is the activity of the substanc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrogen is a chemical element with an atomic number of 1. It has just one proton and one electron. Deuterium is the heavier naturally occurring, non-radioactive, stable isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium contains one proton, one electron, and a neutron, effectively doubling the mass of the deuterium isotope without changi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
EQCM can be used to monitor the chemical reaction occurring on the electrode, which offers the optimized reaction condition by comparing the influence factors during the synthesis process. Some previous work has already investigated the polymerization process and charge transport properties, polymer film growth on gold... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lipid profiling is a targeted metabolomics platform that provides a comprehensive analysis of lipid species within a cell or tissue. Profiling based on electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is capable of providing quantitative data and is adaptable to high throughput analyses. The powerful approa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diebold holds dual citizenship of both Austria and the US. She is married to Gerhard Piringer with whom she has two sons, Thomas (born 1996) and Niklas (born 1999). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nitridoiron and imidoiron compounds are closely related to iron-dinitrogen chemistry. The biological significance of nitridoiron(V) porphyrins has been reviewed. A widely applicable method to generate high-valent nitridoiron species is the thermal or photochemical oxidative elimination of molecular nitrogen from an azi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Penicillamine is a chiral drug with one chiral center and exists as a pair of enantiomers. (S)-penicillamine is the eutomer with the desired antiarthritic activity while the (R)-penicillamine is extremely toxic. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Although they are classically thought of working only together, GPCRs may signal through G-protein-independent mechanisms, and heterotrimeric G-proteins may play functional roles independent of GPCRs. GPCRs may signal independently through many proteins already mentioned for their roles in G-protein-dependent signaling... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For an incident plane wave at a single frequency (and the angular frequency ) on a crystal, the diffracted waves from the crystal can be thought as the sum of outgoing plane waves from the crystal. (In fact, any wave can be represented as the sum of plane waves, see Fourier Optics.) The incident wave and one of plane ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924. He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g., adenosine triphosphate / ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis). T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
"Methylmercury" is a shorthand for the hypothetical "methylmercury cation", sometimes written methylmercury(1+) cation or methylmercury(II) cation. This functional group is composed of a methyl group bonded to an atom of mercury. Its chemical formula is (sometimes written as ).The Methylmercury compound has an overall... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In vivo, when alacepril undergoes deacetylation, it loses a molecule similar to the amino acid phenylalanine which transforms it into captopril. Captopril then provides its blood pressure lowering effect through two way. First, it inhibits the conversion of angiotensin 1, a precursor molecule, to angiotensin II, a vaso... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Bents rule can be used to explain trends in both molecular structure and reactivity. After determining how the hybridisation of the central atom should affect a particular property, the electronegativity of substituents can be examined to see if Bents rule holds. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Along with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been associated with the onset of bullous pemphigoid or pemphigoid-like blistering. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been reported to be a photosensitising agent, but it is considered a weak photosensitising agent compared to other members of the 2-arylpropionic acid class. Lik... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Traumatic brain injury is defined as a “direct physical impact or trauma to
the head followed by a dynamic series of injury and repair events”. Recently, neuroproteomics have been applied to studying the disability that over 5.4 million Americans live with. In addition to physically injuring the brain tissue, traumat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, molecular Borromean rings are an example of a mechanically-interlocked molecular architecture in which three macrocycles are interlocked in such a way that breaking any macrocycle allows the others to dissociate. They are the smallest examples of Borromean rings. The synthesis of molecular Borromean rin... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Purėnas participated in revolution held in 1905–1907, therefore he was prosecuted by the police. In 1918 he joined LSDP, Lithuanian teachers union and teachers association "Naujoji mokykla". In 1920 he was a delegate of LSDP in Constituent Assembly of Lithuania, Chairman of educational committee. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions. They are natural catalysts and are ubiquitous, in plants, animals and microorganisms where they catalyze processes that are vital to living organisms. They are intimately involved in numerous biotechnological processes, such as cheese making, beer... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE) is a liquid clarification technique. This method enables scientists to separate different cells with different sizes. Since cell size is correlated with cell cycle stages this method also allows the separation of cells at different stages of the cell cycle. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A powerful mixer is required for Dimetcote. To meet the high pressure requirement, the mixer should be powered by an explosion-proof electric motor or air motor. Workers can attain optimal spray characteristics by adjusting the tip size or pressure of the spray. | 8 | Metallurgy |
CTCF insulators affect the expression of genes implicated in cell cycle regulation processes that are important for cell growth, cell differentiation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Two of these cell cycle regulation genes that are known to interact with CTCF are hTERT and C-MYC. In these cases, a loss of funct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process requirements for (Pb-free) SAC solders and Sn-Pb solders are different both materially and logistically for electronic assembly. In addition, the reliability of Sn-Pb solders is well established, while SAC solders are still undergoing study, (though much work has been done to justify the use of SAC solders,... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When aluminum makes contact with water, hydrogen gas is produced as a result of hydrolysis. However, at the same time, water oxidizes the aluminum and causes a thin protective layer of aluminum oxide to rapidly form on the surface of the metal, preventing further hydrolysis. In order for the aluminum to continuously pr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
bHLH transcription factors have been shown to have a wide array of functions in developmental processes. More precisely, they have critical roles in the control of cellular differentiation, proliferation and regulation of oncogenesis. To date, 242 eukaryotic proteins belonging to the HLH superfamily have been reported.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Liquid junction potential (shortly LJP) occurs when two solutions of electrolytes of different concentrations are in contact with each other. The more concentrated solution will have a tendency to diffuse into the comparatively less concentrated one. The rate of diffusion of each ion will be roughly proportional to its... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* 1848 – William Thomson extends the concept of absolute zero from gases to all substances
* 1849 – William John Macquorn Rankine calculates the correct relationship between saturated vapour pressure and temperature using his hypothesis of molecular vortices
* 1850 – Rankine uses his vortex theory to establish accurate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Organisms may secrete bioadhesives for use in attachment, construction and obstruction, as well as in predation and defense. Examples include their use for:
* Colonization of surfaces (e.g. bacteria, algae, fungi, mussels, barnacles, rotifers)
* Mussel's byssal threads
* Tube building by polychaete worms, which live in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Archaeological evidence indicates that the earliest metal objects in China were made in the late fourth millennium BCE. Copper was generally the earliest metal to be used by humanity, and was used in China since at least 3000 BCE.
Early metal-using communities have been found at the Qijia and Siba sites in Gansu. The m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The thanator (Palulukan in Navi) is a large hexapodal land predator that is believed, by the RDA, to be the apex land predator. It is scientifically known as Bestiapanthera ferox. Cameron personally designed the creature. The thanator is first seen when Jake wanders off into the jungle and touches multiple helicoradian... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diazonium salts can be reduced with stannous chloride () to the corresponding hydrazine derivatives. This reaction is particularly useful in the Fischer indole synthesis of triptan compounds and indometacin. The use of sodium dithionite is an improvement over stannous chloride since it is a cheaper reducing agent with ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The structure–correlation principle states that structural changes that occur along the reaction coordinate can reveal themselves in the ground state as deviations of bond distances and angles from normal values along the reaction coordinate. According to this theory if one particular bond length on reaching the transi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chloroformates are a class of organic compounds with the formula ROC(O)Cl. They are formally esters of chloroformic acid. Most are colorless, volatile liquids that degrade in moist air. A simple example is methyl chloroformate, which is commercially available.
Chloroformates are used as reagents in organic chemistry.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A salt with associated water of crystallization is known as a hydrate. The structure of hydrates can be quite elaborate, because of the existence of hydrogen bonds that define polymeric structures.
Historically, the structures of many hydrates were unknown, and the dot in the formula of a hydrate was employed to speci... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A black light lamp emits long-wave UV‑A radiation and little visible light. Fluorescent black light lamps work similarly to other fluorescent lamps, but use a phosphor on the inner tube surface which emits UV‑A radiation instead of visible light. Some lamps use a deep-bluish-purple Woods glass optical filter that block... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, the isolobal principle (more formally known as the isolobal analogy) is a strategy used to relate the structure of organic and inorganic molecular fragments in order to predict bonding properties of organometallic compounds. Roald Hoffmann described molecular fragments as isolobal "if the n... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The standard biochemistry and molecular biology textbooks describe non-coding nucleotides in mRNA located between the 5 end of the gene and the translation initiation codon. These regions are called 5-untranslated regions or 5-UTRs. Similar regions called 3-untranslated regions (3-UTRs) are found at the end of the gene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reverse transcriptase creates double-stranded DNA from an RNA template.
In virus species with reverse transcriptase lacking DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, creation of double-stranded DNA can possibly be done by host-encoded DNA polymerase δ, mistaking the viral DNA-RNA for a primer and synthesizing a double-str... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mass cytometry has research applications in medical fields including immunology, hematology, and oncology. It has been used in studies of hematopoiesis, cell cycle, cytokine expression, and differential signaling responses.
MC has been used in various research fields, such as cancer biology, immunology, and neuroscienc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Possible complications may include: infection, bleeding, dysrhythmias and high blood sugar. One review found an increased risk of pneumonia and sepsis but not the overall risk of infection. Another review found a trend towards increased bleeding but no increase in severe bleeding. Hypothermia induces a "cold diuresis"... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following example illustrates how a Boolean network can model a GRN together with its gene products (the outputs) and the substances from the environment that affect it (the inputs). Stuart Kauffman was amongst the first biologists to use the metaphor of Boolean networks to model genetic regulatory networks.
# Each... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid–base titrations depend on the neutralization between an acid and a base when mixed in solution. In addition to the sample, an appropriate pH indicator is added to the titration chamber, representing the pH range of the equivalence point. The acid–base indicator indicates the endpoint of the titration by changing ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The analysis of honey shows:
Typical honey analysis
* Fructose: 38%
* Glucose: 31%
* Sucrose: 1%
* Water: 17%
* Other sugars: 9% (maltose, melezitose)
* Ash: 0.17%
In this example the ash would include all the minerals in honey.
Ashing is also performed prior to chemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma emission... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The adsorption regeneration process is divided into three key elements which occur in different parts of the cell. All three occur continuously and simultaneously, with parameters such as charge passed, rate of effluent in/outflow and air inlet rate varied according to pollutant type and concentration. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The microstructure of a polymer (sometimes called configuration) relates to the physical arrangement of monomer residues along the backbone of the chain. These are the elements of polymer structure that require the breaking of a covalent bond in order to change. Various polymer structures can be produced depending on t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acute beryllium poisoning is an occupational disease. Relevant occupations are those where beryllium is mined, processed or converted into metal alloys, or where machining of metals containing beryllium or recycling of scrap alloys occurs.
Metallographic preparation equipment and laboratory work surfaces must be damp-w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As of November 15, 2021, seven states in the USA declared ten cases of illnesses from an E. coli O157:H7 strain. These cases were reported from October 15, 2021 through October 27, 2021 and an investigation was carried out by the Minnesota Department of Agriculture and FDA. It was concluded that packages of spinach col... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, structural, and evolutionary units that form proteins. Domains of common Ances... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ethanol is the most commonly used biofuel and can be produced on large scale via fermentation. The maximum theoretical yield for the production of ethanol was achieved around 20 years. A plasmid that carried the pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase genes from the bacteria Z. mobilis was used by scientists. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1915, the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood. An old idea called Prouts hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or "protyles") of the lightest element hydrogen, which in the Bohr-Ru... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a dynamic equilibrium exists once a reversible reaction occurs. Substances transition between the reactants and products at equal rates, meaning there is no net change. Reactants and products are formed at such a rate that the concentration of neither changes. It is a particular example of a system in a s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thiourea is employed as a source of sulfide, such as for converting alkyl halides to thiols. The reaction capitalizes on the high nucleophilicity of the sulfur center and easy hydrolysis of the intermediate isothiouronium salt:
In this example, ethane-1,2-dithiol is prepared from 1,2-dibromoethane:
Like other thioamide... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hydroxycorticosteroids (OHCSs) are corticosteroids that have an additional hydroxy (-OH) group.
There are two main positions where the hydroxy group may be added: at carbon atom 11, and at carbon atom 17. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification (MCSGP) is a form of chromatography that is used to separate or purify biomolecules from complex mixtures. It was developed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich by Aumann and Morbidelli. The process consists of two to six chromatographic columns wh... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The term electrochemical potential is sometimes used to mean an electrode potential (either of a corroding electrode, an electrode with a non-zero net reaction or current, or an electrode at equilibrium). In some contexts, the electrode potential of corroding metals is called "electrochemical corrosion potential", whic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA repair genes are frequently repressed in cancers due to hypermethylation of CpG islands within their promoters. In head and neck squamous cell carcinomas at least 15 DNA repair genes have frequently hypermethylated promoters; these genes are XRCC1, MLH3, PMS1, RAD51B, XRCC3, RAD54B, BRCA1, SHFM1, GEN1, FANCE, FAAP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Faradaic efficiency of a cell design is usually measured through bulk electrolysis where a known quantity of reagent is stoichiometrically converted to product, as measured by the current passed. This result is then compared to the observed quantity of product measured through another analytical method. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Copper does not require complex ventilation measures. It is suitable for both unventilated warm and ventilated cold roof constructions. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Benzylpenicillin, also known as penicillin G (PenG) or BENPEN, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. This includes pneumonia, strep throat, syphilis, necrotizing enterocolitis, diphtheria, gas gangrene, leptospirosis, cellulitis, and tetanus. It is not a first-line agent for pneumococcal meni... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Chelating resins operate similarly to ordinary ion-exchange resins.
Most chelating resins are polymers (copolymers to be precise) with reactive functional groups that chelate to metal ions. The variation in chelating resins arises from the nature of the chelating agents pendant from the polymer backbone. Dowex chelatin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One of the earliest steps towards atomic physics was the recognition that matter was composed of atoms, in modern terms the basic unit of a chemical element. This theory was developed by John Dalton in the 18th century. At this stage, it wasn't clear what atoms were - although they could be described and classified by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Absorption coefficients for 200 nm and 900 nm are almost equal at 6.9 m (attenuation length of 14.5 cm). Very weak light absorption, in the visible region, by liquid water has been measured using an integrating cavity absorption meter (ICAM). The absorption was attributed to a sequence of overtone and combination bands... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced it as the most widely used antiknock additive. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a com... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Intramolecular aldol condensation is between two aldehyde groups or ketone groups in the same molecule. Five- or six-membered , -unsaturated ketone or aldehydes are formed as products. This reaction is an important approach to the formation of carbon-carbon bonds in organic molecules containing ring systems. As an exam... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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