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Lipids comprise a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and terpenoids (e.g., retinoids and steroids). Some lipids are linear, open... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the critical needs for NMR structural ensemble validation is to distinguish well-determined regions (those that have experimental data) from regions that are highly mobile and/or have no observed data. There are several current or proposed methods for making this distinction such as Random Coil Index, but so fa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chromatin Immuno-Precipitation, or (ChIP), is an alternative method to assay protein binding at specific loci of the genome. Unlike ChIP, DamID does not require a specific antibody against the protein of interest. On the one hand, this allows to map proteins for which no such antibody is available. On the other hand, t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An early example of a supported metal–metal bond is cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer, [(CH)Fe(CO)]. In the predominant isomers of this complex, the two Fe centers are joined not only by an Fe–Fe bond, but also by bridging CO ligands. The related cyclopentadienylruthenium dicarbonyl dimer features an unsupported ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The compound has uses ranging from medicine to laboratory syntheses of chemically similar compounds. o-Cresophthalein has been used to derive polyamides and polyimides, colorimetrically estimate calcium in serum, and predict amount of time to wait before blood collection after a patient receives gadodiamide. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chelating agents, natural zeolite, activated carbon, resins, and liquid organics impregnated with chelating agents are all used to exchange cations or anions with the solution. Selectivity and recovery are a function of the reagents used and the contaminants present. | 8 | Metallurgy |
There currently are very few effective methods for expressing functional plant Rubisco in bacterial hosts for genetic manipulation studies. This is largely due to Rubiscos requirement of complex cellular machinery for its biogenesis and metabolic maintenance including the nuclear-encoded RbcS subunits, which are typica... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Fas ligand (FASL or CD95L) is a type-II transmembrane protein expressed on various types of cells, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, breast epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells and natural killer (NK) cells. It binds with its receptor, called FAS receptor (also called CD95) and plays a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ocean acidification not only has impacts on aquatic life, but also on human communities and the overall livelihood of people living near these waters. For example, as a result of crustaceans being unable to produce their shells and skeletons due to reduced amounts of carbonate ions, populations such as crabs have signi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Grignard reaction is conducted under anhydrous conditions. Otherwise, the reaction will fail because the Grignard reagent will act as a base rather than a nucleophile and pick up a labile proton rather than attacking the electrophilic site. This will result in no formation of the desired product as the R-group of t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The archaeological record in Egypt, Peru and the Caucasus suggests that arsenical bronze was produced for a time alongside tin bronze. At Tepe Yahya its use continued into the Iron Age for the manufacture of trinkets and decorative objects, thus demonstrating that there was not a simple succession of alloys over time, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Hopkins-Cole reaction, also known as the glyoxylic acid reaction, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tryptophan in proteins. A protein solution is mixed with Hopkins Cole reagent, which consists of glyoxylic acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added to form two layers. A purple ring appear... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Virtually any chemical may be found in water, but routine testing is commonly limited to a few chemical elements of unique significance. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Rh-catalyzed Trp and Cys alkylation
Using in situ generated Rh-carbenoid by activation of vinyl-substituted diazo compounds with Rh(OAc), tryptophans and cysteines were shown to be selectively alkylated in aqueous media.
However, this method is limited to surface tryptophans and cysteines possibly because of steric c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The CHNO strychnine molecule contains 7 rings including an indoline system. It has a tertiary amine group, an amide, an alkene and an ether group. The naturally occurring compound is also chiral with 6 asymmetric carbon atoms including one quaternary one. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Spinal neurons that pass over to the opposite side of the spinal cord.
* A protein complex that contains two or more different polypeptides. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The consideration of energy quality was a fundamental driver of industrialization from the 18th through 20th centuries. Consider for example the industrialization of New England in the 18th century. This refers to the construction of textile mills containing power looms for weaving cloth. The simplest, most economical ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family are intracellular transcription factors that mediate many aspects of cellular immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. They are primarily activated by membrane receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAK). Dysregulation of t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An optical filter can be used to block out visible light and near-ultraviolet light. It is important to have a high transmittance within the solar-blind spectrum, but to strongly block the other wavelengths.
Interference filters can pass 25% of the wanted rays, and reduce others by 1000 to 10,000 times. However they ar... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Early studies showed that individuals who swam in waters with geometric mean coliform densities above 2300/100 mL for three days had higher illness rates. In the 1960s, these numbers were converted to fecal coliform concentrations assuming 18 percent of total coliforms were fecal. Consequently, the National Technical A... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1898, Scientific American published an article called Bessemer Steel and its Effect on the World explaining the significant economic effects of the increased supply in cheap steel. They noted that the expansion of railroads into previously sparsely inhabited regions of the country had led to settlement in those regi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pyrimidines are ultimately catabolized (degraded) to CO, HO, and urea. Cytosine can be broken down to uracil, which can be further broken down to N-carbamoyl-β-alanine, and then to beta-alanine, CO, and ammonia by beta-ureidopropionase. Thymine is broken down into β-aminoisobutyrate which can be further broken down int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lithium is widely believed to prevent suicide, and often used in clinical practice towards that end. However, meta-analyses, faced with evidence-base limitations, have yielded differing results, and it therefore remains unclear whether or not lithium is efficacious in the prevention of suicide. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hyperspectral data is often used to determine what materials are present in a scene. Materials of interest could include roadways, vegetation, and specific targets (i.e. pollutants, hazardous materials, etc.). Trivially, each pixel of a hyperspectral image could be compared to a material database to determine the typ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
Recombinant DNA is the general name for a piece of DNA that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The symbol for pressure is usually or which may use a subscript to identify the pressure, and gas species are also referred to by subscript. When combined, these subscripts are applied recursively.
Examples:
* or = pressure at time 1
* or = partial pressure of hydrogen
* or or PO = arterial partial pressure of oxy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In grain-boundary strengthening, the grain boundaries act as pinning points impeding further dislocation propagation. Since the lattice structure of adjacent grains differs in orientation, it requires more energy for a dislocation to change directions and move into the adjacent grain. The grain boundary is also much mo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Photobiologically Active Radiation (PBAR) is a range of light energy beyond and including PAR. Photobiological Photon Flux (PBF) is the metric used to measure PBAR. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Water is said to "boil" when bubbles of water vapor grow without bound, bursting at the surface. For a vapor bubble to expand, the temperature must be high enough that the vapor pressure exceeds the ambient pressure (the atmospheric pressure, primarily). Below that temperature, a water vapor bubble will shrink and vani... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Parasympatholytic drugs are sometimes used to treat slow heart rhythms (bradycardias or bradydysrhythmias) caused by myocardial infarctions or other pathologies, as well as to treat conditions that cause bronchioles in the lung to constrict, such as asthma. By blocking the parasympathetic nervous system, parasympatholy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1801, John Dalton published the law of partial pressures from his work with ideal gas law relationship: The pressure of a mixture of non reactive gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all of the constituent gases alone. Mathematically, this can be represented for n species as:
: Pressure = Pressure + Pressur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The vapor pressure of a liquid, which varies with its temperature, is a measure of how much the vapor of the liquid tends to concentrate in the surrounding atmosphere as the liquid evaporates. Vapor pressure is a major determinant of the flash point and flame point, with higher vapor pressures leading to lower flash p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One type of organelle can turn nitrogen gas into a biologically available form. This nitroplast was discovered in algae. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* "A Study of Grain Shape", Journal of Metals, July 1952, 775.
* "Stereoscopic Microradiography", Metallurgia, 63, 95, 1961.
* "Careers in the Canadian Minerals Industry", Northern Miner, December 1980.
* “An Historical Sketch of the Canadian Steel Industry.” In All That Glitters: Readings in Historical Metallurgy, edi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Deuterium HCL or even hydrogen HCL and deuterium discharge lamps are used in LS AAS for background correction purposes. The radiation intensity emitted by these lamps decreases significantly with increasing wavelength, so that they can be only used in the wavelength range between 190 and about 320 nm. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
After pelleting, the pellets are cooled with a cooler to bring the temperature of the feed down. Other post pelleting applications include post-pelleting conditioning, sorting via a screen, and maybe coating if required. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The concentration of HCFC-142b in the atmosphere grew to over 20 parts per trillion by year 2010. It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.07. This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere by year 1985 (prior to intro... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene. mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Molecularity in chemistry is the number of colliding molecular entities that are involved in a single reaction step.
* A reaction step involving one molecular entity is called unimolecular.
* A reaction step involving two molecular entities is called bimolecular.
* A reaction step involving three molecular entities is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A crystal cluster is a group of crystals which are formed in an open space environment and exhibit euhedral crystal form determined by their internal crystal structure. A cluster of small crystals coating the walls of a cavity are called druse. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The earliest mention came in 1911, when German chemist Dr. Alexander Eibner integrated the concept in his research of the illumination of zinc oxide (ZnO) on the bleaching of the dark blue pigment, Prussian blue. Around this time, Bruner and Kozak published an article discussing the deterioration of oxalic acid in the ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Satellite images show that storms over Australian, African, and Asian deserts create dust plumes which can carry dust to altitudes of over 5 kilometers above the Earth's surface. This mechanism transports the material thousands of kilometers away, even moving it between continents. Multiple studies have supported the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An enyne is an organic compound containing a double bond (alkene) and a triple bond (alkyne). It is called a conjugated enyne when the double and triple bonds are conjugated.
The term is a contraction of the terms alkene and alkyne.
The simplest enyne is vinylacetylene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Each year, approximately 0.3 gigatons of elemental sulfur is converted into organic matter by photosynthetic organisms. This organic sulfur is allocated into a diversity of compounds such as amino acids – namely cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) – proteins, cofactors, antioxidants, sulfate groups, Fe-S centers and se... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Defective function of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein in snRNP biogenesis, caused by a genetic defect in the SMN1 gene which codes for SMN, may account for the motor neuron pathology observed in the genetic disorder spinal muscular atrophy. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The formation of a hydroxo complex is a typical example of a hydrolysis reaction. A hydrolysis reaction is one in which a substrate reacts with water, splitting a water molecule into hydroxide and hydrogen ions. In this case the hydroxide ion then forms a complex with the substrate.
In water the concentration of hydrox... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency is an inherited pediatric disorder characterized by movement problems, and most commonly displayed as a pattern of involuntary sustained muscle contractions known as dystonia. Symptoms are usually present within the first year of age, but diagnosis is delayed due to physicians lack of a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Entropy is a function of state, and therefore the entropy change can be computed directly from the knowledge of the final and initial equilibrium states. For an ideal gas, the change in entropy is the same as for isothermal expansion where all heat is converted to work:
For an ideal monatomic gas, the entropy as a func... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The IscR stability element is a conserved secondary structure found in the intergenic regions of iscRSUA polycistronic mRNA. This secondary structure prevents the degradation of the iscR mRNA.
The iscRSUA operon encodes for the proteins required in iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis where the expression of this operon is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The growth rate hypothesis, also known as the resource availability hypothesis, states that defense strategies are determined by the inherent growth rate of the plant, which is in turn determined by the resources available to the plant. A major assumption is that available resources are the limiting factor in determini... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Henri Moissan was the first to isolate the element, observing its gaseous phase. Solid fluorine received significant study in the 1920s and 30s, but relatively less until the 1960s. The crystal structure of alpha-fluorine given, which still has some uncertainty, dates to a 1970 paper by Linus Pauling. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
New knowledge about the chemistry of soils often comes from studies in the laboratory, in which soil samples taken from undisturbed soil horizons in the field are used in experiments that include replicated treatments and controls. In many cases, the soil samples are air dried at ambient temperatures (e.g., ) and siev... | 9 | Geochemistry |
To describe the Hund's coupling cases, we use the following angular momenta (where boldface letters indicate vector quantities):
*, the electronic orbital angular momentum
*, the electronic spin angular momentum
*, the total electronic angular momentum
*, the rotational angular momentum of the nuclei
*, the total angul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Corrosion engineering is an engineering specialty that applies scientific, technical, engineering skills, and knowledge of natural laws and physical resources to design and implement materials, structures, devices, systems, and procedures to manage corrosion.
From a holistic perspective, corrosion is the phenomenon of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The carboalumination reaction is most commonly catalyzed by zirconocene dichloride (or related catalyst). Some carboaluminations are performed with titanocene complexes. This reaction is sometimes referred to as the Zr- catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes (ZACA) or the Zr-catalyzed methylalumination of alk... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because of their sequence similarity and operon structure, many two-component systems – particularly histidine kinases – are relatively easy to identify through bioinformatics analysis. (By contrast, eukaryotic kinases are typically easily identified, but they are not easily paired with their substrates.) A database of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IPA) is a laboratory technique used to detect and titrate viruses that do not cause measurable cytopathic effects and cannot be measured by classical plaque assays. These viruses include human coronavirus 229E and OC43. | 1 | Biochemistry |
:These are used for high-temperature FT synthesis (nearly 340 °C) to produce low-molecular-weight unsaturated hydrocarbons on alkalized fused iron catalysts. The fluid-bed technology (as adapted from the catalytic cracking of heavy petroleum distillates) was introduced by Hydrocarbon Research in 1946–50 and named the H... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A variational principle in physics, such as the principle of least action or Fermat's principle in optics, allows one to describe the system in a global manner and to solve it using the calculus of variations. In thermodynamics, such a principle would allow a Lagrangian formulation. The Gouy-Stodola theorem can be used... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Radon has been produced commercially for use in radiation therapy, but for the most part has been replaced by radionuclides made in particle accelerators and nuclear reactors. Radon has been used in implantable seeds, made of gold or glass, primarily used to treat cancers.
The gold seeds were produced by filling a long... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
*Biological Abstracts
*BIOSIS Previews
*CAB Abstracts
*Chemical Abstracts Service
*Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences
*Current Contents/Physical Chemical & Earth Sciences
*Science Citation Index Expanded
*Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Repo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The CBS catalyst can be prepared from diphenylprolinol, condensed with a phenylboronic acid, or with borane (as shown below). The CBS catalyst then complexes in situ with borane to give the active catalyst. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The vertebrate neural retina composed of several layers and distinct cell types (see anatomy of the human retina). A number of these cell types are implicated in retinal diseases, including retinal ganglion cells, which degenerate in glaucoma, the rod and cone photoreceptors, which are responsive to light and degenerat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Imprint nanolithography also utilizes templates, pressing a hard mold into a polymer above the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg). Thus, the driving forces for this type of fabrication are heat and high pressure. Porous templates consisting of aluminum with anodized aluminum oxide (a hard mold) were used to impr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are several on-line software and databases available for glycomic research. This includes:
* GlyCosmos
* GlyTouCan
* GlycomeDB
* UniCarb-DB | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1977 J.M Whatley proposed a plastid development cycle which said that plastid development is not always unidirectional but is instead a complicated cyclic process. Proplastids are the precursor of the more differentiated forms of plastids, as shown in the diagram to the right. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are, in general, triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Several billion kilograms of polyesters are pro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plasma processing, corona treatment, and flame treatment can all be classified as surface oxidation mechanisms. These methods all involve cleavage of polymer chains in the material and the incorporation of carbonyl, and hydroxyl functional groups. The incorporation of oxygen into the surface creates a higher surface en... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first studies measuring drugs in biological fluids were carried out to determine possible overdosing as part of the new science of forensic medicine/toxicology.
Initially, nonspecific assays were applied to measuring drugs in biological fluids. These were unable to discriminate between the drug and its metabolites;... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Unruh temperature, sometimes called the Davies–Unruh temperature, was derived separately by Paul Davies and William Unruh and is the effective temperature experienced by a uniformly accelerating detector in a vacuum field. It is given by
where is the reduced Planck constant, is the proper uniform acceleration, i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sticky end links are different in their stability. Free energy of formation can be measured to estimate stability. Free energy approximations can be made for different sequences from data related to oligonucleotide UV thermal denaturation curves. Also predictions from molecular dynamics simulations show that some stick... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some catastrophins affect catastrophe by binding to the ends of microtubules and promoting the dissociation of tubulin dimers.
Different mathematical models of microtubule development are being developed to take into account in vitro and in vivo observations. Meanwhile, there are new in vitro models of microtubule poly... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The finding of a potential sperm donor and motivating them to actually donate sperm is typically called recruitment. A sperm bank can recruit donors by advertising, often in colleges, in local newspapers, and also on the internet.
A donor must be a fit and healthy male, normally between 18 and 45 years of age, and will... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The same triad geometries been converged upon by serine proteases such as the chymotrypsin and subtilisin superfamilies. Similar convergent evolution has occurred with cysteine proteases such as viral C3 protease and papain superfamilies. These triads have converged to almost the same arrangement due to the mechanistic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Work on aequorin began with E. Newton Harvey in 1921. Though Harvey was unable to demonstrate a classical luciferase-luciferin reaction, he showed that water could produce light from dried photocytes and that light could be produced even in the absence of oxygen. Later, Osamu Shimomura began work into the bioluminescen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once the oligonucleotide library has been incubated with target for sufficient time, unbound oligonucleotides are washed away from immobilized target, often using the incubation buffer so that specifically bound oligonucleotides are retained. With unbound sequences washed away, the specifically bound sequences are then... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics, the reciprocal lattice emerges from the Fourier transform of another lattice. The direct lattice or real lattice is a periodic function in physical space, such as a crystal system (usually a Bravais lattice). The reciprocal lattice exists in the mathematical space of spatial frequencies, known as reciprocal... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ASTM D 6002 method for determining the compostability of a plastic defined the word compostable as follows:
This definition drew much criticism because, contrary to the way the word is traditionally defined, it completely divorces the process of "composting" from the necessity of it leading to humus/compost as the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The product scope of this reaction is extremely broad with the use of different substrates; however development of different functionalities has required accompanied studies to determine the proper catalyst system. The most typical class of reactions involves coupling between C–COOH and C–X bonds, however C–COOH and C–... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mainline CSIs are those in which a conserved insert or deletion is shared by several major phyla, but absent from other phyla.
Figure 2 shows an example of 5aa CSI found in a conserved region that is commonly present in the species belonging to phyla X, Y and Z, but it is absent in other phyla (A, B and C). This signat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ion-exchange chromatography separates molecules based on their respective charged groups. Ion-exchange chromatography retains analyte molecules on the column based on coulombic (ionic) interactions. The ion exchange chromatography matrix consists of positively and negatively charged ions. Essentially, molecules underg... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
First write down the equilibrium expression
This shows that when the acid dissociates, equal amounts of hydrogen ion and anion are produced. The equilibrium concentrations of these three components can be calculated in an ICE table (ICE standing for "initial, change, equilibrium").
The first row, labelled I, lists the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isocyanates can be converted to carbodiimides with loss of carbon dioxide:
:2 RN=C=O → (RN)C + CO
The reaction is catalyzed by phosphine oxides. This reaction is reversible. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The concept of a thermodynamic template is demonstrated in scheme 1. A thermodynamic template is a reagent that can stabilize the form of one product over others by lowering its Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) in relation to other products. cyclophane C2 can be prepared by the irreversible highly diluted reaction of a diol wit... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Serine octamer cluster in physical chemistry is an unusually stable cluster consisting of eight serine molecules (Ser) implicated in the origin of homochirality. This cluster was first discovered in mass spectrometry experiments. Electrospray ionization of an aerosol of serine in methanol results in a mass spectrum... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The phenomena of superfluidity of a Bose gas and superconductivity of a strongly-correlated Fermi gas (a gas of Cooper pairs) are tightly connected to Bose–Einstein condensation. Under corresponding conditions, below the temperature of phase transition, these phenomena were observed in helium-4 and different classes of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The line coefficient (Fig 5) suggests that this is a fairly accurate result, however this is only the case for the pairing of that particular solid with those particular liquids. In other cases, the fit may not be so great (such is the case if we replace polyethylene with poly(methyl methacrylate), wherein the line coe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Asymmetric hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that adds two atoms of hydrogen to a target (substrate) molecule with three-dimensional spatial selectivity. Critically, this selectivity does not come from the target molecule itself, but from other reagents or catalysts present in the reaction. This allows spatial info... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Ellagic acid (Hexahydroxydiphenic acid dilactone)
*Flavogallonic acid dilactone can be found in Rhynchosia volubilis seeds and in Shorea laeviforia
*Lactide
*Tergallic acid dilactone can be found in Rhynchosia volubilis seeds
*Valoneic acid dilactone can be isolated from the heartwood of Shorea laeviforia
*Ethylene br... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thiomers are able to reversibly inhibit efflux pumps. Because of this property the mucosal uptake of various efflux pump substrates such as anticancer drugs, antimycotic drugs and antiinflammatory drugs can be tremendously improved. The postulated mechanism of efflux pump inhibition is based on an interaction of thiola... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Trichloroethylene is a good analgesic at 0.35 to 0.5% concentrations. Trichloroethylene was used in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia beginning in 1916.
From the 1940s through the 1980s, both in Europe and North America, trichloroethylene was used as a volatile anesthetic almost invariably administered with nitrous... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The use of particle bombardment, or the gene gun, is another physical method of DNA transfection. In this technique, DNA is coated onto gold particles and loaded into a device which generates a force to achieve penetration of the DNA into the cells, leaving the gold behind on a "stopping" disk. | 1 | Biochemistry |
At its most comprehensive definition, biochemistry can be seen as a study of the components and composition of living things and how they come together to become life. In this sense, the history of biochemistry may therefore go back as far as the ancient Greeks. However, biochemistry as a specific scientific discipline... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The principal environmental issues associated with runoff are the impacts to surface water, groundwater and soil through transport of water pollutants to these systems. Ultimately these consequences translate into human health risk, ecosystem disturbance and aesthetic impact to water resources. Some of the contaminants... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Diphosphenes can bind to transition metal either in a η mode by donating a lone pair on phosphorus, or in a η behavior via a interaction. If the bulky groups are aryl- groups, arene-coordinated products of η-type coordination are also possible. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first reported kinetic resolution was achieved by Louis Pasteur. After reacting aqueous racemic ammonium tartrate with a mold from Penicillium glaucum, he reisolated the remaining tartrate and found it was levorotatory. The chiral microorganisms present in the mold catalyzed the metabolization of (R,R)-tartrate sel... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird's ecological niche. For example, macaws primarily eat seeds, nuts, and fruit, using their beaks to open even the toughest seed. First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak, then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak.
The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Living polymerization was first described by Michael Szwarc in 1956. It is defined as a chain polymerization from which chain transfer and chain termination are absent. In the absence of chain-transfer and chain termination, the monomer in the system is consumed and the polymerization stops but the polymer chain remain... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PDRCs can be broadband in their thermal emittance capacity, meaning they possess high emittance in both the solar spectrum and atmospheric LWIR window (8 to 14 μm), or selective emitters, meaning they narrowband emit longwave infrared radiation only in the infrared window.
In theory, selective thermal emitters can achi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amino acid metabolism in plants has been deemed a controversial topic, due to the lack of concrete evidence for any particular pathway. However, it has been suggested that enzymes related to the production and use of propionyl-CoA are involved. Associated with this is the metabolism of isobutyryl-CoA. These two molecul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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