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In 1912, Frederick Gowland Hopkins demonstrated that unknown accessory factors found in milk, other than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were necessary for growth in rats. Hopkins received a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1929. By 1913, one of these substances was independently discovered by Elmer McCollum and Mar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
High resolution melting assays typically involve qPCR amplification followed by a melting curve collected using a fluorescent dye. Due to the sensitivity of high-resolution melting analysis, it is necessary to carefully consider PCR cycling conditions, template DNA quality, and melting curve parameters. For accurate an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2009, Erik Verlinde proposed a conceptual model that describes gravity as an entropic force. He argues (similar to Jacobsons result) that gravity is a consequence of the "information associated with the positions of material bodies". This model combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with Gerard t Hoofts holo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many useful organic reactions involve the formation of tetrahedral intermediates through nucleophilic attack of functional groups such as aldehydes, amides or imines. In these cases, catalysis with hydrogen-bond donors is an attractive strategy since the anionic tetrahedral intermediates are better hydrogen-bond accept... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Laser cooling includes several techniques where atoms, molecules, and small mechanical systems are cooled with laser light. The directed energy of lasers is often associated with heating materials, e.g. laser cutting, so it can be counterintuitive that laser cooling often results in sample temperatures approaching ab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
HNMT is a cytoplasmic protein, meaning that it operates within the cytoplasm of a cell. The cytoplasm fills the space between the outer cell membrane (also known as the cellular plasma membrane) and the nuclear membrane (which surrounds the cell's nucleus). HNMT helps regulate histamine levels by degrading histamine wi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most organisms synthesize NAD from simple components. The specific set of reactions differs among organisms, but a common feature is the generation of quinolinic acid (QA) from an amino acideither tryptophan (Trp) in animals and some bacteria, or aspartic acid (Asp) in some bacteria and plants. The quinolinic acid is c... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In addition to fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol, mitochondria also have their own fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII). Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis is essential for cellular respiration and mitochondrial biogenesis. A role as a mediator in intracellular signal transduction is also assumed, as the levels of bioactiv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The company Pyrosequencing AB in Uppsala, Sweden was founded with venture capital provided by HealthCap in order to commercialize machinery and reagents for sequencing short stretches of DNA using the pyrosequencing technique. Pyrosequencing AB was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1999. It was renamed to Biota... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Despite the promising outcomes of the two techniques, pronuclear transfer and spindle transfer, mitochondrial gene replacement raises ethical and social concerns.
Mitochondrial donation involves modification of the germline, and hence such modifications would be passed on to subsequent generations. Using human embryos ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Currently, SiRNA are currently chemically synthesized and so, are legally categorized inside EU and in USA as simple medicinal products. But as bioengineered siRNA (BERAs) are in development, these would be classified as biological medicinal products, at least in EU. The development of the BERAs technology raises the q... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mathur's researches were focused on the organometallic chemistry of mixed metal cluster compounds and he has developed synthetic strategies for introducing chalcogen bridges. At IIT Mumbai, he handled projects related to the investigation of unusual metal mediated transformations and the interactions between the metal ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* by organic reduction at an electrode
* by mild reducing agents such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
* by gamma radiation from solvated electrons generated in water
* photoinduced electron transfer
* reduction by metal cations, most commonly a cuprous salt.
* anion-induced dediazoniation: a counterion such as iodine give... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The two terminal N–O bonds are nearly equivalent and relatively short, at 1.20 and 1.21 Å. This can be explained by theories of resonance; the two major canonical forms show some double bond character in these two bonds, causing them to be shorter than N–O single bonds. The third N–O bond is elongated because its O ato... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1800, William Nicholson and Johann Wilhelm Ritter succeeded in decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis using Volta's battery. Soon thereafter Ritter discovered the process of electroplating. He also observed that the amount of metal deposited and the amount of oxygen produced during an electrolyti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biomarkers of exposure are the actual chemicals, or chemical metabolites, that can be measured in the body or after excretion from the body to determine different characteristics of an organism’s exposure. For example, a person or fish’s blood can be tested to see the levels of lead and therefore determine the exposur... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In an X-ray tube, electrons are accelerated in a vacuum by an electric field towards a piece of metal called the "target". X-rays are emitted as the electrons slow down (decelerate) in the metal. The output spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum of X-rays, with additional sharp peaks at certain energies. The contin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrogen–deuterium exchange of fast-exchanging species (e.g. hydroxyl groups) can be measured at atomic resolution quantitatively by neutron crystallography, and in real time if exchange is conducted during the diffraction experiment.
High intensity neutron beams are generally generated by spallation at linac particle ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The multiplicity function for a two state paramagnet, W(n,N), is the number of spin states such that n of the N spins point in the z-direction. This function is given by the combinatoric function C(N,n). That is:
It is primarily used in introductory statistical mechanics and thermodynamics textbooks to explain the mic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Passive transport of ions across a membrane can take place by three main mechanisms: by ferrying, through defects in a disrupted membrane, or through a defined trajectory; these corresponds to ionophore, detergent, and ion channel transporters. While synthetic ion channel research attempts to prepare compounds that sh... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
This compound is used for bioconjugation. The target, which contains a terminal alkyne functional group, is treated with the organic azide in the presence of a Cu(I) catalyst. The resulting 1,2,3-triazole is fluorescent. The coumarin backbone is chosen to be used as the profluorophore due to its small size, biocompati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Soon after Hagemann, Emil Knoevenagel described a modified procedure to produce the same intermediate diethyl ester of 2,4-diacetyl pentane using
formaldehyde and two equivalents of ethyl acetoacetate which undergo condensation in the presence of a catalytic amount of piperidine. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in plants, algae and other eukaryotic organisms that contribute to the production of pigment molecules. Most plastids are photosynthetic, thus leading to color production and energy storage or production. There are many types of plastids in plants alone, but all plastids ca... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Early in her career, Soderholm focused on the characterizing the magnetic and electronic behavior of compounds containing f-ions (lanthanides and actinides) with a focus on high-T materials, compounds that are superconducting under usually high temperatures. She was part of the research group that first determined the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sodium dithionite finds widespread use in industry as a reducing agent. It is for example used in bleaching of pulp and some dyes. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hypothermia can happen in most mammals in cold weather and can be fatal. Baby mammals such as kittens are unable to regulate their body temperatures and have a risk of hypothermia if they are not kept warm by their mothers.
Many animals other than humans often induce hypothermia during hibernation or torpor.
Water bea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Similar to DNA markers, these markers are typically composed of purified proteins whose molecular masses are already known. The list below outlines some of the proteins, as well as the molecular mass, that are commonly used when constructing a protein marker. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the United States in 1996 embryologist Jacques Cohen and others at the Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science, Saint Barnabas Medical Center in Livingston, New Jersey first used cytoplasmic transfer in a human assisted reproduction procedure. In 1997 the first baby was born using this procedure. In 2001, Co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Armodafinil is readily absorbed after oral administration. The absolute oral bioavailability was not determined due to the aqueous insolubility of armodafinil, which precluded intravenous administration. Peak plasma concentrations are attained at approximately 2 hours in the fasted state. Food effect on the overall bio... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
TFIIB is a single 33kDa polypeptide consisting of 316 amino acids. TFIIB is made up of four functional regions: the C-terminal core domain; the B linker; the B reader and the amino terminal zinc ribbon.
TFIIB makes protein-protein interactions with the TATA-binding protein (TBP) subunit of transcription factor IID, and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When it is time for a cell to enter S phase, complexes of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and cyclins phosphorylate pRb, allowing E2F-DP to dissociate from pRb and become active. When E2F is free it activates factors like cyclins (e.g. cyclin E and cyclin A), which push the cell through the cell cycle by activating cycl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper is the eighth most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, is available all over the world, and is one of the few that can appear in a pure state. It is not complicated to work with, and a bare hammering can be enough to transform a nugget into a bead. The eye-catching look of native copper makes it easy to recogni... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A development of transition state theory in which the position of the dividing surface is varied so as to minimize the rate constant at a given temperature. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Azomethine ylides can be generated from ring opening of aziridines. In accordance with the Woodward–Hoffmann rules, the thermal four-electron ring opening proceeds via a conrotatory process, whereas the photochemical reaction is disrotatory.
In this ring opening reaction, there is an issue of torquoselectivity. Electr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The nucleosome core particle (shown in the figure) consists of about 146 base pair of DNA wrapped in 1.67 left-handed superhelical turns around the histone octamer, consisting of 2 copies each of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Adjacent nucleosomes are joined by a stretch of free DNA termed linker DNA (which va... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Other methods of laser cooling include:
* Sisyphus cooling
* Resolved sideband cooling
* Raman sideband cooling
* Velocity selective coherent population trapping (VSCPT)
* Gray molasses
* Optical molasses
* Cavity-mediated cooling
* Use of a Zeeman slower
* Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) cooling
* Anti-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Compared to the elemental form, potassium iodide has a median lethal dose (LD) that is relatively high in several animals: in rabbits, it is 10 g/kg; in rats, 14 g/kg, and in mice, 22 g/kg. The tolerable upper intake level for iodine as established by the Food and Nutrition Board is 1,100 µg/day for adults. The safe up... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The synergy between the atmospheric concentration measurements, the knowledge of local ecosystem fluxes on the other hand, has shown effective in reducing the uncertainties on carbon assessments. However, in Europe, observatories are all managed differently for each country and data is not homogeneously processed.
The ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The germanium-vacancy center (Ge-V) is an optically active defect in diamond, which can be created by doping germanium into diamond during its growth or by implanting germanium ions into diamond after its growth. Its properties are similar to those of the silicon-vacancy center in diamond (SiV). Ge-V can behave as a si... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Butyrates effects on the immune system are mediated through the inhibition of class I histone deacetylases and activation of its G-protein coupled receptor targets: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2| (GPR109A), FFAR2 (GPR43), and FFAR3 (GPR41). Among the short-chain fatty acids, butyrate is the most potent promoter of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Indigo carmine in a 0.2% aqueous solution is blue at pH 11.4 and yellow at 13.0. Indigo carmine is also a redox indicator, turning yellow upon reduction. Another use is as a dissolved ozone indicator through the conversion to isatin-5-sulfonic acid. This reaction has been shown not to be specific to ozone, however: it ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lisinopril is a medication belonging to the drug class of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, and heart attacks. For high blood pressure it is usually a first-line treatment. It is also used to prevent kidney problems in people with diab... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Acridine has been obtained as eight polymorphs and aripiprazole has nine. The record for the largest number of well-characterised polymorphs is held by a compound known as ROY. Glycine crystallizes as both monoclinic and hexagonal crystals. Polymorphism in organic compounds is often the result of conformational polymor... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Hedgehog Signaling pathway is critical in proper tissue patterning and orientation during normal development of most animals. Hedgehog proteins induce cell proliferation in certain cells and differentiations in others. Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog pathway has been implicated in several types of cancers, Basa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isotopic substitution can lead to changes in the values of equilibrium constants, especially if hydrogen is replaced by deuterium (or tritium). This equilibrium isotope effect is analogous to the kinetic isotope effect on rate constants, and is primarily due to the change in zero-point vibrational energy of H–X bonds d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first example of molecular imprinting is attributed to M. V. Polyakov in 1931 with his studies in the polymerization of sodium silicate with ammonium carbonate. When the polymerization process was accompanied by an additive such as benzene, the resulting silica showed a higher uptake of this additive. By 1949, the ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Methylotrophic yeast metabolism differs from bacteria primarily on the basis of the enzymes used and the carbon assimilation pathway. Unlike bacteria which use bacterial MDH, methylotrophic yeasts oxidize methanol in their peroxisomes with a non-specific alcohol oxidase. This produces formaldehyde as well as hydrogen p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Relative to other SNRIs, levomilnacipran, as well as milnacipran, differ in that they are much more balanced reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine. To demonstrate, the serotonin:norepinephrine ratios of SNRIs are as follows: venlafaxine = 30:1, duloxetine = 10:1, desvenlafaxine = 14:1, milnacipran = 1.6:1... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The dramatic increase in genome sequencing technology has caused the number of protein sequences deposited into public databases to grow apparently exponentially. To cope with the influx of sequences, databases use computational predictions to auto-annotate individual proteins functions. While these computational met... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FCCS is an extension of the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) method that uses two fluorescent molecules instead of one that emits different colours. The technique measures coincident green and red intensity fluctuations of distinct molecules that correlate if green and red labelled particles move together th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Consider two coupled ultrasensitive modules, disregarding effects of sequestration of molecular components between layers. In this case, the expression for the system's dose-response curve, , results from the mathematical composition of the functions, , which describe the input/output relationship of isolated modules :... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Drugs or toxic chemicals are useful in killing pathogenic bacteria or tumor cells, and studying how they mechanistically develop tolerance to a wide range of drugs can improve anti-bacterial and cancer therapeutics. Pdr5p has a similar mechanism of actions and functions to human multidrug resistance protein, whose over... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation, which employs carbenes derived from diiodomethane, is a popular alternative to rhodium-catalyzed cyclopropanation. In the presence of a chiral diamine, Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation is enantioselective; however, selectivities are not as high as the corresponding rhodium-catalyzed reacti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plasmas are by far the most common phase of ordinary matter in the universe, both by mass and by volume.
Above the Earths surface, the ionosphere is a plasma, and the magnetosphere contains plasma. Within our Solar System, interplanetary space is filled with the plasma expelled via the solar wind, extending from the Su... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The similarity to histone H1 explains how fork head factors are able to bind chromatin by interacting with the major groove of only the one available side of DNA wrapped around a nucleosome. Fork head domains also have a helix that confers sequence specificity unlike linker histone. The C terminus is associated with ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After labeling of the surface with the selected F bioactives, the constructs will be present and oriented at the membrane surface. It is expected that the FSL will be highly mobile within the membrane and the choice of lipid tail will effect is relative partitioning within the membrane. The construct unless it has flip... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also counter-current chromatography) is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by inertia of the molecules composing the stationary phase accelerating toward the center of a centrifuge due to centripetal force and is used to s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As many quantities of cell biological interest are present in discrete copy number within the cell (single DNAs, dozens of mRNAs, hundreds of proteins), tools from discrete stochastic mathematics are often used to analyse and model cellular noise. In particular, master equation treatments – where the probabilities of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
August Wilhelm von Hofmann, Auguste Laurent and Charles Frédéric Gerhardt challenged Frankland and Kolbe by suggesting that the ethyl radical was in fact a dimer called dimethyl. Frankland and Kolbe countered that ethyl hydride was also a possibility and in 1864 Carl Schorlemmer proved that dimethyl and ethyl hydride ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ITS-90 is designed to represent the thermodynamic temperature scale (referencing absolute zero) as closely as possible throughout its range. Many different thermometer designs are required to cover the entire range. These include helium vapor pressure thermometers, helium gas thermometers, standard platinum resistance... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Developing technologies include:
* Ion-trap mass spectrometry
* Laser-induced immunofluorometric biosensors
* Magnetic levitation
* Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mg is the coordinating metal ion in the chlorophyll molecule, and in plants where the ion is in high supply about 6% of the total Mg is bound to chlorophyll. Thylakoid stacking is stabilised by Mg and is important for the efficiency of photosynthesis, allowing phase transitions to occur.
Mg is probably taken up into ch... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Primary cilia, present in many types of mammalian cells, serve as cellular antennae. The motile function of these cilia is lost in favour of their sensory specialization. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A critical parameter affecting the performance of proton exchange membranes is the water content. Water is typically supplied to the fuel cell by humidifying the gas feed stream. The level of hydration within the proton exchange membrane is vital to its performance: if the hydration level is too low, the polymers exhi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diels–Alder reactions occur between a conjugated diene and an alkene (commonly known as the dienophile). This cycloaddition process allows for the stereoselective formation of cyclohexene rings capable of possessing as many as four contiguous stereogenic centers.
Diels–Alder reactions can lead to the formation of a va... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Many types of battery have been commercialized and represent an important practical application of electrochemistry. Early wet cells powered the first telegraph and telephone systems, and were the source of current for electroplating. The zinc-manganese dioxide dry cell was the first portable, non-spillable battery typ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the gases in the atmosphere that raise the surface temperature of planets such as the Earth. What distinguishes them from other gases is that they absorb the wavelengths of radiation that a planet emits, resulting in the greenhouse effect. The Earth is warmed by sunlight, causing its surface... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* Christopher Longuet-Higgins (Founding Editor)
* Joan van der Waals (Founding Editor)
* John Shipley Rowlinson
* A. David Buckingham
* Lawrence D. Barron
* Martin Quack
* Dominic Tildesley
* Henry F. Schaefer III
* Nicholas C. Handy
* Ruth Lynden-Bell
* Jean-Pierre Hansen
* Timothy Softley
* Martin Head-Gordon
* Try... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The idea of sequence quality scores can be traced back to the original description of the SCF file format by Staden's group in 1992. In 1995, Bonfield and Staden proposed a method to use base-specific quality scores to improve the accuracy of consensus sequences in DNA sequencing projects.
However, early attempts to d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Introns were first discovered in protein-coding genes of adenovirus, and were subsequently identified in genes encoding transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA genes. Introns are now known to occur within a wide variety of genes throughout organisms, bacteria, and viruses within all of the biological kingdoms.
The fact that gen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Double-stranded nucleic acids are made up of complementary sequences, in which extensive Watson-Crick base pairing results in a highly repeated and quite uniform Nucleic acid double-helical three-dimensional structure. In contrast, single-stranded RNA and DNA molecules are not constrained to a regular double helix, and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Epothilone A and B are reported to be highly effective anticancer drugs. Several of their structural derivatives show very promising inhibition against breast cancer with only mild side effect and some of them are now under trials. In 1997, K. C. Nicolaou and coworkers reported the first total synthesis of both Epothil... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The perovskite structure, ABO, is the most widespread ternary phase. The perovskite structure is frequently found for ternary oxides formed with one large (A) and one small cation (B). In this structure, there is a simple cubic array of B cations, with the A cations occupying the center of the cube, and the oxide atoms... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In some clinical circumstances, succinylcholine may be administered before and after a nondepolarising NMBA or two different nondepolarising NMBAs are administered in sequence. Combining different NMBAs can result in different degrees of neuromuscular block and management should be guided with the use of a neuromuscula... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In oceanic biogeochemistry, the f-ratio is the fraction of total primary production fuelled by nitrate (as opposed to that fuelled by other nitrogen compounds such as ammonium). The ratio was originally defined by Richard Eppley and Bruce Peterson in one of the first papers estimating global oceanic production. This fr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Compounds that contain sulfur exhibit unique chemistry due to sulfur's ability to form more bonds than oxygen, its lighter analogue on the periodic table. Substitutive nomenclature (marked as prefix in table) is preferred over functional class nomenclature (marked as suffix in table) for sulfides, disulfides, sulfoxide... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Zinc is rarely anodized, but a process was developed by the International Lead Zinc Research Organization and covered by MIL-A-81801. A solution of ammonium phosphate, chromate and fluoride with voltages of up to 200 V can produce olive green coatings up to 80 μm thick. The coatings are hard and corrosion resistant.
Zi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
It was in Munich (1928–1938) that Schwab started systematic work on heterogeneous catalysis which marked the rest of his career. Among the catalysis-related topics he studied in Munich were the kinetics of heterogeneously catalysed reactions, the nature of the heat of adsorption, the poisoning of catalysts and the spat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The concept of an acid–base reaction was first proposed in 1754 by Guillaume-François Rouelle, who introduced the word "base" into chemistry to mean a substance which reacts with an acid to give it solid form (as a salt). Bases are mostly bitter in nature. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The oxidized structure of CoQ is shown below. The various kinds of coenzyme Q may be distinguished by the number of isoprenoid subunits in their side-chains. The most common coenzyme Q in human mitochondria is CoQ. Q refers to the quinone head and "10" refers to the number of isoprene repeats in the tail. The molecule ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The same technique has been used to construct process maps for sintering, diffusion bonding, hot isostatic pressing, and indentation. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chemotaxis assays are experimental tools for evaluation of chemotactic ability of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
A wide variety of techniques have been developed. Some techniques are qualitative - allowing an investigator to approximately determine a cell's chemotactic affinity for an analyte - while others are quant... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Caustic ingestion occurs when someone accidentally or deliberately ingests a caustic or corrosive substance. Depending on the nature of the substance, the duration of exposure and other factors it can lead to varying degrees of damage to the oral mucosa, the esophagus, and the lining of the stomach.
The severity of the... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cyanate esters are chemical compounds in which the hydrogen atom of the cyanic acid is replaced by an organyl group (for example aryl group). The resulting compound is termed a cyanate ester, with the formula , where R is an organyl group. Cyanate esters contain a monovalent cyanate group . | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The deprotonation of carbon acids can proceed with either kinetic or thermodynamic reaction control. Kinetic controlled deprotonation requires a base that is sterically hindered and strong enough to remove the proton irreversibly. For example, in the case of phenylacetone, deprotonation can produce two different enolat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
More recently, it has been proposed as a near-carbon-neutral construction material. Its waterless and less energy-intensive production (in comparison with ordinary cement and regular concrete) makes it a potential alternative for high--emission portland-cement-based materials. Due to improvements in fabrication techniq... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The binding and cyclizing of adenosine 5’ triphosphate (ATP) to the catalytic active site of the enzyme is coordinated by two metal cations. The catalytic activity of sAC is increase by the presence of manganese [Mn]. sAC magnesium [Mg] activity is regulated by calcium [Ca] which increases the affinity for ATP of mamma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Walter Cox McCrone Jr. (June 9, 1916July 10, 2002) was an American chemist who worked extensively on applications of polarized light microscopy and is sometimes characterized as the "father of modern microscopy". He was also an expert in electron microscopy, crystallography, ultra-microanalysis, and particle identific... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It is common in E1 and S1 reactions for a poor leaving group to be transformed into a good one by protonation or complexation with a Lewis acid. Thus, it is by protonation before departure that a molecule can formally lose such poor leaving groups as hydroxide.
The same principle is at work in the Friedel-Crafts reacti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2007, an MIT team successfully laser-cooled a macro-scale (1 gram) object to 0.8 K. In 2011, a team from the California Institute of Technology and the University of Vienna became the first to laser-cool a (10 μm x 1 μm) mechanical object to its quantum ground state. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aerial respiration is the gulping of air at the surface of water to directly extract oxygen from the atmosphere. Aerial respiration evolved in fish that were exposed to more frequent hypoxia; also, species that engage in aerial respiration tend to be more hypoxia tolerant than those which do not air-breath during the h... | 9 | Geochemistry |
After postdoctoral studies with Orville L. Chapman at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and habilitation at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, he became Full Professor of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry at UCLA in 1989. In 1992 he was appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the era when metals were analysed by spectrophotometry, many chelating ligands were developed that selectively formed brightly coloured complexes with particular metal ions. This methodology has been eclipsed with the introduction of inductively coupled plasma methodology. Salicylaldoxime can be used to selectivel... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Muon spin spectroscopy is an atomic, molecular and condensed matter experimental technique that exploits nuclear detection methods. In analogy with the acronyms for the previously established spectroscopies NMR and ESR, muon spin spectroscopy is also known as µSR. The acronym stands for muon spin rotation, relaxation, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The fermentation reaction only involves two steps. Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde by Pdc and then acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh). There is no significant increase in the number of Pdc genes in Crabtree-positive compared to Crabtree-negative species and no correlation betwee... | 1 | Biochemistry |
At least partly because TNFR2 has no intracellular death domain, TNFR2 is neuroprotective.
Patients with schizophrenia have increased levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFR2). | 1 | Biochemistry |
In congestive heart failure, the ability of the heart to pump enough blood to satisfy the physiological needs of the body is reduced. This condition has a variety of causes, including damaged heart valves, myocardial infarction, hypertension, vitamin B deficiency, and genetic mutations. When subsequent blood flow to th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hydrophobic insecticides and herbicides tend to be more active. Hydrophobic agrochemicals in general have longer half-lives and therefore display increased risk of adverse environmental impact. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two coils in an anti-Helmholtz configuration are used to generate a weak quadrupolar magnetic field; here, we will consider the coils as being separated along the -axis. In the proximity of the field zero, located halfway between the two coils along the -direction, the field gradient is uniform and the field itself var... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Restriction enzymes likely evolved from a common ancestor and became widespread via horizontal gene transfer. In addition, there is mounting evidence that restriction endonucleases evolved as a selfish genetic element. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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