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The Systems Biology Pathway Exchange (SBPAX) allows SBO terms to be added to Biological Pathway Exchange (BioPAX). This links BioPAX to information useful for modelling, especially by adding quantitative descriptions described by SBO. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluoride-containing compounds, such as sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate are used in topical and systemic fluoride therapy for preventing tooth decay, but the exact biochemical reason is unknown. They are used for water fluoridation and in many products associated with oral hygiene. Originally, sodium fluor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration publishes the monthly magazine Mining Engineering since 1949. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Herbivores are dependent on plants for food and have evolved mechanisms to obtain this food despite the evolution of a diverse arsenal of plant defenses. Herbivore adaptations to plant defense have been likened to offensive traits and consist of adaptations that allow increased feeding and use of a host plant. Relation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemical signaling, diacylglycerol functions as a second messenger signaling lipid, and is a product of the hydrolysis of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP) by the enzyme phospholipase C (PLC) (a membrane-bound enzyme) that, through the same reaction, produces inositol trisphosphate (IP)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biallelic recessive mutations in the sialic acid synthesis gene, N-acetyl-neuraminic acid synthase (NANS) in humans may result in a severe disease featuring intellectual disability and short stature, highlighting the importance of sialic acid in brain development. A therapeutic trial with a short-term supplementation o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A number of distinct reactions are associated with the term ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. Remodeling enzymes have been shown to slide nucleosomes along DNA, disrupt histone-DNA contacts to the extent of destabilizing the H2A/H2B dimer and to generate negative superhelical torsion in DNA and chromatin. Recently, t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Ray–Dutt twist is a mechanism proposed for the racemization of octahedral complexes containing three bidentate chelate rings. Such complexes typically adopt an octahedral molecular geometry in their ground states, in which case they possess helical chirality. The pathway entails formation of an intermediate of C ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A lithium–ammonia solution at −60 °C is saturated at about 15 mol% metal (MPM). When the concentration is increased in this range electrical conductivity increases from 10 to 10 Ωcm (larger than liquid mercury). At around 8 MPM, a "transition to the metallic state" (TMS) takes place (also called a "metal-to-nonmetal tr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ferritin is used in materials science as a precursor in making iron nanoparticles for carbon nanotube growth by chemical vapor deposition.
Cavities formed by ferritin and mini-ferritins (Dps) proteins have been successfully used as the reaction chamber for the fabrication of metal nanoparticles (NPs). Protein shells se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diatoms can also be used to study oxygen isotopes and are especially useful in regions of the ocean where foraminifera do not preserve in marine sediments. One example of vital effects in diatoms is a difference in δO between two different species, Coscinodiscus marginatus and Coscinodiscus radiatus, which is attribut... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Purple of Cassius is a purple pigment formed by the reaction of gold salts with tin(II) chloride. It has been used to impart glass with a red coloration (see cranberry glass), as well as to determine the presence of gold as a chemical test.
Generally, the preparation of this material involves gold being dissolved in aq... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Accurately measuring V̇O max involves a physical effort sufficient in duration and intensity to fully tax the aerobic energy system. In general clinical and athletic testing, this usually involves a graded exercise test in which exercise intensity is progressively increased while measuring:
* ventilation and
* oxygen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the presence of base or cyanide, 3-sulfolene isomerizes to a mixture of 2-sulfolene and 3-sulfolene.
At 50 °C an equilibrium mixture is obtained containing 42% 3-sulfolene and 58% 2-sulfolene. The thermodynamically more stable 2-sulfolene can be isolated from the mixture of isomers as pure substance in the form of w... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Increased endocannabinoid signaling within the central nervous system promotes sleep-inducing effects. Intercerebroventricular administration of anandamide in rats has been shown to decrease wakefulness and increase slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Administration of anandamide into the basal forebrain of rats has also be... | 1 | Biochemistry |
nc-AFM was the first form of AFM to achieve true atomic resolution images, rather than averaging over multiple contacts, both on non-reactive and reactive surfaces.
nc-AFM was the first form of microscopy to achieve subatomic resolution images, initially on tip atoms and later on single iron adatoms on copper.
nc-AFM ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The agricultural water balances are calculated for each soil reservoir separately as shown in the article Hydrology (agriculture). The excess water leaving one reservoir is converted into incoming water for the next reservoir. The three soil reservoirs can be assigned different thickness and storage coefficients, to be... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ferroxyl indicator is a solution containing potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) and phenolphthalein. It turns blue in the presence of Fe ions, and pink in the presence of hydroxide ions. It can be used to detect metal oxidation, and is often used to detect rusting in various situations.
It can be prepared by dissolving 10g... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Biometals are metals normally present, in small but important and measurable amounts, in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. The metals copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functioning of most plants and the bodies of most animals, such as the human body. A few (ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nagai was born in Myōdō District, Awa Province in what is now Tokushima Prefecture, as the son of a doctor and started studying rangaku medicine at the Dutch Medical School of Nagasaki (Igaku-Denshujo) in 1864. While in Nagasaki, he made the acquaintance of Ōkubo Toshimichi, Itō Hirobumi, and other future leaders of th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Wiesner received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1952, the Chemical Institute of Canadas Palladium Medal in 1963, the Royal Society of Chemistrys Centenary Prize in 1976, the American Chemical Society's Ernest Guenther Award in 1983, and the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Prize in 1986. He was elected to the Royal Society of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The POCIS system is continually evaluated for the potential to sample a wide range of contaminants. Calibration data and analyte recovery methods are currently being generated by researchers around the world. Techniques to merge the POCIS device with bioassays are also under development. The POCIS sampler already serve... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The general outline for the organic synthesis of a CBS catalyst is shown below. The first leg of the reaction sequence starts from the azeotropic dehydration of a boronic acid (1) such as one based on toluene to a boroxine (2). This boroxine reacts with the proline derivative (3d) to form the basic oxazaborolidine CBS ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* ASBMB Student Chapters Regional Meeting Award
* Outstanding Chapter Award
* Student Chapter Outreach Grant
* ASBMB Undergraduate Research Award
* Student Chapters Award | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2017, Russia banned imports of beef from New Zealand after finding ractopamine in New Zealand beef. Ractopamine is not registered for use in cattle in New Zealand. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Sulfenamides are usually prepared by the reaction of sulfenyl chlorides and amines:
:RSCl + RNH → RSNR + HCl
The S-N bond formation generally obeys standard bimolecular nucleophilic substitution rules, with the basic nitrogen centre being the nucleophile. Primary sulfenamide formation as shown above occurs wit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
From the titration of protonatable group, one can read the so-called pK which is equal to the pH value where the group is half-protonated (i.e. when 50% such groups would be protonated). The pK is equal to the Henderson–Hasselbalch pK (pK) if the titration curve follows the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. Most pK calcu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A basic, phenomenological understanding of the transition dipole moment can be obtained by analogy with a classical dipole. While the comparison can be very useful, care must be taken to ensure that one does not fall into the trap of assuming they are the same.
In the case of two classical point charges, and , with a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Expanded bed adsorption (EBA) is a preparative chromatographic technique which makes processing of viscous and particulate liquids possible. | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are three types of shrinkage: shrinkage of the liquid, solidification shrinkage and patternmakers shrinkage. The shrinkage of the liquid is rarely a problem because more material is flowing into the mold behind it. Solidification shrinkage occurs because metals are less dense as a liquid than a solid, so during s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hydrolysis is the reverse reaction of formation with regeneration of the carbonyl compound.
In the Shapiro reaction tosylhydrazones are used as a leaving group in elimination reactions. This reaction requires a strong base. If sodium methoxide is used as the base the reaction is called a Bamford–Stevens reaction. Tosy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A convenient synthesis of chloromethyl methyl ether in situ involves the reaction of dimethoxymethane and acetyl chloride in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst This route affords a methyl acetate solution of chloromethyl methyl ether of high purity. A similar method, using a high-boiling acyl chloride, can be used... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAD1L1 gene.
MAD1L1 is also known as Human Accelerated Region 3. It may have played a key role in the evolution of humans from apes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Supercells are also commonly used in computational models of crystal defects to allow the use of periodic boundary conditions. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*one ATP by direct phosphorylation of GDP
*two ATP from oxidation of FADH
*three ATP at a time for the NADH + H produced within the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction, the malate dehydrogenase reaction and the malate decarboxylase reaction.
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Due to low glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate pyruvate transamina... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pathogenic bacteria commonly produce a bacterial capsule, a thick, mucous-like, layer of polysaccharide. The capsule cloaks antigenic proteins on the bacterial surface that would otherwise provoke an immune response and thereby lead to the destruction of the bacteria. Capsular polysaccharides are water-soluble, common... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Most metal-hypophosphite complexes are unstable, owing to the tendency of hypophosphites to reduce metal cations back into the bulk metal. Some examples have been characterised, including the important nickel salt [Ni(HO)](HPO). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
pH in rivers is affected by the geology of the water source, atmospheric inputs and a range of other chemical contaminants. pH is only likely to become an issue on very poorly buffered upland rivers where atmospheric sulphur and nitrogen oxides may very significantly depress the pH as low as pH4 or in eutrophic alkalin... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
familial Mediterranean fever - farnesol dehydrogenase - Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 - FDC-SP - FHIPEP protein family - fibroblasts - fluorescence in situ hybridization -fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis - footprinting - formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase - Fragile site, folic acid type, r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper and its alloys are readily joined by mechanical techniques, such as crimping, staking, riveting, and bolting; or by bonding techniques, such as soldering, brazing and welding. Selection of the best joining technique is determined by service requirements, joint configuration, thickness of components, and alloy co... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Folch was born in Barcelona, Spain. His father Rafel Folch was a lawyer and a Catalan poet, and his mother Maria Pi a teacher. His mother spoke French, Folch went to high school at the Lycée Français of Barcelona, from which he graduated in 1927. He then undertook Medicine studies and received an M.D. degree from the U... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NASA used additive manufacturing to synthesize an alloy they termed GRX-810, which survived temperatures over . The alloy also featured improved strength, malleability, and durability. The printer dispersed oxide particles uniformly throughout the metal matrix. The alloy was identified using 30 simulations of thermodyn... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Conjugated systems not only have low energy excitations in the visible spectral region but they also accept or donate electrons easily. Phthalocyanines, which, like Phthalocyanine Blue BN and Phthalocyanine Green G, often contain a transition metal ion, exchange an electron with the complexed transition metal ion that ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1941, Beadle and Tatum proposed on the basis of their study of mutants of the fungus Neurospora sitophila that genes control specific biochemical reactions. They suggested that the functioning of an organism depends on an integrated system of chemical reactions controlled in some manner by genes. They further note... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Adsorbed proteins are among the most difficult food soils to remove from food contact surfaces. In particular, heat-denatured proteins (such as those found in dairy industry applications) adhere tightly to surfaces and require strong alkaline cleaners for removal. It is important that cleaning methods are capable of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the early 1990s, at least thirty separate groups were working on the total synthesis of the chemotherapy medicine paclitaxel (Taxol), culminating with the groups of Robert A. Holton and K. C. Nicolaou publishing nearly simultaneously in 1994. By then, Mukaiyama had retired from the University of Tokyo after reaching... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC), also known as flow-assisted corrosion, is a corrosion mechanism in which a normally protective oxide layer on a metal surface dissolves in a fast flowing water. The underlying metal corrodes to re-create the oxide, and thus the metal loss continues.
By definition, the rate of FAC depen... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In podsolisation, chelating agents break down clay and release minerals such as iron and aluminium. When iron and aluminium are hydrated they become sesquioxides. The sesquioxides are translocated from the A Horizon, a zone of out-washing, to the B Horizon, a zone of illuviation. Many bases such as calcium and potassiu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Rubber elasticity refers to a property of crosslinked rubber: it can be stretched by up to a factor of 10 from its original length and, when released, returns very nearly to its original length. This can be repeated many times with no apparent degradation to the rubber. Rubber is a member of a larger class of materi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Supercritical hydrolysis is a method of converting all biomass polysaccharides as well the associated lignin into low molecular compounds by contacting with water alone under supercritical conditions. The supercritical water, acts as a solvent, a supplier of bond-breaking thermal energy, a heat transfer agent and as a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Mg(I) dimer formula, LMgMgL, has undergone multiple theoretical investigations regarding the bonds. Furthermore, L, a monoanionic ligand, can also include halides, hydrogen, small alkyl groups, aryl groups, cyclopentadienyl with respective derivatives and chelating monoanionic nitrogen ligands. Mg—Mg bonded molecul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many cofactors (non-protein-based helper molecules) feature thiols. The biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids and related long-chain hydrocarbons is conducted on a scaffold that anchors the growing chain through a thioester derived from the thiol Coenzyme A. The biosynthesis of methane, the principal hydrocarbon ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Abnormal grain growth (AGG) is encountered in metallic or ceramic systems exhibiting one or more of several characteristics:
# Systems with secondary phase inclusions, precipitates or impurities above a certain threshold concentration.
# Systems with a highly anisotropic surface energy.
# Systems far from chemical equi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the general context, strange matter might occur inside neutron stars, if the pressure at their core is high enough to provide a sufficient gravitational force (i.e. above the critical pressure). At the sort of densities and high pressures we expect in the center of a neutron star, the quark matter would probably be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aluminum, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, mercury reserves and most importantly electricity for the smelting process has led to the development of non-ferrous metallurgy. The Zeylik mine in Daskasan district is the main provider of the alunite for aluminum production. The extracted ore here transported through Guschu-Alaba... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For example, the molecule 2,3-dibromobutane carries two vicinal bromine atoms and 1,3-dibromobutane does not. Mostly, the use of the term vicinal is restricted to two identical functional groups.
Likewise in a gem-dibromide the prefix gem, an abbreviation of geminal, signals that both bromine atoms are bonded to the sa... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Particulate organic carbon (POC) is operationally defined as all combustible, non-carbonate carbon that can be collected on a filter. The oceanographic community has historically used a variety of filters and pore sizes, most commonly 0.7, 0.8, or 1.0 μm glass or quartz fiber filters. The biomass of living zooplankton ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In molecular biology, prostanoids are active lipid mediators that regulate inflammatory response. Prostanoids are a subclass of eicosanoids consisting of the prostaglandins (mediators of inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction), and the prostacyclins (active in the reso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In acid-base titrations, an unfitting pH indicator may induce a color change in the indicator-containing solution before or after the actual equivalence point. As a result, different equivalence points for a solution can be concluded based on the pH indicator used. This is because the slightest color change of the indi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An amylase () is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin ) into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sw... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP, DCIP or DPIP) is a chemical compound used as a redox dye. When oxidized, DCPIP is blue with a maximal absorption at 600 nm; when reduced, DCPIP is colorless.
DCPIP can be used to measure the rate of photosynthesis. It is part of the Hill reagents family. When exposed to light in a ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Wilfley Table is commonly used for the concentration of heavy minerals from the laboratory up to the industrial scale. It has a traditional shaking (oscillating) table design with a riffled deck. It is one of several brands of wet tables used for the separation and concentration of heavy ore minerals which include ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Murray studied chemistry at St. Marys University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada from 1985, graduating with a Bachelors Degree with Honors in Chemistry in 1988. He spent a year as a Rotary International Fellow at the University of Auckland in 1989. From 1990 he studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reaction systems that are less efficient or entirely inactive in the absence of carboxylate acids and bases are likely to occur through a concerted metalation protonation reaction pathway. An example of such a reaction with an sp C–H bond that was reported in 2007 by Keith Fagnou and coworkers is an intramolecular cycl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because the Zeeman interaction is a function of magnetic field and Larmor frequency, it can be obstructed or amplified by altering the external magnetic or the Larmor frequency with experimental instruments that generate oscillating fields. It has been observed that migratory birds lose their navigational abilities in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Combustion analysis is a method used in both organic chemistry and analytical chemistry to determine the elemental composition (more precisely empirical formula) of a pure organic compound by combusting the sample under conditions where the resulting combustion products can be quantitatively analyzed. Once the number o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Glutamate-1-semialdehyde is a molecule formed from by the reduction of tRNA bound glutamate, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA reductase. It is isomerized by glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase to give aminolevulinic acid in the biosynthesis of porphyrins, including heme and chlorophyll. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga was born on 28 December 1907, in Antananarivo, Madagascar, to Razanadrakoto Ratsimamanga and Lala Ralisoa. He was the grandson of Prince Ratsimamanga, uncle and advisor to Queen Ranavalona III, who was executed in 1897 at the beginning of the French colonisation of Madagascar. When Albert was... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amine oxidation with benzoyl peroxide is the most common method to synthesize hydroxylamines. Care must be taken to prevent over-oxidation to a nitrone. Other methods include:
* Hydrogenation of an oxime
* Alkylating a precursor hydroxylamine
* Amine oxide pyrolysis (the Cope reaction) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The BGIT is based on empirical data and heat of formation. Some groups are too hard to measure, so not all the existing groups are available in the table. Sometimes approximation should be made when those unavailable groups are encountered. For example, we need to approximate C as C and N as N in C≡N, which clearly cau... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When an area element is radiating as a result of being illuminated by an external source, the irradiance (energy or photons /time/area) landing on that area element will be proportional to the cosine of the angle between the illuminating source and the normal. A Lambertian scatterer will then scatter this light accordi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A new formula describing size effect was proposed. This formula has a form
where is the nanoparticle radius and is wave number. It is supposed here that the time dependence of the electromagnetic field is given by the factor In this paper Bruggemans approach was used, but electromagnetic field for electric-dipole os... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For light, as in other settings, the scattering cross section for particles is generally different from the geometrical cross section of the particle, and it depends upon the wavelength of light and the permittivity, shape, and size of the particle. The total amount of scattering in a sparse medium is proportional to t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts:
* The chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
* The electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane.
When th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Enediols are alkenes with a hydroxyl group on each carbon of the C=C double bond. Normally such compounds are disfavored components in equilibria with acyloins. One special case is catechol, where the C=C subunit is part of an aromatic ring. In some other cases however, enediols are stabilized by flanking carbonyl gr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methyl metabolism is very ancient and can be found in all organisms on earth, from bacteria to humans, indicating the importance of methyl metabolism for physiology. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of global methylation in species ranging from human, mouse, fish, fly, roundworm, plant, algae, and cyanobacteria cause... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Hartree–Fock method (closed-shell and restricted open-shell)
* Multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) (quadratic convergence and state averaging)
* Multi-reference CISD for an arbitrary set of reference configurations (including a massively parallel version)
* Configuration interaction calculations are b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Smith worked on the development of technically and environmentally sound mineral and waste processing technologies. He laid the groundwork for various technical innovations, including the carbochlorination technique used in the processing of lunar anorthite. Alongside colleagues, he confirmed graphite's ability, with o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Addiction to indoor tanning has been recognized as a psychiatric disorder. The disorder is characterized as excessive indoor tanning that causes the subject personal distress; it has been associated with anxiety, eating disorders and smoking. The media has described the addiction as tanorexia. According to the Canadian... | 5 | Photochemistry |
As a type of emergency contraception, levonorgestrel is used after unprotected intercourse to reduce the risk of pregnancy. However, it can serve different hormonal purposes in its different methods of delivery. It is available for use in a variety of forms: | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Relative entropy is directly related to the Fisher information metric. This can be made explicit as follows. Assume that the probability distributions and are both parameterized by some (possibly multi-dimensional) parameter . Consider then two close by values of and so that the parameter differs by only a small a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Crown ethers, like cyclodextrin-type CSPs contain a chiral cavity. Crown ethers are immobilized on the silica surface to form chiral stationary phase. Crown ethers contain oxygen atoms within the cavity. The cyclic structure that contains apolar ethylene groups between oxygen forms hydrophobic inner cavity. Cram et al.... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) are a class of artificial membranes containing a semi-permeable barrier in the form of a hollow fiber. Originally developed in the 1960s for reverse osmosis applications, hollow fiber membranes have since become prevalent in water treatment, desalination, cell culture, medicine, and tissue... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Micro-compounding is the mixing or processing of polymer formulations in the melt on a very small scale, typically several milliliters. The advantage of the use of a micro-compounder for R&D are significant: it gives faster, yet reliable results with much smaller samples and at much less investment costs, thus speeding... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The settling particles can contact each other and arise when approaching the floor of the sedimentation tanks at very high particle concentration. So that further settling will only occur in adjust matrix as the sedimentation rate decreasing. This is can be illustrated by the lower region of the zone-settling diagram (... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Electron-stimulated desorption occurs as a result of an electron beam incident upon a surface in vacuum, as is common in particle physics and industrial processes such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At atmospheric pressure, molecules may weakly bond to surfaces in what is known as adsorption. These molecules ma... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fuculose or 6-deoxy-tagatose is a ketohexose deoxy sugar. Fuculose is involved in the process of sugar metabolism. -Fuculose can be formed from -fucose by -fucose isomerase and converted to L-fuculose-1-phosphate by -fuculose kinase. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The formation reactions for most organic compounds are hypothetical. For instance, carbon and hydrogen will not directly react to form methane (), so that the standard enthalpy of formation cannot be measured directly. However the standard enthalpy of combustion is readily measurable using bomb calorimetry. The standar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The database was pulled from the internet by the Trump administration in December 2019. The NLM said in a statement that much of the information remained available from the original sources, and that thus the database could be removed; critics, such as the Environmental Data & Governance Initiative, suggested it was pa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Bengal Iron Works was founded at Kulti, Bengal, in 1870 which began its production in 1874 followed by The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was established by Dorabji Tata in 1907, as part of his father's conglomerate. By 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire. The company launched a maj... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The molecular term symbol is a shorthand expression of the angular momenta that characterize the electronic quantum states of a diatomic molecule, which are also eigenstates of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. It is also convenient, and common, to represent a diatomic molecule as two-point masses connected by a ma... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
SOCS are negative regulators of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. SOCS have also been implicated in the regulation of cytokines, growth factors, and tumor suppression. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surface runoff is defined as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail) that reaches a surface stream without ever passing below the soil surface. It is distinct from direct runoff, which is runoff that reaches surface streams immediately after rainfall or melting snowfall and excludes runoff generated by the melting o... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Anomalous diffusion is a diffusion process with a non-linear relationship between the mean squared displacement (MSD), , and time. This behavior is in stark contrast to Brownian motion, the typical diffusion process described by Einstein and Smoluchowski, where the MSD is linear in time (namely, with d being the numbe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ammonia oxidation to nitrate in a single step within one organism was predicted in 2006 and discovered in 2015 in the species Nitrospira inopinata. A pure culture of the organism was obtained in 2017, representing a revolution in our understanding of the nitrification process. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chain shuttling polymerization makes use of two catalysts and a chain shuttling agent (CSA) to generate copolymers of alternating tacticity. Catalyst 1 (Cat1) propagates a polyolefin of a desired tacticity. Catalyst 2 (Cat2) generates another chain of a different tacticity. The two chains are allowed to co-propagate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As illustrated by the diagram on the right, additional carbon dioxide () is absorbed by the ocean and reacts with water, carbonic acid () is formed and broken down into both bicarbonate () and hydrogen () ions (gray arrow), which reduces bioavailable carbonate () and decreases ocean pH (black arrow). This is likely to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two simple examples are . The MB cores (M = Fe or Co) of these two compounds adopt structures expected for nido 5-vertex clusters. The iron compound is produced by reaction of diiron nonacarbonyl with pentaborane. and cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl have similar structures. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Enantioselective cycloaddition of azomethine ylides using chiral catalysts was first described in a seminal work by Allway and Grigg in 1991. This powerful method was further developed by Jørgensen and Zhang. These reactions generally use zinc, silver, copper, nickel, and calcium complexes.
Using chiral phosphine catal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the envi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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