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In the kinetic proofreading schema, a time delay (equivalently, an irreversible intermediate stage) is introduced during the formation of the correct or incorrect complexes. This time delay reduces the production rates of both complexes but enhances the fidelity beyond the equilibrium limit. The irreversibility of the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Earth-atmosphere system is radiatively cooled, emitting long-wave (infrared) radiation which balances the absorption of short-wave (visible light) energy from the sun.
Convective transport of heat, and evaporative transport of latent heat are both important in removing heat from the surface and distributing it in t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The waste discharge can be used as land stabilizer as dry bio-solids that can be distributed to the market. The land stabilizer is used in reclaiming marginal land such as mining waste land. This process will help to restore the land to its initial appearance. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
WikiPathways is a community resource for contributing and maintaining content dedicated to biological pathways. Any registered WikiPathways user can contribute, and anybody can become a registered user. Contributions are monitored by a group of admins, but the bulk of peer review, editorial curation, and maintenance is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclopropanation of olefins with diazocarbonyl compounds is commonly accomplished using rhodium carboxylate complexes, although copper was originally used. The scope of the olefin is generally quite broad—electron-rich, neutral, and electron-poor olefins have all been cyclopropanated efficiently using rhodium-based cat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As a 1,2-dithiol, this compound is widely used in organic chemistry because it reacts with aldehydes and ketones to give 1,3-dithiolanes, which are useful intermediates.
::CH(SH) + RRCO → CHSCRR + HO
Other 1,2- and 1,3-dithiols undergo this reaction to give related 1,3-dithiolanes and 1,3-dithianes (six-membered rings)... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Below is a table of the handbooks published by ASM International as of April 2023. These handbooks are recognized as a standard reference in the field of materials science. | 8 | Metallurgy |
ELPs modified with certain functional groups have the capacity to be conjugated with drugs, including chemotherapeutic agents. Together, the ELP-drug complex can be taken up by tumor cells to a greater extent, promoting the cytotoxic activity of the drug. The reason that the complexes preferentially target the tumor c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bioluminescent bacteria are most abundant in marine environments during spring blooms when there are high nutrient concentrations. These light-emitting organisms are found mainly in coastal waters near the outflow of rivers, such as the northern Adriatic Sea, Gulf of Trieste, northwestern part of the Caspian Sea, coast... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Julian Voss-Andreae, a German-born artist specializing in "protein sculptures," created sculptures based on the structure of GFP, including the 1.70 m (56") tall "Green Fluorescent Protein" (2004) and the 1.40 m (47") tall "Steel Jellyfish" (2006). The latter sculpture is located at the place of GFPs discovery by Shim... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A number of computational tools have been developed for the prediction of the location of binding sites on proteins. These can be broadly classified into sequence based or structure based. Sequence based methods rely on the assumption that the sequences of functionally conserved portions of proteins such as binding si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tropospheric ozone depletion events are phenomena that reduce the concentration of ozone in the earth's troposphere. Ozone (O3) is a trace gas which has been of concern because of its unique dual role in different layers of the lower atmosphere. Apart from absorbing UV-B radiation and converting solar energy into heat ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A breakthrough has been brought about in the last decades by the development of large scale synchrotron radiation facilities. Here, bunches of relativistic electrons kept in orbit inside a storage ring are accelerated through bending magnets or insertion devices like wigglers and undulators to produce a high brilliance... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An emulsifier is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by reducing the oil-water interface tension. Emulsifiers are a part of a broader group of compounds known as surfactants, or "surface-active agents". Surfactants are compounds that are typically amphiphilic, meaning they have a polar or hydrophilic (i.e., water-s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ben Feringa has served as an editorial board member for several journals published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, including Chemical Communications (until 2012), the Faraday Transactions of the Royal Society, and as Chair of the Editorial Board of Chemistry World. He is the founding Scientific Editor (2002–2006) of... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Precession electron diffraction is typically conducted using accelerating voltages between 100-400 kV. Patterns can be formed under parallel or convergent beam conditions. Most modern TEMs can achieve a tilt angle, φ, ranging from 0-3°. Precession frequencies can be varied from Hz to kHz, but in standard cases 60 Hz ha... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Azomethine ylides are nitrogen-based 1,3-dipoles, consisting of an iminium ion next to a carbanion. They are used in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to form five-membered heterocycles, including pyrrolidines and pyrrolines. These reactions are highly stereo- and regioselective, and have the potential to form four n... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The study of dynamics in multiferroic systems is concerned with understanding the time evolution of the coupling between various ferroic orders, in particular under external applied fields. Current research in this field is motivated both by the promise of new types of application reliant on the coupled nature of the d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oxycholesterol or 5,6-epoxycholesterol is a form of oxidized cholesterol implicated in atherosclerosis. It is commonly formed from the reaction of fats and oxygen during high temperature cooking such as frying.
In a study about the effects of oxycholesterol in rabbits with induced hypercholesterolemia, it was shown th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Compounds with double bonds between carbon and sulfur are relatively uncommon, but include the important compounds carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and thiophosgene. Thioketones (RC(=S)R′) are uncommon with alkyl substituents, but one example is thiobenzophenone. Thioaldehydes are rarer still, reflecting their lack ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pasteur responded to Liebigs works, often through his own writings, and using results from his own experiments to support his theories. For example, in 1858, Pasteur wrote a paper trying to disprove Liebigs theory that fermentation cannot be caused by the growth of the yeast when it takes place when yeast is added to p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Translation complex profile sequencing (TCP-seq) is a molecular biology method for obtaining snapshots of momentary distribution of protein synthesis complexes along messenger RNA (mRNA) chains. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some cells certain amino acids can be depleted and thus affect translation efficiency. For instance, activated T cells secrete interferon-γ which triggers intracellular tryptophan shortage by upregulating the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme. Surprisingly, despite tryptophan depletion, in-frame protein sy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Scientists Francisco Gasulla, Leonardo Casano and Alfredo Guéra, observed the lichen's metabolic response when placed in dark conditions. The light harvesting complex (LHC) inside the chloroplasts of Lichen is activated when subjected to darkness. Gasulla, Casano and Guéra, noticed that this increase in LHC activity c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The focus of Hieberts research was the history and philosophy of chemistry and physical sciences in the 2nd half of 19th century and 1st half of the 20th century. During his lifetime he completed three books and his fourth book (which deals with acoustics) was nearly complete at the time of his death. His book 1961 boo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The space groups with given point group are numbered by 1, 2, 3, ... (in the same order as their international number) and this number is added as a superscript to the Schönflies symbol for the corresponding point group. For example, groups numbers 3 to 5 whose point group is C have Schönflies symbols C, C, C.
While... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Overheating is a phenomenon of rising temperatures in an electrical circuit. Overheating causes damage to the circuit components and can cause fire, explosion, and injury. Damage caused by overheating is usually irreversible; the only way to repair it is to replace some components. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The three TET genes are expressed as different isoforms, including at least two isoforms of TET1, three of TET2 and three of TET3. Different isoforms of the TET genes are expressed in different cells and tissues. The full-length canonical TET1 isoform appears virtually restricted to early embryos, embryonic stem cell... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome (lower estimates of ~1%).
ERVs are a vertically inherited proviral sequence and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A major importance of macromolecular crowding to biological systems stems from its effect on protein folding. The underlying physical mechanism by which macromolecular crowding helps to stabilize proteins in their folded state is often explained in terms of excluded volume - the volume inaccessible to the proteins due ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Non-specific acting modes of toxic action result in narcosis; therefore, narcosis is a mode of toxic action. Narcosis is defined as a generalized depression in biological activity due to the presence of toxicant molecules in the organism. The target site and mechanism of toxic action through which narcosis affects orga... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1919, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Alexander Gray, George Alexander Gibson, John Glaister, Diarmid Noel Paton, Ralph Stockman, Thomas Hastie Bryce, Robert Muir, Frederick Orpen Bower and Robert Alexander Houston. He resigned from the Society in 1931.
He retired in 194... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Kapustinskii originally proposed the following simpler form, which he faulted as "associated with antiquated concepts of the character of repulsion forces".
Here, K. This form of the Kapustinskii equation may be derived as an approximation of the Born–Landé equation, below.
Kapustinskii replaced r, the measured dista... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Various polymers such as poloxamers exhibit in situ gelling properties. Because of these properties they can be administered as liquid formulations forming stable gels once having reached their site of application. An unintended rapid elimination or outflow of the formulation from mucosal membranes such as the ocular, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diphenylamine was discovered by A. W. Hofmann in 1864 amongst the products of dry distillation of aniline dyes; it was first purposefully synthesized through deamination of a mix of aniline and its salts by a group of French chemists two years later.
In 1872, diphenylamine was suggested as a means to detect nitrous aci... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In particle physics, the acoplanarity of a scattering experiment is the degree to which the paths of the scattered particles deviate from being coplanar. Measurements of acoplanarity provide a test of perturbative quantum chromodynamics, because QCD predicts that the emission of gluons can lead to acoplanar scattering ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Relies on the operation of either a lever arm, tightening screws, or pneumatic or hydraulic pressure applied to a membrane. In all cases the force is uniaxial and is applied to the tables (bases) of the two anvils. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A class II gene is a type of gene that codes for a protein. Class II genes are transcribed by RNAP II .
Class II genes have a promoter that may contain a TATA box.
Basal transcription of class II genes requires the formation of a preinitiation complex.
They are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, include both intron and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Cleveland open-cup method is one of three main methods in chemistry for determining the flash point of a petroleum product using a Cleveland open-cup apparatus, also known as a Cleveland open-cup tester. First, the test cup of the apparatus (usually brass) is filled to a certain level with a portion of the product... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The time-of-flight principle can be applied for mass spectrometry. Ions are accelerated by an electric field of known strength. This acceleration results in an ion having the same kinetic energy as any other ion that has the same charge. The velocity of the ion depends on the mass-to-charge ratio. The time that it subs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rust can be avoided by controlling the moisture in the atmosphere. An example of this is the use of silica gel packets to control humidity in equipment shipped by sea. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Early studies of the bioluminescence of Aequorea by E. Newton Harvey had noted that the bioluminescence appears as a ring around the bell, and occurs even in the absence of air. This was remarkable because most bioluminescence reactions require oxygen, and led to the idea that the animals somehow store oxygen. It was l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Case hardening processes harden only the exterior of the steel part, creating a hard, wear-resistant skin (the "case") but preserving a tough and ductile interior. Carbon steels are not very hardenable meaning they can not be hardened throughout thick sections. Alloy steels have a better hardenability, so they can be t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pyridine has historically been added to foods to give them a bitter flavour, although this practise is now banned in the U.S. It may still be added to ethanol to make it unsuitable for drinking. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Groups that are attached to the side of the backbone are held by bonds which are weaker than the bonds connecting the chain. When the polymer is heated, the side groups are stripped off from the chain before it is broken into smaller pieces.
For example, the PVC eliminates HCl, under 100–120 °C.
CH(Cl)CHCHCH(Cl)→CH=CH-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This gene contains a single nucleotide polymorphism that causes an amino acid substitution within the 11 of 12 ankyrin repeats of ANKK1 (Glu713Lys of 765 residues). This polymorphism, which is commonly referred to Taq1A, was previously believed to be located in the promoter region of the DRD2 gene, since the polymorphi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
22-Dihydroergocalciferol is a form of vitamin D, also known as vitamin D. It has the systematic name (5Z,7E)-(3S)-9,10-seco-5,7,10(19)-ergostatrien-3-ol.
Vitamin D is found in certain mushrooms, being produced from ergosta-5,7-dienol (22,23-dihydroergosterol) instead of ergosterol. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In common with recovery and recrystallisation, growth phenomena can be separated into continuous and discontinuous mechanisms. In the former the microstructure evolves from state A to B (in this case the grains get larger) in a uniform manner. In the latter, the changes occur heterogeneously and specific transformed an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Originally the process was confined to optical equipment such as prisms—the earliest examples being made around 1900. Later the range of use was expanded to microelectronics and other miniaturised devices. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Isomerization of epoxides to allylic alcohols under strongly basic conditions proceeds by a β-elimination process. A model has been advanced that invokes an initial complex between the lithium amide base and epoxide. Concerted C–O bond cleavage and deprotonation proceeds via a syn transition state to give an allylic al... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Despite their many advantages, the use of PPGs in total syntheses are relatively rare. Nevertheless, PPGs’ "orthogonality" to common synthetic reagents, as well as the possibility of conducting a "traceless reagent process", has proven useful in natural product synthesis. Two examples include the syntheses of ent-Fumiq... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The sigma-2 receptor is located in the lipid raft. The sigma-2 receptor is found in several areas of the brain, including high densities in the cerebellum, motor cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. It is also highly expressed in the lungs, liver, and kidneys. | 1 | Biochemistry |
FeTAML(=O), TAML = tetra-amido macrocyclic ligand, is formed by the reaction of [Fe(TAML)(HO)](PPh) with 2-5 equivalents of meta-chloroperbenzoic acid at -60 ˚C in n-butyronitrile. This deep green compound (two λ at 445 and 630 nm respectively) is stable at 77 K. The stabilization of Fe(V) is attributed to the strong ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules can also explain bimolecular cycloaddition reactions through correlation diagrams. A [p + q] cycloaddition brings together two components, one with p π-electrons, and the other with q π-electrons. Cycloaddition reactions are further characterized as suprafacial (s) or antarafacial (a) with... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Laminin–111 (also "laminin–1") is a protein of the type known as laminin isoforms. It was among the first of the laminin isoforms to be discovered. The "111" identifies the isoform's chain composition of α1β1γ1. This protein plays an important role in embryonic development. Injections of this substance are used in trea... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Russian biochemist Aleksander Oparin and British biologist J.B.S. Haldane independently hypothesized in the 1920s that the first cells in early Earths oceans could be, in essence, coacervate droplets. Haldane used the term primordial soup to refer to the dilute mixture of organic molecules that could have built up as a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Type P (55%Pd/31%Pt/14%Au–65%Au/35%Pd, by weight) thermocouples give a thermoelectric voltage that mimics the type K over the range 500 °C to 1400 °C, however they are constructed purely of noble metals and so shows enhanced corrosion resistance. This combination is also known as Platinel II. | 8 | Metallurgy |
A coating or paint is usually a fluid applied covering applied to a surface in contact with a corrosive situation such as the atmosphere. The surface is usually called the substrate. In corrosion prevention applications the purpose of applying the coating is mainly functional rather than decorative. Paints and lacquers... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH value of the ocean surface is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. This represents an increase of around 26% in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH unit is equivalent to a tenfold change in ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Source:
A solution of the olefinic acid (0.499 g, 2.25 mmol) dissolved in benzene (20 ml, freshly distilled from calcium hydride) was stirred at 0 °C (ice bath) under nitrogen while oxalyl chloride (1.35 ml, 2.0 g, 15.75 mmol) was added dropwise. The ice bath
was removed and the solution was stirred at room temperatur... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Secondary antibodies can be conjugated to enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (AP); or fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine derivatives, Alexa Fluor dyes; or other molecules to be used in various applications. Secondary antibodies are used in many bioche... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Riboswitches have been found to act as regulators of gene expression, particularly in bacteria, but also in plants and archaea. Riboswitches alter their secondary structure in response to the binding of a metabolite. Riboswitch classes have highly conserved aptamer domains, even among diverse organisms. When a target m... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Another major responsibility of ATSDR is producing [https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiledocs/index.html toxicological profiles] for the most common substances that are found at Superfund sites. The toxicological profiles summarize important studies on the substances’ health effects. ATSDR also publishes [https://wwwn.c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neutrons undergo many types of scattering, including both elastic and inelastic scattering. Whether elastic or inelastic scatter occurs is dependent on the speed of the neutron, whether fast or thermal, or somewhere in between. It is also dependent on the nucleus it strikes and its neutron cross section. In inelastic s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is common to describe where electrons reside as electron bands in bulk materials and electron orbitals in molecules. For the sake of expedience the following description will be described in molecular terms. When a photon excites a molecule, an electron in a ground state orbital can be excited to a higher energy or... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Stresses higher than anticipated can also accelerate rolling contact fatigue, which is a known precursor to WECs. WECs commence at subsurface during the initial phases of their formation, particularly at non-metallic inclusions. As the sliding contact period extended, these cracks extended from the subsurface region to... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although the free-water method likely contains some benthic metabolic signal, isolating the benthic contribution to whole-lake metabolism requires benthic-specific methods. Analogous to the light and dark bottle methods described above, lake sediment cores can be collected and changes in dissolved oxygen or carbon fixa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Milos Vratislav Novotny (born 19 April 1942) is an American chemist, currently the Distinguished Professor Emeritus and Director of the Novotny Glycoscience Laboratory and the Institute for Pheromone Research at Indiana University, and also a published author. Milos Novotny received his Bachelor of Science from the Uni... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Unlike viruses, bacteria are not as susceptible to silencing by siRNA. This is largely due to how bacteria replicate. Bacteria replicate outside of the host cell and do not contain the necessary machinery for RNAi to function. However, bacterial infections can still be suppressed by siRNA by targeting the host genes th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organoboron chemistry, the Brellochs reaction provides a way to generate the monocarboranes. The use of acetylenes to insert two carbons into boron hydrides is well established. The Brellochs method uses formaldehyde to insert single carbon atoms into boron hydrides.
Illustrative is the synthesis of CBH from commer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, nitrosamines (or more formally N-nitrosamines) are organic compounds with the chemical structure , where R is usually an alkyl group. They feature a nitroso group () bonded to a deprotonated amine. Most nitrosamines are carcinogenic in nonhuman animals. A 2006 systematic review supports a "positi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
He is a founding scientist and current director of 908 Devices incorporated, a company which focuses on building handheld mass spectrometry devices for applications in laboratory analysis, safety and security, as well as for use in the life sciences. In 2017 908 Devices Inc. received the Federal Laboratory Consortium E... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ruling in the Corby toxic waste case, delivered in July 2009, found Corby Borough Council liable in negligence, public nuisance and a breach of statutory duty for its reclamation of a steel works and the resulting atmospheric contamination. The case against the council cited: "The Defendants urban land reclamation ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
For the majority of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs), translation initiates from a methionine-encoding AUG start codon following the molecular processes of cap-binding and scanning by ribosomal pre-initiation complexes (PICs). In rare exceptions, such as translation by viral IRES-containing mRNAs, cap-binding and/or s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Materials can now be analysed through photoanalysis procedures. Unlike sieve analyses which can be time-consuming and inaccurate, taking a photo of a sample of the materials to be measured and using software to analyze the photo can result in rapid, accurate measurements. Another advantage is that the material can be a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*[http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/electron_transport.htm Animated diagrams illustrating oxidative phosphorylation] Wiley and Co Concepts in Biochemistry
*[http://www.life.uiuc.edu/crofts/bioph354/ On-line biophysics lectures] Antony Crofts, University of Illinois at Ur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tectin is an organic substance secreted by certain ciliates. Tectin may form an adhesive stalk, disc or other sticky secretion. Tectin may also form a gelatinous envelope or membrane enclosing some ciliates as a protective capsule or lorica. Tectin is also called pseudochitin. Granules or rods (called protrichocysts) ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order to generate a molecular tool to discriminate between Interleukin-6 classic signaling and Interleukin-6 trans-signaling, a cDNA coding for human Interleukin-6 and a cDNA coding for the human soluble Interleukin-6 receptor were connected by a cDNA coding for a 13 amino acids long linker, which was long enough to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several PREN formulas. They commonly range from:
: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N
to:
: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 30 × %N.
There are a few stainless steels which add tungsten (W), for those the following formula is used:
: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × (%Mo + 0.5 × %W ) + 16 × %N
All % values of elements must be e... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Electrogravimetry is a method used to separate and quantify ions of a substance, usually a metal. In this process, the analyte solution is electrolyzed. Electrochemical reduction causes the analyte to be deposited on the cathode. The mass of the cathode is determined before and after the experiment, and the difference ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Different methods to determine the endpoint include:
*Indicator: A substance that changes color in response to a chemical change. An acid–base indicator (e.g., phenolphthalein) changes color depending on the pH. Redox indicators are also used. A drop of indicator solution is added to the titration at the beginning; the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Alizarine Yellow R is produced by azo coupling of salicylic acid and diazonium derivative of 4-Nitroaniline | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Nematoda: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis ;
* Mollusca: Bivalvia); Polyplacophora;
* Arthropoda/Crustacea: Artemia;
* Arthropoda/Insecta: Drosophila [<nowiki />Locusta migratoria (migratory locust), Apis mellifera (honeybee)]. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Evapoporometry is a method used to determine pore-size in synthetic membranes. Based on the Kelvin equation, this technique is most accurate for detection of pore diameters between 4 nm to 150 nm. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
From 1942 to 1945, Cram worked in chemical research at Merck & Co laboratories, doing penicillin research with mentor Max Tishler. Postdoctoral work was as an American Chemical Society postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with John D. Roberts. Cram was the originator of Cram's rule, which p... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In biochemistry, isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as multiple forms of enzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. Isozymes usually have different kinetic parameters (e.g. different K values), or are regulated differently. They permit the fine-t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many different nucleophiles have been reported to be effective for this reaction. Some of the most common nucleophiles include malonates, enolates, primary alkoxides, carboxylates, phenoxides, amines, azide, sulfonamides, imides, and sulfones. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sulfoxide undergo thermal elimination via an E mechanism to yield vinyl alkenes and sulfenic acids.
:CHS(O)CHCHR → CHSOH + CH=CHR
The acids are powerful antioxidants, but lack long-term stability. Some parent sulfoxides are therefore marketed as antioxidant polymer stabilisers. Structures based on thiodipropionate... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
pH neutral AORFBs are operated at pH7 conditions, typically using NaCl as a supporting electrolyte. At pH neutral conditions, organic and organometallic molecules are more stable than at corrosive acidic and alkaline conditions. For example, K4[Fe(CN)], a common catholyte used in AORFBs, is not stable in alkaline solut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An atom interferometer creates coherent atomic beams, where the coherence is with respect to the phase of the atom's de Broglie wave. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Each of the functional regions of TFIIB interacts with different parts of RNA polymerase II. The amino terminal B ribbon is located on dock domain of RNA polymerase II and extends in to the cleft towards the active site. Extending the B ribbon is the B reader that extends via the RNA exit tunnel to the binding site of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The discovery of introns and the split gene architecture of the eukaryotic genes started a new era of eukaryotic biology. The question of why eukaryotic genes had fragmented genes prompted speculation and discussion almost immediately.
Ford Doolittle published a paper in 1978 in which he stated that most molecular biol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cucurbiturils have also been explored as supramolecular catalysts. Larger cucurbiturils, such as cucurbit[8]uril can bind multiple guest molecules. CB[8] forms a complex 2:1 (guest:host) with (E)-diaminostilbene dihydrochloride which is accommodated by CB[8]'s larger internal diameter of 8.8 angstrom and height 9.1 ang... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
By far, the most prevalent bulk material for solar cells is crystalline silicon (c-Si), also known as "solar grade silicon". Bulk silicon is separated into multiple categories according to crystallinity and crystal size in the resulting ingot, ribbon or wafer. These cells are entirely based around the concept of a p–n ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Electrochemical Society is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of electrochemistry solid-state science and related technology. The Society membership comprises more than 8,000 scientists and engineers in over 85 countries at all degr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oil analysis (OA) is the laboratory analysis of a lubricants properties, suspended contaminants, and wear debris. OA' is performed during routine predictive maintenance to provide meaningful and accurate information on lubricant and machine condition. By tracking oil analysis sample results over the life of a particula... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nucleosides are molecules formed by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose or deoxyribose ring. Examples of these include cytidine (C), uridine (U), adenosine (A), guanosine (G), and thymidine (T).
Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell, producing nucleotides.
Both DNA and RNA are polymers, con... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vitamin D can be synthesized only by a photochemical process. Its production from sterols would have started very early in the evolution of life around the origin of photosynthesis, possibly helping to prevent DNA damage by absorbing UVB, making vitamin D an inactive end product. The familiar vitamin D endocrine machin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MCP-RHEED is a system in which an electron beam is amplified by a micro-channel plate (MCP). This system consists of an electron gun and an MCP equipped with a fluorescent screen opposite to the electron gun. Because of the amplification, the intensity of the electron beam can be decreased by several orders of magnitud... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The main components of a UV curing solution includes resins, monomers, and photoinitiators. Resin is an oligomer that imparts specific properties to the final polymer. A monomer is used as a cross-linking agent and regulates the viscosity of the mixture to suit the application. The photoinitiator is responsible for abs... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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