text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
The ELP can be conjugated to a functional group that can bind to a protein of interest. At temperatures below the T the ELP will bind to the ligand in its linear form. In this linear state, the ELP-protein complex cannot easily be distinguished from the extraneous proteins in the solution. However, once the solution... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ibuprofen is sometimes used for the treatment of acne because of its anti-inflammatory properties, and has been sold in Japan in topical form for adult acne. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen may be useful in the treatment of severe orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure when standing up). NSAIDs are of unclear util... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Another example is the unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S1) reaction in organic chemistry, where it is the first, rate-determining step that is unimolecular. A specific case is the basic hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide () by aqueous sodium hydroxide. The mechanism has two steps (where R denotes the tert-butyl r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transition metal-based bioconjugation had been challenging due to the nature of biological conditions – aqueous solution, room temperature, mild pH, and low substrate concentrations – which are generally challenging for organometallic reactions. However, recently, besides [[CuAAC|copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] azide alkyne c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The heat distortion temperature is determined by the following test procedure outlined in ASTM D648. The test specimen is loaded in three-point bending in the edgewise direction. The outer fiber stress used for testing is either 0.455 MPa or 1.82 MPa, and the temperature is increased at 2 °C/min until the specimen defl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In sediments, oceans, and rivers, distinct trace metal isotope ratios exist due to biological processes such as metal ion uptake and abiotic processes such as adsorption to particulate matter that preferentially remove certain isotopes. The trace metal isotopic composition of a given organism results from a combination... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Fabre-salts are composed of tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene (TMTTF) and Bechgaard salts of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF). These two organic molecules are similar except for the sulfur-atoms of TMTTF being replaced by selenium-atoms in TMTSF. The molecules are stacked in columns (with a tendency to dimerization)... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Metabolic disorder is one of the causes of liver cancer. Mitochondria is responsible for oxidation using NAD, which is produced in Step 4 of the citrate–malate shuttle system. In high obesity or insulin resistance (diabetes) patients, their body contains large amounts of fatty acid, the shuttle system might not generat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite its name the dye is not prepared from the mineral malachite; the name just comes from the simil... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Atmospheric methane removal is a category of potential approaches being researched to accelerate the breakdown of methane that is in the atmosphere, for the purpose of mitigating some of the impacts of climate change.
Atmospheric methane has increased since pre-industrial times from 0.7 ppm to 1.9 ppm. From 2010 to 201... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Mountain Pass deposit is in a 1.4 billion-year-old Precambrian carbonatite intruded into gneiss. It contains 8% to 12% rare-earth oxides, mostly contained in the mineral bastnäsite. Gangue minerals include calcite, barite, and dolomite. It is regarded as a world-class rare-earth mineral deposit. The metals that can... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Liebig–Pasteur dispute is the dispute between Justus von Liebig and Louis Pasteur on the processes and causes of fermentation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Mallory reaction is a photochemical-cyclization–elimination reaction of diaryl-ethylene structures to form phenanthrenes and other polycyclic form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heteroaromatics. This name reaction is named for Frank Mallory, who discovered it while a graduate student.
Un... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In August 2009, scientists in Israel raised serious doubts concerning the use of DNA by law enforcement as the ultimate method of identification. In a paper published in the journal Forensic Science International: Genetics, the Israeli researchers demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture DNA in a laboratory, thu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Investigations of planktonic foraminiferal population indicate that tropical species attain their largest test sizes in tropical waters, and polar species reach maximum sizes in polar waters. Species living in subtropical and subpolar waters decrease in test size with both increasing and decreasing temperature.
The pro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Bioconductor project curates a variety of R packages aimed at integrating omic data:
*[http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/omicade4.html omicade4], for multiple co-inertia analysis of multi omic datasets
*[http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/MultiAssayExperiment.html MultiAssayExperime... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The drawbacks of the SMB are higher investment cost compared to single column operations, a higher complexity, as well as higher maintenance costs. But these drawbacks are effectively compensated by the better yield and a much lower solvent consumption as well as a much higher productivity compared to simple batch sepa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Valence is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms. Double bo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This form of corrosion is usually caused by a combination of corrosion and cyclic stress. Measuring and controlling this is difficult because of the many factors at play including the nature or form of the stress cycle. The stress cycles cause localized work hardening. So avoiding stress concentrators such as holes etc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Unlike the electron microscope, which provides a two-dimensional projection or a two-dimensional image of a sample, the AFM provides a three-dimensional surface profile. In addition, samples viewed by AFM do not require any special treatments (su... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Estimating lake metabolism requires approximating processes that influence the production and consumption of organic carbon by organisms within the lake. Cyclical changes on a daily scale occur in most lakes on Earth because sunlight is available for photosynthesis and production of new carbon only for a portion of the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,3-butanediol fermentation produces smaller amounts of acid than mixed acid fermentation, and butanediol, ethanol, CO and H are the end products. While equal amounts of CO and H are created during mixed acid fermentation, butanediol fermentation produces more than twice the amount of CO because the gases are not produ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vectorette PCR is a variation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) designed in 1988. The original PCR was created and also patented during the 1980s. Vectorette PCR was first noted and described in an article in 1990 by John H. Riley and his team. Since then, multiple variants of PCR have been created. Vectorette PCR foc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In inorganic chemistry, the sulfuryl group is a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom covalently bound to two oxygen atoms ().
It occurs in compounds such as sulfuryl chloride, and sulfuryl fluoride, .
In organic chemistry, this group is found in sulfones () and sulfonyl halides (), where it is called the sulf... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Helium-3 was trapped in the planet when it formed. Some He is being added by meteoric dust, primarily collecting on the bottom of oceans (although due to subduction, all oceanic tectonic plates are younger than continental plates). However, He will be degassed from oceanic sediment during subduction, so cosmogenic He ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The English word "chitin" comes from the French word chitine, which was derived in 1821 from the Greek word χιτών (khitōn) meaning covering.
A similar word, "chiton", refers to a marine animal with a protective shell. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bacterial initiation factor 1 associates with the 30S ribosomal subunit in the A site and prevents an aminoacyl-tRNA from entering. It modulates IF2 binding to the ribosome by increasing its affinity. It may also prevent the 50S subunit from binding, stopping the formation of the 70S subunit. It also contains a β-domai... | 1 | Biochemistry |
YeTFaSCo (The Yeast Transcription Factor Specificity Compendium) is a database of transcription factors for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term "molecular tweezers" was first used by Whitlock. The class of hosts was developed and popularized by Zimmerman in the mid-1980s to early 1990s and later by Klärner. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Apart from some production of puddled steel, English steel continued to be made by the cementation process, sometimes followed by remelting to produce crucible steel. These were batch-based processes whose raw material was bar iron, particularly Swedish oregrounds iron.
The problem of mass-producing cheap steel was so... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diisopinocampheylborane is an organoborane that is useful for asymmetric synthesis of secondary alcohols. It is derived by hydroboration of α-pinene, a common diterpene member of the chiral pool. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
1,3,5-Triheptylbenzene (also called sym-triheptylbenzene) is an aromatic organic compound with a chemical formula and molar mass 372.67 g/mol. It can be prepared by the hydrogenation reduction reaction of 1,1,1-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(heptan-1-one). Alternatively, 1-nonyne trimerizes to 1,3,5-triheptylbenzene when c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Copper roofs are extremely durable in most environments. They have performed well for over 700 years, primarily because of the protective patina that forms on copper surfaces. Tests conducted on 18th Century copper roofs in Europe showed that, in theory, they could last for one thousand years. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Transcription can be repressed in a variety of ways, and therefore can be derepressed in different ways as well. A common mechanism is allosteric regulation. This is when a substrate binds a repressor protein and causes it to undergo a conformational change. If the repressor is bound upstream of a gene, such as in an o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pulsed FT spectrometry gives the advantage of requiring a single, time-dependent measurement which can easily deconvolute a set of similar but distinct signals. The resulting composite signal, is called a free induction decay, because typically the signal will decay due to inhomogeneities in sample frequency, or simpl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A very convenient way to get a quantitative understanding of the throttling process is by using diagrams such as h-T diagrams, h-P diagrams, and others. Commonly used are the so-called T-s diagrams. Figure 2 shows the T-s diagram of nitrogen as an example. Various points are indicated as follows:
As shown before, throt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mutants are viable, but may be distinguished from normal plants by FeCl staining: plants able to synthesize benzoxinoids have pale blue color when crushed and treated with FeCl solutions (Hamilton 1964, Simcox 1993 ). Mutations in the bx1 gene reduce the resistance to first generation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
#Isolate the fly genome.
#Undergo a light digest (using an enzyme [enzyme 1] known NOT to cut in the reporter gene), giving fragments of a few kilobases, a few with the insertion and its flanking DNA.
#Self ligate the digest (low DNA concentration to ensure self ligation) giving a selection of circular DNA fragments, a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A (by no means exhaustive) selection of models of biological systems involving multi-state molecules and using some of the tools discussed here is give in the table below. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Liquid crystal (LC) is a state of matter whose properties are between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For example, a liquid crystal can flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a common direction as in solid. There are many types of LC phases, which can be distinguished by the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Geopolymer bonded wood composite (GWC) are similar and a green alternatives to cement bonded wood composites. These products are composed of geopolymer binder, wood fibers/ wood particles. Depending on the wood and geopolymer ratio in the material, the properties of the wood-geopolymer composite material vary. The main... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In a bimolecular reaction, two molecules collide and exchange energy, atoms or groups of atoms.
This can be described by the equation
which corresponds to the second order rate law: .
Here, the rate of the reaction is proportional to the rate at which the reactants come together. An example of a bimolecular
reaction i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When disposed, PHBV degrades into carbon dioxide and water. PHBV undergo bacterial degradation. PHBV, just like fats to human, is an energy source to microorganisms. Enzymes produced by them degrade it and are consumed.
PHBV has a low thermal stability and the cleavage occurs at the ester bond by β elimination reaction... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plasma electrochemistry is a new field of research where the interaction of plasma with an electrolyte solution is studied. It uses plasma to drive chemical reactions in liquid. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first photovoltaic cell ever designed was also the first photoelectrochemical cell. It was created in 1839, by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel, at age 19, in his father's laboratory.
The mostly commonly researched modern photoelectrochemical cell in recent decades has been the Grätzel cell, although much attention has r... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The reagent appears as a clear, yellow liquid without odour. It is harmful if inhaled, a recognised carcinogen and can cause eye burns. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
During the 1970s the BNF became the BNF Metals Technology Centre and moved out of London to Grove Laboratories, Denchworth Road, Wantage, Oxfordshire. Recognising globalisation, membership was then opened to companies based overseas. In 1990 the BNF bought Fulmer Research Laboratories from the Institute of Physics an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ion funnels are frequently used in mass spectroscopy devices to collect ions from an ionization source. Previous devices lacking an ion funnel often lost ions during the transition from ionization source to the detector of the mass spectrometer. This loss was due to the increasing number of collisions undergone by ions... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Explained briefly, NASBA works as follows:
#RNA template added to the reaction mixture, the first primer with the T7 promoter region on its 5 end attaches to its complementary site at the 3 end of the template.
#Reverse transcriptase synthesizes the opposite complementary DNA strand extending the 3' end of the primer, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The clipping method is similar to the capping reaction except that in this case the dumbbell shaped molecule is complete and is bound to a partial macrocycle. The partial macrocycle then undergoes a ring closing reaction around the dumbbell-shaped molecule, forming the rotaxane. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Push–pull perfusion is an in vivo sampling method most commonly used for measuring neurotransmitters in the brain. Developed by J.H. Gaddum in 1960,
this technique replaced the cortical cup technique for observing neurotransmitters. The advent of concentric microdialysis probes in the 1980s resulted in push-pull sampl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TGFβ signaling at the cell membrane results in 2 different intracellular pathways. One of them depends on MED15, while the other is independent of MED15. In both human cells and Caenorhabditis elegans MED15 is involved in lipid homeostasis through the pathway involving SREBPs In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Hamiltonian describing a spinor condensate is most frequently written using the language of
second quantization. Here the field operator
creates a boson in Zeeman level at position . These
operators satisfy bosonic commutation relations:
The free (non-interacting) part of the Hamiltonian is
where denotes the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Condensation polymerization is an important class of step-growth polymerization, which is formed simply by the reaction of two monomers and results in the release of a water molecule. Since these polymers are typically made up of two or more monomers, the resulting end groups are from the monomer functionality. Example... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase
Cytochrome P450 reductase, also known as NADPH:ferrihemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:hemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase, P450 reductase, POR, CPR, CYPOR, is a membrane-bound enzyme required for electron transfer to cytochrome P450 in the microsome of the eukaryotic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
EPS is found in the matrix of other microbial biofilms such as microalgal biofilms. The formation of biofilm and structure of EPS share a lot of similarities with bacterial ones. The formation of biofilm starts with reversible absorption of floating cells to the surface. Followed by production of EPS, the adsorption wi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For equilibria in a gas phase, fugacity, f, is used in place of activity. However, fugacity has the dimension of pressure, so it must be divided by a standard pressure, usually 1 bar, in order to produce a dimensionless quantity, . An equilibrium constant is expressed in terms of the dimensionless quantity. For example... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the process of photosynthesis, green plants use the energy of sunlight to split water into free oxygen (which is released) and free hydrogen. Rather than attempt to store the hydrogen, plants immediately capture carbon dioxide from the air to allow the hydrogen to reduce it to storable fuels such as hydrocarbons (pl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Racemic drugs are not drug combinations in the accepted sense of two or more co-formulated therapeutic agents, but combinations of isomeric substances whose pharmacological activity may reside predominantly in one specific enantiomeric form. In case of stereoselectivity in action only one of the components in the racem... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hess's law states that the change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction is the same regardless of whether the reaction takes place in one step or several steps, provided the initial and final states of the reactants and products are the same. Enthalpy is an extensive property, meaning that its value is proportional to the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
People who survive an intoxication episode may develop persistent health problems. This group of persistent health symptoms are called syndrome of irreversible lithium-effectuated neurotoxicity (SILENT). The syndrome presents with irreversible neurological and neuro-psychiatric effects. The neurological signs are cereb... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrogen-bond catalysis is a type of organocatalysis that relies on use of hydrogen bonding interactions to accelerate and control organic reactions. In biological systems, hydrogen bonding plays a key role in many enzymatic reactions, both in orienting the substrate molecules and lowering barriers to reaction. However... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin (beta-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.
β-Catenin is a dual function protein, involved in regulation and coordination of cell–cell adhesion and gene transcription. In humans, the CTNNB1 protein is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene. In Drosophila, the h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NMR spectroscopy is often the method of choice for monitoring reaction progress, where substrate consumption and/or product formation may be observed over time from the change of peak integration relative to a non-reactive standard. From the concentration data, the rate of reaction over time may be obtained by taking t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An amorphism, in chemistry, crystallography and, by extension, to other areas of the natural sciences is a substance or feature that lacks an ordered form. In the specific case of crystallography, an amorphic material is one that lacks long range (significant) crystalline order at the molecular level. In the history of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Primary standards are compounds with known stoichiometry, high purity, and high stability. Standard solutions can be prepared using primary standards by accurately weighing a known quantity of the compound, followed by dilution to a precise volume. For example, a weighed sample of 0.15 g sodium chloride contains 2.6 x ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Kuhn length is a theoretical treatment, developed by Werner Kuhn, in which a real polymer chain is considered as a collection of Kuhn segments each with a Kuhn length . Each Kuhn segment can be thought of as if they are freely jointed with each other. Each segment in a freely jointed chain can randomly orient in a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Primary and secondary consumers in lakes require organic matter (either from plants or animals) to maintain organismal function. Organic matter including tree leaves, dissolved organic matter, and algae provide essential resources to these consumers and in the process increase lake ecosystem respiration rates in the co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In many substitution reactions, well-defined intermediates are not observed, when the rate of such processes are influenced by the nature of the entering ligand, the pathway is called associative interchange, abbreviated I. Representative is the interchange of bulk and coordinated water in [V(HO)]. In contrast, the sl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ionic additives, such as ammonium acetate and ammonium formate, are usually used to control the mobile phase pH and ion strength. In HILIC they can also contribute to the polarity of the analyte, resulting in differential changes in retention. For extremely polar analytes (e.g. aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin) o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*1896–1932 Wilder Dwight Bancroft, Joseph E. Trevor
*1933–1951 S. C. Lind
*1952–1964 William A. Noyes
*1965–1969 F. T. Wall
*1970–1980 Bryce Crawford
*1980–2004 Mostafa El-Sayed
*2005–2019 George C. Schatz
*2020–present Joan-Emma Shea | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cryo-adsorption is a method used for hydrogen storage where gaseous hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures (150—60 K) is physically adsorbed on porous material, mostly activated carbon. The achievable storage density is between liquid-hydrogen (LH) storage systems and compressed-hydrogen (CGH) storage systems. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A variety of synthetic routes to acid have been developed. The first reported chemical syntheses approached HMB by oxidation of alkene, vicinal diol, and alcohol precursors:
* in 1877, Russian chemists Michael and Alexander Zaytsev reported the preparation of HMB by oxidation of 2-methylpent-4-en-2-ol with chromic ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Seawater, or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has approximately of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium () and chloride () ions). The avera... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Dortmund Data Bank is distributed by DDBST GmbH as in-house software. Many parts of the Dortmund Data Bank are also distributed as part of the DETHERM data bank which is also available online. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Upon first arriving in the Philippine archipelago, landing specifically in the visayas, Spanish colonizers noted astonishing amounts of gold in common use, including earrings, armbands legbands, gold chains, collars of beads, wristlets, armlets, finger rings, and so on. They were also integrated into clothing as sequi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the study of the structure of mercury b- , lead- and organotin derivatives of nitrosophenols, Nesmeyanov discovered the phenomenon of metallotropy, that is, a special tautomerism in which a reversible transfer of an organometallic group occurs. Joint studies by A. N. Nesmeyanov and I. F. Lutsenko discovered heteroat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In addition to linking primary producers to higher trophic levels in marine food webs, zooplankton also play an important role as “recyclers” of carbon and other nutrients that significantly impact marine biogeochemical cycles, including the biological pump. This is particularly the case with copepods and krill, and is... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The mechanism by which molecules cross cellular membrane barriers during sonoporation remains unclear. Different theories exist that may potentially explain barrier permeabilization and molecular delivery. The dominant hypotheses include pore formation, endocytosis, and membrane wounds. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The FDA approved Phase I clinical trials on thalassemia major patients in the US for 10 participants in July. The study was expected to continue until 2015.
In July 2012, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of a gene therapy treatment for the first time in either Europe or the United States. The treatmen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several physical properties of superconductors vary from material to material, such as the critical temperature, the value of the superconducting gap, the critical magnetic field, and the critical current density at which superconductivity is destroyed. On the other hand, there is a class of properties that are indepen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Determining the point group is a useful way to predict polarity of a molecule. In general, a molecule will not possess dipole moment if the individual bond dipole moments of the molecule cancel each other out. This is because dipole moments are euclidean vector quantities with magnitude and direction, and a two equal v... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Joule effect and Joule's law are any of several different physical effects discovered or characterized by English physicist James Prescott Joule. These physical effects are not the same, but all are frequently or occasionally referred to in the literature as the "Joule effect" or "Joule law" These physical effects incl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2014 and 2016 the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, hosted academic symposiums to commemorate his life's work.
A Special Memorial Exhibition was also held in 2015 at the Dong-Eun Museum of Medical Science in Seoul, Korea. The exhibit included a collection of pa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Applications in macroscopic engineering have been suggested, building quasi-crystal-like large scale engineering structures, which could have interesting physical properties. Also, aperiodic tiling lattice structures may be used instead of isogrid or honeycomb patterns. None of these seem to have been put to use in pra... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In E. coli, the biosynthesis begins with phosphorylation of 5-phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate (PRPP), catalyzed by ATP-phosphoribosyl transferase. Phosphoribosyl-ATP converts to phosphoribosyl-AMP (PRAMP). His4 then catalyzes the formation of phosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate, which is then converted to phosphoribulo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Type-II superconductivity is characterized by two critical fields called B and B. At a magnetic field B the applied magnetic field starts to penetrate the sample, but the sample is still superconducting. Only at a field of B the sample is completely normal. For fields in between B and B magnetic flux penetrates the sup... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As mentioned in the introduction, -photo-leucine is a synthetic derivative of the -Leucine amino acid. -photo-leucine is characterized by the presence of a diazirine ring linked to the R radical of the original amino acid. This cyclopropene ring-shaped molecule is constituted of a carbon atom attached to two nitrogen a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In shallower waters, evidence supports that activity of local fisherman and marine life such as fish and certain shark species can disturb bottom sediments containing calcium carbonate particles and lead to their suspension. In addition, as microorganisms impact water chemistry in observable ways and require certain nu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), is an example of a genetic labeling technique that utilizes probes that are specific for chromosomal sites along the length of a chromosome, also known as chromosome painting. Multiple fluorescent dyes that each have a distinct excitation and emission wavelength are bound to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Modification had also been extended past hydrophobic and hydrophilic attachments, charged compounds have also been introduced to TRPs. Kobayashi et al. had previously performed successful modifications to separate bioactive ionic compounds, and continued on that success to improve separation efficiency of bioactive com... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenolic acids can be found in mushroom basidiomycetes species. For example, protocatechuic acid and pyrocatechol are found in Agaricus bisporus as well as other phenylated substances like phenylacetic and phenylpyruvic acids. Other compounds like atromentin and thelephoric acid can also be isolated from fungi in the A... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A high-resolution imaging (HRI) black-and-white, or panchromatic, camera is mounted adjacent to the HSI camera to enable both cameras to capture the same reflected light. The HRI camera uses a pushbroom approach just like the HSI camera with a similar lens and slit arrangement to limit the incoming light to a thin, wid... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Directional transmittance of a surface, denoted T, is defined as
where
*L is the radiance transmitted by that surface;
*L is the radiance received by that surface. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In June 2010, it was revealed that a phase II study of armodafinil as an adjunctive therapy in adults with schizophrenia had failed to meet the primary endpoints, and the clinical program was subsequently terminated. However, a study published later that year showed that patients with schizophrenia treated with armodaf... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*Lorraine Mercer MBE of the United Kingdom, born with phocomelia of both arms and legs, is the only thalidomide survivor to carry the Olympic Torch.
*Thomas Quasthoff, an internationally acclaimed bass-baritone, who describes himself: "1.34 meters tall, short arms, seven fingers — four right, three left — large, rela... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Consider a growth-optimizing investor in a fair game with mutually exclusive outcomes
(e.g. a “horse race” in which the official odds add up to one).
The rate of return expected by such an investor is equal to the relative entropy
between the investor's believed probabilities and the official odds.
This is a special ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As sea ice freezes, it rejects increasingly salty water, which drains through narrow brine channels that thread through the ice. The brine flowing through the brine channels and out of the bottom of the ice is very cold and salty, so it sinks in the warmer, fresher seawater under the ice, forming a plume. The plume is ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The process of water sampling introduces two significant problems:
* The first problem is the extent to which the sample may be representative of the water source of interest. Water sources vary with time and with location. The measurement of interest may vary seasonally or from day to night or in response to some acti... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.