text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Transitions made by the free valence electrons of the molecules are responsible for the production of scintillation light in organic crystals. These electrons are associated with the whole molecule rather than any particular atom and occupy the so-called -molecular orbitals. The ground state S is a singlet state above ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
One might believe that sodium or potassium hydride would be the ideal base for deprotonating these precursor salts. The hydride should react irreversibly with the loss of hydrogen to give the desired carbene, with the inorganic by-products and excess hydride being removed by filtration. In practice this reaction is oft... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mycosporine-like amino acids are small secondary metabolites produced by organisms that live in environments with high volumes of sunlight, usually marine environments. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Statistical mechanics suggests that can be expressed by a power series called a virial expansion,
The functions are the virial coefficients; the th term represents a particle interaction.
If we note in the expression for that for , the term can be expanded in an absolutely convergent series; this yields
This is t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first synthesis of tropinone was by Richard Willstätter in 1901. It started from the seemingly related cycloheptanone, but required many steps to introduce the nitrogen bridge; the overall yield for the synthesis path is only 0.75%. Willstätter had previously synthesized cocaine from tropinone, in what was the firs... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
People who are taking meperidine, tramadol, methadone, propoxyphene, dextromethorphan, St. John’s wort, cyclobenzaprine, or another MAO inhibitor should not take rasagiline.
The FDA drug label carries a warning of the risk of serotonin syndrome when rasagiline is used with antidepressants or with meperidine. However ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In 1993, Richard J. Roberts and Phillip Allen Sharp received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of "split genes". Using the model adenovirus in their research, they were able to discover splicing—the fact that pre-mRNA is processed into mRNA once introns were removed from the RNA segment. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Potassium humate is used in agriculture as a fertilizer additive to increase the efficiency of fertilizers especially nitrogen- and phosphorus-based fertilizer inputs. Other salts of humic acid are manufactured, mainly sodium humate, which is used in animal health supplements. It also can be used in aquaculture. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ristocetin is a glycopeptide antibiotic, obtained from Amycolatopsis lurida, previously used to treat staphylococcal infections. It is no longer used clinically because it caused thrombocytopenia and platelet agglutination. It is now used solely to assay those functions in vitro in the diagnosis of conditions such as ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Precipitation in hydrometallurgy involves the chemical precipitation from aqueous solutions, either of metals and their compounds or of the contaminants. Precipitation will proceed when, through reagent addition, evaporation, pH change or temperature manipulation, the amount of a species present in the solution exceeds... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hawkins et al.. demonstrated the toxic effects of CYN by mouse bioassay, using an extract of the original Palm Island strain. Acutely poisoned mice displayed anorexia, diarrhoea and gasping respiration. Autopsy results revealed haemorrhages in the lungs, livers, kidneys, small intestines and adrenal glands. Histopathol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*The reaction has been attempted in the microwave, improving yields with the α-glucopyranoside to 88% and reducing the reaction time significantly to 14 minutes.
*The original paper by Tipson and Cohen also used acyclic sugars to illustrate the utility of the reaction. Thus the reaction is not limited to cyclic carbohy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Type III restriction enzymes (e.g., EcoP15) recognize two separate non-palindromic sequences that are inversely oriented. They cut DNA about 20–30 base pairs after the recognition site. These enzymes contain more than one subunit and require AdoMet and ATP cofactors for their roles in DNA methylation and restriction di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electron wake is the disturbance left after a high-energy charged particle passes through condensed matter or plasma. Ions passing through can introduce periodic oscillations in the crystal lattice or plasma wave with the characteristic frequency of the crystal or plasma frequency. Interactions of the field created by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfur concrete was developed and promoted as a building material to get rid of large amounts of stored sulfur produced by hydrodesulfurization of gas and oil (Claus process). As of 2011, sulfur concrete has only been used in small quantities when fast curing or acid resistance is necessary.The material has been sugges... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Thermal spraying is a line of sight process and the bond mechanism is primarily mechanical. Thermal spray application is not compatible with the substrate if the area to which it is applied is complex or blocked by other bodies. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the 1920s, Otto Heinrich Warburg discovered an intriguing bioenergetic phenotype shared by most tumor cells: a higher-than-normal reliance on lactic acid fermentation for energy generation. He is known as the "Father of Oncometabolism". Although the roots of this research field trace back to the 1920s, it was only r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pulse radiolysis is a recent method of initiating fast reactions to study reactions occurring on a timescale faster than approximately one hundred microseconds, when simple mixing of reagents is too slow and other methods of initiating reactions have to be used.
The technique involves exposing a sample of material to a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The mechanism for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined, but two main models have been proposed. Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s. The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast DNA replica... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Lead and LBE coolant are more corrosive to steel than sodium, and this puts an upper limit on the velocity of coolant flow through the reactor due to safety considerations. Furthermore, the higher melting points of lead and LBE (327 °C and 123.5 °C respectively) may mean that solidification of the coolant may be a grea... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Peptide-based self-healing hydrogels may be selectively grown onto nanofiber material which can then incorporated into the desired reconstructive tissue target. The hydrogel framework is then chemically modified to promote cell adhesion to the nanofiber peptide scaffold. Because the growth of the extracellular matrix s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most critical aspect in biomass fermentation processes is related to its productivity. The ABE fermentation via Clostridium beijerinckii or Clostridium acetobutylicum for instance is characterized by product inhibition. This means that there is a product concentration threshold that cannot be overcome, resulting in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The cholinergic system consists of projection neurons from the pedunculopontine nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and basal forebrain and interneurons from the striatum and nucleus accumbens. It is not yet clear whether acetylcholine as a neuromodulator acts through volume transmission or classical synaptic tran... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2005 a two hybrid system in plants was developed. Using protoplasts of A. thaliana protein-protein interactions can be studied in plants. This way the interactions can be studied in their native context. In this system the GAL4 AD and BD are under the control of the strong 35S promoter. Interaction is measured usin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The designations were established by the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials, which published its first round of supplemental reviews under the name Strukturbericht from 1913-1928. These reports were collected into a book published in 1931 by Paul Peter Ewald and Carl Hermann which became V... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In theoretical chemistry, Specific ion Interaction Theory (SIT theory) is a theory used to estimate single-ion activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions at relatively high concentrations. It does so by taking into consideration interaction coefficients between the various ions present in solution. Interaction coef... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Yukawa–Tsuno equation allows for treatment of both para- and meta- substituents, and it also better correlates data from reactions with high electron demand than the original Hammett equation. However, this equation does not take into account the effects of various solvents on organic reactions. Also, Yukawa and Ts... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most chloroplasts in a photosynthetic cell do not develop directly from proplastids or etioplasts. In fact, a typical shoot meristematic plant cell contains only 7–20 proplastids. These proplastids differentiate into chloroplasts, which divide to create the 30–70 chloroplasts found in a mature photosynthetic plant cell... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The mechanism by which natural siRNA causes gene silencing through repression of translation occurs as follows:
# Long dsRNA (which can come from hairpin, complementary RNAs, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases) is cleaved by an endo-ribonuclease called Dicer. Dicer cuts the long dsRNA to form short interfering RNA or si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required in varying quantities throughout life to serve metabolic and physiological functions.
* Dietary minerals, such as copper and iron, are elements native to Earth, and cannot be synthesized. They are required in the diet in microgram or milligram amounts. As plants o... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The reaction of carbon dioxide with epoxides is a general route to the preparation of cyclic 5-membered carbonates. Annual production of cyclic carbonates was estimated at 100,000 tonnes per year in 2010. Industrially, ethylene and propylene oxides readily react with carbon dioxide to give ethylene and propylene carbon... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Eukaryotic Rad51 and its related family members are homologous to the archaeal RadA and bacterial RecA recombinases. Rad51 is highly conserved from yeast to humans. It has a key function in the recombinational repair of DNA damages, particularly double-strand damages such as double-strand breaks. In humans, over- or... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Increases in carbon capture and sequestration have been observed in both mangrove and seagrass ecosystems which have been subjected to high nutrient loads, either intentionally or due to waste from human activities.
Research done on mangrove soils from the Red Sea have shown that increases in nutrient loads to these so... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Levan is synthesized in archaea, fungi, bacteria, and a limited number of plant species. Fructans such as levan are synthesized from sucrose, a disaccharide containing glucose and fructose. In plants, the vacuole is where fructan production occurs. Sucrose:sucrose/fructan 6-fructosyltransferase is the fructosyltransfer... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are three common naming conventions for specifying one of the two enantiomers (the absolute configuration) of a given chiral molecule: the R/S system is based on the geometry of the molecule; the (+)- and (−)- system (also written using the obsolete equivalents d- and l-) is based on its optical rotation properti... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Magmatic water, also known as juvenile water, is an aqueous phase in equilibrium with minerals that have been dissolved by magma deep within the Earth's crust and is released to the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption. It plays a key role in assessing the crystallization of igneous rocks, particularly silicates, as w... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Type E (chromel–constantan) has a high output (68 μV/°C), which makes it well suited to cryogenic use. Additionally, it is non-magnetic.
Wide range is −270 °C to +740 °C
and narrow range is −110 °C to +140 °C. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Peptidoglycan recognition is an evolutionarily conserved process. The overall structure is similar between bacterial species, but various modifications can increase the diversity. These include modifications of the length of sugar polymers, modifications in the sugar structures, variations in cross-linking or substitut... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using vibrational perturbation theory, effects such as tunnelling and variational effects can be accounted for within the SCTST formalism. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Before the Industrial Revolution, the ocean was a source of CO to the atmosphere balancing the impact of rock weathering and terrestrial particulate organic carbon; now it has become a sink for the excess atmospheric CO. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which va... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An alternating magnetic field is applied at the atomizer (graphite furnace) to split the absorption line into three components, the π component, which remains at the same position as the original absorption line, and two σ components, which are moved to higher and lower wavelengths, respectively. Total absorption is me... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The most widely used numerical laser diffraction results are:
* The median volume-weighted diameter, or D. Derived from the cumulative curve, it represents the particle diameter separating the upper 50 % of the data from the lower 50 %.
* The D and D values, also derived from the cumulative curve.
* The mean volume-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A cDNA library is a combination of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA) fragments inserted into a collection of host cells, which constitute some portion of the transcriptome of the organism and are stored as a "library". cDNA is produced from fully transcribed mRNA found in the nucleus and therefore contains only the expre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The FRET efficiency () is the quantum yield of the energy-transfer transition, i.e. the probability of energy-transfer event occurring per donor excitation event:
where the radiative decay rate of the donor, is the rate of energy transfer, and the rates of any other de-excitation pathways excluding energy transfers ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Hildebrand solubility parameter (δ) provides a numerical estimate of the degree of interaction between materials and can be a good indication of solubility, particularly for nonpolar materials such as many polymers. Materials with similar values of δ are likely to be miscible. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The thermodynamics of metal ion complex formation provides much significant information. In particular it is useful in distinguishing between enthalpic and entropic effects. Enthalpic effects depend on bond strengths and entropic effects have to do with changes in the order/disorder of the solution as a whole. The chel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Extensive studies have been performed on the formation of enolates. It is possible to generate, in most cases, the desired enolate geometry:
For ketones, most enolization conditions give Z enolates. For esters, most enolization conditions give E enolates. The addition of HMPA is known to reverse the stereoselectivity o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The thermal conductivity of common solders ranges from 30 to 400 W/(m·K), and the density from 9.25 to 15.00 g/cm. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The relation between the change in Gibbs reaction energy and Gibbs energy can be defined as the slope of the Gibbs energy plotted against the extent of reaction at constant pressure and temperature.
This formula leads to the Nernst equation when applied to the oxidation-reduction reaction which generates the voltage of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A program package MatchMiner was used to scan HUGO names for cloned genes of interest are scanned, then are input into GoMiner, which leveraged the GO to identify the biological processes, functions and components represented in the gene profile. Also, Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (D... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The practical uses of an instrument that uses a single probe are that it allows for the developing of a high throughput device. A high throughput surface tension device can be used for formulation in real time for understanding the penetration of drugs in the blood–brain barrier (BBB), understanding the solubility of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pore formation following ultrasound application was first reported in 1999 in a study that observed cell membrane craters following ultrasound application at 255 kHz. Later, sonoporation mediated microinjection of dextran molecules showed that membrane permeability mechanisms differ depending on the size of dextran mol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
During the Middle Ages, between the 5th and 16th century AD, Western Europe saw a period of growth in the mining industry. The first important mines were those at Goslar in the Harz mountains, taken into commission in the 10th century. Another notable mining town is Falun in Sweden where copper has been mined since at ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A number of blocking agents maybe employed but a common one is Methylethyl ketone oxime (MEKO). Caprolactam is also used.
When blocked, there is no isocyanate (NCO) functionality, so it is much easier to disperse the species in water if the desire is to produce waterborne resins. One of the key reasons different blocki... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The specific weight, also known as the unit weight (symbol , the Greek letter gamma), is a volume-specific quantity defined as the weight per unit volume of a material.
A commonly used value is the specific weight of water on Earth at , which is . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Caution should be exercised in people who have narcolepsy in comorbidity with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Modafinil, like other centrally acting stimulants prescribed for people with narcolepsy, increases POTS-related autonomic dysfunction and results in tachycardia/arrhythmia side effects in peop... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Vukić Mićović (Serbian: Вукић Мићовић; Bare Kraljske, near Andrijevica, Montenegro, 1 January 1896 – Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia, 19 January 1981) was a Serbian chemist, professor and dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Belgrade, rector of the University of Belgrade and academician of SANU... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Recent trends in high-density interconnects have led to the use of copper pillar solder bumps (CPB) for CPU and GPU packaging. CPBs are an attractive replacement for traditional solder bumps because they provide a fixed stand-off independent of pitch. This is extremely important as most of the high-end products are un... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Disjoining pressure can be expressed as:
where (in SI units):
* - disjoining pressure (N/m)
* - the surface area of the interacting surfaces (m)
* - total Gibbs energy of the interaction of the two surfaces (J)
* - distance (m)
* indices and signify that the temperature, volume, and the surface area remain consta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Red mud is the waste product that is produced in the digestion of bauxite with sodium hydroxide. It has high calcium and sodium hydroxide content with a complex chemical composition, and accordingly is very caustic and a potential source of pollution. The amount of red mud produced is considerable, and this has led sci... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although oxygen levels inside processing equipment are usually low, it cannot be fully excluded and thermal-oxidation will usually take place more readily than degradation that is exclusively thermal (i.e. without air). Reactions follow the general autoxidation mechanism, leading to the formation of organic peroxides a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Autacoids or autocoids are biological factors (molecules) which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near their site of biosynthesis. The word autacoid comes from the Greek words "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief; i.e., drug). The effects of autacoids are primarily local, though large quantities can... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The seas name stems from Caspi, the ancient people who lived to the southwest of the sea in Transcaucasia. Strabo (died circa AD 24) wrote that "to the country of the Albanians (Caucasian Albania, not to be confused with the country of Albania) belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Casp... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Advantages include minimal overlap in metal signals meaning the instrument is theoretically capable of detecting 100 parameters per cell, entire cell signaling networks can be inferred organically without reliance on prior knowledge, and one well-constructed experiment produces large amounts of data.
Disadvantages, in ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) are lectins which bind asialoglycoprotein and glycoproteins from which a sialic acid has been removed to expose galactose residues. The receptors, which are integral membrane proteins and are located on mammalian hepatocytes (liver cells), remove target glycoproteins from circu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
During starvation, less than half of the energy used by the brain comes from metabolized glucose. Because the human brain can use ketone bodies as major fuel sources, the body is not forced to break down skeletal muscles at a high rate, thereby maintaining both cognitive function and mobility for up to several weeks. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methylacetylene-propadiene (MPS) gas is a type of fuel gas used in oxy-fuel welding and cutting torches, comprising a mixture of several gases. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After being scattered by the sample, the profile of the diffracted beam needs to be detected by a two-dimensionally resolving X-ray detector. The classical "detector" is X-ray sensitive film, with nuclear plates as a traditional alternative. The first step beyond these "offline" detectors were the so-called image plate... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The iodolactonization reaction includes a number of nuances that affect product formation including regioselectivity, ring size preference, and thermodynamic and kinetic control. In terms of regioselectivity, iodolactonization preferentially occurs at the most hindered carbon atom adjacent to the iodonium cation. This ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Kfar Monash Hoard is a hoard of metal objects dated to the Early Bronze Age (the third millennium BCE) found in the spring of 1962 by the agriculturalist Zvi Yizhar in Kfar Monash, Israel. Kfar Monash is located 3.3 km south-east of Tel Hefer (Tell Ishbar) in the Plain of Sharon or in modern terms 9 km/6 mi northea... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Supermicelle is a hierarchical micelle structure (supramolecular assembly) where individual components are also micelles. Supermicelles are formed via bottom-up chemical approaches, such as self-assembly of long cylindrical micelles into radial cross-, star- or dandelion-like patterns in a specially selected solvent; s... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Methods that screen protein–protein interactions in the living cells.
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is a technique for observing the interactions of proteins. Combining it with other new techniques, dual expression recombinase based (DERB) methods can enable the screening of protein–protein interactio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is still not clear on how to find the linear range of the BET plot for microporous materials in a way that reduces any subjectivity in the assessment of the monolayer capacity. A crowd-sourced study involving 61 research groups has shown that reproducibility of BET area determination from identical isotherms is, in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glycoside hydrolases are classified into EC 3.2.1 as enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of O- or S-glycosides. Glycoside hydrolases can also be classified according to the stereochemical outcome of the hydrolysis reaction: thus they can be classified as either retaining or inverting enzymes. Glycoside hydrolases can als... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Brass was used in Lothal and Atranjikhera in the 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE. Brass and probably zinc was also found at Taxila in 4th to 3rd century BCE contexts. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The case of an ideal chain whose two ends are attached to fixed points will be considered in this sub-section. The vector joining these two points characterizes the macroscopic state (or macro-state) of the ideal chain. Each macro-state corresponds a certain number of micro-states, that we will call (micro-states are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Rosetta stone approach is a computational method for de-novo protein function prediction. It is based on the hypothesis that some proteins involved in a given physiological process may exist as two separate genes in one organism and as a single gene in another. Genomes are scanned for sequences that are independent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stereoelectronic effects can have a significant influence in pharmaceutical research. Generally, the substitution of hydrogen by fluorine could be regarded as a way to tune both the hydrophobicity and the metabolic stability of a drug candidate. Moreover, it can have a profound influence on conformations, often due to ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Adverse effects are similar to those for other β-lactam antibiotics, including nausea, vomiting, rashes, and antibiotic-associated colitis. Loose bowel movements (diarrhea) may also occur. Rarer adverse effects include mental changes, lightheadedness, insomnia, confusion, anxiety, sensitivity to lights and sounds, and ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The established method for the production of synthetic peptides in the lab is known as solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Pioneered by Robert Bruce Merrifield, SPPS allows the rapid assembly of a peptide chain through successive reactions of amino acid derivatives on a macroscopically insoluble solvent-swollen beade... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Crystal field excitation is the electronic transition of an electron between two orbitals of an atom that is situated in a crystal field environment. They are often observed in coordination complexes of transition metals. Some examples of crystal field excitations are dd-transitions on a copper atom that is surrounded ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The HITRAN compilation also provides collision-induced absorption (CIA) that was first introduced into HITRAN in the 2012 edition. CIA refers to absorption by transient electric dipoles induced by the interaction between colliding molecules. Instructions for accessing the CIA data files can be found on [https://hitran.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Asbestiform is a crystal habit. It describes a mineral that grows in a fibrous aggregate of high tensile strength, flexible, long, and thin crystals that readily separate. The most common asbestiform mineral is chrysotile, commonly called "white asbestos", a magnesium phyllosilicate part of the serpentine group. Other ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While relative entropy is a statistical distance, it is not a metric on the space of probability distributions, but instead it is a divergence. While metrics are symmetric and generalize linear distance, satisfying the triangle inequality, divergences are asymmetric in general and generalize squared distance, in some c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In non-scanning, a single 2-D sensor output contains all spatial (x, y) and spectral (λ) data. HSI devices for non-scanning yield the full datacube at once, without any scanning. Figuratively speaking, a single snapshot represents a perspective projection of the datacube, from which its three-dimensional structure can ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The synthesis of metal carbonyls is a widely studied subject of organometallic research. Since the work of Mond and then Hieber, many procedures have been developed for the preparation of mononuclear metal carbonyls as well as homo- and heterometallic carbonyl clusters. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Penicillamine is a trifunctional organic compound, consisting of a thiol, an amine, and a carboxylic acid. It is an amino acid structurally similar to cysteine, but with geminal dimethyl substituents α to the thiol. Like most amino acids, it is a colorless solid that exists in the zwitterionic form at physiological pH.... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), also referred to as FC43, is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless liquid. A molecule of this chemical compound consists of three butyl groups connected to one nitrogen atom, in which all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms. The compound is ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In contrast to materials with a single ferroic order, domains in multiferroics have additional properties and functionalities. For instance, they are characterized by an assembly of at least two order parameters. The order parameters may be independent (typical yet not mandatory for a Type-I multiferroic) or coupled (m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (sometimes called quatrotriphenylphosphine palladium) is the chemical compound [Pd(P(CH))], often abbreviated Pd(PPh), or rarely PdP. It is a bright yellow crystalline solid that becomes brown upon decomposition in air. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys form Al5FeSi- plate like intermetallic phases like -Al8Fe2Si, Al2Cu, etc. The size and morphology of these intermetallic phases in these alloys control the mechanical properties of these alloys, especially strength and ductility. The size of these phases depends on the secondary dendrite arm spacing,... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Protein interference is the process where in some signaling protein interacts, either with the promoter or with some stage of the partially constructed complex, to prevent further construction of the polymerase complex, so preventing initiation. In general, this is a very rapid response and is used for fine level, indi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbene insertion use a different strategy for the functionalization of methane. A strategy using metallocarbenes has been shown with several linear and branched alkanes with rhodium, silver, copper, and gold-based catalysts. With a carbene ligand attached to a metal center, it can be transferred from the coordination ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although gas handling and processing are far more economical than converting coal into coke (not to mention the associated constraints, such as bulk handling, high sensitivity of coking plants to production fluctuations, environmental impact, etc.), replacing coke with natural gas only makes direct reduction attractive... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Screw operations are given the symbol R , where R and i are numbers greater than or equal to 1. Examples of symbols for screw operations are 2 or 4 (pronounced “two sub one” and “four sub three,” respectively). The operation involves choosing a vector→U and acts by a rotation of θ = 360/R degrees about an axis parallel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The probability of a transition taking place is the most important factor influencing the intensity of an observed rotational line. This probability is proportional to the population of the initial state involved in the transition. The population of a rotational state depends on two factors. The number of molecules in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Using Kickstarter, the project's founders raised $484,000 on June 8, 2013. This was significantly more than the initial target of $65,000.
Seeds were initially scheduled to be delivered in April 2014, and subsequently scheduled for the fall of 2014. In March 2016, delivery of seeds was forecast for 2016 on the Glowing ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polythiophene (PTh) and its derivatives-based polymers are also one kind of conjugated polymers for PTT. Polythiophene-based polymers usually exhibit excellent photostability, large light-harvesting ability, easy synthesis, and facile functionalization with different substituents.
Conjugated copolymer (C3) with promisi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Zinc is an essential trace element for humans and other animals, for plants and for microorganisms. Zinc is required for the function of over 300 enzymes and 1000 transcription factors, and is stored and transferred in metallothioneins. It is the second most abundant trace metal in humans after iron and it is the only ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While characterizing the compound resulting from deprotonation of cyclooctatriene by H NMR spectroscopy, the group observed that the resonance corresponding to two protons bonded to the same methylene bridge carbon exhibited an astonishing degree of separation in chemical shift.
From this observation, Pettit, et al. co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.