text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
It is easy to verify that for an ideal gas defined by suitable microscopic postulates that αT = 1, so the temperature change of such an ideal gas at a Joule–Thomson expansion is zero.
For such an ideal gas, this theoretical result implies that:
:The internal energy of a fixed mass of an ideal gas depends only on its te... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following equations apply to two hard spheres that undergo a perfectly elastic collision. Let and denote the radii of the scattering center and scattered sphere, respectively. The differential cross section is
and the total cross section is
In other words, the total scattering cross section is equal to the area o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Euxinia or euxinic conditions occur when water is both anoxic and sulfidic. This means that there is no oxygen (O) and a raised level of free hydrogen sulfide (HS). Euxinic bodies of water are frequently strongly stratified; have an oxic, highly productive, thin surface layer; and have anoxic, sulfidic bottom water. T... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Time-domain diffuse optics or time-resolved functional near-infrared spectroscopy is a branch of functional near-Infrared spectroscopy which deals with light propagation in diffusive media. There are three main approaches to diffuse optics namely continuous wave (CW), frequency domain (FD) and time-domain (TD). Biologi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SDS is mainly used in detergents for laundry with many cleaning applications. It is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues. For example, it is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car ext... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA is almost ideally suited for UV LD detection. The molecule is very long and very thin, making it very easy to orient in flow. This gives rise to a strong LD signal. DNA systems that have been studied using UV LD include DNA-enzyme complexes and DNA-ligand complexes, the formation of the latter being easily obser... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Young's modulus quantifies the elasticity of the polymer. It is defined, for small strains, as the ratio of rate of change of stress to strain. Like tensile strength, this is highly relevant in polymer applications involving the physical properties of polymers, such as rubber bands. The modulus is strongly dependent on... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quantitative aspects of electrolysis were originally developed by Michael Faraday in 1834. Faraday is also credited to have coined the terms electrolyte, electrolysis, among many others while he studied quantitative analysis of electrochemical reactions. Also he was an advocate of the law of conservation of energy. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When phospholipids or simple lipids like fatty acids are placed in water, the molecules spontaneously arrange such that the hydrophobic tails are shielded from the water, resulting in the formation of membrane structures such as bilayers, vesicles, and micelles. In modern cells, vesicles are involved in metabolism, tra... | 9 | Geochemistry |
One cannot assume that under all conditions the yield of strange quarks is in thermal equilibrium. In general, the quark-flavor composition of the plasma varies during its ultra short lifetime as new flavors of quarks such as strangeness are cooked up inside. The up and down quarks from which normal matter is made are ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transposable elements can be harnessed in laboratory and research settings to study genomes of organisms and even engineer genetic sequences. The use of transposable elements can be split into two categories: for genetic engineering and as a genetic tool. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In A. thaliana, the main feedback loop is proposed to involve a transcriptional regulation between several proteins. The three main components of this loop are TOC1 (also known as PRR1), CCA1 and LHY. Each individual component peaks in transcriptions at different times of day. PRR 9, 7 and 5 each significantly reduce t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An amphoteric substance is one that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH. Water (below) is amphoteric. Another example of an amphoteric molecule is the bicarbonate ion that is the conjugate base of the carbonic acid molecule H2CO3 in the equilibrium
but also the conjugate acid of the carbonate ion in (the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*PLC-ε (230-260kDa ) is activated by Ras and Rho GTPases.
*PLC-ζ (75kDa) is thought to play an important role in vertebrate fertilization by producing intracellular calcium oscillations important for the start of embryonic development. However, the mechanism of activation still remains unclear. This isoform is also cap... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Direct reduction processes can be divided roughly into two categories: gas-based and coal-based. In both cases, the objective of the process is to remove the oxygen contained in various forms of iron ore (sized ore, concentrates, pellets, mill scale, furnace dust, etc.) in order to convert the ore to metallic iron, wit... | 8 | Metallurgy |
During the curing process, single monomers and oligomers, mixed with or without a curing agent, react to form a tridimensional polymeric network.
In the very first part of the reaction branches of molecules with various architectures are formed, and their molecular weight increases in time with the extent of the reacti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Telluride-mediated polymerization or TERP first appeared to mainly operate under a reversible chain transfer mechanism by homolytic substitution under thermal initiation. However, in a kinetic study it was found that TERP predominantly proceeds by degenerative transfer rather than dissociation combination.
Alkyl tellur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The biochemistry of body odor pertains to the chemical compounds in the body responsible for body odor and their kinetics. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Where the acyl chloride moiety takes priority, acyl chlorides are named by taking the name of the parent carboxylic acid, and substituting -yl chloride for -ic acid. Thus:
:butyric acid (CHCOOH) → butyryl chloride (C3H7COCl)
(Idiosyncratically, for some trivial names, -oyl chloride substitutes -ic acid. For example,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chemical and electrical synapses are two ways of synaptic transmission.
* In a chemical synapse, electrical activity in the presynaptic neuron is converted (via the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels) into the release of a chemical called a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors located in the plasma membra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The result from the previous example can be used to solve the analogous problem in three dimensions, i.e., scattering from a perfectly reflecting sphere of radius .
The plane perpendicular to the incoming light beam can be parameterized by cylindrical coordinates and . In any plane of the incoming and the reflected r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria are variable in morphology, ranging from unicellular and filamentous to colonial forms. Filamentous forms exhibit functional cell differentiation such as heterocysts (for nitrogen fixation), akinetes (resting stage cells), and hormogonia (reproductive, motile filaments). These, together with the intercell... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some companion plants help prevent pest insects or pathogenic fungi from damaging the crop, through their production of aromatic volatile chemicals, another type of allelopathy. For example, the smell of the foliage of marigolds is claimed to deter aphids from feeding on neighbouring plants. A 2005 study found that oil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ashe joined the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1992 as an assistant professor of neurology. She has also worked with the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System. She was the founding director of the N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care. As of 2022, she has received over $28million in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gecko feet are the most famous reversible adhesion mechanism in nature. The anti-fouling ability of feet allows geckos to run on dusty ceilings and corners without the accumulation of dirt on their feet. In 2000, Autumn et al. revealed the origin of gecko’s strong adhesion by investigating the surface features of the t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Field effects can arise from the electric dipole field of a bond containing an electronegative atom or electron-withdrawing substituent, as well as from an atom or substituent bearing a formal charge. The directionality of a dipole, and concentration of charge, can both define the shape of a molecule's electric field w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), provides definition of polymer related terms and rules of nomenclature of polymers. It is referred to as the Purple Book. It was published in 1991 () by Blackwell Science. The author of this book is W.V. Met... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The alloy contains about 35–50% uranium and 1.5–4.0% carbon. At least two intermetallic compounds of iron and uranium were identified: UFe and UFe. Small amounts of uranium can drastically lower the melting point of iron and vice versa. reportedly melts at 1230 °C, at 805 °C; a mixture of these two can have melting p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diastereomers are distinct molecular configurations that are a broader category. They usually differ in physical characteristics as well as chemical properties. If two molecules with more than one chiral centre differ in one or more (but not all) centres, they are diastereomers. All stereoisomers that are not enantiome... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The in vivo functionality and longevity of any implantable medical device is affected by the body's response to the foreign material. The body undergoes a cascade of processes defined under the foreign body response (FBR) in order to protect the host from the foreign material. The interactions between the device upon t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lysine is a proteinaceous diamino acid (i.e. a component of proteins), and is accordingly coded by codons of the genetic material. In the pH range found inside living cells, both the amino groups are protonated, and they can be classified therefore as cationic amino acids.
Ornithine is a non-proteinaceous diamino acid.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An important feature of water is its polar nature. The structure has a bent molecular geometry for the two hydrogens from the oxygen vertex. The oxygen atom also has two lone pairs of electrons. One effect usually ascribed to the lone pairs is that the H–O–H gas-phase bend angle is 104.48°, which is smaller than the ty... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Methylene blue is employed as a medication for the treatment of methemoglobinemia, which can arise from ingestion of certain pharmaceuticals, toxins, or broad beans in those susceptible. Normally, through the NADH- or NADPH-dependent methemoglobin reductase enzymes, methemoglobin is reduced back to hemoglobin. When la... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The fourth annual Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference was a hybrid meeting on Thursday, June 23, and Friday, June 24, 2022. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Coenzyme A is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B), which is found in food such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. In humans and most living organisms, pantothenate is an essential vitamin that has a variety of functions. In some plants and bacteria, including Escherichia coli, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Beryllium can coordinate with cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) ligands and can form beryllium radicals which can be present with beryllium complexes (). A CAAC ligand coordinates a 2 electron -1 charge into the beryllium center. CAAC has an "amino" substituent and an "alkyl" sp carbon atom. CAACs are very good σ donor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In an effort to unify the above described equations the Mayr equation is rewritten as:
with s the electrophile-dependent slope parameter and s the nucleophile-dependent slope parameter. This equation can be rewritten in several ways:
* with s = 1 for carbocations this equation is equal to the original Mayr–Patz equatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The meteorite fell to Earth after the retreat of glaciers from the area. All fragments recovered were found at the surface, partly buried, some on unstable terrain. The largest fragment was recovered in an area where the landscape consists of "flowing" gravel or clay-like sediments on permafrost, indicating that it had... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The concept of using D-PUFAs to inhibit LPO has been tested in numerous cell and animal
models, including:
* Parkinson's disease (MPTP and a-Syn models in mice and rats)
* Huntington's disease (in mice)
* Alzheimer's disease (APP/PS1 and ALDH2 mouse models)
* Diabetic retinopathy (Akita mice)
* Age-related macular dege... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The amount of light transmitted through a material diminishes exponentially as it travels through the material, according to the Beer–Lambert law (). Since the absorbance of a sample is measured as a logarithm, it is directly proportional to the thickness of the sample and to the concentration of the absorbing material... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dexamethasone (DEX) is a glucocorticoid that is used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. PLGA nanoparticles loaded with DEX via oil-in-water emulsion/solvent evaporation method can be embedded in alginate hydrogel matrices. To quantify the amount of DEX that was successfully seeding into the nanopartic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Callystatin A is a polyketide natural product from the leptomycin family of secondary metabolites. It was first isolated in 1997 from the marine sponge Callyspongia truncata which was collected from the Goto Islands in the Nagasaki Prefecture of Japan by the Kobayashi group. Since then its absolute configuration has be... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
β-halo immonium compounds can be synthesized through the halogenation reaction of enamines with halides in diethyl ether solvent. Hydrolysis will result in the formation of α-halo ketones. Chlorination, bromination, and even iodination have been shown to be possible. The general reaction is shown below: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many modifications to the Hiyama coupling have been developed that avoid the use of a fluoride activator/base. Using organochlorosilanes, Hiyama found a coupling scheme utilizing NaOH as the basic activator. Modifications using alkoxysilanes have been reported with the use of milder bases like NaOH and even water. Stu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Another criticism of entropic gravity is that entropic processes should, as critics argue, break quantum coherence. There is no theoretical framework quantitatively describing the strength of such decoherence effects, though. The temperature of the gravitational field in earth gravity well is very small (on the order o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because the intense red color of hemoglobin interferes with the readout of colorimetric or optical detection-based diagnostic tests, blood plasma separation is a common first step to increase diagnostic test accuracy. Plasma can be extracted from whole blood via integrated filters or via agglutination. | 1 | Biochemistry |
*1 kg/m = 1 g/L (exactly)
*1 kg/m = 0.001 g/cm (exactly)
*1 kg/m ≈ 0.06243 lb/ft (approximately)
*1 kg/m ≈ 0.1335 oz/US gal (approximately)
*1 kg/m ≈ 0.1604 oz/imp gal (approximately)
*1 g/cm = 1000 kg/m (exactly)
*1 lb/ft ≈ 16.02 kg/m (approximately)
*1 oz/(US gal) ≈ 7.489 kg/m (approximately)
*1 oz/(imp gal) ≈ 6.236 ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Detailed procedures for the cobalt thiocyanate test are available. The reagent consists of 2% cobalt thiocyanate dissolved in dilute acid. Glycerol is often added to stabilise the cobalt complex, ensuring it only goes blue when in contact with an analyte and not due to drying.
Addition of the cobalt thiocyanate reagent... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Early developments in organometallic chemistry include Louis Claude Cadets synthesis of methyl arsenic compounds related to cacodyl, William Christopher Zeises platinum-ethylene complex, Edward Franklands discovery of diethyl- and dimethylzinc, Ludwig Monds discovery of Ni(CO), and Victor Grignard's organomagnesium com... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Some of the most advanced molecular switches are based on mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures where the bistable states differ in the position of the macrocycle. In 1991 Stoddart devices a molecular shuttle based on a rotaxane on which a molecular bead is able to shuttle between two docking stations situat... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Note: An e plane is a double glide plane, one having glides in two different directions. They are found in seven orthorhombic, five tetragonal and five cubic space groups, all with centered lattice. The use of the symbol e became official with .
The lattice system can be found as follows. If the crystal system is not t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The wide variety of methods of calculation of electronegativities, which all give results that correlate well with one another, is one indication of the number of chemical properties that might be affected by electronegativity. The most obvious application of electronegativities is in the discussion of bond polarity, f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The difference between enzymatically active and inactive homologues has been noted (and in some cases, understood when comparing catalytically active and inactive proteins residing in recognisable families) for some time at the sequence level, and some pseudoenzymes have also been referred to as prozymes when they were... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of kidney health, because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Creatinine itself is produced via a biological system involving creatine, phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hearths may be individually heated and the number, temperature, rotation rate, and size of each hearth determine the residence time and conditions for the calcining powder in order to achieve the desired final properties. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The combination of an estrogen and flutamide as a form of combined androgen blockade for the treatment of prostate cancer has been researched. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
LAAM undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism to the active demethylated metabolite nor-LAAM, which is further demethylated to a second active metabolite, dinor-LAAM. These metabolites are more potent than the parent drug. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE), also known as hydrogen-assisted cracking or hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), is a reduction in the ductility of a metal due to absorbed hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms are small and can permeate solid metals. Once absorbed, hydrogen lowers the stress required for cracks in the metal to initiate an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase or succinate-CoQ reductase; ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool (Q) originating from succinate and transferred (via flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA); succinate dehydrogenase... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Treat the number of colors N, which is actually 3, as a large number, and expand in powers of 1/N. It turns out that at high density the higher-order corrections are large, and the expansion gives misleading results. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The modern era of CCC began with the development of the planetary centrifuge by Dr. Yoichiro Ito which was first introduced in 1966 as a closed helical tube which was rotated on a "planetary" axis as is turned on a "sun" axis. A flow-through model was subsequently developed and the new technique was called countercurre... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Unlike other fluorescent proteins, PAFPs can be used as selective optical markers. An entirely labeled cell can be followed to assess cell division, migration, and morphology. Very small volumes containing PAFPs can be activated with a laser. In these cases, protein trafficking, diffusion, and turnover can be assessed. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrogel modifications, as with other coatings, are designed to improve the body's response to the implant and thereby improve their consistency and long-term performance. Hydrogel surface modifications achieve this by significantly altering the hydrophilicity of the neural implant surface to one that is less favorable... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Human-transcriptome DataBase for Alternative Splicing (H-DBAS) is a database of alternatively spliced human transcripts based on H-Invitational. | 1 | Biochemistry |
ATSDR maintains registries of people who were exposed to certain toxic substances or have certain diseases. Participation in these registries is voluntary, and individual data and personal information is kept private. The information collected is used by epidemiologists and other researchers to examine long-term health... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The FSHR become desensitized when exposed to FSH for some time. A key reaction of this downregulation is the phosphorylation of the intracellular (or cytoplasmic) receptor domain by protein kinases. This process uncouples Gs protein from the FSHR. Another way to desensitize is to uncouple the regulatory and catalytic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In genetics, a silencer is a DNA sequence capable of binding transcription regulation factors, called repressors. DNA contains genes and provides the template to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). That mRNA is then translated into proteins. When a repressor protein binds to the silencer region of DNA, RNA polymerase is pre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vancomycin is recommended to be administered in a dilute solution slowly, over at least 60 min (maximum rate of 10 mg/min for doses >500 mg) due to the high incidence of pain and thrombophlebitis and to avoid an infusion reaction known as vancomycin flushing reaction. This phenomenon has been often clinically referred ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Westinghouse Lamp Plant was constructed on Arlington Avenue in 1920 near the Watsessing Station of the rail line in the Watsessing neighborhood that connected Montclair, Glen Ridge and Bloomfield. The population in the area had grown since the time that the Township of Bloomfield was incorporated as a township fro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Peatlands hold approximately 30% of the carbon in our ecosystem. When they are drained for agricultural land and urbanization, because peatlands are so vast, large quantities of carbon decompose and emit into the atmosphere. The loss of one peatland could potentially produce more carbon than 175–500 years of methane e... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Hydrophobicity scales are values that define the relative hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of amino acid residues. The more positive the value, the more hydrophobic are the amino acids located in that region of the protein. These scales are commonly used to predict the transmembrane alpha-helices of membrane proteins. ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) is based on the specific coordinate covalent bond of amino acids, particularly histidine, to metals. This technique works by allowing proteins with an affinity for metal ions to be retained in a column containing immobilized metal ions, such as cobalt, nickel, or cop... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1991, Ye joined the National Institute for Materials Science. She was made Director of Photocatalytic Materials Center in 2006 and Director of Environmental Remediation Materials in 2011.
Ye has dedicated her career to the realization of artificial photosynthesis. She is particularly interested in the development o... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Weder’s early research activities in the 1990s focused on polymers with special optical properties. This involved the development of nonlinear optical polymers and investigations of the structure-property relationships of photoluminescent poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s. He demonstrated the usefulness of these semiconduc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Benefactor and corporate members can be companies, universities, national, regional or international organizations, laboratories, associations or any other structure active in or connected to the refrigeration industry or IIR activities. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In thermodynamics so-called "specific" quantities are quantities per unit mass (kg) and are denoted by lower-case characters. So h, u, and v are the specific enthalpy, specific internal energy, and specific volume (volume per unit mass, or reciprocal density), respectively. In a Joule–Thomson process the specific entha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Trost ligand is a diphosphine used in the palladium-catalyzed Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation. Other C-symmetric ligands derived from trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) have been developed, such as the (R,R)-DACH-naphthyl ligand derived from 2-diphenylphosphino-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid. Related bidentate p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Among the diverse range of defense strategies plants utilize against pathogens, Ca signaling is very common. Free Ca levels in the cytoplasm increases in response to a pathogenic infection. Ca signatures of this nature usually activate the plant defense system by inducing defense-related genes and the hypersensitive ce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dissociation of salts by solvation in a solution, such as water, means the separation of the anions and cations. The salt can be recovered by evaporation of the solvent.
An electrolyte refers to a substance that contains free ions and can be used as an electrically conductive medium. Most of the solute does not dis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A ubiquitous signaling motif that exhibits ultrasensitivity is the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade, which can take a graded input signal and produce a switch-like output, such as gene transcription or cell cycle progression. In this common motif, MAPK is activated by an earlier kinase in the cascade, ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FLAG-tag, or FLAG octapeptide, or FLAG epitope, is a peptide protein tag that can be added to a protein using recombinant DNA technology, having the sequence DYKDDDDK (where D=aspartic acid, Y=tyrosine, and K=lysine). It is one of the most specific tags and it is an artificial antigen to which specific, high affinity m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The lysocline is the depth in the ocean dependent upon the carbonate compensation depth (CCD), usually around 5 km, below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically because of a pressure effect. While the lysocline is the upper bound of this transition zone of calcite saturation, the CCD is the low... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Anti-centromere antibodies are associated with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, also known as CREST syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis and proximal scleroderma. There are six known antigens, which are all associated with the centromere; CENP-A to CENP-F. CENP-A is a 17kDa histone H3-like protein. CENP-B is an 80k... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salbutamol was discovered in 1966, by a team led by David Jack at the Allen and Hanburys laboratory (a subsidiary of Glaxo) in Ware, Hertfordshire, England, and was launched as Ventolin in 1969.
The 1972 Munich Olympics were the first Olympics where anti-doping measures were deployed, and at that time β agonists were c... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Benzyl chloroformate is commonly used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the benzyloxycarbonyl (formerly called carboxybenzyl) protecting group for amines. The protecting group is abbreviated Cbz or Z (in honor of discoverer Zervas), hence the alternative shorthand designation for benzyl chloroformate as Cbz-... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An historical example, the Pratt & Whitney J58, illustrates the significance of using corrected values.
Rotating stall occurs at low corrected speeds so occurs during starting and also above idle. It may be relieved by opening a bleed valve to increase airflow. At very high flight speeds the compressor will return to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SEC can be used as a measure of both the size and the polydispersity of a synthesized polymer, that is, the ability to find the distribution of the sizes of polymer molecules. If standards of a known size are run previously, then a calibration curve can be created to determine the sizes of polymer molecules of interest... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Adsorption is the first step in the viral life cycle. The next steps are penetration, uncoating, synthesis (transcription if needed, and translation), and release. The virus replication cycle, in this respect, is similar for all types of viruses. Factors such as transcription may or may not be needed if the virus is ab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
YSZ has a number of applications:
* For its hardness and chemical inertness (e.g., tooth crowns).
* As a refractory (e.g., in jet engines).
* As a thermal barrier coating in gas turbines.
* As an electroceramic due to its ion-conducting properties (e.g., to determine oxygen content in exhaust gases, to measure pH in hi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sevoflurane was discovered by Ross Terrell and independently by Bernard M Regan. A detailed report of its development and properties appeared in 1975 in a paper authored by Richard Wallin, Bernard Regan, Martha Napoli and Ivan Stern. It was introduced into clinical practice initially in Japan in 1990 by Maruishi Pharma... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Equilibrium constant of the reaction is also not independent from the other competing equilibria. Competition would include buffer interactions and other pH-dependent reactions depending on the experimental conditions. The competition from species other than the species of interest is included in the competition factor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heap leaching is an industrial mining process used to extract precious metals, copper, uranium, and other compounds from ore using a series of chemical reactions that absorb specific minerals and re-separate them after their division from other earth materials. Similar to in situ mining, heap leach mining differs in t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
To a large extent, portions of nucleotide repeats are quite often observed as part of rare DNA combinations. The three main repeats which are largely found in particular DNA constructs include the closely precise homopurine-homopyrimidine inverted repeats, which is otherwise referred to as H palindromes, a common occur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A medium that experiences no transmission () is opaque, in which case absorptivity and reflectivity sum to unity: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PIR was established in 1984 by the National Biomedical Research Foundation as a resource to assist researchers and customers in the identification and interpretation of protein sequence information. Prior to that, the foundation compiled the first comprehensive collection of macromolecular sequences in the Atlas of Pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Other models exist to model more complex binary systems. The above theories operate on the assumption that the segregated atoms are non-interacting. If, in a binary system, adjacent adsorbate atoms are allowed an interaction energy , such that they can attract (when is negative) or repel (when is positive) each other... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glass solder is used to join glasses to other glasses, ceramics, metals, semiconductors, mica, and other materials, in a process called glass frit bonding. The glass solder has to flow and wet the soldered surfaces well below the temperature where deformation or degradation of either of the joined materials or nearby s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The al-Hijarah missile warhead was probably filled with chemical weapons and biological weapons possessed by Iraq at that time like anthrax, botulinum toxin, aflatoxin, sarin, cyclosarin and VX nerve agent. The al-Hijarah missile being a version of the al Hussein also suffered from flight instability and improper guida... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter has wide operating temperature (−120 °C ~ 260 °C) with high air permeability. The resistance to high temperature makes PTFE filter paper suitable for use in autoclaves. It is often used to filter hot oils, strong solvents and collecting airborne particulates. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The General Conference of the IIR defines the general policy of the IIR and convenes once every four years during its international congress. It includes representatives appointed by member countries.
The General Conference elects the president and vice-presidents of the executive committee. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.