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Using the convexity of the log function appearing in the exact perturbation analysis result, together with Jensen's inequality, gives an inequality in the linear level; combined with the analogous result for the B ensemble one gets the following version of the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality:
Note that the inequality agre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
α-Endopsychosin is a putative antagonist of the phencyclidine site of the NMDA receptor which was discovered in extracts of porcine brain and may also be endogenous in humans. The compound appears to be a peptide, but has yet to be purified and fully characterized. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Awards that Ramsey has received include the Ralph N. Adams Award in Bioanalytical Chemistry (2013), the CASSS Award for Outstanding Achievements in Separation Science (2012), the American Chemical Society Award in Chromatography (2007), the Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award (2006), the ACS Division of Analytical Ch... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Experimentally Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit had found in 1819 that the heat capacity per weight (the mass-specific heat capacity) for 13 measured elements was close to a constant value, after it had been multiplied by a number representing the presumed relative atomic weight of the element. These atomi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes, which increase the concentration of around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis. An enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, located within the carboxysome, releases CO from dissolved hydrocarbonate ions (HCO). Before the CO can diffuse out outside the cell by another carbonic anhydras... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In crystallography, an anti-structure is obtained from a salt structure by exchanging anion and cation positions.
For instance, calcium fluoride, CaF, crystallizes in a cubic motif called the fluorite structure. The same crystal structure is found in numerous ionic compounds with formula AB, such as ceria (CeO), zirc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Whereas the methods above describe various sequencing methods, separate related terms are used when a large portion of a genome is sequenced. Several platforms were developed to perform exome sequencing (a subset of all DNA across all chromosomes that encode genes) or whole genome sequencing (sequencing of the all nucl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electromigration degradation of the on-chip power grid network/interconnect depends on the IR drop noise of the power grid interconnect.
The electromigration-aware lifetime of the power grid interconnects as well as the chip decreases if the chip suffers from a high value of the IR drop noise. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a useful method for the generation of five-membered heterocyclic compounds, few methods exist to synthesize five-membered carbocyclic rings in a single step via annulation. Most of these, like TMM cycloaddition, rely on the generation of a suitable three-atom component for combinat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Uranium is well mixed in the ocean, and its decay produces Pa and Th at a constant activity ratio (0.093). The decay products are rapidly removed by adsorption on settling particles, but not at equal rates. Pa has a residence equivalent to the residence time of deep water in the Atlantic basin (around 1000 yrs) but Th ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* The source material containing the compound to be extracted is placed inside the thimble.
* The thimble is loaded into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor.
* The extraction solvent to be used is placed in a distillation flask.
* The flask is placed on the heating element.
* The Soxhlet extractor is placed atop ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lateral adhesion is the adhesion associated with sliding one object on a substrate such as sliding a drop on a surface. When the two objects are solids, either with or without a liquid between them, the lateral adhesion is described as friction. However, the behavior of lateral adhesion between a drop and a surface is ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Another example is hematite on magnetite . The magnetite structure is based on close-packed oxygen anions stacked in an ABC-ABC sequence. In this packing the close-packed layers are parallel to (111) (a plane that symmetrically "cuts off" a corner of a cube). The hematite structure is based on close-packed oxygen anio... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
If the data for different samples are going to be contrasted with each other, one can perform downsampling on the reads to achieve comparability. The reported sequencing coverage depth for reasonable analysis results was reported as bigger than 500 folds, thus any sample whose mean sequencing depth does not exceed the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the Cassie–Baxter model, the drop sits on top of the textured surface with trapped air underneath. During the wetting transition from the Cassie state to the Wenzel state, the air pockets are no longer thermodynamically stable and liquid begins to nucleate from the middle of the drop, creating a "mushroom state" as ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A crystal system is a set of point groups in which the point groups themselves and their corresponding space groups are assigned to a lattice system. Of the 32 point groups that exist in three dimensions, most are assigned to only one lattice system, in which case the crystal system and lattice system both have the sam... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide is not a typical feedstock for FT catalysis. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide react over a cobalt-based catalyst, producing methane. With iron-based catalysts unsaturated short-chain hydrocarbons are also produced. Upon introduction to the catalyst's support, ceria functions as a reverse water-gas shift catal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Recently the late-stage sulfoximidation of electron-rich arenes by photoredox catalysis was reported and several examples were discussed. | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Post doctorate visit on a senior scholar Fulbright fellowship University of Massachusetts (September – December 1985)
* Post doctorate visit on Association of Commonwealth Universities Fellowship University of Leeds, UK (October 1984 – July 1985)
* Visiting post-doctorate fellow at the University of Reading, UK (1980... | 1 | Biochemistry |
is a common Lewis-acid catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions, both acylations and alkylations. Important products are detergents and ethylbenzene. These types of reactions are the major use for aluminium chloride, for example, in the preparation of anthraquinone (used in the dyestuffs industry) from benzene and phosgen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aces II (Advanced Concepts in Electronic Structure Theory) is an ab initio computational chemistry package for performing high-level quantum chemical ab initio calculations. Its major strength is the accurate calculation of atomic and molecular energies as well as properties using many-body techniques such as many-body... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A saturated compound is a chemical compound (or ion) that resists addition reactions, such as hydrogenation, oxidative addition, and binding of a Lewis base. The term is used in many contexts and for many classes of chemical compounds. Overall, saturated compounds are less reactive than unsaturated compounds. Saturati... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sørensen was born in Havrebjerg Denmark in 1868 as the son of a farmer. He began his studies at the University of Copenhagen at the age of 18. He wanted to make a career in medicine, but under the influence of chemist Sophus Mads Jørgensen decided to change to chemistry.
While studying for his doctorate he worked as as... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
To provide further evidence on the mechanism of the dienone in which there is bonding between the two double bonds,
the case of 4,4-diphenylcyclohexenone is presented here. It is seen that the rearrangement is quite different; thus two double bonds are required for a type A rearrangement. With one double bond one of th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) that occurred 2.4 billion years ago altered the course of life on Earth forever by increasing the abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere. Bacteria that existed before the GEO did not rely on the presence of oxygen as a source for metabolism, such as the billion-year-old Cyanobacteria. M... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy probes fundamental molecular vibrations, which arise in the spectral range 2,500-25,000 nm. Commercial imaging implementations in the MIR region employ hyperspectral imagers or Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) interferometers, depending on the application. The MIR absorption bands te... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water molecules stay close to each other (cohesion), due to the collective action of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking, with new bonds being formed with different water molecules; but at any given time in a sample of liquid water, a large portion of the molecules are h... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Polishing is abrasion by free abrasives that are suspended in a lubricant and can roll or slide between the specimen and paper. Polishing erases grinding marks and smooths the specimen to a mirror-like finish. Polishing on a bare metallic platen is called lapping. A typical polishing sequence for ceramics is 5&ndash... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A pre-supposed guiding principle of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. The total energy of a system is the sum of its internal energy, of its potential energy as a whole system in an external force field, such as gravity, and of its kinetic energy as a whole system in motion. Thermodynamics has special conce... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After a surface has been abrasion blasted and/or machined a thin layer of molybdenum, nickel-chromium alloys or nickel aluminide can be spayed before the final detonation spray coating to improve the bond strength. This is known as a bond coating. Bond coatings are often used when spray coating materials of ceramic com... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cerimetry or cerimetric titration, also known as cerate oximetry, is a method of volumetric chemical analysis developed by Ion Atanasiu. It is a redox titration in which an iron(II)–1,10-phenanthroline complex (ferroin) color change indicates the end point. Ferroin can be reversibly discolored in its oxidized form upon... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
DMDO is not commercially available because of its instability. DMDO can be prepared as dilute solutions (~0.1 M) by treatment of acetone with potassium peroxymonosulfate , usually in the form of Oxone (2KHSO·KHSO·KSO).
The preparation of DMDO is rather inefficient (typical yields < 3%) and typically only yields a relat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1970, Wanzlick's group generated imidazol-2-ylidene carbenes by the deprotonation of an imidazolium salt. Wanzlick as well as Roald Hoffmann, proposed that these imidazole-based carbenes should be more stable than their 4,5-dihydro analogues, due to Hückel-type aromaticity. Wanzlick did not however isolate imidazol-... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
: Minimal fluorescence (arbitrary units). Fluorescence level of dark-adapted sample when all reaction centers of the photosystem II are open.
: Maximal fluorescence (arbitrary units). Fluorescence level of dark-adapted sample when a high intensity pulse has been applied. All reaction centers of the photosystem II are ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
UNEP banned the use of Halon gases in the Montreal Protocol treaty in 1987 due to ozone depletion and the ozone-depleting effect of Halon gases. Developing countries were granted an extension to still use Halon until 2010. After 2010 UNEP recommended that those countries replace Halon with ozone friendly alternatives. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A study published in September 2009 discussed a proof of concept experiment to determine if it was possible to identify causal genetic variants using exome sequencing. They sequenced four individuals with Freeman–Sheldon syndrome (FSS) (OMIM 193700), a rare autosomal dominant disorder known to be caused by a mutation i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Above 973K, the Deacon reaction is reversed, yielding hydrogen chloride and oxygen from water and chlorine:
::HO + Cl → 2 HCl + 1/2 O | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In September 2020, the European Medicines Agency recommended that the use of trabectedin in treating ovarian cancer remain unchanged. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl acetoacetate undergo aldol cyclization in the presence of catalytic pyrrolidinum acetate or Triton B or sodium ethoxide to produce Hagemann's ester. This variant is a type of Robinson annulation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It reacts with tertiary amines to trisubstituted hydrazinium salts and with pyridine to the 1-amino pyridinium salt.
From 1-aminopyridinium salts the photochemically active 1-N-iminopyridinium ylides are accessible by acylation. The photochemical rearrangement of the obtained 1-N-iminipyridinium ylides leads in high yi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nondepolarizing NMBAs can be used to induce muscle relaxation that improves surgical conditions, including laparoscopic, robotic, abdominal and thoracic procedures. It can reduce patient movement, muscle tone, breathing or coughing against ventilator and allow lower insufflation pressure during laparoscopy. Administrat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The principle of detailed balance was explicitly introduced for collisions by Ludwig Boltzmann. In 1872, he proved his H-theorem using this principle. The arguments in favor of this property are founded upon microscopic reversibility.
Five years before Boltzmann, James Clerk Maxwell used the principle of detailed balan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The oxhydroelectric effect consists in the generation of voltage and electric current in pure liquid water, without any electrolyte, upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the infrared range, after creating a physical (not chemical) asymmetry in liquid water e.g. thanks to a strongly hydrophile polymer, such as ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* 1.D.1 The Gramicidin A Channel Family
* 1.D.2 The Channel-forming Syringomycin Family
* 1.D.3 The Channel-Forming Syringopeptin Family
* 1.D.4 The Tolaasin Channel-forming Family
* 1.D.5 The Alamethicin or Peptaibol Antibiotic Channel-forming Family
* 1.D.6 The Complexed Poly 3-Hydroxybutyrate Ca Channel (cPHB-CC) Fa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
No study has led to the isolation of true human sex pheromones. While humans are highly dependent upon visual cues, when in close proximity, smells also play a role in sociosexual behaviors. An inherent difficulty in studying human pheromones is the need for cleanliness and odorlessness in human participants. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photochlorination is a chlorination reaction that is initiated by light. Usually a C-H bond is converted to a C-Cl bond. Photochlorination is carried out on an industrial scale. The process is exothermic and proceeds as a chain reaction initiated by the homolytic cleavage of molecular chlorine into chlorine radicals b... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The word "transcriptome" was first used in the 1990s. In 1995, one of the earliest sequencing-based transcriptomic methods was developed, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), which worked by Sanger sequencing of concatenated random transcript fragments. Transcripts were quantified by matching the fragments to kno... | 1 | Biochemistry |
S. cerevisiae (yeast) can stably exist as either a diploid or a haploid. Both haploid and diploid yeast cells reproduce by mitosis, with daughter cells budding from mother cells. Haploid cells are capable of mating with other haploid cells of the opposite mating type (an a cell can only mate with an α cell, and vice ve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A typical intracellular concentration of ATP may be 1–10 μmol per gram of tissue in a variety of eukaryotes. The dephosphorylation of ATP and rephosphorylation of ADP and AMP occur repeatedly in the course of aerobic metabolism.
ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes; the three main pathways in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the central role of the glyoxylate cycle in the metabolism of pathogenic species including fungi and bacteria, enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle are current inhibition targets for the treatment of diseases. Most reported inhibitors of the glyoxylate cycle target the first enzyme of the cycle (ICL). Inhibitors were... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A system of vibrations in a crystalline solid lattice can be modeled as an Einstein solid, i.e. by considering N quantum harmonic oscillator potentials along each degree of freedom. Then, the free energy of the system can be written as
where the index α sums over all the degrees of freedom. In the 1907 Einstein m... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Unlike the above assumption of a fundamental split between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the most important difference between biota may be the division between bacteria and the rest (archaea and eukaryota). For instance, DNA replication differs fundamentally between bacteria and archaea (including that in eukaryotic nuc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Low levels of vitamin D are associated with two major forms of human inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Deficiencies in vitamin D have been linked to the severity of the case of inflammatory bowel disease, however, whether vitamin D deficiency causes inflammatory bowel disease or is a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Direct-current plasma (DCP) is a type of plasma source used for atomic emission spectroscopy that utilizes three electrodes to produce a plasma stream. The most common three-electrode DCP apparatus consists of two graphite anode blocks and a tungsten cathode block arranged in an inverted-Y arrangement. An argon gas so... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
NASA Launch Services Program (LSP) investigators have determined the technical root cause for the Taurus XL launch failures of NASAs Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) and Glory missions in 2009 and 2011, respectively: faulty materials provided by aluminium manufacturer, Sapa Profiles, Inc. (SPI). LSPs technical investi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In the field of molecular biology, the ETS (E26 transformation-specific or E-twenty-six. (Erythroblast Transformation Specific)) family is one of the largest families of transcription factors and is unique to animals. There are 29 genes in humans, 28 in the mouse, 10 in Caenorhabditis elegans and 9 in Drosophila. The f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Society of PEth Research published a harmonization document (2022 Consensus of Basel) for the interpretation of phosphatidylethanol concentrations in the clinical and forensic setting. This consensus represents the first internationally established harmonization document on PEth and was created by an assembly of th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Leland Hartwell et al.. 2004. Genetics – From Genes to Genomes 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill
*Engels, W. R. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060111010249/http://engels.genetics.wisc.edu/Pelements/Pt.html P Elements in Drosophila] | 1 | Biochemistry |
This clock reaction uses sodium, potassium or ammonium persulfate to oxidize iodide ions to iodine. Sodium thiosulfate is used to reduce iodine back to iodide before the iodine can complex with the starch to form the characteristic blue-black color.
Iodine is generated:
And is then removed:
Once all the thiosulfate is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Companion planting was practiced in various forms by the indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans. These peoples domesticated squash 8,000 to 10,000 years ago, then maize, then common beans, forming the Three Sisters agricultural technique. The cornstalk served as a trellis for the beans to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Esters derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols contain a carbonyl group C=O, which is a divalent group at C atom, which gives rise to C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, carboxylic acid esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term “equivalent weight” had a distinct meaning in gravimetric analysis: it meant the mass of precipitate produced from one gram of analyte (the species of interest). The different definitions came from the practice of quoting gravimetric results as mass fractions of the analyte, often expressed as a percentage. A ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most widely used technique to monitor the dispersion state of a product, and to identify and quantify destabilization phenomena, is multiple light scattering coupled with vertical scanning. This method, known as turbidimetry, is based on measuring the fraction of light that, after being sent through the sample, it ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L). The osmolarity of a solution is usually expressed as Osm/L (pronounced "osmolar"), in the same way that the molarity of a solution i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hyperconjugation was suggested as the reason for the increased stability of carbon-carbon double bonds as the degree of substitution increases. Early studies in hyperconjugation were performed by in the research group of George Kistiakowsky. Their work, first published in 1937, was intended as a preliminary progress r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bacteriorhodopsin belongs to the microbial rhodopsin family. Its homologs include the archaerhodopsins, the light-driven chloride pump halorhodopsin (for which the crystal structure is also known), and some directly light-activated channels such as channelrhodopsin.
Bacteriorhodopsin is similar to vertebrate rhodopsins... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In biological research, the Van t Hoff plot is also called Van t Hoff analysis. It is most effective in determining the favored product in a reaction. It may obtain results different from direct calorimetry such as differential scanning calorimetry or isothermal titration calorimetry due to various effects other than e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dissimilatory metal reducers are a diverse group of microorganisms, which is reflected in the factors that affect the different forms of metal reduction. The process of dissimilatory metal reduction occurs in the absence of oxygen (O), but dissimilatory metal reducers include both obligate (strict) anaerobes, such as t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PCLake is a dynamic, mathematical model used to study eutrophication effects in shallow lakes and ponds. PCLake models explicitly the most important biotic groups and their interrelations, within the general framework of nutrient cycles. PCLake is used both by scientist and water managers. PCLake is in 2019 extended to... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The glass–liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or rubbery state as the temperature is increased. An amorphous solid that exhibits... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Micro-sized ZnO tetrapodal particles added to pilot paper production. The most common are one-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires, but also nanoplates, nanosheets, nanospheres, tetrapods. ZnO is strongly oxidative, chemically stable, with enhanced photocatalytic activity, and ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Journal of Separation Science is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering analytical chemistry. It was established in 1978 as the Journal of High Resolution Chromatography & Chromatography Communications: HRC & CC. In 1989, it was renamed the Journal of High Resolution Chromatography. It obtained its cu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) is composed of mTOR, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (Raptor), mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (mLST8) and the non-core components PRAS40 and DEPTOR. This complex functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controls protein synthesis. The activity of mTORC1 is regulated by rapa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Suppose that we have two multivariate normal distributions, with means and with (non-singular) covariance matrices If the two distributions have the same dimension, , then the relative entropy between the distributions is as follows:
The logarithm in the last term must be taken to base e (mathematical constant)| sinc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In radical disproportionation reactions one molecule acts as an acceptor while the other molecule acts as a donor. In the most common disproportionation reactions, a hydrogen atom is taken, or abstracted by the acceptor as the donor molecule undergoes an elimination reaction to form a double bond. Other atoms such as ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
De-AMPylation is the reverse reaction in which the AMP molecule is detached from the amino acid side of a chain protein.
There are three known mechanisms for this reaction.
The bacterial GS-ATase (GlnE) encodes a bipartite protein with separate N-terminal AMPylation and C-terminal de-AMPylation domains whose activity ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Agmatine was found to exert modulatory actions directly and indirectly at multiple key molecular targets underlying cellular control mechanisms of cardinal importance in health and disease. It is considered capable of exerting its modulatory actions simultaneously at multiple targets. The following outline indicates th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
pH indicators are frequently employed in titrations in analytical chemistry and biology to determine the extent of a chemical reaction. Because of the subjective choice (determination) of color, pH indicators are susceptible to imprecise readings. For applications requiring precise measurement of pH, a pH meter is freq... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The excitation P680 → P680 of the reaction center pigment P680 occurs here. These special chlorophyll molecules embedded in PSII absorb the energy of photons, with maximal absorption at 680 nm. Electrons within these molecules are promoted to a higher-energy state. This is one of two core processes in photosynthesis, a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1946, some maple syrup producers started using RO to remove water from sap before boiling the sap to syrup. RO allows about 75–90% of the water to be removed, reducing energy consumption and exposure of the syrup to high temperatures. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Synchronous coefficient of drag alteration (SCODA) is a biotechnology method for purifying, separating and/or concentrating bio-molecules. SCODA has the ability to separate molecules whose mobility (or drag) can be altered in sync with a driving field. This technique has been primarily used for concentrating and purify... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Construction on bay mud sites is difficult because of the soil's low strength and high compressibility. Very lightweight buildings can be constructed on bay mud sites if there is a thick enough layer of non-bay-mud soil above the bay mud, but buildings which impose significant loads must be supported on deep foundation... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Testicular tissue-derived seipin is essential for male fertility by modulating testicular phospholipid homeostasis. The lack of seipin in germ cells results in complete male infertility and teratozoospermia. Spermatids devoid of seipin in germ cells are morphologically abnormal with large ectopic lipid droplets and agg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The discovery of isofagomine and related glycosidase inhibitors, the discovery of stereoelectronic substituent effects and superarmed glycosyl donors, the creation of artificial enzymes that cause large rate increases., and writing the book "Carbohydrate Building Blocks" about using carbohydrates as a chirality source ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Anti-PM-Scl antibodies are found in up to 50% of polymyositis/systemic sclerosis (PM/SSc) overlap syndrome. Around 80% of individuals with antibodies present in their blood serum will have the disorder. The presence of the antibodies is linked to limited cutaneous involvement of PM/SSc overlap syndrome. The antigenic t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A solvated electron is a free electron in a solution, in which it behaves like an anion. An electron's being solvated in a solution means it is bound by the solution. The notation for a solvated electron in formulas of chemical reactions is "e". Often, discussions of solvated electrons focus on their solutions in ammon... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alkaliphiles are a class of extremophilic microbes capable of survival in alkaline (pH roughly 8.5–11) environments, growing optimally around a pH of 10. These bacteria can be further categorized as obligate alkaliphiles (those that require high pH to survive), facultative alkaliphiles (those able to survive in high pH... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfides, formerly known as thioethers, are characterized by C−S−C bonds Relative to C−C bonds, C−S bonds are both longer, because sulfur atoms are larger than carbon atoms, and about 10% weaker. Representative bond lengths in sulfur compounds are 183 pm for the S−C single bond in methanethiol and 173 pm in thiophene. ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution. However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as termination codons. A -1 mitoribosome frameshift occurs at the AGA and AGG codons predicted to terminate the CO1 and ND6 op... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) uses a pair of custom primers to direct DNA elongation toward each other at opposite ends of the sequence being amplified. These primers are typically between 18 and 24 bases in length and must code for only the specific upstream and downstream sites of the sequence being amplified. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Soft laser desorption is a soft ionization technique which desorbs and ionizes molecules from surfaces with minimal fragmentation. This is useful for a broad range of small and large molecules and molecules that fragment easily. The first soft laser desorption techniques included matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Calcareous coatings, or calcareous deposits, are mixtures of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide that are deposited on cathodically protected surfaces because of the increased pH adjacent to the surface. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The most common tool to characterize the performances of a reversible solid oxide cell is the polarization curve. In this chart, the current density is related to operating voltage of the cell. The usual convention is the one of positive current density for the fuel cell operation, and negative current density for the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Silyl groups can be deprotected with fluoride ions resulting in a strong Si-F bond that is hard and challenging to break. For this reason, different polymer chemists started to employ PPA in fluoride sensing by using t-butyldimethylsily<nowiki/>l (TBS) containing initiators and terminators. The fluoride sensing ability... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Genetic diversity is often lost within captive populations due to the founder effect and subsequent small population sizes. Minimizing the loss of genetic diversity within the captive population is an important component of ex situ conservation and is critical for successful reintroductions and the long term success o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some researchers study the occurrence of euxinia in ancient oceans because it was more prevalent then than it is today. Since ancient oceans cannot be directly observed, scientists use geology and chemistry to find evidence in sedimentary rock created under euxinic conditions. Some of these techniques come from studyin... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Editing is differentially expressed in the cerebellum and cortex. This regulation is also present in mice suggesting conservation of editing regulation. No editing has been detected in human lung, heart, kidney or spleen tissue. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The internodes are the myelin segments and the gaps between are referred to as nodes. The size and the spacing of the internodes vary with the fiber diameter in a curvilinear relationship that is optimized for maximal conduction velocity. The size of the nodes span from 1–2 μm whereas the internodes can be up to (and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate converts to geranyl pyrophosphate, the precursor to tens of thousands of terpeness and terpenoids. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since the generic term polyol is only derived from chemical nomenclature and just indicates the presence of several hydroxyl groups, no common properties can be assigned to all polyols. However, polyols are usually viscous at room temperature due to hydrogen bonding. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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