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The pressure dependence of the equilibrium constant is usually weak in the range of pressures normally encountered in industry, and therefore, it is usually neglected in practice. This is true for condensed reactant/products (i.e., when reactants and products are solids or liquid) as well as gaseous ones.
For a gaseous... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cloning, or more precisely, the reconstruction of functional DNA from extinct species has, for decades, been a dream. Possible implications of this were dramatized in the 1984 novel Carnosaur and the 1990 novel Jurassic Park. The best current cloning techniques have an average success rate of 9.4 percent (and as high a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Samy El-Shall (Mohamed Samy El-Shall) is an Egyptian-American physical chemist and a researcher in nanoscience, heterogeneous catalysis, molecular clusters and cluster ions, nucleation and ion mobility. He is the Mary Eugenia Kapp Endowed Chair in Chemistry and Commonwealth Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The glass transition of a liquid to a solid-like state may occur with either cooling or compression. The transition comprises a smooth increase in the viscosity of a material by as much as 17 orders of magnitude within a temperature range of 500 K without any pronounced change in material structure. This transition is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lanthanide probes' ligands must meet several chemical requirements for the probes to work properly. These qualities are: water solubility, large thermodynamic stability at physiological pHs, kinetic inertness and absorption above 330 nm to minimize destruction of live biological materials.
The chelates which have been ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cycloalkylamines are chemical compounds featuring a cycloalkyl group and an amine. Some examples include propylhexedrine, cyclopentamine, cypenamine, and tranylcypromine. Some chemicals act as stimulants. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As shown in Scheme 1, the first steps in the synthesis created the bicyclo[5.3.1]undecane AB ring system of Taxol. Reaction of epoxide 1 with tert-butyllithium removed the acidic α-epoxide proton, leading to an elimination reaction and simultaneous ring-opening of the epoxide to give allylic alcohol 2. The allylic alco... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A few COFs possess the stability and conductivity necessary to perform well in energy storage applications like lithium-ion batteries, and various different metal-ion batteries and cathodes. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
CKIδ activity is implicated in mitosis and in response to DNA damage. During interphase, CKIδ associates with the Golgi Apparatus and appears to regulate the budding of clathrin coated vesicles from the TGN; it also appears to associate with tubulin. While undamaged mitotic cells shows no CKIδ association with tubulin,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Type I photooxygenation reactions are frequently used in the process of forming and trapping diradical species. Mirbach et al. reported on one such reaction in which an azo compound is lysed via photolysis to form the diradical hydrocarbon and then trapped in a stepwise fashion by molecular oxygen: | 5 | Photochemistry |
Imines are typically prepared by the condensation of primary amines and aldehydes. Ketones undergo similar reactions, but less commonly than aldehydes. In terms of mechanism, such reactions proceed via the nucleophilic addition giving a hemiaminal -C(OH)(NHR)- intermediate, followed by an elimination of water to yield ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To be defined as ferroelectric, a material must have a spontaneous electric polarization that is switchable by an applied electric field. Usually such an electric polarization arises via an inversion-symmetry-breaking structural distortion from a parent centrosymmetric phase. For example, in the prototypical ferroelect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The applications of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have expanded tremendously in the last 25 years, and the technique has become a staple in many biological and biophysical fields. FRET can be used as a spectroscopic ruler to measure distance and detect molecular interactions in a number of systems and h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Brine rejection plays a crucial role in ocean circulation. In coastal polynyas, it is the key to the ventilation of multiple water masses across both the Arctic and Antarctic. A coastal polynya is an area of open water surrounded by ice. The reason that coastal polynyas are the most active areas of brine rejection is t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Copper metallurgy in Africa encompasses the study of copper production across the continent and an understanding of how it influenced aspects of African archaeology. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The high strength of silicon–halogen bonds can be leveraged toward the synthesis of phosphaalkynes. Heating bis-trimethylsilylated methyldichlorophosphines ((SiMe)CRPCl) under vacuum results in the expulsion of two equivalents of chlorotrimethylsilane and the ultimate formation of a new phosphaalkyne. This synthetic st... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A key choice that must be made is how many atoms to explicitly include in ones calculation. In Big-O notation, calculations general scale as O(N3) where N is the number of combined ions and valence electrons. For structure calculations, it is generally desirable to choose the smallest number of ions that can represe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change. For a given set of reaction conditions, the equilib... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first reverberatory furnaces were perhaps in the medieval period, and were used for melting bronze for casting bells. They were first applied to smelting metals in the late 17th century. Sir Clement Clerke and his son Talbot built cupolas or reverberatory furnaces in the Avon Gorge below Bristol in about 1678. In ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Humans, like all animals, produce heat as a result of metabolism. In warm conditions, this heat exceeds a level required for homeostasis in warm-blooded animals, and is disposed of by various thermoregulation methods such as sweating and panting. Fiala et al. modelled human thermoregulation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Traditionally Grignard reagents are prepared by treating an organic halide (normally organobromine) with magnesium metal. Ethers are required to stabilize the organomagnesium compound. Water and air, which rapidly destroy the reagent by protonolysis or oxidation, are excluded. Although the reagents still need to be d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is surprising to note that In 1980, there was no single chiral stationary phase available in the market for performing chiral chromatography. However, In late 1980s the subject of enantioselective chromatography attracted growing interest, particularly under the drive of the institution of Okamoto in Japan, the team... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fusing angular rings around a benzene moiety leads to an increase in stability. The Clar structure of anthracene, for instance, has only one π-sextet, but moving one ring into the angular position phenanthrene is obtained, the Clar structure of which carries two circles instead of one – notice that this molecule can be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
# The saturation pressure at the maximum temperature of the cycle should not be excessive. Very high pressures lead to mechanical stress problems, and therefore, unnecessarily expensive components may be required.
# The saturation pressure at the minimum temperature of the cycle (i.e. the condensing pressure) should no... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In order to perform a dynamic simulation with such a network it is necessary to construct an ordinary differential equation
system that describes the rates of change in each metabolite's concentration or amount. To this end, a rate law, i.e., a kinetic equation that determines the rate of reaction based on the concentr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A glow-discharge device (GD) serves as a versatile source, as it can simultaneously introduce and atomize the sample. The glow discharge occurs in a low-pressure argon gas atmosphere between 1 and 10 torr. In this atmosphere lies a pair of electrodes applying a DC voltage of 250 to 1000 V to break down the argon gas in... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ex situ conservation (literally "off-site conservation") is the process of protecting an endangered species, variety or breed, of plant or animal outside its natural habitat. For example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, an artificial environment which is si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, the negative-sen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The DNA double helix was discovered in 1953 (with further details in 1954) based on X-ray diffraction images of DNA (most notably photo 51, taken by Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin) as well as base-pairing chemical and biochemical information. Prior to this, X-ray data being gathered in the 1950s indicated that D... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Triple bonds between sulfur and carbon in sulfaalkynes are rare and can be found in carbon monosulfide (CS) and have been suggested for the compounds FCCSF and FSCSF. The compound HCSOH is also represented as having a formal triple bond. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Portlethen Moss is a recognised nature preserve by the Scottish Wildlife Trust (with designation PLM076) and the Aberdeenshire Council. While peat cutting was conducted in prehistoric and Middle Ages times, there has been no harvesting of peat in the modern era. There is some ongoing loss of moss habitat from cattl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
If a gamma spectrometer is used for identifying samples of unknown composition, its energy scale must be calibrated first. Calibration is performed by using the peaks of a known source, such as caesium-137 or cobalt-60. Because the channel number is proportional to energy, the channel scale can then be converted to an ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Macro-creatine kinase (macro-CK) is a macroenzyme, an enzyme of high molecular weight and prolonged half-life found in human serum. It is one of the most common macroenzymes. Macro-CK type 1 is a complex formed by one of the creatine kinase isoenzyme types, typically CK-BB, and antibodies; typically IgG, sometimes IgA,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the chemistry of electrolyte solutions, an ideal solution is a solution whose colligative properties are proportional to the concentration of the solute. Real solutions may show departures from this kind of ideality. In order to accommodate these effects in the thermodynamics of solutions, the concept of activity wa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The expression for the magnetooptical absorption of a polaron is:
Here, is the cyclotron frequency for a rigid-band electron. The magnetooptical absorption Γ(Ω) at the frequency Ω takes the form Σ(Ω) is the so-called "memory function", which describes the dynamics of the polaron. Σ(Ω) depends also on α, β and .
In the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Resolution of structural variation detection by ESP has been increased to the similar level as PCR, and can be further improved by selection of more evenly sized DNA fragments. ESP can be applied for either with or without constructed artificial chromosome. With BAC, precious samples can be immortalized and conserved, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the most commonly used fiber production methods is the crosslinking of sodium alginate by CaCl, where the formed calcium alginate will act as the crosslinking point to link the alginate chains together to form the network and solidified the polymer. Afterward, this alginate hydrogel fiber can be used as a templa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the presence of air and various cofactors and enzymes, fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA. The pathway is called beta-oxidation. Each cycle of beta-oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms and produces one equivalent each of acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH. The acetyl-CoA is metabolized by the cit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Acetals
** Hemiacetals
** Thioacetals
** Ketals
* Alcohols and alkyl halides, diols, thiols
* Alkanes and cycloalkanes
* Alkenes
* Alkynes
* Amines
* Amino acids, peptides, proteins
* Aromatics
** Acetophenones
** Anilines
** Anisoles
** Benzene
** Benzenesulfonic acids
**Benzophenones
** Nitrobenzenes
** Phenols
* A... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced. This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas. In relationships where resources t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ion beams produced by ion and plasma thrusters on board a spacecraft can be used to transmit a force to a nearby object (e.g. another spacecraft, an asteroid, etc.) that is irradiated by the beam. This innovative propulsion technique named Ion Beam Shepherd has been shown to be effective in the area of active space deb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In geology, igneous differentiation, or magmatic differentiation, is an umbrella term for the various processes by which magmas undergo bulk chemical change during the partial melting process, cooling, emplacement, or eruption. The sequence of (usually increasingly silicic) magmas produced by igneous differentiation is... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Cooling catheters are inserted into a femoral vein. Cooled saline solution is circulated through either a metal coated tube or a balloon in the catheter. The saline cools the persons whole body by lowering the temperature of a persons blood. Catheters reduce temperature at rates ranging from per hour. Through the use ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In vertebrates, ferritin is usually found within cells, although it is also present in smaller quantities in the plasma. | 1 | Biochemistry |
S-Nitroso compounds (S-nitrosothiols) are typically prepared by condensation of a thiol and nitrous acid:
:RSH + HONO → RSNO + HO | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* [http://www.thebiogrid.org/ BioGRID] database
* [http://mentha.uniroma2.it mentha] the interactome browser
* [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact IntAct: The Molecular Interaction Database]
* [http://interactome.org Interactome.org] — a dedicated interactome web site. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sodium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride are commonly used for the reduction of organic compounds. These two reagents are on the extremes of reactivity—whereas lithium aluminium hydride reacts with nearly all reducible functional groups, sodium borohydride reacts with a much more limited range of functional gro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Ski complex is a multi-protein complex involved in the 3' end degradation of messenger RNAs in yeast. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Decantation is frequently used to purify a liquid by separating it from a suspension of insoluble particles (e.g. in red wine, where the wine is decanted from the potassium bitartrate crystals to avoid unsavory taste). This makes the wine more tonic and astringent.
Cream accelerates to the top of milk, allowing the sep... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The wires that make up the thermocouple must be insulated from each other everywhere, except at the sensing junction. Any additional electrical contact between the wires, or contact of a wire to other conductive objects, can modify the voltage and give a false reading of temperature.
Plastics are suitable insulators fo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The dual ligation hybridization assay (DLA) extends the specificity of the hybridization-ligation assay to a specific method for the parent compound. Despite hybridization-ligation assays robustness, sensitivity and added specificity for the 3-end of the oligonculeotide analyte, the hybridization-ligation assay is no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Lattice Boltzmann methods for solids (LBMS) are a set of methods for solving partial differential equations (PDE) in solid mechanics. The methods use a discretization of the Boltzmann equation(BM), and their use is known as the lattice Boltzmann methods for solids.
LBMS methods are categorized by their reliance on:... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The microcystin-producing Microcystis is a genus of freshwater cyanobacteria and thrives in warm water conditions, especially in stagnant waters. The EPA predicted in 2013 that climate change and changing environmental conditions may lead to harmful algae growth and may negatively impact human health. Algal growth is a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
To analyze the behavior of the crystals in this type of polymers, the WAXS and DSC techniques are used; these techniques help to determine what percentage of the polymer are crystals and how they are organized. This is due to the fact that the crystallinity decreases as the crosslinking increases, since the chains lose... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Overexposure to UV‑B radiation not only can cause sunburn but also some forms of skin cancer. However, the degree of redness and eye irritation (which are largely not caused by UV‑A) do not predict the long-term effects of UV, although they do mirror the direct damage of DNA by ultraviolet.
All bands of UV radiation da... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Camphorsultam, also known as bornanesultam, is a crystalline solid primarily used as a chiral auxiliary in the synthesis of other chemicals with a specific desired stereoselectivity. Camphorsultam is commercially available in both enantiomers of its exo forms: (1R)-(+)-2,10-camphorsultam and (1S)-(−)-2,10-camphorsultam... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Blue MX-R or Reactive Blue 4 has a formula of CHClNOS and a molecular weight of 637.4 g/mol. It contains dichlorotriazine ring to the chromophore unlike Cibacron Blue F3GA. For a large scale protein purification, Blue MX-R can be used to purify protein such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In fast-protein liquid chroma... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Organostannane addition reactions comprise the nucleophilic addition of an allyl-, allenyl-, or propargylstannane to an aldehyde, imine, or, in rare cases, a ketone. The reaction is widely used for carbonyl allylation.
Organostannane addition to carbonyl groups constitutes one of the most common and efficient methods ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Effective 18 August 2014, tramadol has been placed into Schedule IV of the federal Controlled Substances Act in the United States. Before that, some US states had already classified tramadol as a Schedule IV controlled substance under their respective state laws.
Tramadol is classified in Schedule 4 (prescription only)... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Gold cyanidation (also known as the cyanide process or the MacArthur–Forrest process) is a hydrometallurgical technique for extracting gold from low-grade ore by converting the gold to a water-soluble coordination complex. It is the most commonly used leaching process for gold extraction. Cyanidation is also widely use... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The mechanism of action of bottromycin was confirmed nearly 20 years following the discovery of bottromycin. Bottromycin functions as an antibiotic through inhibition of protein synthesis. It blocks aminoacyl tRNA binding to the ribosome by binding to the A site of the 50s subunit. This results in release of aminoacyl ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
PDE3 inhibitors:
*antagonize platelet aggregation
*block oocyte maturation
*increase contractility of the heart
*enhance vascular smooth muscle relaxation
*enhance airway smooth muscle relaxation
It has been demonstrated that PDE3A inhibition prevents oocyte maturation in vitro and in vivo. For example, when mice are m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Almost two decades later, René Just Haüy introduced wooden crystal models to illustrate the two-dimensional drawings in the atlas volume of his "Traité de Minéralogie" (1801). For the production of crystal models, wood appeared to be much more convenient than clay. Especially pear wood permitted getting smooth faces, s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In addition to BLOSUM matrices, a previously developed scoring matrix can be used. This is known as a PAM. The two result in the same scoring outcome, but use differing methodologies. BLOSUM looks directly at mutations in motifs of related sequences while PAM's extrapolate evolutionary information based on closely rela... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) or aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are clean alternatives for traditional organic-water solvent extraction systems.
ABS are formed when either two polymers, one polymer and one kosmotropic salt, or two salts (one chaotropic salt and the other a kosmotropic salt) are mixed at appropriate ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
RNAPII can exist in two forms: RNAPII0, with a highly phosphorylated CTD, and RNAPIIA, with a nonphosphorylated CTD. Phosphorylation occurs principally on Ser2 and Ser5 of the repeats, although these positions are not equivalent. The phosphorylation state changes as RNAPII progresses through the transcription cycle: Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The idea that there must be specific transport proteins associated with the uptake of monoamines and acetylcholine into vesicles developed due to the discovery of specific inhibitors which interfered with monoamine neurotransmission and also depleted monoamines in neuroendocrine tissues. VMAT1 and VMAT2 were first ide... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is branded as Dynorm, Inhibace, Vascace and many other names in various countries. None of these are available in the United States as of May 2010. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Crystallographic data are primarily extracted from published scientific articles and supplementary material. Newer versions of crystallographic databases are built on the relational database model, which enables efficient cross-referencing of tables. Cross-referencing serves to derive additional data or enhance the sea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Karat is a variant of carat. First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word carat came from Middle French , in turn derived either from Italian or Medieval Latin . These were borrowed into Medieval Europe from the Arabic meaning "fruit of the carob tree", also "weight of 5 grains", () and was a unit of m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Carboxylic acids, amides, esters, and carboxylate salts convert to the trifluoromethyl derivatives, although conditions vary widely:
For carboxlic acids, the first step gives the acyl fluorides, in keeping with the tendency of SF to fluorinate acidic hydroxyl groups:
Similarly SF converts sulfonic acids to sulfonyl flu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
IR near-field scanning optical microscopy (IR-NSOM) is a powerful spectroscopic tool because it allows subwavelength resolution in IR spectroscopy. Previously, IR-NSOM was realized by applying a solid immersion lens with a refractive index of n, which shortens wavelength (λ) to (λ/n), compared to FTIR-based IR microsco... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
: The codon AUG both codes for methionine and serves as an initiation site: the first AUG in an mRNA's coding region is where translation into protein begins. | 1 | Biochemistry |
FS 49 C2 is believed to cause less damage to the environment. Its main component is the most widely used replacement gas for refrigeration systems, characterized by zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) factor. FS 49 C2 is suitable to replace Halon 1301 as a "drop in" upgrade of existing Halon systems.
Filling a room 12... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In geochemistry, hydrology, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography, δN (pronounced "delta fifteen n") or delta-N-15 is a measure of the ratio of the two stable isotopes of nitrogen, N:N. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. It happened during the Capitanian mass extinction, at the end-Permian extinction, during the end-Triassic extinction, and during the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event.
Three of the big five mass extinction events in the geologic past were associated ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Jones became interested in science as a freshman at high school, where she took part in a national Science Technology Engineering Program. She earned a BS in biochemistry at Syracuse University in 1999. Jones completed her PhD at Georgia State University and specialized in structural biology.
Jones received postdoctora... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It has been shown that ATM phosphorylates KAP1 upon the discovery of damaged or broken DNA. Phosphorylated KAP1, along with many other DNA damage proteins, rapidly migrate to the site of the DNA damage. Its exact involvement in this pathway is somewhat unclear, but it has been implicated in triggering cell arrest, al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The number of female scientists in the organic chemistry community, industry and academics, remains low (<20%). Advancement of women in the chemical sciences is a challenge due to the so-called “leaky pipeline,” wherein growing numbers of women enter academics and industry to study science opt out to pursue alternative... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
With an active surface area of 160 cm, the nasal cavity is another noteworthy route of mucoadhesive administration. Due to the sweeping motion of the cilia that lines the mucosa, nasal mucus has a quick turnover of 10 to 15 minutes. Because of this, the nasal cavity is most suitable for rapid, local medicinal dosages. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. This is a so-called metastable state or metastate, where boiling might occur at any time, induced by external or... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Price, Reed, and Papin, from the Palsson lab, use a method of singular value decomposition (SVD) of extreme pathways in order to understand regulation of a human red blood cell metabolism. Extreme pathways are convex basis vectors that consist of steady state functions of a metabolic network. For any particular metabol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The initial melting of the material to be smelted is usually referred to as the smelting or matte smelting stage. It can be undertaken in a variety of furnaces, including the largely obsolete blast furnaces and reverberatory furnaces, as well as flash furnaces, Isasmelt furnaces, etc. The product of this smelting stage... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A structural feature common to all IAP family proteins is that they all contain at least one baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domain characterized by a conserved zinc-coordinating Cys/His motif at the N-terminal half of the protein.
Survivin is distinguished from other IAP family members in that it has only one BIR domain.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Burgess reagent (methyl N-(triethylammoniumsulfonyl)carbamate) is a mild and selective dehydrating reagent often used in organic chemistry. It was developed in the laboratory of Edward M. Burgess at Georgia Tech.
The Burgess reagent is used to convert secondary and tertiary alcohols with an adjacent proton into al... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A common way to determine the coordination number of an atom is by X-ray crystallography. Related techniques include neutron or electron diffraction. The coordination number of an atom can be determined straightforwardly by counting nearest neighbors.
α-Aluminium has a regular cubic close packed structure, fcc, where ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment. This effect far exceeds the individual harmful impact of either. In addition, ocean warming, along with increased productivity of ph... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An inelastic collision, in contrast to an elastic collision, is a collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved due to the action of internal friction.
In collisions of macroscopic bodies, some kinetic energy is turned into vibrational energy of the atoms, causing a heating effect, and the bodies are deformed.
The... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
E. J. Bowen was the eldest of four born to Edmund Riley Bowen and Lilias Bowen (née Kamester) in 1898 in Worcester, England. He attended the Royal Grammar School Worcester.
He won the Brackenbury Scholarship in 1915 to the University of Oxford where he studied chemistry. In 1916, after less than a year of his undergrad... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In addition to crystallographic space groups there are also magnetic space groups (also called two-color (black and white) crystallographic groups or Shubnikov groups). These symmetries contain an element known as time reversal. They treat time as an additional dimension, and the group elements can include time reversa... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Involved in the earliest step for the formation of the active cleavage complex, the CFIm complex is formed by three proteins of 25, 59 and 68 kDa, respectively:
*CFIm25 (or CPSF5/NUDT21)
*CFIm59 (or CPSF7)
*CFIm68 (or CPSF6)
CFIm25 and CFIm68 are sufficient for the activity of the complex, proving the expected redundan... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemoglobin consists of protein subunits (globin molecules), which are polypeptides, long folded chains of specific amino acids which determine the proteins chemical properties and function. The amino acid sequence of any polypeptide is translated from a segment of DNA, the corresponding gene. The amino acid sequence th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular diseas... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The periactive zone surrounds the active zone and is the site of endocytosis of the presynaptic terminal. In the periactive zone, scaffolding proteins such as intersectin 1 recruit proteins that mediate endocytosis such as dynamin, clathrin and endophilin. In Drosophila the intersectin homolog, Dap160, is located in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trace fossils are generally difficult or impossible to assign to a specific maker. Only in very rare occasions are the makers found in association with their tracks. Further, entirely different organisms may produce identical tracks. Therefore, conventional taxonomy is not applicable, and a comprehensive form of taxono... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Biogenic sulfide corrosion is a bacterially mediated process of forming hydrogen sulfide gas and the subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid that attacks concrete and steel within wastewater environments. The hydrogen sulfide gas is biochemically oxidized in the presence of moisture to form sulfuric acid. The effect o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Neutron backscattering is one of several inelastic neutron scattering techniques. Backscattering from monochromator and analyzer crystals is used to achieve an energy resolution on the order of a microelectronvolt (μeV). Neutron backscattering experiments are performed to study atomic or molecular motion on a nanosecon... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, "sulfide" usually refers to the linkage C–S–C, although the term thioether is less ambiguous. For example, the thioether dimethyl sulfide is CH–S–CH. Polyphenylene sulfide (see below) has the empirical formula CHS. Occasionally, the term sulfide refers to molecules containing the –SH functional g... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Botanical gardens, zoos, and aquariums are the most conventional methods of ex situ conservation. Also in ex situ conservation, all of which house whole, protected specimens for breeding and reintroduction into the wild when necessary and possible. These facilities provide not only housing and care for specimens of end... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the mechanism of codon bias selection remains controversial, possible explanations for this bias fall into two general categories. One explanation revolves around the selectionist theory, in which codon bias contributes to the efficiency and/or accuracy of protein expression and therefore undergoes positive se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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