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The one-hybrid variation of this technique is designed to investigate protein–DNA interactions and uses a single fusion protein in which the AD is linked directly to the binding domain. The binding domain in this case however is not necessarily of fixed sequence as in two-hybrid protein–protein analysis but may be cons... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The condition that the ETH imposes on the diagonal elements of an observable is responsible for the equality of the predictions of the diagonal and microcanonical ensembles. However, the equality of these long-time averages does not guarantee that the fluctuations in time around this average will be small. That is, the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP), also known as OXY111A, is an inositol phosphate that causes a rightward shift in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve through allosteric modulation of hemoglobin within red blood cells. It is an experimental drug intended to reduce tissue hypoxia. The effects appear to last ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cholamine chloride hydrochloride is one of Good's buffers with a pH in the physiological range. Its pKa at 20°C is 7.10, making it useful in cell culture work. Its ΔpKa/°C is -0.027 and it has a solubility in water at 0°C of 4.2M. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A positioning goniometer or goniometric stage is a device that rotates an object precisely about a fixed axis in space. It is similar to a linear stage—however, rather than move linearly relative to its base, the stage platform rotates partially about a fixed axis above the mounting surface of the platform. Positioning... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
High performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) works by passing a sample solution through a column packed with a stationary phase that contains an immobilized biologically active ligand. The ligand is in fact a substrate that has a specific binding affinity for the target molecule in the sample solution. The target mo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Androsterone sulfate, also known as 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 3α-sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and one of the major urinary metabolites of androgens. It is a steroid sulfate which is formed from sulfation of androsterone by the steroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1 and can be desulfated back in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plastoquinone is found within photosystem II in two specific binding sites, known as Q and Q. The plastoquinone at Q, the primary binding site, is very tightly bound, compared to the plastoquinone at Q, the secondary binding site, which is much more easily removed. Q is only transferred a single electron, so it has to ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Unsaturated fluorocarbons are far more reactive than fluoroalkanes. Although difluoroacetylene is unstable (as is typical for related alkynes, see dichloroacetylene), hexafluoro-2-butyne and related fluorinated alkynes are well known. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide is a lithiated organosilicon compound with the formula . It is commonly abbreviated as LiHMDS or Li(HMDS) (lithium hexamethyldisilazide - a reference to its conjugate acid HMDS) and is primarily used as a strong non-nucleophilic base and as a ligand. Like many lithium reagents, it has a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Among several variants of thermal cracking methods (variously known as the "Shukhov cracking process", "Burton cracking process", "Burton-Humphreys cracking process", and "Dubbs cracking process") Vladimir Shukhov, a Russian engineer, invented and patented, the first in 1891 (Russian Empire, patent no. 12926, November ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The simplest materials characterization is the residue remaining after a reaction. For example, a combustion reaction could be tested by loading a sample into a thermogravimetric analyzer at normal conditions. The thermogravimetric analyzer would cause ion combustion in the sample by heating it beyond its ignition te... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One consequence of geometric strain on both the boron and the porphyrin moieties is unique reactivity. The Brothers group was able to demonstrate reductive coupling, wherein two BX units inside the porphyrin pocket become X-B-B-X, only occurs with X=Br and when the substrates are within the porphyrin pocket. DFT calcul... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A group of mostly desert plants called "C.A.M." plants (crassulacean acid metabolism, after the family Crassulaceae, which includes the species in which the CAM process was first discovered) open their stomata at night (when water evaporates more slowly from leaves for a given degree of stomatal opening), use PEPcase t... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A negative balance is a result of energy intake being less than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure.
The main cause is undereating due to a medical condition such as decreased appetite, anorexia nervosa, digestive disease, or due to some circumstance such as fasting or lack of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This compound is commercially available. It may be prepared by the methylation of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene with iodomethane or dimethyl sulfate. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While the formation of a sigma hole pair interaction is associated with energetic stabilization, this process is often thermodynamically disfavored as the energetic stabilization is often offset by a decrease in the entropy of the system. It has been shown that an enthalpy-entropy compensation relationship exists betwe... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA), diglycolamine (DGA), diethanolamine (DEA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) are widely used industrially for removing carbon dioxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (HS) from natural gas and refinery process streams. They may also be used to remove CO from combustion g... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electrochemical methods, or electrolysis, can strip carbon dioxide directly from seawater. Electrochemical process are a type of ocean alkalinity enhancement, too. Some methods focus on direct removal (in the form of carbonate and gas) while others increase the alkalinity of seawater by precipitating metal hydroxide ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The enthalpy of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the equipartition theorem. If the lattice energy is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy, then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation. Assuming a 1 molar ideal gas gives a correction for t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Classical analysis methods involve basic analytical methods widely used in laboratories. Gravimetric analysis measures the weight of the sample. Titrimetry is a family of techniques used to determine the concentration of an analyte. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Retroposition accounts for approximately 10,000 gene-duplication events in the human genome, of which approximately 2-10% are likely to be functional. Such genes are called retrogenes and represent a certain type of retroposon. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Bosch–Meiser process is an industrial process, which was patented in 1922 and named after its discoverers, the German chemists Carl Bosch and Wilhelm Meiser for the large-scale manufacturing of urea, a valuable nitrogenous chemical.
The whole process consists of two main equilibrium reactions, with incomplete conve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1859, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in France developed a method for making alumina by heating bauxite in sodium carbonate, NaCO, at 1200 °C, leaching the sodium aluminate formed with water, then precipitating aluminium hydroxide by carbon dioxide, CO, which was then filtered and dried. This process is known a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Smiths contributions to engineering education encompass work in cooperative learning and knowledge engineering applications. He published a paper in the Journal of Engineering Education', in 1981, introducing cooperative learning in engineering literature. During the early 1980s, he conducted some of the first randomiz... | 8 | Metallurgy |
pRb is a multifunctional protein with many binding and phosphorylation sites. Although its common function is seen as binding and repressing E2F targets, pRb is likely a multifunctional protein as it binds to at least 100 other proteins.
pRb has three major structural components: a carboxy-terminus, a "pocket" subunit,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stable isotope mass spectrometry is conducted in the Department of Geography, and was recently used by the Landmark Trust to determine very precisely the age of the timber from Llwyn Celyn farmhouse to the year 1420. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The nitrogen-vacancy center (N-V center or NV center) is one of numerous photoluminescent point defects in diamond. Its most explored and useful properties include its spin-dependent photoluminescence (which enables measurement of the electronic spin state using optically detected magnetic resonance), and its relativel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SDS may reduce the amount of bad breath-causing volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the mouth. A series of small crossover studies (25–34 patients) have supported the efficacy of SLS in the reduction of VSCs, and its related positive impact on breath malodor, although these studies have been generally noted to reflect ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To build a ground state without magnetic moment, valence bond states can be used, where two electron spins form a spin 0 singlet due to the antiferromagnetic interaction. If every spin in the system is bound like this, the state of the system as a whole has spin 0 too and is non-magnetic. The two spins forming the bond... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrogenolysis in the presence of a variety of palladium-based catalysts is the usual method for deprotection. Palladium on charcoal is typical.
Alternatively, HBr and strong Lewis acids have been used, provided that a trap is provided for the released benzyl carbocation.
When the protected amine is treated by either ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Soil organic matter is anything in the soil of biological origin. Carbon is its key component comprising about 58% by weight. Simple assessment of total organic matter is obtained by measuring organic carbon in soil. Living organisms (including roots) contribute about 15% of the total organic matter in soil. These are ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The terms "relative fluorescence units" (RFU) and "RFU peak" refer to measurements in electrophoresis methods, such as for DNA analysis. A "relative fluorescence unit" is a unit of measurement used in analysis which employs fluorescence detection. Fluorescence is detected using a charged coupled device (CCD) array, whe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,4,6-Trichlorobenzoyl chloride is prepared by reacting 2,4,6-trichloroaniline with N-butyllithium in a carbon dioxide atmosphere. This produces 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoic acid, which can then be refluxed in thionyl chloride to form 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride.
Since 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoic acid is produced as a by prod... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The chemical plant Chemko in Strážske (east Slovakia) was an important producer of polychlorinated biphenyls for the former communist bloc (Comecon) until 1984. Chemko contaminated a large part of east Slovakia, especially the sediments of the Laborec river and reservoir Zemplínska šírava. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP-PCR or AFLP) is a PCR-based tool used in genetics research, DNA fingerprinting, and in the practice of genetic engineering. Developed in the early 1990s by KeyGene, AFLP uses restriction enzymes to digest genomic DNA, followed by ligation of adaptors to the sticky ends of th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper has two naturally occurring stable isotopes: Cu and Cu, which exist in the following natural abundances:
The isotopic composition of Cu is conventionally reported in delta notation (in ‰) relative to a NIST SRM 976 standard: | 9 | Geochemistry |
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101294270 Васина Т. А.] Формирование горнозаводских округов в конце XVIII — первой половине XIX веков на территории современной Удмуртии // Научный диалог — 2019. — вып. 7. — С. 222—239. — ISSN 2227-1295 — [https://www.nauka-dialog.ru/jour/article/view/1254 doi:10.24224/2227-1295-2019-... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When two fluorine atoms are in vicinal (i.e., adjacent) carbons, as in 1,2-difluoroethane (HFCCFH), the gauche conformer is more stable than the anti conformer—this is the opposite of what would normally be expected and to what is observed for most 1,2-disubstituted ethanes; this phenomenon is known as the gauche effec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Membraneless organelles (MLOs), also known as biomolecular condensates, are a form of cell compartmentalization. Unlike classic membrane-bound organelles (e.g. mitochondrion, nucleus or lysosome), MLOs are not separated from their surroundings by a lipid bilayer. MLOs are mostly composed of proteins and nucleic acids, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the case of ions it is common to speak about delocalized charge (charge delocalization). An example of delocalized charge in ions can be found in the carboxylate group, wherein the negative charge is centered equally on the two oxygen atoms. Charge delocalization in anions is an important factor determining their re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Imd signalling regulates a number of effector peptides and proteins that are produced en masse following immune challenge. This includes many of the major antimicrobial peptide genes of Drosophila, particularly: Diptericin, Attacin, Drosocin, Cecropin, and Defensin. The Imd pathway regulates hundreds of genes after inf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Single-drop microextraction (SDME) is a sample preparation technique in chemical test or analytical chemistry. SDME uses only a single drop of solvent to isolate and preconcentrate analytes from a sample matrix. The extremely low solvent use of SDME makes it cost-effective and less harmful to the environment, subscribi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Gecko feet are hydrophobic, but that is not the only property that assists in their self-cleaning nature. Estrada and Lin created polypropylene, polyethylene, and polycaprolactone nanofibers using a porous template. These nanofiber geometries were shown to be self-cleaning in fiber dimensions of 5, 0.6, and 0.2 microns... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As a consequence, the structure of any brush can be derived from the brush density profile . Indeed, the free end distribution is simply a convolution of the density profile with the free end distribution of a dry brush:
Correspondingly, the brush elastic free energy is given by:
This method has been used to derive wet... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The ascorbate-glutathione cycle, sometimes Foyer-Halliwell-Asada pathway, is a metabolic pathway that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (HO), a reactive oxygen species that is produced as a waste product in metabolism. The cycle involves the antioxidant metabolites: ascorbate, glutathione and NADPH and the enzymes linking t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1934)
* Fellow of the Indiana Academy of Science (1935)
* American Chemical Society
* Phi Beta Kappa
* Sigma Xi
* Tau Kappa Alpha
* Phi Lambda Upsilon
* Alpha Chi Sigma
* Lambda Chi Alpha | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Due to the versatility of SPR instrumentation, this technique pairs well with other approaches, leading to novel applications in various fields, such as biomedical and environmental studies.
When coupled with nanotechnology, SPR biosensors can use nanoparticles as carriers for therapeutic implants. For instance, in the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Pesticide detection kit is a kit that scientific test kit detects the presence of pesticide residues. Various organizations create them, among them Defence Food Research Laboratory of India. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Its crystal structure has the tetragonal space group P4/nmm, which is a distorted version of the NHCl crystal structure; the unit cell has approximate dimensions 634×634×462 pm. The hydrogen bonding in the system causes the cations to orient such that the hydrogen atoms point toward the anions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Moungi Bawendi (; born 15 March 1961) is an American–Tunisian–French chemist. He is currently the Lester Wolfe Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Bawendi is known for his advances in the chemical production of high-quality quantum dots. In 2023 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term "eutrophication" comes from the Greek eutrophos, meaning "well-nourished". Water bodies with very low nutrient levels are termed oligotrophic and those with moderate nutrient levels are termed mesotrophic. Advanced eutrophication may also be referred to as dystrophic and hypertrophic conditions. Thus, eutrophi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Glucagon is traditionally a catabolic hormone, but also stimulates the anabolic process of gluconeogenesis by the liver, and to a lesser extent the kidney cortex and intestines, during starvation to prevent low blood sugar. It is the process of converting pyruvate into glucose. Pyruvate can come from the breakdown of g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The carbon-carbon single bond is weaker than C-H, O-H, N-H, H-H, H-Cl, C-F, and many double or triple bonds, and comparable in strength to C-O, Si-O, P-O, and S-H bonds, but is commonly considered as strong.
The values given above represent C-C bond dissociation energies that are commonly encountered; occasionally, out... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Adsorbed species on single crystal surfaces are frequently found to exhibit long-range ordering; that is to say that the adsorbed species form a well-defined overlayer structure. Each particular structure may only exist over a limited coverage range of the adsorbate, and in some adsorbate/substrate systems a whole prog... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Monolayers have a multitude of applications both at the air-water and at air-solid interphases.
Nanoparticle monolayers can be used to create functional surfaces that have for instance anti-reflective or superhydrophobic properties.
Monolayers are frequently encountered in biology. A micelle is a monolayer, and the pho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
T4 bacteriophage uses anti-sigma factor to ruin the Escherichia coli polymerase in order that direct exclusive transcription of its own genes.
AsiA is an anti-sigma factor gene that is required for bacteriophage T4 to be developed). Which means that AsiA is an essential anti-sigma factor in bacteriophage. | 1 | Biochemistry |
This can be prevented by using sodium phosphate () instead of sodium carbonate as softening reagents. What happens is that its molecules will get inside the hair-line crack and block it, as a result of which sodium hydroxide, even if it is there, will not be able to come in contact with iron, and no reaction will be th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
On 9 July 2014, the European Commission imposed fines of €427,700,000 on Laboratoires Servier and 5 companies which produce generics due to Serviers abuse of their dominant market position, in breach of European Union Competition law. Serviers strategy had included acquiring the principal source of generic production o... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* 2011 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
* 2016 American Chemical Society Early-Career Award in Experimental Physical Chemistry
* 2019 Rice Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering Hamill Innovation Award
* 2019 National Academy of Sciences Kavli Fellow
* 2020 National Science Foundation Award for Special Cre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Intergenic regions may contain a number of functional DNA sequences such as promoters and regulatory elements, enhancers, spacers, and (in eukaryotes) centromeres. They may also contain origins of replication, scaffold attachment regions, and transposons and viruses.
Non-functional DNA elements such as pseudogene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A slip bond is a type of chemical noncovalent bond whose dissociation lifetime decreases with tensile force applied to the bond. This is the expected behaviour for chemical bonds, but exceptions, like catch bonds exist. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transition metal nitrates form a variety of hydrates. The nitrate anion often binds to the metal, especially for those salts with fewer than six aquo ligands. Nitrates are uncommon in nature, so few minerals are represented here. Hydrated ferrous nitrate has not been characterized crystallographically. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Triflic anhydride is prepared by dehydration of triflic acid using PO.
Triflic anhydride is useful for converting ketones into enol triflates.
In a representative application, is used to convert an imine into a NTf group. It will convert phenols into a triflic ester, which enables cleavage of the C-O bond. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Values of ΔH have been experimentally determined and are available in table form. Most general chemistry textbooks have appendixes including common ΔH values. There are several online tables available. A software offered with Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) provides more information online. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cleaning surfaces in environments without water has been a challenge. Electric curtain devices were designed to remove particles by creating electric fields on the surface and carrying away particles due to their charged nature. It has been used in solar panels as well as 3D printers. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dashboard provides support for mass spectrometry providing searches against the chemical data contained in the database based on mass and molecular formula. The dashboard has been applied to non-targeted analysis searching for "known unknowns". Both targeted mass spectrometry and non-targeted mass spectrometry are ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is an organic compound with the molecular formula CHNCO. Synonyms are isocyanatomethane and methyl carbylamine. Methyl isocyanate is an intermediate chemical in the production of carbamate pesticides (such as carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, and aldicarb). It has also been used in the production ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Capsiate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl (E)-8-methyl-6-nonenoate) (CAS No. 205687-01-0)
Dihydrocapsiate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl 8-methylnonanoate) (CAS No. 205687-03-2)
Nordihydrocapsiate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl 7-methyloctanoate) (CAS No. 220012-53-3) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anders Meibom (born 9 September 1969) is a Danish interdisciplinary scientist and former football player active in the field of bio-geochemistry. He is a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), where he heads the laboratory for biological geochemistry. | 9 | Geochemistry |
A selenenic acid is an organoselenium compound and an oxoacid with the general formula RSeOH, where R ≠ H. It is the first member of the family of organoselenium oxoacids, which also include seleninic acids and selenonic acids, which are RSeOH and RSeOH, respectively. Selenenic acids derived from selenoenzymes are tho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If the solvent is a gas, only gases (non-condensable) or vapors (condensable) are dissolved under a given set of conditions. An example of a gaseous solution is air (oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen). Since interactions between gaseous molecules play almost no role, non-condensable gases form rather trivial... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on water that is treated for potability, industrial/domestic use, or restoration (of an environment/ecosystem, generally for health of human/aquatic life). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The first meeting of BOGS was held in Bangor (Wales) on 13–15 July 1988. The society meets annually, usually at (or near) a university department with links to research in organic geochemistry.
BOGS meetings are usually held over two days, and involve oral presentations (lasting 15 minutes), poster presentations and so... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Insertions are another common type of carbene reaction, a form of oxidative addition. Insertions may or may not occur in single step (see above). The end result is that the carbene interposes itself into an existing bond, preferably X–H (X not carbon), else C–H or (failing that) a C–C bond. Alkyl carbenes insert much ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As yttrium is chemically similar to lanthanides, it occurs in the same ores (rare-earth minerals) and is extracted by the same refinement processes. A slight distinction is recognized between the light (LREE) and the heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), but the distinction is not perfect. Yttrium is concentrated in the HR... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The volume in the definition refers to the volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent. One litre of a solution usually contains either slightly more or slightly less than 1 litre of solvent because the process of dissolution causes volume of liquid to increase or decrease. Sometimes the mass concentration i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many metathesis reactions with ruthenium catalysts are hampered by unwanted isomerization of the newly formed double bond, and it is believed that ruthenium hydrides that form as a side reaction are responsible. In one study it was found that isomerization is suppressed in the RCM reaction of diallyl ether with specif... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The metabolism of an animal is estimated by determining rates of carbon dioxide production (VCO) and oxygen consumption (VO) of individual animals, either in a closed or an open-circuit respirometry system. Two measures are typically obtained: standard (SMR) or basal metabolic rate (BMR) and maximal rate (VO2max). SM... | 1 | Biochemistry |
"Amoxicillin" is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN), British Approved Name (BAN), and United States Adopted Name (USAN), while "amoxycillin" is the Australian Approved Name (AAN).
Amoxicillin is one of the semisynthetic penicillins discovered by former pharmaceutical company Beecham Group. The patent for amoxi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Precession electron diffraction is accomplished utilizing the standard instrument configuration of a modern TEM. The animation illustrates the geometry used to generate a PED pattern. Specifically, the beam tilt coils located pre-specimen are used to tilt the electron beam off of the optic axis so it is incident with t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It is possible to combine the summation with the connectivity theorems to obtain closed expressions that relate the control coefficients to the elasticity coefficients. For example, consider the simplest non-trivial pathway:
We assume that and are fixed boundary species so that the pathway can reach a steady state. L... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Chesapeake Bay forms a link in the Intracoastal Waterway, of the bays, sounds and inlets between the off-shore barrier islands and the coastal mainland along the Atlantic coast connecting the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (linking the Bay to the north and the Delaware River) with the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
1/ In the 80's, diagnostic assays based on the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method were already being developed for human and veterinary applications. Following the reports of the first use of ELISA to detect plant viruses by Voller and Clarke (1976), Dr. Sutula introduced in 1981 the first commercial kit... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mammalian-wide interspersed repeats (MIRs) are transposable elements in the genomes of some organisms and belong to the group of Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The metallothermic reduction of anhydrous rare-earth fluorides to rare-earth metals is also referred to as the Ames process.
The study of rare earths was also advanced during World War II: Synthetic plutonium was believed to be rare-earth-like, it was assumed that knowledge of rare earths would assist in planning for ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Salt compounds dissociate in aqueous solutions. This property is exploited in the process of salting out. When the salt concentration is increased, some of the water molecules are attracted by the salt ions, which decreases the number of water molecules available to interact with the charged part of the protein.
There ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Zeise returned to Denmark in the autumn of 1819. The prospects were not bright for an appointment at the University, although he was likely the only scientifically trained chemist in the country at that time. However, he learned at the end of the year that he had received public funds to support his work in science. Th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A bridged nucleic acid (BNA) is a modified RNA nucleotide. They are sometimes also referred to as constrained or inaccessible RNA molecules. BNA monomers can contain a five-membered, six-membered or even a seven-membered bridged structure with a "fixed" C-endo sugar puckering. The bridge is synthetically incorporated a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ca ions are an essential component of plant cell walls and cell membranes, and are used as cations to balance organic anions in the plant vacuole. The Ca concentration of the vacuole may reach millimolar levels. The most striking use of Ca ions as a structural element in algae occurs in the marine coccolithophores, w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process is named after the Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher Luigi Galvani (9 September 1737 – 4 December 1798). The earliest known example of galvanized iron was discovered on 17th-century Indian armour in the Royal Armouries Museum collection in the United Kingdom.
The term "galvanized" ca... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are mammalian glycosaminoglycans with the highest negative charge density of known biological macromolecules. They bind by ionic interactions with a variety of proteins. Heparin is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant. SFRP1 are heparin-binding proteins, with the heparin-bindin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Along with his interest in science, Fraser-Reid was an accomplished pianist and organist who gave recitals at notable venues such as St. George's Cathedral, Kingston, Jamaica (December 1986) and Cathedral de Seville, Spain (August 1995).
In the 1970s Fraser-Reid filed a lawsuit against a building contractor who had not... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Contact angle goniometers (q.v.)can also determine the surface tension for any liquid in gas or the interfacial tension between any two liquids. If the difference in densities between the two fluids is known, the surface tension or interfacial tension can be calculated by the pendant drop method. An advanced instrument... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ChiRP-Seq (Chromatin Isolation by RNA purification) is a high-throughput sequencing method to discover regions of the genome which are bound by a specific RNA (or by a ribonucleoprotein containing the RNA of interest).
Recent studies have shown that a significant proportion of some genomes (including mouse and human g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
R-407C is a mixture of hydrofluorocarbons used as a refrigerant. It is a zeotropic blend of difluoromethane (R-32), pentafluoroethane (R-125), and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). Difluoromethane serves to provide the heat capacity, pentafluoroethane decreases flammability, tetrafluoroethane reduces pressure. R-407... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life, from bacteria to mammals. Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer. In the ferrous state (Fe), iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state (Fe) it acts as an acceptor. Thus, iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since the Palm Island outbreak, several other species of cyanobacteria have been identified as producing CYN: Anabaena bergii, Anabaena lapponica , Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Umezakia natans, Raphidiopsis curvata. and Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi. In Australia, three main toxic cyanobacteria exist: Anabaena circinalis, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Imidoyl halides are synthesized by combining amides and halogenating agents. The structure of the carboxylic acid amides plays a role in the outcome of the synthesis. Imidoyl chloride can be prepared by treating a monosubstituted carboxylic acid amide with phosgene.
:RC(O)NHR’ + COCl → RC(NR’)Cl + HCl + CO
Thionyl chl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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