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In catalytic kinetics, two basic approximations are useful (in different circumstances) to describe the behavior of many systems. The situations in which the pre-equilibrium and steady-state approximations are valid can often be distinguished by reaction progress kinetic analysis, and the two situations are closely rel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The plastid DNA of maize seedlings is subjected to increasing damage as the seedlings develop. The DNA damage is due to oxidative environments created by photo-oxidative reactions and photosynthetic/ respiratory electron transfer. Some DNA molecules are repaired but DNA with unrepaired damage is apparently degraded t... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Multispectral imaging captures image data within specific wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelengths may be separated by filters or detected with the use of instruments that are sensitive to particular wavelengths, including light from frequencies beyond the visible light range, i.e. infrare... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Note that Sides 1 and 2 are no longer in osmotic equilibrium (i.e. the total osmolytes on each side are not the same)
In vivo, ion balance does equilibriate at the proportions that would be predicted by the Gibbs–Donnan model, because the cell cannot tolerate the attendant large influx of water. This is balanced by ins... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because water has strong cohesive and adhesive forces, it exhibits capillary action. Strong cohesion from hydrogen bonding and adhesion allows trees to transport water more than 100 m upward. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Because natural moissanite is extremely scarce, most silicon carbide is synthetic. Silicon carbide is used as an abrasive, as well as a semiconductor and diamond simulant of gem quality. The simplest process to manufacture silicon carbide is to combine silica sand and carbon in an Acheson graphite electric resistance f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sequential double ionization is a process of formation of doubly charged ions consisting of two single-electron ionization events: the first electron is removed from a neutral atom/molecule (leaving a singly charged ion in the ground state or an excited state) followed by detachment of the second electron from the ion. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1928, German chemist H. O. Albrecht found that blood, among other substances, enhanced the luminescence of luminol in an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. In 1936, Karl Gleu and Karl Pfannstiel confirmed this enhancement in the presence of haematin, a component of blood. In 1937, German forensic scientist Wa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thiosulfate ion is known in the very rare mineral sidpietersite . The presence of this anion in the mineral bazhenovite was disputed. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The advent of sequencing has permitted scientists to elucidate a huge landscape of new miRNAs, to increase our knowledge of the biogenesis involved and to discover putative post-transcriptional editing processes in miRNAs ignored until now. These processes mostly generate variations of the current miRNAs that are annot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The presynaptic bouton has an efficiently orchestrated process to fuse vesicles to the presynaptic membrane to release neurotransmitters and regenerate neurotransmitter vesicles. This process called the synaptic vesicle cycle maintains the number of vesicles in the presynaptic bouton and allows the synaptic terminal to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The SI-unit for mass concentration is kg/m (kilogram/cubic metre). This is the same as mg/mL and g/L. Another commonly used unit is g/(100 mL), which is identical to g/dL (gram/decilitre). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A triose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, containing three carbon atoms. There are only three possible trioses: the two enantiomers of glyceraldehyde, which are aldoses; and dihydroxyacetone, a ketose which is symmetrical and therefore has no enantiomers.
Trioses are important in cellular respiration. During g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because the substituents attached to the imine nitrogen exert a profound influence on reactivity, few general catalyst systems exist for the enantioselective hydrogenation of imines and imine derivatives. However, catalyst systems have been developed that catalyze hydrogenation of particular classes of imines with high... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Frohring's father, William, a railroad engineer, was born in Bavaria and immigrated to the United States at 1 years old, while his mother, Martha, was born in Ohio to German emigrants. He was married to the former Gertrude Lewis, and had four children. He died of a heart attack at his home on Munn Road in Newbury, Ohi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some nutrients are complex molecules (for example vitamin B) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups. To digest vitamin B non-destructively, haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nayak was named after Swami Vivekananda (born Narendra Nath Datta). He has stated that seeing his father's business premises being repossessed by the bank and his father buying a lottery ticket on the advice of an astrologer to pay off the loan with the total confidence that it would get the first prize made him turn t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
N(6)-Carboxymethyllysine (CML), also known as N-(carboxymethyl)lysine, is an advanced glycation endproduct (AGE). CML has been the most used marker for AGEs in food analysis.
Recently, it has been demonstrated that gut microbiota mediates an aging-associated decline in gut barrier function, allowing AGEs to leak into... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA polymerase is composed of a core and a holoenzyme structure. The core enzymes contains the catalytic properties of RNA polymerase and is made up of ββ′α2ω subunits. This sequence is conserved across all bacterial species. The holoenzyme is composed of a specific component known as the sigma factor (σ-factor). The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The glycosylation of proteins has an array of different applications from influencing cell to cell communication to changing the thermal stability and the folding of proteins. Due to the unique abilities of glycoproteins, they can be used in many therapies. By understanding glycoproteins and their synthesis, they can b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In ecology, the term productivity refers to the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem, usually expressed in units of mass per volume (unit surface) per unit of time, such as grams per square metre per day (g m d). The unit of mass can relate to dry matter or to the mass of generated carbon. The productivity of ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding, along with covalent bonding and me... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
For applications in materials science dealing with phase changes between different solid structures, pressure is often imagined to be constant (for example at one atmosphere), and is ignored as a degree of freedom, so the formula becomes:
This is sometimes incorrectly called the "condensed phase rule", but it is not ap... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DAVID provides a comprehensive set of functional annotation tools for investigators to understand biological meaning behind large list of genes. For any given gene list, DAVID tools are able to:
* Identify enriched biological themes, particularly GO terms
* Discover enriched functional-related gene groups
* Cluster red... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A process for electrochemical production of titanium through the reduction of titanium oxide in a calcium chloride solution was first described in a 1904 German patent, and later in a US patent by Carl Marcus Olson.
The FFC Cambridge process was developed by George Chen, Derek Fray, and Thomas Farthing between 1996 and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Raman spectroelectrochemistry is based on the inelastic scattering or Raman scattering of monochromatic light when strikes on a specific molecule, providing information about vibrational energy of that molecule. Raman spectrum provides highly specific information about the structure and composition of the molecules suc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tetrafluoromethane and silicon tetrafluoride can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction of silicon carbide with fluorine.
: SiC + 4 F → CF + SiF | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In a manner analogous to receptor labeling, diazirine containing compounds that are analogs of natural substrates have also been used to identify binding pockets of enzymes. Examples include:
* The synthesis of a diazirine containing analog of etoposide, a widely used cancer drug targeting topoisomerase II, which holds... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Organic thiocyanates are hydrolyzed to thiocarbamates in the Riemschneider thiocarbamate synthesis.
Some thiocyanates isomerize to the isothiocyandates. This reaction is especially rapid for the allyl isothiocyanate: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Trithiophosphate is the anion [POS], which has C symmetry. Tetrathiophosphate is the anion [PS], which has T symmetry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
T-DNA contains two types of genes: the oncogenic genes, encoding for enzymes involved in the synthesis of auxins and cytokinins and responsible for tumor formation, and the genes encoding for the synthesis of opines. These compounds, produced by the condensation between amino acids and sugars, are synthesized and excre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Accumulation of tau protein is associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases as well as other tauopathies. Tau protein isoforms are created by alternative splicing of exons 2, 3 and 10. The regulation of tau splicing is specific to stage of development, physiology and location... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A primer is a short, single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis. A synthetic primer may also be referred to as an oligo, short for oligonucleotide. DNA polymerase (responsible for DNA replication) enzymes are only capable of adding nucleotides to the 3’-end of an existi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is a large number of methods for the determination of particle size, and it is important to acknowledge that these different methods are not expected to give identical results. The size of a particle depends on the method used for its measurement, and it is important to choose the method that is most relevant to ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the qualitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics. Gamma-ray spectrometry, on the other hand, is the method used to acquire a quantitative spectrum measurement.
Most radioactive sources produce gamma r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Precious metals are rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical elements of high economic value. Chemically, the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most elements. They include gold and silver, but also the so-called platinum group metals: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum (see prec... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Amine oxides are surfactants commonly used in consumer products such as shampoos, conditioners, detergents, and hard surface cleaners. Alkyl dimethyl amine oxide (chain lengths C10–C16) is the most commercially used amine oxide. They are considered a high production volume class of compounds in more than one member cou... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The traditional method for attaching sugars to natural products, drugs or drug leads is by chemical glycosylation. This classical approach typically requires multiple protection/deprotection steps in addition to the key anomeric activation/coupling reaction which, depending upon the glycosyl donor/acceptor pair, can le... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
High-temperature corrosion typically occurs in environments that have heat and chemical such as hydrocarbon fuel sources but also other chemicals enable this form of corrosion.
Thus it can occur in boilers, automotive engines driven by diesel or gasoline, metal production furnaces and flare stacks from oil and gas pro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Every polyhedron has a dihedral angle at every edge describing the relationship of the two faces that share that edge. This dihedral angle, also called the face angle, is measured as the internal angle with respect to the polyhedron. An angle of 0° means the face normal vectors are antiparallel and the faces overlap ea... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Methyl violet 2B (IUPAC name: N-(4-(bis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)methylene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methanaminium chloride) is a green powder which is soluble in water and ethanol but not in xylene. It appears yellow in solution of low pH (~0.15) and changes to violet with pH increasing toward 3.2. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The fugacity can be deduced from measurements of volume as a function of pressure at constant temperature. In that case,
This integral can also be calculated using an equation of state.
The integral can be recast in an alternative form using the compressibility factor
Then
This is useful because of the theorem of corre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and the molecules to metal ions. It involves the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central metal atom. These ligands are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents, or sequestering agents.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An alternative protocol uses a solution of iodate ion (for instance potassium iodate) to which an acidified solution (again with sulfuric acid) of sodium bisulfite is added.
In this protocol, iodide ion is generated by the following slow reaction between the iodate and bisulfite:
This first step is the rate determining... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ty5 is one of five endogenous retrotransposons native to the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, all of which target integration to gene poor regions. Endogenous retrotransposons are hypothesized to target gene poor chromosomal targets in order to reduce the chance of inactivating host genes. Ty1-Ty4 integrate up... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mercury beating heart was first observed in the year 1800 by Alessandro Volta and William Henry. The chemical phenomenon in the form best known today was first described by German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, the discoverer of caffeine. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electroslag remelting (ESR), also known as electro-flux remelting, is a process of remelting and refining steel and other alloys for mission-critical applications in aircraft, thermal power stations, nuclear power plants, military technology and others.
The electroslag remelting (ESR) process is used to remelt and refi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The separating funnel relies on the concept of "like dissolves like", which describes the ability of polar solvents to dissolve polar solutes and non-polar solvents to dissolve non-polar solutes. When the separating funnel is agitated, each solute migrates to the solvent (also referred to as "phase") in which it is mor... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Joan Berkowitz<br>
Paul Crutzen (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995)<br>
Philip Gschwend<br>
Alice Hamilton<br>
John M. Hayes<br>
Charles David Keeling<br>
Ralph Keeling<br>
Mario Molina (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995)<br>
James J. Morgan<br>
Clair Patterson<br>
Roger Revelle<br>
Sherry Roland (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance (MP-SPR) is based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), an established real-time label-free method for biomolecular interaction analysis, but it uses a different optical setup, a goniometric SPR configuration. While MP-SPR provides same kinetic information as SPR (equilibrium c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synthetic perovskites are possible materials for high-efficiency photovoltaics – they showed a conversion efficiency of up to 26.3% and can be manufactured using the same thin-film manufacturing techniques as that used for thin film silicon solar cells. Methylammonium tin halides and methylammonium lead halides are of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Seawater contains more dissolved ions than all types of freshwater. However, the ratios of solutes differ dramatically. For instance, although seawater contains about 2.8 times more bicarbonate than river water, the percentage of bicarbonate in seawater as a ratio of all dissolved ions is far lower than in river water.... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Examples of Fano resonances can be found in atomic physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, electrical circuits, microwave engineering, nonlinear optics, nanophotonics, magnetic metamaterials, and in mechanical waves.
Fano can be observed with photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The phenomenon... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sigma hole interactions have applications in a variety of fields. The ability to induce stabilizing and strongly directional intermolecular interactions which can be easily tuned via minor structural substitutions makes leveraging these interactions particularly value in fields in which control over supramolecular orga... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Like the complex multicellularity seen in animals, the multicellularity of land plants is developmentally organized into tissue and organ units via transcription factor genes with homeotic effects.
Although plants have homeobox-containing genes, plant homeotic factors tend to possess MADS-box DNA binding domains.
Anima... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1923, Debye and Hückel reported the first successful theory for the distribution of charges in ionic solutions.
The framework of linearized Debye–Hückel theory subsequently was applied to colloidal dispersions by Levine and Dube
who found that charged colloidal particles should experience a strong medium-range repul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pure lisinopril powder is white to off white in color. Lisinopril is soluble in water (approximately 13 mg/L at room temperature), less soluble in methanol, and virtually insoluble in ethanol. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Isaac Newton has been credited with the first description of conformal interaction observed through the interference phenomenon known as Newton's rings, though it was S. D. Poisson in 1823 who first described the optical characteristics of two identical surfaces in contact. It was not until the 19th century that object... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Transition metal alkyne complexes are often formed by the displacement of labile ligands by the alkyne. For example, a variety of cobalt-alkyne complexes arise by the reaction of alkynes with dicobalt octacarbonyl.
Many alkyne complexes are produced by reduction of metal halides:
: CpTiCl + Mg + MeSiC≡CSiMe → CpTi[(CS... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Upon treatment of ortho-carboranes with organolithium reagents such as n-Butyllithium, the CH vertices of the carborane cage can be deprotonated, affording the dilithiated ortho-carborane cage. Taking advantage of this more active carbon-lithium bond, the metalated carborane cages can then be treated with copper(I) chl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The measurement time required for a single impedance measurement point strongly depends on the frequency of interest. While frequencies above about 1 Hz can be measured within seconds, the measurement time increases significantly in the lower frequency range.
Although the exact duration for measuring a complete impedan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Interfering with insects' reproduction can be accomplished by sterilizing males of the target species and releasing them, so that they mate with females but do not produce offspring. This technique was first used on the screwworm fly in 1958 and has since been used with the medfly, the tsetse fly, and the gypsy moth. T... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) is nowadays a common and state-of-the art method for fractionation and separation of macromolecules and particles in a suspension. AF4 is an alternative to HPLC and SEC in cases where column chromatography is not suitable for the analyte. HPLC or SEC would be used for li... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The lipid pump sequesters carbon from the oceans surface to deeper waters via lipids associated with overwintering vertically migratory zooplankton. Lipids are a class of hydrocarbon rich, nitrogen and phosphorus deficient compounds essential for cellular structures. The lipid associated carbon enters the deep ocean as... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability. Mental disability is a result which occurs primarily when babies or small children are rendered hypothyroidic by a lack of dietary iodine (new hypothyroidism in adults may cause temporary mental slow... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. It can be used to determine pH via titration. Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid–base the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines is the energy or frequency shift in atomic spectra, which occurs when one replaces one nuclear isomer by another. The effect was predicted by Richard M. Weiner in 1956, whose calculations showed that it should be measurable by atomic (optical) spectroscopy (see also). It was ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Catalytic DNA (deoxyribozyme or DNAzyme) catalyze a reaction when interacting with the appropriate input, such as a matching oligonucleotide. These DNAzymes are used to build logic gates analogous to digital logic in silicon; however, DNAzymes are limited to 1-, 2-, and 3-input gates with no current implementation for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A neutron moisture meter is a moisture meter utilizing neutron scattering. The meters are most frequently used to measure the water content in soil or rock. The technique is non-destructive, and is sensitive to moisture in the bulk of the target material, not just at the surface.
Water, due to its hydrogen content, is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
These are the crystallographic groups of a cubic crystal system: 23, 432, , 3m, and . All of them contain four diagonal 3-fold axes. These axes are arranged as 3-fold axes in a cube, directed along its four space diagonals (the cube has symmetry). These symbols are constructed the following way:
* First position – sym... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The best-studied example of cap-independent translation initiation in eukaryotes uses the internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Unlike cap-dependent translation, cap-independent translation does not require a 5 cap to initiate scanning from the 5 end of the mRNA until the start codon. The ribosome can localize to the st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In spectroscopy, hypsochromic shift () is a change of spectral band position in the absorption, reflectance, transmittance, or emission spectrum of a molecule to a shorter wavelength (higher frequency). Because the blue color in the visible spectrum has a shorter wavelength than most other colors, this effect is also c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The field of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) has gained attention from the scientific community due to its potential to reduce pollution and materials and electricity costs, as well as to improve the aesthetics of a building. In recent years, scientists have looked at ways to incorporate DSSC’s in BIPV applica... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The term "biotoxin" is sometimes used to explicitly confirm the biological origin as opposed to environmental or anthropogenic origins. Biotoxins can be classified by their mechanism of delivery as poisons (passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin), toxungens (actively transferred ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lipofuscin appears to be the product of the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and may be symptomatic of membrane damage, or damage to mitochondria and lysosomes. Aside from a large lipid content, lipofuscin is known to contain sugars and metals, including mercury, aluminium, iron, copper and zinc. Lipofuscin is also... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrochemical fluorination (ECF) (also known as the Simons' process) involves electrolysis of a substrate dissolved in hydrogen fluoride. As fluorine is itself manufactured by the electrolysis of hydrogen fluoride, ECF is a rather more direct route to fluorocarbons. The process proceeds at low voltage (5 – 6 V) so th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Classical examples of polymorphism are the pair of minerals calcite and aragonite, both forms of calcium carbonate. Allotropy is the term used for elements, for example diamond versus graphite, and in metallurgy.
β-HgS precipitates as a black solid when Hg(II) salts are treated with HS. With gentle heating of the slur... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mediator is a crucial component for transcription initiation. Mediator interacts with the pre-initiation complex, composed of RNA Polymerase II and general transcription factors TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH to stabilize and initiate transcription. Studies of Mediator-RNA Pol II contacts in budding yeast have e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Eli Samuels: Eli is 18 years old, 6′9″ (201 centimeters) tall. Hes an A student, and is the salutatorian in high school. His mother has Huntingtons disease, which he could have too.
* Jonathan Samuels: Jonathan Samuels is Elis father, who loved his wife. He has a problem with Eli working at Wyatt Transgenics, because... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most sulfilimines are N-substituted with electron-withdrawing groups. These compounds are typically prepared by oxidation of thioethers with electrophilic amine reagents, such as chloramine-T in the presence of a base:
An alternative route involves reactions of electrophilic sulfur compounds with amines. The imidosulfo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Peculiarly, above 1,394 °C (2,541 °F) iron changes back into the bcc structure, known as δ-Fe. δ-iron can dissolve as much as 0.08% of carbon by mass at 1,475 °C. It is stable up to its melting point of 1,538 °C (2,800 °F). δ-Fe cannot exist above 5.2 GPa, with austenite instead transitioning directly to a molten phase... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Schuster married his wife Carlotta, a psychiatrist, in 1962. He is a lifelong classical music enthusiast and serious pianist. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The hijack of an enhancer from another gene allows the analysis of the function of that enhancer. This, especially if the reporter gene is for a fluorescent protein, can be used to help map expression of the mutated gene through the organism, and is a very powerful tool. It is a useful tool for looking at gene expressi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
:K = 24 × (M / M)
where
: K is the karat rating of the material,
: M is the mass of pure gold in the alloy, and
: M is the total mass of the material.
24-karat gold is pure (while 100% purity is very difficult to attain, 24-karat as a designation is permitted in commerce for a minimum of 99.95% purity), 18-karat ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit16635 Über den Niederschlag, welchen Pikrinsäre in normalem Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaction des Kreatinins] by Max Jaffe (1886) | 1 | Biochemistry |
CDP works with corporations, cities, states, and regions to help develop carbon emissions reductions strategies. The collection of self-reported data from the companies is supported by over 800 institutional investors with about US$100 trillion in assets.
Much of the data elicited has never been collected before. This ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Seventeen individuals, both men and women, journeyed across the remote region known as Arnhem Land in northern Australia for nine months. From varying disciplinary perspectives, and under the guidance of expedition leader Charles Mountford, they investigated the Indigenous populations and the environment of Arnhem Land... | 1 | Biochemistry |
During mania, there is an increase in neurotransmission of dopamine that causes a secondary homeostatic down-regulation, resulting in decreased neurotransmission of dopamine, which can cause depression. Additionally, the post-synaptic actions of dopamine are mediated through G-protein coupled receptors. Once dopamine ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In at least one plant, Juglans regia, progesterone has been detected. In addition, progesterone-like steroids are found in Dioscorea mexicana. Dioscorea mexicana is a plant that is part of the yam family native to Mexico. It contains a steroid called diosgenin that is taken from the plant and is converted into progeste... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thermometric titrations employing sodium salts of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) have been demonstrated for the determination of a range of metal ions. Reaction enthalpies are modest, so titrations are normally carried out with titrant concentrations of 1 mol/L. This necessitates the use of the tetra-sodium sa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As the internal energy is a convex function of entropy and volume, the stability condition requires that the second derivative of internal energy with entropy or volume to be positive. It is commonly expressed as . Since the maximum principle of entropy is equivalent to minimum principle of internal energy, the combine... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An ion-neutral complex in chemistry is an aggregate of an ion with one or more neutral molecules in which at least one of the partners has a rotational degree of freedom about an axis perpendicular to the intermolecular direction In chemistry, the dissociation of a molecule into two or more fragments can take place i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to the reconstruction of the impedance from the phase shift, the reverse approach is also possible. However, the herein presented procedure possesses several advantages:
* When calculating the phase shift from the impedance, a function of the angular frequency ω comes into play which is more difficul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water contains hydrogen in the oxidation state +1 and oxygen in the oxidation state −2. It oxidizes chemicals such as hydrides, alkali metals, and some alkaline earth metals. One example of an alkali metal reacting with water is:
:2 Na + 2 → + 2 + 2
Some other reactive metals, such as aluminium and beryllium, are o... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, the Rainbow Herbicides were a group of tactical-use chemicals used by the United States military. The environmental destruction caused by this defoliation has been described by Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, lawyers, historians and other academics as an ecocide. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*Beridze TG, Odintsova MS, Sissakian NM (1967) Distribution of bean leaf DNA components in the cell organelle fractions. Molek.Biol.USSR. 1,142-153
*Beridze TG (1972) DNA nuclear satellites of the genus Phaseolus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 262,393-396
*Beridze TG (1975) DNA nuclear satellites of the genus Brassica: v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The high stereospecificity and stereoselectivity inherent in many TMM cycloaddition reactions is a significant advantage; for instance, the trans ring junction in TMM cycloaddition adduct 2 was carried through in a synthesis of (+)-brefeldin A. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, USA with the University of Southampton, UK identified ALMS1 as the single gene responsible for Alström syndrome. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most metal alkyl complexes contain other, non-alkyl ligands. Great interest, mainly theoretical, has focused on the homoleptic complexes. Indeed, the first reported example of a complex containing a metal-sp carbon bond was the homoleptic complex diethylzinc. Other examples include hexamethyltungsten, tetramethyltit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A similar procedure that uses radiofrequency energy for back pain appears to have short-term benefit, but it is unclear if it has a long-term effect. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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