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Argillaceous rocks are those in which clay minerals are a significant component. For example, argillaceous limestones are limestones consisting predominantly of calcium carbonate, but including 10-40% of clay minerals: such limestones, when soft, are often called marls. Similarly, argillaceous sandstones such as grey... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Yulia Sister (, ; born September 12, 1936, in Chișinău, Bessarabia, Romania) is a Soviet Moldavian and Israeli analytical chemist engaged in chemical research with the use of polarography and chromatography, a science historian, and a researcher of Russian Jewry in Israel, France, and other countries. She holds the pos... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The presence of water in a solution of sodium chloride must be examined in respect to its reduction and oxidation in both electrodes. Usually, water is electrolysed as mentioned above in electrolysis of water yielding gaseous oxygen in the anode and gaseous hydrogen in the cathode. On the other hand, sodium chloride in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The identification of the genetic basis for the causative agent of a disease can be an important component of understanding its effects and spread. Location and content of structural genes can elucidate the evolution of virulence, as well as provide necessary information for treatment. Likewise understanding the specif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As in simpler alkanes, carbon in the CFCs bond with tetrahedral symmetry. Because the fluorine and chlorine atoms differ greatly in size and effective charge from hydrogen and from each other, the methane-derived CFCs deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry.
The physical properties of CFCs and HCFCs are tunable by ch... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The shape memory effect (SME) occurs because a temperature-induced phase transformation reverses deformation, as shown in the previous hysteresis curve. Typically the martensitic phase is monoclinic or orthorhombic (B19' or [https://www.atomic-scale-physics.de/lattice/struk/b19.html B19]). Since these crystal structure... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Acute beryllium poisoning is acute chemical pneumonitis resulting from the toxic effect of beryllium in its elemental form or in various chemical compounds, and is distinct from berylliosis (also called chronic beryllium disease). After occupational safety procedures were put into place following the realization that t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After a cell passes the restriction point, Cyclin E - Cdk 2 hyper-phosphorylates all mono-phosphorylated isoforms. While the exact mechanism is unknown, one hypothesis is that binding to the C-terminus tail opens the pocket subunit, allowing access to all phosphorylation sites. This process is hysteretic and irreversib... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The binding of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) to glycans could be modeled with simple equilibrium. Denoting glycans as and proteins as :
With an associated equilibrium constant of
Which is rearranged to give dissociation constant following biochemical conventions:
Given that many GBPs exhibit multivalency, this model... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The principle of minimum energy can be generalized to apply to constraints other than fixed entropy. For other constraints, other state functions with dimensions of energy will be minimized. These state functions are known as thermodynamic potentials. Thermodynamic potentials are at first glance just simple algebraic c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A multi-component reaction (or MCR), sometimes referred to as a "Multi-component Assembly Process" (or MCAP), is a chemical reaction where three or more compounds
react to form a single product. By definition, multicomponent reactions are those reactions whereby more than two reactants combine in a sequential manner t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main difference with absorption cycle, is that in adsorption cycle, the refrigerant (adsorbate) could be ammonia, water, methanol, etc., while the adsorbent is a solid, such as silica gel, activated carbon, or zeolite, unlike in the absorption cycle where absorbent is liquid.
The reason adsorption refrigeration tec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluorine may interact with biological systems in the form of fluorine-containing compounds. Though elemental fluorine (F) is very rare in everyday life, fluorine-containing compounds such as fluorite occur naturally as minerals. Naturally occurring organofluorine compounds are extremely rare. Man-made fluoride compound... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Detection limits may vary greatly with the cross section of the core state of interest and the background signal level. In general, photoelectron cross sections increase with atomic number. The background increases with the atomic number of the matrix constituents as well as the binding energy, because of secondary em... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ZMapp is an experimental biopharmaceutical drug comprising three chimeric monoclonal antibodies under development as a treatment for Ebola virus disease. Two of the three components were originally developed at the Public Health Agency of Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), and the third at the U.S. Army M... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To understand the electronic behavior of a solar cell, it is useful to create a model which is electrically equivalent, and is based on discrete ideal electrical components whose behavior is well defined. An ideal solar cell may be modelled by a current source in parallel with a diode; in practice no solar cell is idea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tissue fixation is performed by chemical fixation using formalin. This prevents the postmortem degeneration of the tissue and hardens soft tissue. The tissue is dehydrated using ethanol and the alcohol is cleared using an organic solvent such as xylene. The tissue is embedded in paraffin which infiltrates the microscop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Terepthalaldehyde can be synthesised from p-xylene in two steps. First, p-xylene can be reacted with bromine to create α,α,α,α-Tetrabromo-p-xylene. Next, sulphuric acid is introduced to create terephthaldehyde. Alternative procedures also describe the conversion of similar p-xylene derivatives into terephthalaldehyde. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Roldán Cuenya studied at the University of Oviedo in Spain and received her doctorate degree from the University of Duisburg-Essen in Germany under the supervision of
Werner Keune. As a postdoc she worked at the University of California, Santa Barbara in the group of Eric McFarland and subsequently became professor at... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Homozygosity/Autozygosity mapping is a powerful technique, but is only valid when searching for a mutation segregating within a small, closed population. Such a small population, possibly created by the founder effect, will have a limited gene pool, and thus any inherited disease will probably be a result of two copie... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dioxiranes are generated by combining the ketone precursor with a buffered aqueous solution of KHSO. The volatile dioxiranes DMD and TFD are isolated via distillation of the crude reaction mixture. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation may compete with dioxirane formation. Once isolated, dioxiranes are kept in solutions of the cor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Froth flotation is applied to a wide range of separations. An estimated 1B tons of materials are processed in this manner annually. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Electrochemistry, a branch of chemistry, went through several changes during its evolution from early principles related to magnets in the early 16th and 17th centuries, to complex theories involving conductivity, electric charge and mathematical methods. The term electrochemistry was used to describe electrical phenom... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For low nuclearity clusters, bonding is often described as if it is localized. For this purpose, the 18-electron rule is used. Thus, 34 electrons in an organometallic complex predicts a dimetallic complex with a metal-metal bond. For higher nuclearity clusters, more elaborate rules are invoked including Jemmis mno rule... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hypoxia (hypo: "below", oxia: "oxygenated") refers to low oxygen conditions. For air-breathing organisms, hypoxia is problematic but for many anaerobic organisms, hypoxia is essential. Hypoxia applies to many situations, but usually refers to the atmosphere and natural waters. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by a light source and linearly polarized by a polarizer. It can pass through an optional compensator (retarder, quarter wave plate) and falls onto the sample. After reflection the radiation passes a compensator (optional) and a second polarizer, which is called an analyzer, and fall... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen are signified by their chemical symbol, for instance Cl for chlorine, O for oxygen, Na for sodium, and so forth. In the context of organic chemistry, these atoms are commonly known as heteroatoms (the prefix hetero- comes from Greek ἕτερος héteros, meaning "other").
Any hydroge... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aliphatic azo compounds (R and/or R′ = aliphatic) are less commonly encountered than the aryl azo compounds. A commercially important alkyl azo compound is azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), which is widely used as an initiator in free-radical polymerizations and other radical-induced reactions. It achieves this initiation... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
From the commercial perspective, the most important phosphite salt is basic lead phosphite. Many salts containing the phosphite ion have been investigated structurally, these include sodium phosphite pentahydrate (NaHPO·5HO). (NH)HPO·HO, CuHPO·HO, SnHPO and Al(HPO)·4HO. The structure of is approximately tetrahedral.
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DTDP-glucose is produced by the enzyme glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase and is synthesized from dTTP and glucose-1-phosphate. Pyrophosphate is a byproduct of the reaction. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reactions of alkenyl- and alkynylaluminium compounds involve the transfer of a nucleophilic alkenyl or alkynyl group attached to aluminium to an electrophilic atom. Stereospecific hydroalumination, carboalumination, and terminal alkyne metalation are useful methods for generation of the necessary alkenyl- and alkynylal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Inhaled vancomycin can also be used off-label, via nebulizer, for the treatment of various infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tributyltin azide is synthesized by the salt metathesis reaction of tributyltin chloride and sodium azide.
It is a reagent used in the synthesis of tetrazoles, which in turn are used to generate angiotensin II receptor antagonists. In some applications, tributyltin azide has been replaced by the less toxic trioctyltin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Most cases of bacterial gastroenteritis are caused by food-borne enteric microorganisms, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter; however, it is also important to understand the risk of exposure to pathogens via recreational waters. This is especially the case in watersheds where human or animal wastes are discharged to ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many chemical compounds are aromatic rings with other functional groups attached. Examples include trinitrotoluene (TNT), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), paracetamol, and the nucleotides of DNA. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There exist multiple transcription and translation mechanisms to prevent lethality due to deleterious mutations in the coding region. Such measures include proofreading by some DNA Polymerases during replication, mismatch repair following replication, and the Wobble Hypothesis which describes the degeneracy of the thir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first generation of the Edwards equation was
where k and k are the rate constants for a nucleophile and a standard (HO). H is a measure of the basicity of the nucleophile relative to protons, as defined by the equation:
where the pK is that of the conjugate acid of the nucleophile and the constant 1.74 is the corre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In host–guest chemistry, a carcerand () is a host molecule that completely entraps its guest (which can be an ion, atom or other chemical species) so that it will not escape even at high temperatures. This type of molecule was first described in 1985 by Donald J. Cram and coworkers. The complexes formed by a carcerand ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Acidogenesis is the second stage in the four stages of anaerobic digestion:
* Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction where particulates are solubilized and large polymers converted into simpler monomers;
* Acidogenesis: A biological reaction where simple monomers are converted into volatile fatty acids;
* Acetogenesis: A biol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because channels underlie the nerve impulse and because "transmitter-activated" channels mediate conduction across the synapses, channels are especially prominent components of the nervous system. Indeed, numerous toxins that organisms have evolved for shutting down the nervous systems of predators and prey (e.g., the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although freeze fracture studies have revealed that the nodal axolemma in both the CNS and PNS is enriched in intra-membranous particles (IMPs) compared to the internode, there are some structural differences reflecting their cellular constituents. In the PNS, specialized microvilli project from the outer collar of Sc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The gene silencing effects of transfected designed siRNA are generally transient, but this difficulty can be overcome through an RNAi approach. Delivering this siRNA from DNA templates can be done through several recombinant viral vectors based on retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, and lentivirus. The latt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some molecules, torsional strain can contribute to ring strain in addition to angle strain. One example of such a molecule is cyclopropane. Cyclopropanes carbon-carbon bonds form angles of 60°, far from the preferred angle of 109.5° angle in alkanes, so angle strain contributes most to cyclopropanes ring strain. How... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hays test, also known as Hays sulphur powder test, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of bile salts in urine. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ability of an engineered biomaterial to induce a physiological response that is supportive of the biomaterials function and performance is known as bioactivity. Most commonly, in bioactive glasses and bioactive ceramics this term refers to the ability of implanted materials to bond well with surrounding tissue in e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The UPS measures experimental molecular orbital energies for comparison with theoretical values from quantum chemistry, which was also extensively developed in the 1960s. The photoelectron spectrum of a molecule contains a series of peaks each corresponding to one valence-region molecular orbital energy level. Also, th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Butterfly wings are a new site of porphyrin synthesis and cleavage where bilin is portrayed; the expression of the lipocalin bilin-binding protein in Pieris brassicae. The function of the biliprotein during wing development is still unknown, as is the existence of an active pathway for porphyrin synthesis and cleavage ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For molecular biology in mammals, DNA demethylation causes replacement of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in a DNA sequence by cytosine (C) (see figure of 5mC and C). DNA demethylation can occur by an active process at the site of a 5mC in a DNA sequence or, in replicating cells, by preventing addition of methyl groups to DNA s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The major steps in the sulfo-ED pathway are:
* oxidation of sulfoquinovose to sulfogluconolactone (catalyzed by sulfoquinovose dehydrogenase with NAD co-factor);
* hydrolysis of sulfogluconolactone to sulfogluconate acid (catalyzed by sulfogluconolactonase with water);
* dehydration of sulfogluconic acid to 2-keto-3,6-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A reaction rate can have a negative partial order with respect to a substance. For example, the conversion of ozone (O) to oxygen follows the rate equation in an excess of oxygen. This corresponds to second order in ozone and order (−1) with respect to oxygen.
When a partial order is negative, the overall order is usu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stationary phases can react with CDAs to form chiral stationary phases which can resolve chiral molecules. By reacting with alcohols on a silicate stationary phase, CDAs add a chiral center to the stationary phase, which allows for the separation of chiral molecules. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
At first, the study of biometals was referred to as bioinorganic chemistry. Each branch of bioinorganic chemistry studied separate, particular sub-fields of the subject. However, this led to an isolated view of each particular aspect in a biological system. This view was revised into a holistic approach of biometals in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In humans, there exist three paraologous ANT isoforms:
* SLC25A4 – found primarily in heart and skeletal muscle
* SLC25A5 – primarily expressed in fibroblasts
* SLC25A6 – primarily express in liver | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cells use glucose for energy. This normally occurs by phosphorylation from the enzyme hexokinase. However, if large amounts of glucose are present (as in diabetes mellitus), hexokinase becomes saturated and the excess glucose enters the polyol pathway when aldose reductase reduces it to sorbitol. This reaction oxidizes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thus it was noted that along the reaction coordinate of pericyclic processes one could have either a Möbius or a Hückel array of basis orbitals. With 4n or 4n + 2 electrons, one is then led to a prediction of allowedness or forbiddenness. Additionally, the M–H mnemonics give the MOs at part reaction. At each degeneracy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The nephelauxetic effect is a term used in the inorganic chemistry of transition metals. It refers to a decrease in the Racah interelectronic repulsion parameter, given the symbol B, that occurs when a transition-metal free ion forms a complex with ligands. The name "nephelauxetic" comes from the Greek for cloud-expand... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chargaff's rules (given by Erwin Chargaff) state that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine. Further, a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases (i.e., ) should exist. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ATP synthase isolated from bovine (Bos taurus) heart mitochondria is, in terms of biochemistry and structure, the best-characterized ATP synthase. Beef heart is used as a source for the enzyme because of the high concentration of mitochondria in cardiac muscle. Their genes have close homology to human ATP synthases... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The toxicity of phosphonates to organisms living in water is low. Reported values for 48-hour LC values for fish are between 0.1 and 1.1 mM. Also the bioconcentration factor for fish is very low. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The preparation of certified reference materials is described in general in ISO Guide 17034 and in more detail in ISO Guide 35. Preparation of biological reference standards is described in WHO Guidance. General steps required in production of a certified reference material typically include:
* Collection or synthesis ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mitochondrial intermembrane space is the space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane. It is also known as perimitochondrial space. Because the outer membrane is freely permeable to small molecules, the concentrations of small molecules, such as ions and sugars, in the intermembrane space is the same as ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isocyanide dichlorides are organic compounds containing the RN=CCl functional group. Classically they are obtained by chlorination of isocyanides. Phenylcarbylamine chloride is a well-characterized example. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Kröhnke methodology has also been utilized to generate a number of interesting metal-binding ligands since polypyridyl complexes such as bipyridine (bipy) have been used extensively as ligands. The Kröhnke synthesis was used to prepare a family of tetrahydroquinoline-based N, S-type ligands. 2-thiophenylacetophenon... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In genetics, a regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Regulatory sequences, which encode regulatory genes, are often at the five prime end (5) to the start site of transcription of the gene they regulate. In addition, these sequences c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The advantages of supercritical fluid extraction (compared with liquid extraction) are that it is relatively rapid because of the low viscosities and high diffusivities associated with supercritical fluids. Alternative solvents to supercritical fluids may be poisonous, flammable or an environmental hazard to a much lar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If chloride ions have penetrated beyond the surface more rigorous treatment is required.
This typically involves soaking in acetone to displace any water in the specimen. Then soaking in a benzotriazole (BTA)–ethanol solution to chelate the copper and make it unreactive. Pits and holes may be filled with zinc powder, w... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The BBOC furnace is a cylindrical steel vessel with a protective internal lining of refractory bricks. It is mounted on a tilting frame that allows it to be held at different angles at different stages of its operating cycle (see Figure 2). A hood is fixed over the top of the furnace, providing a seal that prevents lea... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Transition state theory requires a value of the transmission coefficient, called in that theory. This value is often taken to be unity (i.e., the species passing through the transition state always proceed directly to products and never revert to reactants and ). To avoid specifying a value of , the rate constant c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The specific molecular mechanism of action of the ywIE protein is currently unknown. However, YwIE is believed to dephosphorylate phosphoarginine residues using a concerted, 2-step process via SN2 reactions. Step 1 involves a nucleophilic attack of Cys7 on the phosphorus atom of the phosphoric group. Then a thiophospha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In kinetic theory of gases, the mean free path is the average distance traveled by a molecule, or a number of molecules per volume, before they make their first collision. Let be the collision cross section of one molecule colliding with another. As in the previous section, the number density is defined as the number... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When ethanol is present, PLD substitutes ethanol for water and covalently attaching the alcohol as the head group of the phospholipid; hence the name phosphatidylethanol. Normally PLD incorporates water to generate phosphatidic acid (PA); the process is termed transphosphatidylation. PLD continues to generate PA in the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plants contain CaM-related proteins (CMLs) apart from the typical CaM proteins. The CMLs have about 15% amino acid similarity with the typical CaMs. Arabidopsis thaliana contains about 50 different CML genes which leads to the question of what purpose these diverse ranges of proteins serve in the cellular function. All... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isocyanides form coordination complexes with most transition metals. They behave as electron-rich analogues of carbon monoxide. For example tert-butyl isocyanide forms , which is analogous to . Although structurally similar, the analogous carbonyls differ in several ways, mainly because t-BuNC is a better donor ligand ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Staircase voltammetry is a derivative of linear sweep voltammetry. In linear sweep voltammetry the current at a working electrode is measured while the potential between the working electrode and a reference electrode is swept linearly in time. Oxidation or reduction of species is registered as a peak or trough in the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an oxime is an organic compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula , where R is an organic side-chain and R' may be hydrogen, forming an aldoxime, or another organic group, forming a ketoxime. O-substituted oximes form a closely related family of compounds. Amidoximes are oximes of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
EpoRs role in lineage commitment is currently unclear. EpoR expression can extend as far back as the hematopoietic stem cell compartment. It is unknown whether EpoR signaling plays a permissive (i.e. induces only survival) or an instructive (i.e. upregulates erythroid markers to lock progenitors to a predetermined diff... | 1 | Biochemistry |
(R)-2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine is an organoboron catalyst that is used in organic synthesis. This catalyst, developed by Itsuno and Elias James Corey, is generated by heating (R)-(+)-2-(diphenylhydroxymethyl) pyrrolidine along with trimethylboroxine or methylboronic acid. It is an excellent tool for the synthesis of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The anhydroglucose unit (AGU) refers to a single sugar molecule in a polymer. Each AGU is reduced to its functional groups, 3 hydroxyl groups per AGU.
Carbohydrate AGU:
Cellulose AGU: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The chelate effect is the greater affinity of chelating ligands for a metal ion than that of similar nonchelating (monodentate) ligands for the same metal.
The thermodynamic principles underpinning the chelate effect are illustrated by the contrasting affinities of copper(II) for ethylenediamine (en) vs. methylamine.
... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The positive feedback of the rising phase slows and comes to a halt as the sodium ion channels become maximally open. At the peak of the action potential, the sodium permeability is maximized and the membrane voltage V is nearly equal to the sodium equilibrium voltage E. However, the same raised voltage that opened the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU; conjugate base, formiminoglutamate) is an intermediate in the catabolism of L-histidine to L-glutamic acid. It thus is also a biomarker for intracellular levels of folate. The FIGLU test is used to identify vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, folate deficiency, and liver failure or liver disease. It ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Completed genome sequences allow every open reading frame (ORF), the part of a gene that is likely to contain the sequence for the messenger RNA and protein, to be cloned and expressed as protein. These proteins are then purified and crystallized, and then subjected to one of two types of structure determination: X-ray... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Batesian mimicry of ants appears to have evolved in certain plants, as a visual anti-herbivory strategy, analogous to a herbivorous insects mimicking a well-defended insect to deter predators. Passiflora flowers of at least 22 species, such as P. incarnata', have dark dots and stripes on their flowers thought to serve ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Captopril's main uses are based on its vasodilation and inhibition of some renal function activities. These benefits are most clearly seen in:
* Hypertension
* Cardiac conditions such as congestive heart failure and after myocardial infarction
* Preservation of kidney function in diabetic nephropathy.
Additionally, it... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Brigitte Zanda was a student at the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles from 1978 to 1982. She continued her education at the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris where she was a research fellow from 1982 to 1984. From 1984 to 1989, she worked as a research engineer at the Institut d'astrophysique de Par... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pirkle's alcohol is an off-white, crystalline solid that is stable at room temperature when protected from light and oxygen. This chiral molecule is typically used, in nonracemic form, as a chiral shift reagent in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in order to simultaneously determine absolute configuration and e... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The phenolic biosynthetic and metabolic pathways and enzymes can be studied by means of transgenesis of genes. The Arabidopsis regulatory gene for production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1 (AtPAP1) can be expressed in other plant species. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The diffraction from a crystalline material, and thus the intensity of the diffracted beam, changes with the type and number of atoms inside the crystal unit cell. This fact is quantitatively expressed by the structure factor. Different materials have different structure factors, and similarly for different phases of t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Several sets of data can be collected during the experimental process of smelting including fuel consumption rates, the effects of variation in furnace airflow,
temperatures, production time, and chemical composition. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Thomson scattering is the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle, as described by classical electromagnetism. It is the low-energy limit of Compton scattering: the particle's kinetic energy and photon frequency do not change as a result of the scattering. This limit is valid as long... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Of all aldehydes, formaldehyde is produced on the largest scale, about . It is mainly used in the production of resins when combined with urea, melamine, and phenol (e.g., Bakelite). It is a precursor to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate ("MDI"), a precursor to polyurethanes. The second main aldehyde is butyraldehyde, of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Prefil method is similar to PoDFA but, in addition to the metallographic analysis, Prefil provides also an immediate feedback on metal cleanliness from the metal flowrate through the filter. Because everything about the filtration is well controlled (pressure, metal temperature, ...), the only parameter affecting t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Thermal ellipsoids, more formally termed atomic displacement parameters or anisotropic displacement parameters, are ellipsoids used in crystallography to indicate the magnitudes and directions of the thermal vibration of atoms in crystal structures. Since the vibrations are usually anisotropic (different magnitudes in ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Materials can transmit (e.g. glass) or reflect (e.g. metals) visible light.
Many materials will transmit some wavelengths while blocking others. For example, window glass is transparent to visible light, but much less so to most of the frequencies of ultraviolet light that cause sunburn. This property is used for frequ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The IGSN was developed as part of SESAR with the support of the National Science Foundation at the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory. The project was initiated and managed by the Geoinformatics for Geochemistry Program under the direction of Kerstin Lehnert to address data curation obstacles such as different samples th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Although not a strictly living form of polymerization catalytic chain transfer polymerization must be mentioned as it figures significantly in the development of later forms of living free radical polymerization.
Discovered in the late 1970s in the USSR it was found that cobalt porphyrins were able to reduce the molec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrocyanation is an industrial method for producing nitriles from hydrogen cyanide and alkenes. The process requires homogeneous catalysts. An example of hydrocyanation is the production of adiponitrile, a precursor to nylon-6,6 from 1,3-butadiene: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Biology 12: a student resource, R. Prior.
* Lehmann, M. (2018). Endocrine and physiological regulation of neutral fat storage in Drosophila. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 461, 165–177.
* Christoph Heier, Ronald P Kühnlein, Triacylglycerol Metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics, Volume 210, Issue 4, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process of detonation spraying was first developed in 1955 by H.B. Sargent, R.M. Poorman and H. Lamprey and was subsequently patented. It was first made commercially available as the D-Gun Process by Union Carbide in the same year. It was further developed in the 1960s by the Paton Institute in Kiev (Ukraine), into... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Jinhae Bay is the first of Koreas two major dead zones, hypoxia was first reported in Jinhae Bay in September of 1974. In 2011, a joint study was done to observe and record causes, effects, and what can be done about Koreas hypoxic zones. It was discovered that Jinhae Bay exhibits a seasonal dead zone from early June t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
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