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Mikael Bols (born July 28, 1961) is a synthetic organic chemist who is mainly known for his work on carbohydrates and artificial enzymes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In sports where endurance is an important component in performance, such as road cycling, rowing, cross-country skiing, swimming, and long-distance running, world-class athletes typically have high V̇O max values. Elite male runners can consume up to 85 mL/(kg·min), and female elite runners can consume about 77 mL/(kg·... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many other deoxyribozymes have since been developed that catalyze DNA phosphorylation, DNA adenylation, DNA deglycosylation, porphyrin metalation, thymine dimer photoreversion
and DNA cleavage. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1964, Israeli physician Jacob Sheskin administered thalidomide to a patient critically ill with leprosy. The patient exhibited erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a painful skin condition, one of the complications of leprosy. The treatment was attempted despite the ban on thalidomide's use, and results were favourable:... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Achieving balance in telomere length is challenging. While extended telomeres can reverse some aspects of cellular aging, excessively long telomeres may lead to cellular instability and dysfunction. It is important to strike the right balance to avoid unintended consequences. | 1 | Biochemistry |
FSL constructs have a wide range of uses and they have been used to modify the following:
* Cells – blood cells, culture lines, embryos, spermatozoa
* Viruses – influenza, measles, varicella
* Organisms – parasites, microbes, zebrafish
* Liposomes – also micelles, lipid particles
* Surfaces/fibres – hydrophobic or hydr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Chapter (Molecular Spectroscopy), Section (Vibration-rotation spectra) and page numbers may be different in different editions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This is an assembly of three microchannel plates with channels aligned in a Z shape. Single MCPs can have gain up to 10,000 (40dB) but this system can provide gain more than 10 million (70dB). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Peptides can be cyclized on a solid support. A variety of cyclization reagents can be used such as HBTU/HOBt/DIEA, PyBop/DIEA, PyClock/DIEA. Head-to-tail peptides can be made on the solid support. The deprotection of the C-terminus at some suitable point allows on-resin cyclization by amide bond formation with the depr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The CH vertices of closo-dicarbadodecaboranes undergo deprotonation upon treatment with organolithium reagents:
: CBH + 2 BuLi → LiCBH + 2 BuH
These dilithiated compounds react with a variety of electrophiles, e.g. chlorophosphines, chlorosilanes, and sulfur. Many of the same compounds can be produced by hydrob... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances. It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
The setup has three components. The mobile phase is a solution that... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chemical labeling or the use of chemical tags utilizes the interaction between a small molecule and a specific genetic amino acid sequence. Chemical labeling is sometimes used as an alternative for GFP. Synthetic proteins that function as fluorescent probes are smaller than GFPs, and therefore can function as probes i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eszopiclone acts on benzodiazepine binding site situated on GABA neurons as a positive allosteric modulator.
Eszopiclone is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with serum levels peaking between .45 and 1.3 hours. The elimination half-life of eszopiclone is approximately 6 hours and it is extensively metabolized... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Catastrophin (Catastrophe-related protein) is a term use to describe proteins that are associated with the disassembly of microtubules. Catastrophins affect microtubule shortening, a process known as microtubule catastrophe. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Compounds where phosphorus exists in a formal oxidation state of less than III are uncommon, but examples are known for each class. Organophosphorus(0) species are debatably illustrated by the carbene adducts, [P(NHC)], where NHC is an N-heterocyclic carbene. With the formulae (RP) and (RP), respectively, compounds of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
VIPA was proposed and named by Shirasaki in 1996. Prior to the publication in the paper, a preliminary presentation was given by Shirasaki at a conference. This presentation was reported in Laser Focus World. The details of this new approach to producing angular dispersion were described in the patent. Since then, in t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, carbonyl allylation describes methods for adding an allyl anion to an aldehyde or ketone to produce a homoallylic alcohol. The carbonyl allylation was first reported in 1876 by Alexander Zaitsev and employed an allylzinc reagent. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hess's Law states that the sum of the energy changes of all thermochemical equations included in an overall reaction is equal to the overall energy change. Since ΔH is a state function and is not dependent on how reactants become products as a result, steps (in the form of several thermochemical equations) can be used ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since many algal blooms are caused by a major influx of nutrient-rich runoff into a water body, programs to treat wastewater, reduce the overuse of fertilizers in agriculture and reducing the bulk flow of runoff can be effective for reducing severe algal blooms at river mouths, estuaries, and the ocean directly in fron... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In mammals, the eIF4E•G•A trimeric complex can be directly purified from cells, while only the two subunit eIF4E•G can be purified from yeast cells. eIF4E binds the mG 5 cap and the eIF4G scaffold, connecting the mRNA 5 terminus to a hub of other initiation factors and mRNA. The interaction of eIF4G•A is thought to gui... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the possible ways to measure the content of single cells is nano-DESI (nanospray desorption electrospray ionization). Unlike desorption electrospray ionization, which is a desorption technique, nano-DESI is a liquid extraction technique that enables the sampling of small surfaces, therefore suitable for single-c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Enerkem from Canada produces renewable Methanol with a capacity of 100 000 t/a. The methanol is produced from municipal solid waste.
* Celanese announced in May 2021 the plan to produce methanol from CO at site Clear Lake, Texas. Herefore 180 000 tons of CO per year shall be used. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Diradicals are usually triplets. The phrases singlet and triplet are derived from the multiplicity of states of diradicals in electron spin resonance: a singlet diradical has one state (S = 0, M = 2*0+1 = 1, m = 0) and exhibits no signal in EPR and a triplet diradical has 3 states (S = 1, M = 2*1+1 = 3, m = -1; 0; 1) a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fish emulsion is a fertilizer emulsion that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Alkaline water electrolysis is a type of electrolyzer that is characterized by having two electrodes operating in a liquid alkaline electrolyte. Commonly, a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 25-40 wt% is used. These electrodes are separated by a diaphragm, separating the product gases ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hammond died on January 6, 1908, aged 74. He is interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bolaamphiphiles (also known as bolaform surfactants,
bolaphiles, or alpha-omega-type surfactants) are amphiphilic molecules that have hydrophilic groups at both ends of a sufficiently long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain. Compared to single-headed amphiphiles, the introduction of a second head-group generally induces a h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2014, researchers at California NanoSystems Institute discovered using kesterite and perovskite improved electric power conversion efficiency for solar cells.
In December 2022, it was reported that MIT researchers had developed ultralight fabric solar cells. These cells offer a weight one-hundredth that of tradition... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first reported metallic glass was an alloy (AuSi) produced at Caltech by W. Klement (Jr.), Willens and Duwez in 1960. This and other early glass-forming alloys had to be cooled extremely rapidly (in the order of one mega-kelvin per second, 10 K/s) to avoid crystallization. An important consequence of this was that ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Archaea have variants of the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway. These variants are called the semiphosphorylative ED (spED) and the nonphosphorylative ED (npED):
* spED is found in halophilic euryachaea and Clostridium species.
* In spED, the difference is where phosphorylation occurs. In the standard ED, phosphorylation occurs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sybren Otto (Groningen, 3 August 1971) is Professor of Systems chemistry at the Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In humans, the Hex-mediated GnT-I-dependent truncation pathway is known to facilitate, at least in some tissues including neutrophils, the production of paucimannosidic proteins. Human Hex isoenzymes are assembled with alpha and beta subunits encoded by the HEXA and HEXB genes, respectively. From these two subunits, is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are two common types of paint used today. The first are water-based paints such as latex and acrylic paint, and the second are oil-based paints. The paint of choice will depend on the substrate to be painted upon and the desired end result. All paints have the same basic structure:
* Pigment – This is the part of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Soxhlet extractor has three main sections: a percolator (boiler and reflux) which circulates the solvent, a thimble (usually made of thick filter paper) which retains the solid to be extracted, and a siphon mechanism, which periodically empties the condensed solvent from the thimble back into the percolator. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Imipenem acts as an antimicrobial through inhibiting cell wall synthesis of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It remains very stable in the presence of β-lactamase (both penicillinase and cephalosporinase) produced by some bacteria, and is a strong inhibitor of β-lactamases from some Gram-negative bacte... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ions that hit the doorknob release secondary electrons. A high voltage (about ) between the doorknob and the scintillator accelerates the electrons onto the phosphor screen, where they are converted to photons. These photons are detected by the photomultiplier.
The advantage of the Daly detector is that the photomultip... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Paired receptors transduce extracellular signals through opposing intracellular signaling pathways. Canonically, inhibitory receptors recruit phosphatases through their ITIM motifs, inhibiting the function of cells in which they are expressed. By contrast, activating receptors interact with adaptor proteins such as DAP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TADs are defined as regions whose DNA sequences preferentially contact each other. They were discovered in 2012 using chromosome conformation capture techniques including Hi-C. They have been shown to be present in multiple species, including fruit flies (Drosophila), mouse, plants, fungi and human genomes. In bacteri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Earths core is believed to be mostly an alloy of iron and nickel. The density indicates that it also contains a significant amount of lighter elements. Elements such as hydrogen would be stable in the Earths core, however the conditions at the formation of the core would not be suitable for its inclusion. Carbon is a v... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In chemistry, mechanically interlocked molecular architectures (MIMAs) are molecules that are connected as a consequence of their topology. This connection of molecules is analogous to keys on a keychain loop. The keys are not directly connected to the keychain loop but they cannot be separated without breaking the loo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Researchers at the Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy at the University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry are studying the photochromic dihydroazulene–vinylheptafulvene system as a method to harvest and store solar energy. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The most widely used tensile test method is used to characterize the mechanical properties of materials. From any complete tensile test record, one can obtain important information about the materials elastic properties, the character and extent of plastic deformation, yield, and tensile strengths and toughness. The in... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Barium chloride tests for sulfates
* Acidified silver nitrate solution tests for halide ions
* The Beilstein test tests for halides qualitatively
* The bead test tests for certain metals
* The Carius halogen method measures halides quantitatively.
* Chemical tests for cyanide test for the presence of cyanide, CN
* Co... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mukaiyama became an assistant professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1958 and earned his full professorship in 1963. During this time, his main focus was on organophosphorus chemistry. While examining deoxygenation reactions involving phosphines, Mukaiyama found that the mercury(II) acetate employed as a cat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The copper is of high purity, although earlier examples are sometimes composed of arsenical copper. Tylecote suggested that they are not primary smelting products and instead were refined and recast. The macrostructure of a half section example from Gillan, Cornwall shows a columnar structure that probably indicates sl... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Manufacturing or fabrication errors occur during the processing of the material or component. For metal parts, casting defects are common, such as cold shut, hot tears or slag inclusions. It can also be surface treatment problems, processing parameters such as ramming a sand mold or wrong temperature during hardening. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC) is a method of chromatography for the detection of base substitutions, small deletions or insertions in the DNA. Thanks to its speed and high resolution, this method is particularly useful for finding polymorphisms in DNA.
In practice, the analysis begins with a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Jehle pointed out that, when immersed in a liquid and intermingled with other molecules, charge fluctuation forces favor the association of identical molecules as nearest neighbors. In accord with this principle, the multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a gene often undergo molecular recognition with each other... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Many alkoxides can be prepared by anodic dissolution of the corresponding metals in water-free alcohols in the presence of electroconductive additive. The metals may be Co, Ga, Ge, Hf, Fe, Ni, Nb, Mo, La, Re, Sc, Si, Ti, Ta, W, Y, Zr, etc. The conductive additive may be lithium chloride, quaternary ammonium halide, or ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Freezing is a common method of food preservation that slows both food decay and the growth of micro-organisms. Besides the effect of lower temperatures on reaction rates, freezing makes water less available for bacteria growth. Freezing is one of the oldest and most widely used methods of food preservation; since as l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some histidine kinases are hybrids that contain an internal receiver domain. In these cases, a hybrid HK autophosphorylates and then transfers the phosphoryl group to its own internal receiver domain, rather than to a separate RR protein. The phosphoryl group is then shuttled to histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electronegativity of an atom changes depending on the hybridization of the orbital employed in bonding. Electrons in s orbitals are held more tightly than electrons in p orbitals. Hence, a bond to an atom that employs an sp hybrid orbital for bonding will be more heavily polarized to that atom when the hybrid orbi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fresh blastocyst (day 5 to 6) stage transfer seems to be more effective than cleavage (day 2 or 3) stage transfer in assisted reproductive technologies. The Cochrane study showed a small improvement in live birth rate per couple for blastocyst transfers. This would mean that for a typical rate of 31% in clinics that us... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 70s introduced sturdier plants that could support the heavier grain loads resulting from intensive fertilizer use. Pesticide imports by 11 Southeast Asian countries grew nearly sevenfold in value between 1990 and 2010, according to FAO statistics, with disastrous results. Rice farm... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When a defective gene causes gaps to appear in the metabolic recycling process for purines and pyrimidines, these chemicals are not metabolised properly, and adults or children can suffer from any one of twenty-eight hereditary disorders, possibly some more as yet unknown. Symptoms can include gout, anaemia, epilepsy, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Different related definitions of an ideal solution have been proposed. The simplest definition is that an ideal solution is a solution for which each component obeys Raoult's law for all compositions. Here is the vapor pressure of component above the solution, is its mole fraction and is the vapor pressure of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Normal glass does not transmit below 350 nm, so it is not used for optics in solar-blind systems. Instead calcium fluoride, fused silica, and magnesium fluoride are used as they are transparent to shorter wavelengths. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Genetic evidence suggesting that RNAP was the target of ppGpp came from the discovery that M+ mutants (also called stringent RNAP mutants) display in vitro and in vivo mimicry of physiology and transcription regulation conferred by (p)ppGpp, even in its absence. Cross-linking ppGpp to RNAP reinforced this notion. Struc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Syngenta was the Chinese owned worldwide leader in agrochemical sales in 2013 at approximately US$10.9 billion, followed by Bayer CropScience, BASF, Dow AgroSciences, Monsanto, and then DuPont with about $3.6 billion. It is still in the worldwide leading position based on sales of year 2019. Based on a statistics by st... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The term dross derives from the Old English word dros, meaning the scum produced when smelting metals (extracting them from their ores). By the 15th century it had come to refer to rubbish in general. Dregs, and the geological term druse are also thought to be etymologically related. Popular non-metalworking uses of th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Fluctuation electron microscopy is another transmission electron microscopy based technique that is sensitive to the medium range order of amorphous materials. Structural fluctuations arising from different forms of medium range order can be detected with this method. Fluctuation electron microscopy experiments can be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SCORE is especially used as detection method in bio- and chemosensors. It is a label-free technique like Reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS), Bio-layer Interferometry (BLI) and Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which allows time-resolved observation of binding events on the sensor surface without the use of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A promiscuous activity is a non-native activity the enzyme did not evolve to do, but arises due to an accommodating conformation of the active site. However, the main activity of the enzyme is a result not only of selection towards a high catalytic rate towards a particular substrate to produce a particular product, bu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It has been suggested that nitrogen removal by oyster reefs could generate net benefits for sources facing nitrogen emission restrictions, similar to other nutrient trading scenarios. Specifically, if oysters maintain nitrogen levels in estuaries below thresholds that would lead to the imposition of emission limits, oy... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The fine chemical industry has undergone several boom and bust phases during its almost 30 years of existence. The biggest boom took place in the late 1990s, when high-dosage, high volume anti-AIDS drugs and COX-2 inhibitors gave a big boost to custom manufacturing. After the end of the "irrational exuberance" in 2000,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because of its mineral complexity and coarse grain size, sel gris can be used both as a cooking salt and a finishing salt. Being much denser than table and kosher salt, there is a lot more salt in an equivalent volume of sel gris.
Because it is a moist salt, it does not suck all the moisture out of food when used as a ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The catalytic properties of eukaryotic complex I are not simple. Two catalytically and structurally distinct forms exist in any given preparation of the enzyme: one is the fully competent, so-called “active” A-form and the other is the catalytically silent, dormant, “inactive”, D-form. After exposure of idle enzyme to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, when applied to the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in the extracellular fluids, states that:
where:
* is the negative logarithm (or cologarithm) of molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid.
* is the cologarithm of the acid dissociation constant of ca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This way compares with to compare the effects of the imposed the change with and without moderation. The protocol prevents moderation by enforcing that through an adjustment and it observes the no-moderation response Provided that the observed response is indeed that then the principle states that .
In other w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In applications, typically represents the "true" distribution of data, observations, or a precisely calculated theoretical distribution, while typically represents a theory, model, description, or approximation of . In order to find a distribution that is closest to , we can minimize the KL divergence and compute an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first implementation of a/LCI used a Michelson interferometer, the same model used in the famous Michelson–Morley experiment. The Michelson interferometer splits one beam of light into two paths, one reference path and one sampling path, and recombines them again to produce a waveform resulting from interference. T... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2020, the FDA granted orphan drug designation RT001 for the treatment of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). PSP is a disease involving modification and dysfunction of tau protein; RT001's mechanism of action both lowers lipid peroxidation and prevents mitochondrial cell death of neurons which is ass... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another application of sputtering is to etch away the target material. One such example occurs in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), where the target sample is sputtered at a constant rate. As the target is sputtered, the concentration and identity of sputtered atoms are measured using mass spectrometry. In this w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermodynamic stability applies to a particular system. The reactivity of a chemical substance is a description of how it might react across a variety of potential chemical systems and, for a given system, how fast such a reaction could proceed.
Chemical substances or states can persist indefinitely even though they ar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1890, , a 28-year-old assistant in Berlin, published instructions for folding a piece of paper to represent two forms of cyclohexane he called symmetrical and asymmetrical (what we would now call chair and boat). He clearly understood that these forms had two positions for the hydrogen atoms (again, to use modern te... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Feringa was born as the son of farmer Geert Feringa (1918–1993) and his wife Lies Feringa née Hake (1924–2013). Feringa was the second of ten siblings in a Catholic family. He spent his youth on the family's farm, which is directly on the border with Germany, in Barger-Compascuum in the Bourtange moor. He is of Dutch a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Consider the example of polyethylene terephthalate (PET or "polyester"). The monomers which could be used to create this polymer are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid:
HO-CH-CH-OH
and
HOOC-CH-COOH
In the polymer, there are two structural units, which are
-O-CH-CH-O-
and
-CO-CH-CO-
The repeat unit is
-CH-CH-O-CO-CH-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Black-brown pigment was observed by Johann Heinrich Meckel in 1847, in the blood and spleen of a person suffering from insanity. However, it was not until 1849 that the presence of this pigment was connected to infection with malaria. Initially, it was thought that this pigment was produced by the body in response to i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This gene encodes a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), also known as suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS), family. SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of this gene can be induced by a subset of cytokines, including IL2, IL3 erythropoietin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation requires that ACC is active. Both AMPK and MCD are inactive and glucose uptake is stimulated. The LCFAs are then rerouted to esterification. These conditions exist in tissues rich in oxygen, in which AMPK is inactive and glucose inactivates the AMPK (researched in skeletal muscle).
Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Freeze-dried samples of Caldora penicillata had EtOAc−MeOH and HO−EtOH applied to them in order to extract Caldoramide. The extracts were partitioned with n-BuOH and HO and then fractions were taken based on solubility in either EtOAc or BuOH. Caldoramide was extracted from the BuOH soluble fraction. | 1 | Biochemistry |
For higher grade applications such as ferrous metals, coal and industrial minerals, sensor-based ore sorting can be applied to create a final product. Pre-condition is, that the liberation allows for the creation of a sellable product. Undersize material is usually bypassed as product, but can also be diverted to the w... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Keene P. Dimick Award in Chromatography, Third International Symposium on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Award for Pioneering Work in the Development of SFC; Marcel J.E. Golay Award and Medal, International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography; American Chemical Society Award in Separation Science and Technology;... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bioconjugation of TGF-β to iron oxide nanoparticles and its activation through magnetic hyperthermia in-vitro has been reported. This was done by using 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethylcarbodiimide combined with N-Hydroxysuccinimide to form primary amide bonds with the free primary amines on the growth factor. Carbon nano... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biological systems, methylation is accomplished by enzymes. Methylation can modify heavy metals and can regulate gene expression, RNA processing, and protein function. It is a key process underlying epigenetics. Sources of methyl groups include S-methylmethionine, methyl folate, methyl B12. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After the RNase cleavage of the last six nucleotides, the next step is phosphorylation of the 5'-end via Kinase. Then the next cycle of ligation can be repeated. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Explosive yields can be affected by the introduction of mechanical loads or the application of temperature; such damages are called insults. The mechanism of a thermal insult at low temperatures on an explosive is primarily thermomechanical, at higher temperatures it is primarily thermochemical. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amazake, beer, bread, choujiu, gamju, injera, kvass, makgeolli, murri, ogi, rejuvelac, sake, sikhye, sourdough, sowans, rice wine, malt whisky, grain whisky, idli, dosa, Bangla (drink)
vodka, boza, and chicha, among others. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Polyelectrolyte theory of the gene is a proposed generic biosignature. In 2002, Steven A. Benner and Daniel Hutter proposed that for a linear genetic biopolymer dissolved in water, such as DNA, to undergo Darwinian evolution anywhere in the universe, it must be a polyelectrolyte, a polymer containing repeating ioni... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are several ways of exposure to these hepatotoxins that humans can encounter one of which is through recreational activities like swimming, surfing, fishing, and other activities involving direct contact with contaminated water. Another rare, yet extremely toxic, route of exposure that has been identified by scie... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The majority of mRNAs in E. coli are prefaced with a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence. The SD sequence is recognized by an complementary "anti-SD" region on the 16S rRNA component of the 30S subunit. In the canonical model, the 30S ribosome is first joined up with the three initiation factors, forming an unstable "pre-init... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) phase diagram is often used when heat treating steel. These diagrams are used to represent which types of phase changes will occur in a material as it is cooled at different rates. These diagrams are often more useful than time-temperature-transformation diagrams because it is ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Corrosion engineering groups have formed around the world to educate, prevent, slow, and manage corrosion. These include the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), the European Federation of Corrosion (EFC), The Institute of Corrosion in the UK and the Australasian Corrosion Association. The corrosion eng... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In a combustion analyser, half of the sample is injected into a chamber where it is acidified, usually with phosphoric acid, to turn all of the inorganic carbon into carbon dioxide as per the following reaction:
: CO + HO ⇌ HCO ⇌H + HCO ⇌ 2H + CO
This is then sent to a detector for measurement. The other half of the sa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Non-metallic inclusions, the presence of which defines purity of steel, are classified by chemical and mineralogical content, by stability and by origin. By chemical content non-metallic inclusions are divided into the following groups:
#sulfides (simple — FeS, MnS, AlS, CaS, MgS, ZrS and others; compound — FeS·FeO, Mn... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Because secondary structure of the 5’ end of mRNA influences translational efficiency, synonymous changes at this region on the mRNA can result in profound effects on gene expression. Codon usage in noncoding DNA regions can therefore play a major role in RNA secondary structure and downstream protein expression, which... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The quantum tunneling dynamics in water was reported as early as 1992. At that time it was known that there are motions which destroy and regenerate the weak hydrogen bond by internal rotations of the substituent water monomers. On 18 March 2016, it was reported that the hydrogen bond can be broken by quantum tunneling... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As mentioned, negative resists are photopolymers that become insoluble upon exposure to radiation. They have found a variety of commercial applications, especially in the area of designing and printing small chips for electronics. A characteristic found in most negative tone resists is the presence of multifunctional b... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The detection efficiency for electrons is essentially 100% for most scintillators. But because electrons can make large angle scatterings (sometimes backscatterings), they can exit the detector without depositing their full energy in it. The back-scattering is a rapidly increasing function of the atomic number Z of the... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tic100 is a nuclear encoded protein thats 871 amino acids long. The 871 amino acids collectively weigh slightly less than 100 thousand daltons, and since the mature protein probably doesnt lose any amino acids when itself imported into the chloroplast (it has no cleavable transit peptide), it was named Tic100. Tic100 i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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