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Attenuators may be classified according to the type of molecule which induces the change in RNA structure. It is likely that transcription-attenuation mechanisms developed early, perhaps prior to the archaea/bacteria separation and have since evolved to use a number of different sensing molecules (the tryptophan biosyn... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Following its introduction to Europe from the New World in the late 15th century, natural rubber (polyisoprene) was regarded mostly as a fascinating curiosity. Its most useful application was its ability to erase pencil marks on paper by rubbing, hence its name. One of its most peculiar properties is a slight (but dete... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chloromethane has been detected in the low-mass Class 0 protostellar binary, IRAS 16293–2422, using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). It was also detected in the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P/C-G) using the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument on the Rosetta spac... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Because of the electronegative nitrogen in the pyridine ring, pyridine enters less readily into electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions than benzene derivatives. Instead, in terms of its reactivity, pyridine resembles nitrobenzene.
Correspondingly pyridine is more prone to nucleophilic substitution, as evidenced ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The eggs are retrieved from the patient using a transvaginal technique called transvaginal oocyte retrieval, involving an ultrasound-guided needle piercing the vaginal wall to reach the ovaries. Through this needle follicles can be aspirated, and the follicular fluid is passed to an embryologist to identify ova. It is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some scientific areas such as polymer physics, one may consider a chain of points and links between consecutive points. If the points are sequentially numbered and located at positions , , , etc. then bond vectors are defined by =−, =−, and =−, more generally. This is the case for kinematic chains or amino acids in ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Evelyn effect is defined as the phenomena in which the product ratios in a chemical reaction change as the reaction proceeds. This phenomenon contradicts the fundamental principle in organic chemistry by reactions always go by the lowest energy pathway. The favored product should remain so throughout a reaction ru... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Zisman plot the graphical method of the Zisman theory or the Zisman method for characterizing the wettability of a solid surface [https://www.kruss-scientific.com/services/education-theory/glossary/method-according-to-zisman/], named for the American chemist and geophysicist, William Albert Zisman (1905–1986). It ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Lyophilized bovine plasma gamma globulin
* Coomassie brilliant blue 1
* 0.15 M NaCl
* Spectrophotometer and cuvettes or a mobile smartphone camera (RGBradford method).
* Micropipettes | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The company collaborates with the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. In 2020, Sibelektroterm completed several complicated orders for the research work of this scientific organization. In addition, in November 2020, the company won a tender for the supply of magnetic cores for the Siberian Ring Photon Source (SKIF), ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The binding constant is a special case of the equilibrium constant . It is associated with the binding and unbinding reaction of receptor (R) and ligand (L) molecules, which is formalized as:
The reaction is characterized by the on-rate constant and the off-rate constant , which have units of 1/(concentration time) an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The process of transcription (by any polymerase) involves three main stages:
*Initiation, requiring the construction of the RNA polymerase complex on the gene's promoter
*Elongation, the synthesis of the RNA transcript
*Termination, the finishing of RNA transcription, and disassembly of the RNA polymerase complex | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vanadium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula VCl. This reddish-brown liquid serves as a useful reagent for the preparation of other vanadium compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Prp24 (precursor RNA processing, gene 24) is a protein part of the pre-messenger RNA splicing process and aids the binding of U6 snRNA to U4 snRNA during the formation of spliceosomes. Found in eukaryotes from yeast to E. coli, fungi, and humans, Prp24 was initially discovered to be an important element of RNA splicing... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surface roughness can also affect the adhesive strength. Surfaces with roughness on the scale of 1–2 micrometres can yield better wetting because they have a larger surface area. Thus, more intermolecular interactions at closer distances can arise, yielding stronger attractions and larger adhesive strength. Once the ro... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Control of the wetting contact angle can often be achieved through the deposition or incorporation of various organic and inorganic molecules onto the surface. This is often achieved through the use of specialty silane chemicals which can form a SAM (self-assembled monolayers) layer. With the proper selection of the or... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The 3′-untranslated region plays a crucial role in gene expression by influencing the localization, stability, export, and translation efficiency of an mRNA. It contains various sequences that are involved in gene expression, including microRNA response elements (MREs), AU-rich elements (AREs), and the poly(A) tail. In... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The steps for naming molecules using the CIP system are often presented as:
# Identification of stereocenters and double bonds;
# Assignment of priorities to the groups attached to each stereocenter or double-bonded atom; and
# Assignment of R/S and E/Z descriptors. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Many processes contribute to soil acidification. These include:
* Rainfall: Average rainfall has a pH of 5.6 and is moderately acidic due to dissolved atmospheric carbon dioxide () that combines with water to form carbonic acid (). When this water flows through the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations as ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Many systems are in place to repair DNA and RNA lesions but it is possible for lesions to escape these measures. This may lead to mutations or large genome abnormalities, which can threaten the cell or organism's ability to live. Several cancers are a result of DNA lesions. Even repair mechanisms to heal the damage may... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The relative activity of a species , denoted , is defined as:
where is the (molar) chemical potential of the species under the conditions of interest, is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, is the gas constant, is the thermodynamic temperature and is the e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
R-12 was used in most refrigeration and vehicle air conditioning applications prior to 1994 before being replaced by 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), which has an insignificant ozone depletion potential. Automobile manufacturers started using R-134a instead of R-12 in 1992–1994. When older units leak or require repa... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Chloromethane, also called methyl chloride, Refrigerant-40, R-40 or HCC 40, is an organic compound with the chemical formula . One of the haloalkanes, it is a colorless, sweet-smelling, flammable gas. Methyl chloride is a crucial reagent in industrial chemistry, although it is rarely present in consumer products, and w... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In 2002, a seminal paper on Brownian motors published in the American Institute of Physics magazine Physics Today, "Brownian motors", by Dean Astumian and Peter Hänggi. There, they proposed the then novel concept of Brownian motors and posited that "thermal motion combined with input energy gives rise to a channeling o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Traian V. Chirilă (born 14 February 1948 in Arad, Romania) is a Romanian-Australian polymer and organic chemist who is the inventor of AlphaCor, an artificial cornea in current clinical use throughout the world.
His past and current research has contributed in several areas of biomaterials, polymer science and bioengin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The role of TLRs in direct recognition of peptidoglycan is controversial. In some studies, has been reported that peptidoglycan is sensed by TLR2. But this TLR2-inducing activity could be due to cell wall lipoproteins and lipoteichoic acids that commonly co-purify with peptidoglycan. Also variation in peptidoglycan str... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Beta-2 transferrin is a carbohydrate-free (desialated) isoform of transferrin, which is almost exclusively found in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is not found in blood, mucus or tears, thus making it a specific marker of cerebrospinal fluid, applied as an assay in cases where cerebrospinal fluid leakage is suspected.
Bet... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Entomopathogens are another group of organisms that are influenced by plants. The extent of the influence largely depends on the evolutionary history shared between the two and the pathogens' method of infection and survival duration outside of a host. Different insect host plants contain compounds that cause modulate ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics and thermodynamics, the Redlich–Kwong equation of state is an empirical, algebraic equation that relates temperature, pressure, and volume of gases. It is generally more accurate than the van der Waals equation and the ideal gas equation at temperatures above the critical temperature. It was formulated by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The potential exposure of humans and animals on the ground to the high power microwave beams is a significant concern with these systems. At the Earth's surface, a suggested SPSP microwave beam would have a maximum intensity at its center, of 23 mW/cm. While this is less than 1/4 the solar irradiation constant, microwa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
High-energy beta emitters, such as phosphorus-32 and yttrium-90 can also be counted in a scintillation counter without the cocktail, instead using an aqueous solution containing no scintillators. This technique, known as Cherenkov counting, relies on Cherenkov radiation being detected directly by the photomultiplier tu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Phosphonic esters are prepared using the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction. For example, methyl iodide catalyses the conversion of trimethylphosphite to the phosphonate ester dimethyl methylphosphonate:
:P(OMe) → MePO(OMe)
These esters can be hydrolysed to the acid (Me = methyl):
:MePO(OMe) + HO → MePO(OH) + 2 MeOH
In the Mic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The reactivity of a methyl group depends on the adjacent substituents. Methyl groups can be quite unreactive. For example, in organic compounds, the methyl group resists attack by even the strongest acids. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Parasitic use of chemical mimicry involves the invasion of the nest of a duped species, which may consist of an individual or a colony. By emitting mimics of the chemicals that create the host's familiar odours the invader is able to conceal themselves efficiently within the nest without alerting the host.
One example ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mukaiyama had a scientific career spanning over sixty years, during which he published over 900 papers. After its founding in 1972, Mukaiyama only published in the Japanese journal Chemistry Letters, citing a belief that "the results of ones chemistry should be published in journals of ones country." The combination of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methylene blue has been described as "the first fully synthetic drug used in medicine." Methylene blue was first prepared in 1876 by German chemist Heinrich Caro.
Its use in the treatment of malaria was pioneered by Paul Guttmann and Paul Ehrlich in 1891. During this period before the first World War, researchers like ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dorothy Martin Simon (September 18 1919 – March 25 2016) was an American physical chemist known for her work with aerospace combustion and development of polymers. She made important contributions while at NACA regarding heat shield construction and improvement of rocket engine designs. Her work with DuPont resulted in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Firefly luciferase is thought to be a homolog of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase because of its ability to synthesize luciferyl-CoA from CoA and dehydroluciferyl-AMP. Inouye tested this hypothesis in 2010 by expressing the cDNA of Photinus pyralis and Lychocoriolaus lateralis luciferses in E. coli through cold sh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rate for a bimolecular gas-phase reaction, A + B → product, predicted by collision theory is
where:
*k is the rate constant in units of (number of molecules)⋅s⋅m.
* n is the number density of A in the gas in units of m.
* n is the number density of B in the gas in units of m. E.g. for a gas mixture with gas A conce... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
P42 MAP kinase -p53 - pancreatic polypeptide - parathyroid hormone receptor - partial pressure - passive transport - Pauling scale - PCR - peptide - peptide bond - peptide elongation factor - peptide elongation factor tu - peptide fragment - peptide initiation factor - peptide receptor - peptide termination factor - pe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Achiral components may form a chiral arrangement. In this case, chirality is not an intrinsic property of the components, but rather imposed extrinsically by their relative positions and orientations. This concept is typically applied to experimental arrangements, for example, an achiral (meta)material illuminated by a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Togni reagent II is used for trifluoromethylation of organic compounds. For phenolates, the substitution takes place preferably in the ortho position. It is possible to obtain a second substitution by using an excess of Togni reagent II.
Reactions with alcohols yield the corresponding trifluoromethyl ethers.
Trifluorom... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tang was educated at Northeastern University (China), where he received his BSc degree in chemistry in 1995. Then he attended the Institute of Metal Research in China and was awarded a MSc degree in inorganic materials in 1998. In 2001, Tang was awarded a PhD in physical chemistry with research on heterogeneous cataly... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The idea that the electrical activity generated by nervous tissue may influence the activity of surrounding nervous tissue is one that dates back to the late 19th century. Early experiments, like those by Emil du Bois-Reymond, demonstrated that the firing of a primary nerve may induce the firing of an adjacent secondar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Funded by the European Commission- Horizon 2020 and European Green Deal
Duration: 4 years (October 2021-September 2025)
Objective: SophiA enables African countries to pursue sustainable pathways of development through a low-carbon, climate resilient and green growth trajectory, leapfrogging fossil fuels and high global... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Season cracking is a form of stress-corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases originally reported from British forces in India. During the monsoon season, military activity was temporarily reduced, and ammunition was stored in stables until the dry weather returned. Many brass cartridges were subsequently found to be... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The majority of miRNAs act in the cytoplasm and mediate mRNA degradation or translational arrest. However, some plant miRNAs have been shown to act directly to promote DNA methylation. miRNAs come from hairpin precursors generated by the RNaseIII enzymes Drosha and Dicer. Both miRNA and siRNA form either the RNA-induce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1993, Periana et al. reported a synthesis of methyl bisulfate from methane using a mercury catalyst at 180 °C. Mercuric bisulfate activates methane electrophilically to form a methyl-complex, which then reacts with sulfuric acid to produce methyl bisulfate. The resulting mercury complex Hg(OSO) is re-oxidized by sul... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
FADH and FADH are reduced forms of FAD. FADH is produced as a prosthetic group in succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the citric acid cycle. In oxidative phosphorylation, two molecules of FADH typically yield 1.5 ATP each, or three ATP combined. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Book chapters are cited in short form above and long form below. All other sources are cited above only.
*Coups, Elliot J. and Phillips, L. Alison (2012). "Prevalence and Correlates of Indoor Tanning", in Carolyn J. Heckman, Sharon L. Manne (eds.), Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Busines... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Wealden iron industry was located in the Weald of south-eastern England. It was formerly an important industry, producing a large proportion of the bar iron made in England in the 16th century and most British cannon until about 1770. Ironmaking in the Weald used ironstone from various clay beds, and was fuelled ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Convenient generation of a directing group on the nitrogen of indoles is possible through treatment with an organolithium reagent and carbon dioxide. A similar method can be applied for lateral lithiations of ortho-tolyl anilines.
Oxazoles containing two methyl groups exhibit interesting selectivity patterns. In the ab... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Si-V center is a single-hole (spin-1/2) system with ground and excited electronic states located within the diamond bandgap. The ground and excited electronic states have two orbital states split by spin–orbit coupling. Each of these spin–orbit states is doubly degenerate by spin, and this splitting can be affected... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Signal pheromones cause short-term changes, such as the neurotransmitter release that activates a response. For instance, GnRH molecule functions as a neurotransmitter in rats to elicit lordosis behavior. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Bacteria: The code is used in Entomoplasmatales and Mycoplasmatales (Bove et al. 1989). The situation in the Acholeplasmatales is unclear. Based on a study of ribosomal protein genes, it had been concluded that UGA does not code for tryptophan in plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) and the Acholeplasma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NAPQI becomes toxic when GSH is depleted by an overdose of acetaminophen, Glutathione is an essential antidote to overdose. Glutathione conjugates to NAPQI and helps to detoxify it. In this capacity, it protects cellular protein thiol groups, which would otherwise become covalently modified; when all GSH has been spent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PCBs are technically attractive because of their inertness, which includes their resistance to combustion. Nonetheless, they can be effectively destroyed by incineration at 1000 °C. When combusted at lower temperatures, they convert in part to more hazardous materials, including dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins. When c... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Amorphous materials in soil strongly influence bulk density, aggregate stability, plasticity, and water holding capacity of soils. The low bulk density and high void ratios are mostly due to glass shards and other porous minerals not becoming compacted. Andisol soils contain the highest amounts of amorphous materials. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Osmolarity is distinct from molarity because it measures osmoles of solute particles rather than moles of solute. The distinction arises because some compounds can dissociate in solution, whereas others cannot.
Ionic compounds, such as salts, can dissociate in solution into their constituent ions, so there is not a one... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The earliest metal manipulation was probably hammering (Craddock 1995, 1999), where copper ore was pounded into thin sheets. The ore (if there were large enough pieces of metal separate from mineral) could be beneficiated (made better) before or after melting, where the prills of metal could be hand-picked from the coo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Iron is an important biological element. It is used in both the ubiquitous iron-sulfur proteins and in vertebrates it is used in hemoglobin which is essential for blood and oxygen transport. | 1 | Biochemistry |
For purposes of theoretical calculations about a thermodynamic system, one can imagine fictive idealized thermodynamic "processes" that occur so slowly that they do not incur friction within or on the surface of system; they can then be regarded as virtually reversible. These fictive processes proceed along paths on ge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Small Molecule Pathway Database (SMPDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database containing more than 600 small molecule (i.e. metabolic) pathways found in humans. SMPDB is designed specifically to support pathway elucidation and pathway discovery in metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on the first high frequency, high precision, in situ atmospheric and archived air measurements, sulfuryl fluoride has an atmospheric lifetime of 30–40 years, much longer than the 5 years earlier estimated.
Sulfuryl fluoride has been reported to be a greenhouse gas which is about 4000–5000 times more efficient in ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Although additional research is required to improve the efficiency of prime editing, the technology offers promising scientific improvements over other gene editing tools. The prime editing technology has the potential to correct the vast majority of pathogenic alleles that cause genetic diseases, as it can repair inse... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal acetylides of the general formula MC≡CM are salt-like Zintl phase compounds, containing ions. Evidence for this ionic character can be seen in the ready hydrolysis of these compounds to form acetylene and metal oxides, there is also some evidence for the solubility of ions in liq... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the RHEED setup, only atoms at the sample surface contribute to the RHEED pattern. The glancing angle of incident electrons allows them to escape the bulk of the sample and to reach the detector. Atoms at the sample surface diffract (scatter) the incident electrons due to the wavelike properties of electrons.
The di... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lipoexpediency refers to the beneficial effects of lipids in a cell or a tissue, primarily lipid-mediated signal transmission events, that may occur even in the setting of excess fatty acids. The term was coined as an antonym to lipotoxicity. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Annulenes may be aromatic (benzene, [6]annulene and [18]annulene), non-aromatic ([8] and [10]annulene), or anti-aromatic (cyclobutadiene, [4]annulene). Cyclobutadiene is the only annulene with considerable antiaromaticity, since planarity is unavoidable. With [8]annulene, the molecule takes on a tub shape that allows... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When running simulations on a biological model, any simulation software evaluates a set of rules, starting from a specified set of initial conditions, and usually iterating through a series of time steps until a specified end time. One way to classify simulation algorithms is by looking at the level of analysis at whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Geochemical Perspectives Letters is a peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal publishing original research in geochemistry. It is published by the European Association for Geochemistry. | 9 | Geochemistry |
To achieve comparability of VOC measurements, reference standards traceable to SI-units are required. For a number of VOCs gaseous reference standards are available from specialty gas suppliers or national metrology institutes, either in the form of cylinders or dynamic generation methods. However, for many VOCs, such ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Trans-splicing is a form of splicing that removes introns or outrons, and joins two exons that are not within the same RNA transcript. Trans-splicing can occur between two different endogenous pre-mRNAs or between an endogenous and an exogenous (such as from viruses) or artificial RNAs. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Asphalt made with vegetable oil based binders was patented by Colas SA in France in 2004.
A number of homeowners seeking an environmentally friendly alternative to asphalt for paving have experimented with waste vegetable oil as a binder for driveways and parking areas in single-family applications. The earliest known ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Countertop components fabricated out of granite and other natural stones are sometimes reinforced with metal rods inserted into grooves cut into the underside of the stone, and bonded in place with various resins. This procedure is called "rodding" by countertop fabricators. Most commonly, these rods will be placed n... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The two oil price shocks had many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy. They led to sustained reductions in demand as a result of substitution to other fuels, especially coal and nuclear, and improvements in energy efficiency, facilitated by government policies. High oil prices also i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Substrate unbinding is influenced by various factors. Larger ligands generally stay in the active site longer, as do those with more rotatable bonds (although this may be a side effect of size). When the solvent is excluded from the active site, less flexible proteins result in longer residence times. More hydrogen bon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1970s, ferredoxin was demonstrated to contain FeS clusters and later nitrogenase was shown to contain a distinctive MoFeS active site. The Fe-S clusters mainly serve as redox cofactors, but some have a catalytic function. In the area of bioinorganic chemistry, a variety of Fe-S clusters have also been identifie... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Depending on the ore and plant size, a furnace can daily output 250 to 800 tons of pre-reduced iron ore. The biggest furnaces, up to 5 meters in diameter and 110 meters long, can process 950 to 1,000 tons of ore daily, excluding fuel. A properly operated plant typically runs for around 300 days per year. The internal r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In physics, The Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg (WHH) theory was proposed in 1966 by N. Richard Werthamer, Eugene Helfand and Pierre Hohenberg to go beyond BCS theory of superconductivity and it provides predictions of upper critical field () in type-II superconductors.
The theory predicts the upper critical field () at 0... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
GC–MS is the main tool used in sports anti-doping laboratories to test athletes' urine samples for prohibited performance-enhancing drugs, for example anabolic steroids. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A molecule in the gas phase is free to rotate relative to a set of mutually orthogonal axes of fixed orientation in space, centered on the center of mass of the molecule. Free rotation is not possible for molecules in liquid or solid phases due to the presence of intermolecular forces. Rotation about each unique axis i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Calcium carbide is produced industrially in an electric arc furnace from a mixture of lime and coke at approximately . This is an endothermic reaction requiring per mole and high temperatures to drive off the carbon monoxide. This method has not changed since its invention in 1892:
:CaO + 3 C → CaC + CO
The high tempe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A multivariate optical element (MOE), is the key part of a multivariate optical computer; an alternative to conventional spectrometry for the chemical analysis of materials.
It is helpful to understand how light is processed in a multivariate optical computer, as compared to how it is processed in a spectrometer. For ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bond stretch isomerism is confirmed for complexes subject to spin crossover transitions. In some octahedral complexes of d configuration, the depopulation of e orbitals causes significant contractions of the metal-ligand bond distances. The phenomenon is mainly manifested in the solid forms of the compounds.
Although... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
One example is the reconstruction of thioredoxin enzymes from up to 4 billion year old organisms. Whereas the chemical activity of these reconstructed enzymes were remarkably similar to modern enzymes, their physical properties showed significantly elevated thermal and acidic stability. These results were interpreted a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To start with, the raw material must be obtained. Copper can be found in over 160 different minerals, but mining activities are entailed to obtain them in large quantities if a reasonable amount of copper is wanted. Some of the most commonly exploited minerals are cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
By means of controlling the identity and reactivity of the endcaps, PPA can withstand harsh chemical conditions with no significant changes in its structure. For instance, while functionalizing PPA with an allyl acetate and tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether functional groups can lead to its rapid depolymerization in the pr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The untranslated region is seen in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, although the length and composition may vary. In prokaryotes, the 5 UTR is typically between 3 and 10 nucleotides long. In eukaryotes, the 5 UTR can be hundreds to thousands of nucleotides long. This is consistent with the higher complexity of the genomes o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1831, Erhard Friedrich Leuchs (1800–1837) described the hydrolysis of starch by saliva, due to the presence of an enzyme in saliva, "ptyalin", an amylase. it was named after the Ancient Greek name for saliva: - .
The modern history of enzymes began in 1833, when French chemists Anselme Payen and Jean-François Perso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Body composition may be analyzed in various ways. This can be done in terms of the chemical elements present, or by molecular structure e.g., water, protein, fats (or lipids), hydroxylapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA. In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To view a simple video explaining how Kode Technology works, click the following link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIbjAl5KYpA | 1 | Biochemistry |
As well as circulating coins, where they are generally restricted to high-denomination coins, bi-metallic coins are often used in commemorative issues, often made of precious metals. For example, the only bi-metallic coin issued by the United States is the $10 Library of Congress commemorative, made of a gold ring arou... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Like intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, ZMapp contains a mixture of neutralizing antibodies that confer passive immunity to an individual, enhancing the normal immune response, and is designed to be administered after exposure to the Ebola virus. Such antibodies have been used in the treatment and prevention of variou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Compressors pump gas for a wide variety of applications each of which has its own flow resistance which the compressor has to meet to keep the gas flowing. A map shows the pumping characteristics for the complete range of flows and pressure requirements for its application. The map may be produced by driving the compre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrolysis (breaking) of phosphodiester bonds can be promoted in several ways. Phosphodiesterases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond. These enzymes are involved in repairing DNA and RNA sequences, nucleotide salvage, and in the conversion of cGMP and cAMP to GMP and AMP, respectively. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The behavior of the chiral twins depends mainly on the nature of the environment (achiral/chiral) in which they are present. An achiral environment does not differentiate the molecular twins whereas a chiral environment does distinguish the left-handed version from the right-handed version. Human body, a classic bio-en... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Proton beams can be used for writing (proton beam writing) through either the hardening of a polymer (by proton induced cross-linking), or through the degradation of a proton sensitive material. This may have important effects in the field of nanotechnology. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Experiments and calculations generally agree that the methenium ion is planar, with threefold symmetry. The carbon atom is a prototypical (and exact) example of sp hybridization. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When a molecule of DNA is double stranded, as DNA usually is, the two strands run in opposite directions. Therefore, one end of the molecule will have the 3 end of strand 1 and the 5 end of strand 2, and vice versa in the other end. However, the fact that the molecule is two stranded allows numerous different variation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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