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Although research is ongoing, treatment options are currently limited; vitamins are frequently prescribed, though the evidence for their effectiveness is limited.
Pyruvate has been proposed in 2007 as a treatment option. N-acetyl cysteine reverses many models of mitochondrial dysfunction. In the case of mood disorders,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Owing to the presence of covalently bonded fluorine, halothane absorbs in the atmospheric window and is therefore a greenhouse gas. However, it is much less potent than most other chlorofluorocarbons and bromofluorocarbons due to its short atmospheric lifetime, estimated at only one year vis-à-vis over 100 years for ma... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The amount of water vapor in an atmosphere is constrained by the restrictions of partial pressures and temperature. Dew point temperature and relative humidity act as guidelines for the process of water vapor in the water cycle. Energy input, such as sunlight, can trigger more evaporation on an ocean surface or more su... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a dry cleaning solvent, as a refrigerant, and in lava lamps. In the last case, carbon tetrachloride is a key ingredient that adds weight to the otherwise buoyant wax.
One speciality use of carbon tetrachloride was in stamp collecting, to reveal watermarks on postage stamps withou... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The technique for RFLP analysis is, however, slow and cumbersome. It requires a large amount of sample DNA, and the combined process of probe labeling, DNA fragmentation, electrophoresis, blotting, hybridization, washing, and autoradiography can take up to a month to complete. A limited version of the RFLP method that ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since the Civil War, North Alabama became one of the countrys leading iron and steel manufacturers. The Birmingham District was particularly well positioned to be an iron-and-steel production centre in the southern United States. The development of Alabamas iron and steel industry was primarily stimulated by the abunda... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many free radical-based syntheses show large kinetic solvent effects that can reduce the rate of reaction and cause a planned reaction to follow an unwanted pathway. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Queen's Metal, an alloy of nine parts tin and one each of antimony, lead, and bismuth, is intermediate in hardness between pewter and britannia metal. It was developed by English pewtersmiths in the 16th century; the recipe was initially a secret and was reserved for pieces made for the English royal family. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Deaths have resulted from accidental exposure to fumigation materials containing aluminium phosphide or phosphine. It can be absorbed either by inhalation or transdermally. As a respiratory poison, it affects the transport of oxygen or interferes with the utilization of oxygen by various cells in the body. Exposure re... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Campylobacter is the common causative agent for bacterial infectious intestinal diseases, usually arising from undercooked poultry or unpasteurised milk. However, its epidemiology is poorly understood since outbreaks are rarely detected, so that the sources and transmission routes of outbreak are not easily traced. In ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are many ways to install screen media into a screen box deck (shaker deck). Also, the type of attachment system has an influence on the dimensions of the media. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are large transcripts (more than 200 nucleotides long) that have similar mechanism of synthesis as that of mRNAs but unlike mRNAs, lncRNAs are not translated to a protein. lncRNA contains interactor elements and structural elements. Interactor elements directly interact with other nucleic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Lydersen method is a group contribution method for the estimation of critical properties temperature (T), pressure (P) and volume (V). The Lydersen method is the prototype for and ancestor of many new models like Joback, Klincewicz,
Ambrose,
Gani-Constantinou and others.
The Lydersen method is based in case of th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide. During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kinetic relations have been observed in many systems and, since their conception, have gone by many terms, among which are the Meyer-Neldel effect or rule, the Barclay-Butler rule, the theta rule, and the Smith-Topley effect. Generally, chemists will talk about the isokinetic relation (IKR), from the importance of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Surface roughness has a strong effect on the contact angle and wettability of a surface. The effect of roughness depends on if the droplet will wet the surface grooves or if air pockets will be left between the droplet and the surface.
If the surface is wetted homogeneously, the droplet is in Wenzel state. In Wenzel st... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Graham reaction is an oxidation reaction that converts an amidine into a diazirine using a hypohalite reagent. The halide of the hypohalite oxidant, or another similar anionic additive to the reaction, is retained as a substituent on the diazirine product. The reaction was first reported in 19... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mutations in fumarate hydratase are found among patients suffering from kidney cancers, and mutations in succinate dehydrogenase were found in patients with pheochromocytoma and paragangliomas. These mutations cause a disruption of the TCA cycle with the accumulation of fumarate or succinate, both of which can inhibit ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hydroxy group is pervasive in chemistry and biochemistry. Many inorganic compounds contain hydroxyl groups, including sulfuric acid, the chemical compound produced on the largest scale industrially.
Hydroxy groups participate in the dehydration reactions that link simple biological molecules into long chains. The j... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The air transports viruses and other pathogens. Since viruses are smaller than other bioaerosols, they have the potential to travel further distances. In one simulation, a virus and a fungal spore were simultaneously released from the top of a building; the spore traveled only 150 meters while the virus traveled almost... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The snRNPs are very long-lived, but are assumed to be eventually disassembled and degraded. Little is known about the degradation process. | 1 | Biochemistry |
When photosystem I absorbs light, an electron is excited to a higher energy level in the P700 chlorophyll. The resulting P700 with an excited electron is designated as P700*, which is a strong reducing agent due to its very negative redox potential of -1.2V . | 5 | Photochemistry |
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) established Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for calcium in 1997 and updated those values in 2011. See table. The
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) uses the term Population Reference Intake (PRIs) instead of RDAs and sets slightly different numbers: ages 4–10 800 mg, ages ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ratsimamanga was a pacifist and politically active, and during his years of study, he forged close relationships with French intellectual and political circles. While in France, he co-founded the association of Malagasy Students in France and the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation (MDRM) in 1946 with Jacques R... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Formol titration is one of the methods used in winemaking to measure yeast assimilable nitrogen needed by wine yeast in order to successfully complete fermentation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organometallic Fe–S clusters include the sulfido carbonyls with the formula FeS(CO), HFeS(CO), and FeS(CO). Compounds are also known that incorporate cyclopentadienyl ligands, such as (CH)FeS. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For ammonia, NH, the symmetric bending vibration is observed as two branches near 930 cm and 965 cm. This so-called inversion doubling arises because the symmetric bending vibration is actually a large-amplitude motion known as inversion, in which the nitrogen atom passes through the plane of the three hydrogen atoms, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In lone-pair-active multiferroics, the ferroelectric displacement is driven by the A-site cation, and the magnetism arises from a partially filled d shell on the B site. Examples include bismuth ferrite, BiFeO, BiMnO (although this is believed to be anti-polar), and PbVO. In these materials, the A-site cation (Bi, Pb) ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydroxamic acids are usually prepared from either esters or acid chlorides by a reaction with hydroxylamine salts. For the synthesis of benzohydroxamic acid ( or , where Ph is phenyl group), the overall equation is:
Hydroxamic acids can also be synthesized from aldehydes and N-sulfonylhydroxylamine via the Angeli-Rimin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Yttrium is found in most rare-earth minerals, it is found in some uranium ores, but is never found in the Earths crust as a free element. About 31 ppm of the Earths crust is yttrium, making it the 43rd most abundant element. Yttrium is found in soil in concentrations between 10 and 150 ppm (dry weight average of 23 ppm... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Anti-DFS70 antibodies generate a dense fine speckled pattern in indirect immunofluorescence and are found in normals and in various conditions, but are not associated with a systemic autoimmune pathology. Therefore, they can be used to help to rule out such conditions in ANA positive individuals. A significant number o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Self-assembly can also be observed in the presence of organic ligands and various metals centers through coordinative bonds or supramolecular interactions. Molecular self- assembly involves the association by many weak, reversible interactions to obtain a final structure that represents a thermodynamic minimum. A class... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The separation of compounds is due to the differences in their attraction to the stationary phase and because of differences in solubility in the solvent. As a result, the compounds and the mobile phase compete for binding sites on the stationary phase. Different compounds in the sample mixture travel at different rate... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A typical example of a conserved moiety in biochemistry is the Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) subgroup that remains unchanged when it is phosphorylated to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and then dephosphorylated back to ADP forming a conserved cycle. Moiety-conserved cycles in nature exhibit unique network control fe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
De novo repeat identification is an initial scan of sequence data that seeks to find the repetitive regions of the genome, and to classify these repeats. Many computer programs exist to perform de novo repeat identification, all operating under the same general principles. As short tandem repeats are generally 1–6 base... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Terminal alkynes add across α,β-unsaturated ketones in the presence of palladium catalysts. The reaction affords γ,δ-ynones. Terminal alkynes add across epoxides to given yneols, which can be oxidized to give β,γ-ynones. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ethanol fermentation produces unharvested byproducts such as heat, carbon dioxide, food for livestock, water, methanol, fuels, fertilizer and alcohols. The cereal unfermented solid residues from the fermentation process, which can be used as livestock feed or in the production of biogas, are referred to as Distillers g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) is a transcriptomic technique used by molecular biologists to produce a snapshot of the messenger RNA population in a sample of interest in the form of small tags that correspond to fragments of those transcripts. Several variants have been developed since, most notably a more ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli), cell division may be partially regulated by AI-2-mediated quorum sensing. This species uses AI-2, which is produced and processed by the lsr operon. Part of it encodes an ABC transporter, which imports AI-2 into the cells during the early stationary (latent) ph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jones was honoured with a stone grotesque in the Great Court of the University of Queensland placed on the Forgan Smith building. An annual lecture is presented in his name at the University of Queensland in the School of Chemistry of Molecular Biosciences. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dexmethylphenidate, sold under the brand name Focalin among others, is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in those over the age of five years. It is taken by mouth. The immediate release formulation lasts up to five hours while the extended rele... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In plants, potassium plays a key role in maintaining plant health. High concentrations of potassium in plants play a key role in synthesis of essential proteins in plants as well as development of plant organelles like cell walls to prevent damage from viruses and insects. It also lowers the concentration of low molecu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The cytochrome complex, or cyt c, is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration.
It transfers electrons between Complexes III (Coenzyme Q – Cyt c reductase) and IV (Cyt c oxidase). Cytochrome c is highly water-solubl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Newton and the Schrödinger equations in the absence of the macroscopic magnetic fields and in the inertial frame of reference are T-invariant: if X(t) is a solution then X(-t) is also a solution (here X is the vector of all dynamic variables, including all the coordinates of particles for the Newton equations and t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The objective of environmental risk assessment is to protect the environment from adverse effects. Researchers are further developing QSAR models with the ultimate goal providing a clear insight about a mode of toxic action, but also about what the actual target site is, the concentration of the chemical at this target... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are sometimes defined as only those algal blooms that produce toxins, and sometimes as a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ionization threshold energy of atoms and small molecules are typically larger than the photon energies that are most easily available experimentally. However, it can be possible to span this ionization threshold energy if the photon energy is resonant with an intermediate electronically excited state. While it is o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The enzymatic mechanism of influenza virus sialidase has been studied by Taylor et al., shown in Figure 1. The enzyme catalysis process has four steps. The first step involves the distortion of the α-sialoside from a C chair conformation (the lowest-energy form in solution) to a pseudoboat conformation when the sialosi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ion semiconductor sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the detection of hydrogen ions that are released during the polymerization of DNA. This is a method of "sequencing by synthesis", during which a complementary strand is built based on the sequence of a template strand.
A microwell containing a template... | 1 | Biochemistry |
UV water treatment devices can be used for well water and surface water disinfection. UV treatment compares favourably with other water disinfection systems in terms of cost, labour and the need for technically trained personnel for operation. Water chlorination treats larger organisms and offers residual disinfection,... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Reinecke's salt is an inorganic compound with the formula NH[Cr(NCS)(NH)]·HO. The dark-red crystalline compound is soluble in boiling water, acetone, and ethanol. It can be classified as a metal isothiocyanate complex. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bacteria and archaea reproduce through asexual reproduction, usually by binary fission. Genetic exchange and recombination still occur, but this is a form of horizontal gene transfer and is not a replicative process, simply involving the transference of DNA between two cells, as in bacterial conjugation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Presumptive tests, in medical and forensic science, analyze a sample and establish one of the following:
#The sample is definitely not a certain substance.
#The sample probably is the substance.
For example, the Kastle–Meyer test will show either that a sample is not blood or that the sample is probably blood but may b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There has been a general trend towards converting existing resin systems to waterborne resins, for ease of use and environmental considerations. Particularly, their development was driven by increased demand for solventless systems since the manufacture of coatings and adhesives entailed the increasing release of solve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term intermetallic is used to describe compounds involving two or more metals such as the cyclopentadienyl complex CpNiZn. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Buccianti was born on 7 August 1960 in Florence. She earned a master's degree in stratigraphy from the University of Florence in 1988, including work done as a student with Agip, and completed a PhD at the University of Florence in 1994. She obtained a permanent research position at the university in 2001. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Toxicological databases are large compilations of data derived from aquatic and environmental toxicity studies. Data is aggregated from a large number of individual studies in which toxic effects upon aquatic and terrestrial organisms have been determined for different chemicals. These databases are then used by toxico... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Naphthalene, an organic compound commonly found in pesticides such as mothballs, sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by van der Waals intermolecular forces. Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes gradually at standard temperature and pressure, at a high rate, with the cri... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Brinelling is a material surface failure caused by Hertz contact stress that exceeds the material limit. It usually occurs in situations where a significant load force is distributed over a relatively small surface area. Brinelling typically results from a heavy or repeated impact load, either while stopped or during r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Photoelectrochemistry has been intensively studied in the 1970-80s because of the first peak oil crisis. Because fossil fuels are non-renewable, it is necessary to develop processes to obtain renewable resources and use clean energy. Artificial photosynthesis, photoelectrochemical water splitting and regenerative solar... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The organic compound 1,1,1-trichloroethane, also known as methyl chloroform and chlorothene, is a chloroalkane with the chemical formula CHCCl. It is an isomer of 1,1,2-trichloroethane. This colorless, sweet-smelling liquid was once produced industrially in large quantities for use as a solvent. It is regulated by the ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Some methods are based on solutions to the Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE), often referred to as FDPB-based methods (FDPB stands for "finite difference Poisson–Boltzmann"). The PBE is a modification of Poisson's equation that incorporates a description of the effect of solvent ions on the electrostatic field around a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Co-administration of quinidine, a potent CYP2D6 enzyme inhibitor, with tramadol, a combination which results in markedly reduced levels of desmetramadol, was found not to significantly affect the analgesic effects of tramadol in human volunteers. However, other studies have found that the analgesic effects of tramadol ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Bis(chloromethyl) ether is carcinogenic. It is one of 13 chemicals considered an OSHA-regulated occupational carcinogen. Chronic exposure has been linked to in increased risk of lung cancer.
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Plannin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Aerosol compound
**Cone pattern dispersion - wide pattern, don't have to aim precisely. It can be blown back by wind and if used inside a building, will eventually make room temporarily uninhabitable.
**Fog pattern dispersion (fogger)
**Stream pattern dispersion
**Grenade
*Gel compound: has greater accuracy and a red... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal spraying techniques are another popular finishing option, and often have better high temperature properties than electroplated coatings. Thermal spraying, also known as a spray welding process, is an industrial coating process that consists of a heat source (flame or other) and a coating material that can be in... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The evolution of hominoid communication is evident through chimpanzee hoo vocalizations and alarm calls. Researchers propose that communication evolved as natural selection diversified hoo vocalizations into context-dependent hoos for travel, rest, and threats. Context-dependent communication is beneficial and likely m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In genetics, shotgun sequencing is a method used for sequencing random DNA strands. It is named by analogy with the rapidly expanding, quasi-random shot grouping of a shotgun.
The chain-termination method of DNA sequencing ("Sanger sequencing") can only be used for short DNA strands of 100 to 1000 base pairs. Due to th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In instances in which the environment is suboxic or anoxic, organisms will prefer to utilize denitrification to remineralise organic matter as it provides the second largest amount of energy. In depths below where denitrification is favored, reactions such as Manganese Reduction, Iron Reduction, Sulfate Reduction, Meth... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the synthesis of the cytotoxic germacranolide sesquiterpene eucannabinolide, Still demonstrates the application of the peripheral attack model to the reduction of a ketone to set a new stereocenter using NaBH. Significantly, the synthesis of eucannabinolide relied on the usage of molecular mechanics (MM2) computati... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
On 30 July 2015, scientists reported that upon the first touchdown of the Philae lander on comet 67/P surface, measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde.... | 9 | Geochemistry |
UIT is highly controllable. Incorporating a programmable logic controller (PLC) or a Digital Ultrasonic Generator, the frequency and amplitude of UIT are easily set and maintained, thus removing a significant portion of operator dependency. UIT can also be mechanically controlled, thus providing repeatability of result... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Peroxisomal disorders are a class of medical conditions that typically affect the human nervous system as well as many other organ systems. Two common examples are X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and the peroxisome biogenesis disorders. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Historically a cesium chloride (CsCl) solution was often used, but more commonly used density gradients are sucrose or Percoll. The sample is put on top of the solution, and then the tube is spun at a very high speed for an extended time, at times lasting days. The CsCl molecules become densely packed toward the bottom... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The temperature of the system can be estimated by use of the Equipartition Theorem, with three degrees of freedom for each ion. Since ionic velocities are generally recorded at each step in the numerical simulation, the average kinetic energy of each ion is easy to calculate. There exist schemes which attempt to cont... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Terephthalaldehyde (TA) is an organic compound with the formula CH(CHO). It is one of three isomers of benzene dicarboxaldehyde, in which the aldehyde moieties are positioned in the para conformation on the benzene ring. Terephthalaldehyde appears as a white to beige solid, typically in the form of a powder. It is solu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A further step beyond superstructures and aperiodic materials is what is called diffuse scattering in electron diffraction patterns due to disorder, which is also known for x-ray or neutron scattering. This can occur from inelastic processes, for instance, in bulk silicon the atomic vibrations (phonons) are more preval... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Laser schlieren deflectometry (LSD) is a method for a high-speed measurement of the gas temperature in microscopic dimensions, in particular for temperature peaks under dynamic conditions at atmospheric pressure. The principle of LSD is derived from schlieren photography: a narrow laser beam is used to scan an area in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
hIntL-1 is a disulfide-linked trimer as shown by non-reducing SDS-PAGE and X-ray crystallography. Despite lacking the intermolecular disulfide bonds, XEEL-CRD is trimeric in solution. The N-terminal peptide of the full length XEEL is responsible for dimerizing the trimeric XEEL-CRD into a disulfide-linked hexameric ful... | 1 | Biochemistry |
John Krige () is a historian of science and technology and the Kranzberg Professor at the School of History, Technology and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The general form of the Eyring–Polanyi equation somewhat resembles the Arrhenius equation:
where is the rate constant, is the Gibbs energy of activation, is the transmission coefficient, is the Boltzmann constant, is the temperature, and is the Planck constant.
The transmission coefficient is often assumed to be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although enol ethers can be considered the ether of the corresponding enolates, they are not prepared by alkylation of enolates. Some enol ethers are prepared from saturated ethers by elimination reactions.
Alternatively, vinyl ethers can be prepared from alcohols by iridium-catalyzed transesterification of vinyl ester... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As with any material implanted in the body, it is important to minimize or eliminate foreign body response and maximize effectual integration. Neural implants have the potential to increase the quality of life for patients with such disabilities as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, epilepsy, depression, and migraines. With the c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This method is an adaptation of mRNA display technology. PCR DNA is first transcribed to mRNA, and a single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide modified with biotin and puromycin on each end is then hybridized to the 3’-end of the mRNA. The mRNAs are then arrayed on a slide and immobilized by the binding of biotin to streptav... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the presence of excess of triphenylphosphine, RuCl(PPh) binds a fourth phosphine to give black RuCl(PPh). The triphenylphosphine ligands in both the tris(phosphine) and tetrakis(phosphine) complexes are readily substituted by other ligands. The tetrakis(phosphine) complex is a precursor to the Grubbs catalysts.
Dich... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Before atomic orbitals were understood, spectroscopists discovered various distinctive series of spectral lines in atomic spectra, which they identified by letters. These letters were later associated with the azimuthal quantum number, ℓ. The letters, "s", "p", "d", and "f", for the first four values of ℓ were chosen t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Finely ground agricultural lime is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH (liming). The amount of limestone or chalk needed to change pH is determined by the mesh size of the lime (how finely it is ground) and the buffering capacity of the soil. A high mesh size (60 mesh = 0.25 mm; 100 mesh = 0.149 mm) indicat... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 1997 France became the first country to ban minors from indoor tanning. Under-18s are similarly prohibited in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Poland and the United Kingdom. In addition, Ireland prohibits salons from offering "happy hour" discounts. Netherlands also forbid the usage of a tanning ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The polyol pathway is a two-step process that converts glucose to fructose. In this pathway glucose is reduced to sorbitol, which is subsequently oxidized to fructose. It is also called the sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway.
The pathway is implicated in diabetic complications, especially in microvascular damage to th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coatings can be both decorative and have other functions. A pipe carrying water for a fire suppression system can be coated with a red (for identification) anticorrosion paint. Most coatings to some extent protect the substrate, such as maintenance coatings for metals and concrete. A decorative coating can offer a p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Materials with yield strength anomalies are used in nuclear reactors due to their high temperature mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Environmental temperature: Decomposition is accelerated by high atmospheric or environmental temperature, with putrefaction speed optimized between and , further sped along by high levels of humidity. This optimal temperature assists in the chemical breakdown of the tissue and promotes microorganism growth. Decomposit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reaction proceeds via a cascade of four subsequent pericyclic reactions (Scheme 3). Heating a cyclobutenone above 80 °C initiates a four-electron electrocyclic cleavage generating a vinyl ketene which reacts with an acetylene in a regiospecific [2+2] cycloaddition (Scheme 4). Reversible electrocyclic cleavage of th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Co-styrene-maleic anhydride and co-styrene acrylate are common binders associated with a cationic starch pigment in Inkjet printing paper. Table 1 shows their surface tension under given conditions.
There have been several studies that have focused on how the paper printing quality is dependent on the concentration of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The essential feature of a glycolipid is the presence of a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide bound to a lipid moiety. The most common lipids in cellular membranes are glycerolipids and sphingolipids, which have glycerol or a sphingosine backbones, respectively. Fatty acids are connected to this backbone, so that the li... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While the Superstack lowered the ground-level pollution in the city, it has dispersed sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide gases over a much larger area. Though not the single source of lake acidification, it appears even the heavily industrialized Ohio Valley has contributed to the ecological problem of lakes as far ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Polevskoy Copper Smelting Plant (), also known as Polevaya or Poleva, was one of the major metallurgical facilities located in Polevskoy, in Sverdlovsk Oblast of Russia. | 8 | Metallurgy |
CRISPR gene editing technology in humans has the potential to cause profound social impacts, such as in the long-term prevention of diseases in humans. However, Hes human experiments raised ethical concerns the effect are unknown on future generations. Ethical concerns have been raised relative to the four ethical crit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Arsenic can sublime readily at high temperatures.
Cadmium and zinc sublime much more than other common materials, so they are not suitable materials for use in vacuum. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (systematic name 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) is a cyclic imino acid. Its conjugate base and anion is 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In solution, P5C is in spontaneous equilibrium with glutamate-5-semialdhyde (GSA). | 1 | Biochemistry |
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