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In the first step of the mechanism, the glycosyl bromide reacts with silver carbonate upon elimination of silver bromide and the silver carbonate anion to the oxocarbenium ion. From this structure a dioxolanium ring is formed, which is attacked by methanol via an mechanism at the carbonyl carbon atom. This attack lead... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* International Symposium on the Origin of Life on the Earth (held at Moscow, 19–24 August 1957)
* Proceedings of the SPIE held at San Jose, California, 22–24 January 2001
* Proceedings of the SPIE held at San Diego, California, 31 July–2 August 2005 | 9 | Geochemistry |
This modification involves the addition of a methyl group to the 2 hydroxyl (-OH) group of the ribose sugar of RNA molecules. In contrast with the mA modification, it is the ribose sugar, a part of the backbone rather than the base that is altered. It is present in various kinds of cellular RNA, providing coding and st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main function of chemokines is to manage the migration of leukocytes (homing) in the respective anatomical locations in inflammatory and homeostatic processes.
Basal: homeostatic chemokines are basal produced in the thymus and lymphoid tissues. Their homeostatic function in homing is best exemplified by the chemoki... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Initial glance, forensic intelligence may appear as a nascent facet of forensic science facilitated by advancements in information technologies such as computers, databases, and data-flow management software. However, a more profound examination reveals that forensic intelligence represents a genuine and emerging incli... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In a crystal, a superstructure manifests itself through additional reflections in diffraction patterns, e.g., in low energy electron diffraction (LEED) or X-ray diffraction experiments. Often a set of weak diffraction spots appears between the stronger spots belonging to what is referred to as the substructure. In some... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, methenium (also called methylium, carbenium, methyl cation, or protonated methylene) is a cation with the formula . It can be viewed as a methylene radical (:) with an added proton (), or as a methyl radical (•) with one electron removed. It is a carbocation and an enium ion, making it the simples... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Matrix isolation has its origins in the first half of the 20th century with the experiments by photo-chemists and physicists freezing samples in liquefied gases. The earliest isolation experiments involved the freezing of species in transparent, low temperature organic glasses, such as EPA (ether/isopentane/ethanol 5:5... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oil reservoirs are routinely mapped by injecting a PFT down one bore hole and measuring the concentration at adjacent boreholes. In this way, geologists can build up an image of the reservoir.
Traditional underground high-tension cables are constructed either with internal oil ducts or channels or by the use of a pipe ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Kullback gives the following example (Table 2.1, Example 2.1). Let and be the distributions shown in the table and figure. is the distribution on the left side of the figure, a binomial distribution with and . is the distribution on the right side of the figure, a discrete uniform distribution with the three possi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a group bound to many enzymes including ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, monoamine oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase, glucose oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and acyl CoA dehydrogenase. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The great majority of contemporary spectrometers use a mixture of commercially available and bespoke components which users integrate according to their particular needs. Instruments can be broadly categorised according to their general operating principles. Although rotational transitions can be found across a very br... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lisa Michelle Jones (born February 1977) is an associate professor of pharmaceutical sciences at the University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB). Her research is in structural proteomics, using mass spectrometry together with fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP), allowing researchers to study the solvent accessi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbon-carbon bond activation reactions have numerous applications in organic synthesis, materials science, and pharmaceuticals. In organic synthesis, these reactions are used to construct complex molecules in a highly efficient and selective manner. For example, in 2021 Dong Group described the first enantioselective ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It can be used in practical applications such as malting, to represent the grain–air–moisture system.
The underlying property data for the Mollier diagram is identical to a psychrometric chart. At first inspection, there may appear little resemblance between the charts, but if the user rotates a chart ninety degrees an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plants for the production of pre-reduced iron ore are known as direct reduction plants. The principle involves exposing iron ore to the reducing action of a high-temperature gas (around 1000 °C). This gas is composed of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen, the proportions of which depend on the production process.
Generally... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An autoreceptor is a type of receptor located in the membranes of nerve cells. It serves as part of a negative feedback loop in signal transduction. It is only sensitive to the neurotransmitters or hormones released by the neuron on which the autoreceptor sits. Similarly, a heteroreceptor is sensitive to neurotransmi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PHBV is synthesized by bacteria as storage compounds under growth limiting conditions. It can be produced from glucose and propionate by the recombinant Escherichia coli strains. Many other bacteria like Paracoccus denitrificans and Ralstonia eutropha are also capable of producing it.
It can also be synthesized from ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, isothiocyanate is a functional group as found in compounds with the formula . Isothiocyanates are the more common isomers of thiocyanates, which have the formula . | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Quantum crystallography is a branch of crystallography that investigates crystalline materials within the framework of quantum mechanics, with analysis and representation, in position or in momentum space, of quantities like wave function, electron charge and spin density, density matrices and all properties related to... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are two main types of anaerobic photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria. The type I reaction centers are found in GSB, Chloracidobacterium, and Heliobacteria, while the type II reaction centers are found in FAPs and purple bacteria. | 5 | Photochemistry |
*Spectra cannot be acquired quickly due to the monochromatic laser source which is used. Having said this, some groups are now beginning to develop the use of broadband LED or supercontinuum sources for CRDS, the light of which can then be dispersed by a grating onto a CCD, or Fourier transformed spectrometer (mainly i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, organocatalysis is a form of catalysis in which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by an organic catalyst. This "organocatalyst" consists of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and other nonmetal elements found in organic compounds. Because of their similarity in composition and description, they a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The mathematical resolution to Loschmidt's paradox is called the (steady state) fluctuation theorem (FT), which is a generalisation of the second law of thermodynamics. The FT shows that as a system gets larger or the trajectory duration becomes longer, entropy-consuming trajectories become more unlikely, and the expec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The natural time scale of electron motion in atoms, molecules, and solids is the attosecond (1 as= 10 s). This fact is a direct consequence of quantum mechanics.
Indeed, for simplicity, consider a quantum particle in superposition between ground-level, of energy , and the first excited level, of energy :
with and cho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mass-difference impurity scattering is given by:
where is a measure of the impurity scattering strength. Note that is dependent of the dispersion curves. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A key characteristic of amorphous brazing foils (ABFs) is their relatively low melting points, which typically range from 830 to 1200°C. This attribute is crucial for their application as filler metals in brazing. Due to their ductility and flexibility, ABFs present a viable alternative to filler metals in paste or pow... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hemoglobin binds with carbon monoxide 210 times more readily than with oxygen. Because of this higher affinity of hemoglobin for carbon monoxide than for oxygen, carbon monoxide is a highly successful competitor that will displace oxygen even at minuscule partial pressures. The reaction HbO + CO → HbCO + O almost irrev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Past studies suggest that repeats are a common feature of eukaryotes unlike the prokaryotes and archaea. Other reports suggest that irrespective of the comparative shortage of repeat elements in prokaryotic genomes, they nevertheless contain hundreds or even thousands of large repeats. Current genomic analysis seem t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like most other community analysis methods, TRFLP is also based on PCR amplification of a target gene. In the case of TRFLP, the amplification is performed with one or both the primers having their 5’ end labeled with a fluorescent molecule. In case both primers are labeled, different fluorescent dyes are required. Whi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Early experiments measured the force between mica surfaces in air or vacuum. The technique has been extended, however, to enable an arbitrary vapor or solvent to be introduced between the two surfaces. In this way, interactions in various media can be carefully probed, and the dielectric constant of the gap between the... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Han Zuilhof (born 1965) holds the chair of organic chemistry at Wageningen University. His interests focus on surface-bound (bio-)organic chemistry and bionanotechnology. He obtained an MSc in chemistry and MA in philosophy from Leiden University (both highest honors). After a PhD in organic chemistry (Leiden Universit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dai was born in Taiwan. He completed a BSc in chemistry at National Taiwan University in 1974, following military service, and went to the United States in 1976 for graduate studies. He obtained his doctorate in chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley in 1981, and then did postdoctoral research at the M... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ELPs can be synthetically conjugated to poly (ethylene glycol) by adding a cyclooctyne functional motif to the poly (ethylene glycol) and an azide group to the ELP. Through a cycloaddition reaction involving both of the functional groups and manipulation of the solvent pH, diblock and star polymers can be formed. Rath... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, commonly referred as MAFP, is an irreversible active site-directed enzyme inhibitor that inhibits nearly all serine hydrolases and serine proteases. It inhibits phospholipase A2 and fatty acid amide hydrolase with special potency, displaying IC values in the low-nanomolar range. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Canuel has a B.S. in Chemistry from Stonehill College (1981) and earned her Ph.D.in Marine Science (1992) from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Following her Ph.D. she was a postdoctoral researcher at the United States Geological Survey until 1994 when she joined the faculty at the College of William & ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The cellular level of β-catenin is mostly controlled by its ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation. The E3 ubiquitin ligase TrCP1 (also known as β-TrCP) can recognize β-catenin as its substrate through a short linear motif on the disordered N-terminus. However, this motif (Asp-Ser-Gly-Ile-His-Ser) of β-catenin need... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and dipole–dipole interactions are typically not sufficiently strong to hold two apparently conformal rigid bodies together, since the forces drop off rapidly with distance, and the actual area in contact between the two bodies is small due to surface ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Israel has the highest rate of IVF in the world, with 1,657 procedures performed per million people per year. Couples without children can receive funding for IVF for up to two children. The same funding is available for people without children who will raise up to two children in a single parent home. IVF is available... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Current scRNA-Seq protocols involve the following steps: isolation of single cell and RNA, reverse transcription (RT), amplification, library generation and sequencing. Single cells are either mechanically separated into microwells (e.g., BD Rhapsody, Takara ICELL8, Vycap Puncher Platform, or CellMicrosystems CellRaft)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The presence of humic acid in water intended for potable or industrial use can have a significant impact on the treatability of that water and the success of chemical disinfection processes. For instance, humic and fulvic acids can react with the chemicals used in the chlorination process to form disinfection byproduct... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamic systems can be passive and active according to internal processes. According to internal processes, passive systems and active systems are distinguished: passiv... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Researchers at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and at the Université du Québec à Montréal claim to have overcome two of the DSC's major issues:
* "New molecules" have been created for the electrolyte, resulting in a liquid or gel that is transparent and non-corrosive, which can increase the photovoltage an... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Degenerate matter occurs when the Pauli exclusion principle significantly alters a state of matter at low temperature. The term is used in astrophysics to refer to dense stellar objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars, where thermal pressure alone is not enough to avoid gravitational collapse. The term also appl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aluminium smelting is the process of extracting aluminium from its oxide, alumina, generally by the Hall-Héroult process. Alumina is extracted from the ore bauxite by means of the Bayer process at an alumina refinery.
This is an electrolytic process, so an aluminium smelter uses huge amounts of electric power; smelters... | 8 | Metallurgy |
(-)-C-demethyl arteannuin B is a structural analog of the antimalarial artemisinin. It exhibits potent antimalarial activity even against a drug-resistant strain. Little and coworkers obtained the alkylated hydrazone in diastereomerically pure form (de > 95%) through the Enders' alkylation reaction. This intermediate w... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HOCC(O)CHCOH. Oxaloacetic acid, in the form of its conjugate base oxaloacetate, is a metabolic intermediate in many processes that occur in animals. It takes part in gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal–π interactions play a major role in organometallics. Linear and cyclic π systems bond to metals allowing organic complexes to bond to metals. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Georg-Maria Schwab (, ; 3 February 1899 – 23 December 1984) was a German-Greek physical chemist recognised for his important contributions in the field of catalysis and the kinetics thereof.
Schwab's early academic career in Berlin and Würzburg (1923–1928) was characterised by meticulous experimental work as a kinetici... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In genetics, the term horizontal resistance was first used by J. E. Vanderplank to describe many-gene resistance, which is sometimes also called generalized resistance. This contrasts with the term vertical resistance which was used to describe single-gene resistance. Raoul A. Robinson further refined the definition of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Desorption is the physical process where adsorbed atoms or molecules are released from a surface into the surrounding vacuum or fluid. This occurs when a molecule gains enough energy to overcome the activation barrier and the binding energy that keep it attached to the surface.
Desorption is the reverse of the process... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The notion of energy quality was also recognised in the economic sciences. In the context of biophysical economics energy quality was measured by the amount of economic output generated per unit of energy input (C.J. Cleveland et al. 2000). The estimation of energy quality in an economic context is also associated with... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The reaction can be under kinetic or thermodynamic control depending on the exact reaction conditions, catalyst, and substrate. Common rings, 5- through 7-membered cycloalkenes, have a high tendency for formation and are often under greater thermodynamic control due to the enthalpic favorability of the cyclic products,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*cis-1,4-polyisoprene (synthetic analogue of rubber) and trans-1,4-polyisoprene (synthetic analogue of gutta percha) are obtained by coordination polymerisation using suitable Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
* Polyhydroxoalkanoates such as poly(3-hydroxobutyrate), poly(hydroxovaleric acid) etc. obtained by polycondensation an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In these cells the electrolyte between the electrodes is a water solution of some salt or hydrophylic compound. An essential property of these compounds is that they must be able to undergo redox reactions in order to shuttle electrons from one electrode to the other during the cell operation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In environments where nuclear safety and radiation protection are required, radioactive contamination is a concern. Radioactive substances can appear on surfaces, or within solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable, and processes can give rise to their prese... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The products and services offered by the fine chemical industry fall into two broad categories: (1) "Exclusives", a.k.a. custom manufacturing (CM) and (2) "standard" or "catalogue" products. "Exclusives", provided mostly under contract research or custom manufacturing arrangements, prevail in business with life scienc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The tetratricopeptide repeat domain provides the concave surface necessitated for SIP recognition. RopB-CTD houses 5 stacked TPR motifs, each having sets of paired antiparallel helices that aid in the formation of a concave inner pathway and a convex exterior. The base of the recognition site is constructed by α6 and α... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As a catalyst, ArMs have three advantages,
# thanks to the development in molecular biology, it is quite easy to generate a library of ArM mutants which has a size up to 10. Using proper selection method, the ArM has a large potential to gain unique catalytic properties.
# ArMs are proteins, it can have both hydrophil... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Quantitative PCR is also used by microbiologists working in the fields of food safety, food spoilage and fermentation and for the microbial risk assessment of water quality (drinking and recreational waters) and in public health protection.
qPCR may also be used to amplify taxonomic or functional markers of genes in DN... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Focusing on crystallographic data and applications of the group theory in solid state physics, the server is built on a core of databases and contains different shells. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Taking (the Planck constant divided by ), (the speed of light), and (the electromagnetic coupling constant i.e. a measure of the strength of the electromagnetic force (where is the absolute value of the electronic charge and is the vacuum permittivity)) we can form a dimensionless quantity called the fine-structur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The total synthesis of Aflatoxin B2 is a multistep sequence that begins with a [2+3]cycloaddition between the quinone 1 and the 2,3-Dihydrofuran. This reaction is catalyzed by a CBS catalyst and is enantioselective. The next step is the orthoformylation of reaction product 2 in a Duff reaction. The hydroxyl group in 3 ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry is published biweekly. There is no editor-in-chief; editorial responsibility is shared and divided geographically with Hiroshi Masuhara covering Asia, Russ Schmehl covering America, and Monique Martin covering Europe. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Metals such as iron, copper, chromium, vanadium, and cobalt are capable of redox cycling in which a single electron may be accepted or donated by the metal. This action catalyzes production of reactive radicals and reactive oxygen species. The presence of such metals in biological systems in an uncomplexed form (not in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tisza was the author of the 1966 book, Generalized Thermodynamics. The 1982 publication, Physics as Natural Philosophy: Essays in Honor of László Tisza, was written by Tisza's colleagues and former students in honor of his 75th birthday. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although the modern electric arc furnace is a highly efficient recycler of steel scrap, operation of an arc furnace shop can have adverse environmental effects. Much of the capital cost of a new installation will be devoted to systems intended to reduce these effects, which include:
* Enclosures to reduce high sound l... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A reactive center, also called a propagating center, in chemistry is a particular location, usually an atom, within a chemical compound that is the likely center of a reaction in which the chemical is involved. In chain-growth polymer chemistry, this is also the point of propagation for a growing chain. The reactive ce... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A restriction fragment is a DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme (restriction endonucleases), a process called restriction. Each restriction enzyme is highly specific, recognising a particular short DNA sequence, or restriction site, and cutting both DNA strands at specific po... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7134/full/446391a.html Bergman FAQ in Nature on C-H activation (2007)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224214/http://stoltz.caltech.edu/seminars/2004_Ramtohul.pdf Literature Presentation by Ramtohul in Stoltz group on applications of C-H activation]
*[http://www.chem.t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that include:
* Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1; formerly known as EDG2, GPR26)
* Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 (LPAR2; formerly known as EDG4)
* Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (LPAR3; for... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PyAOP ((7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) is a coupling reagent used in solid phase peptide synthesis. It is a derivative of the HOAt family of coupling reagents. It is preferred over HATU, because it does not side react at the N-terminus of the peptide. Compared to the HOBt deriv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many biological proteins and enzymes can possess more than one binding site.
Usually, when a ligand binds with a macromolecule , it can influence binding kinetics of other ligands binding to the macromolecule.
A simplified mechanism can be formulated if the affinity of all binding sites can be considered independent ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Tepper-García function, named after German-Mexican Astrophysicist Thor Tepper-García, is a combination of an exponential function and rational functions that approximates the line broadening function over a wide range of its parameters.
It is obtained from a truncated power series expansion of the exact line broad... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a technique used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about molecules due to the chemical shift of the resonance frequencies of nuclear spins in the sample. Its combination with electrochemical techniques can provide detailed and quantitative informatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This compound is prepared by a modified Williamson ether synthesis in the presence of a templating cation:(CHOCHCHCl) + (CHOCHCHOH) + 2 KOH → (CHCHO) + 2 KCl + 2 HO
It can be also prepared by the oligomerization of ethylene oxide. It can be purified by distillation, where its tendency to supercool becomes ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler in Giessen, Germany, had investigated the purple product, murexide, obtained from snake excrement in the 1830s, but this was not an abundant raw material, and a method of using it as a dyestuff was not established at that time. In the 1850s, French colourists and dye-producers, su... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Because malate dehydrogenase is closely tied to the citric acid cycle, studies have proposed and experimentally demonstrated that citrate is an allosteric regulator of malate dehydrogenase depending on the concentrations of L-malate and NAD. This may be due to deviations observed in the kinetic behavior of malate dehyd... | 1 | Biochemistry |
See also
* Chiral resolution
*Chiral chromatography
* Chiral drugs
* Chiral switch
* Enantiomer
* Chirality | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Semicarbazide is frequently reacted with aldehydes and ketones to produce semicarbazones via a condensation reaction. This is an example of imine formation resulting from the reaction of a primary amine with a carbonyl group. The reaction is useful because semicarbazones, like oximes and 2,4-DNPs, typically have high... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Patches have been demonstrated to be a promising detection platform for sweat diagnostics. Simple, long-term collection devices which check for drugs of abuse or alcohol are already on the market and operate on the following principle: a user applies the patch which then collects sweat over a period of hours or days, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After initial reports of a "homoaromatic" structure for the tris-homocyclopropenyl cation were published by Winstein, many groups began to report observations of similar compounds. One of the best studied of these molecules is the homotropylium cation, the parent compound of which was first isolated as a stable salt by... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Non-specific binding of primers frequently occurs and may occur for several reasons. These include repeat sequences in the DNA template, non-specific binding between primer and template, high or low G-C content in the template, or incomplete primer binding, leaving the 5' end of the primer unattached to the template. N... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Studies in 2007 have catalogued nucleosome positions in yeast and shown that nucleosomes are depleted in promoter regions and origins of replication.
About 80% of the yeast genome appears to be covered by nucleosomes and the pattern of nucleosome positioning clearly relates to DNA regions that regulate transcription, r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pre-emption prevents damage from happening. This is done either by converting reactive metabolites to less harmful ones, or by speeding up an insufficiently fast chemical reaction. The reactive metabolite can be either a side product, or a normal, but highly reactive intermediate.
For example, a side activity of Rubisc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SOLID was designed for automatic in situ detection and identification of substances from liquid and crushed samples under the conditions of outer space. The system uses hundreds of carefully selected antibodies to detect lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. These are complex biological polymers that co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
: Genomic selection is a novel approach to traditional marker-assisted selection where selection is made based on only a few markers. Rather than seeking to identify individual loci significantly associated with a trait, genomics uses all marker data as predictors of performance and consequently delivers more accurate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This sequencing method was originally developed by 10x Genomics in 2015, and was launched under the name GemCode or Chromium. GemCode employed a method of gel bead-based barcoding to amalgamate short DNA fragments. The longer fragments produced by this could then be sequenced using validated technology such as Illumina... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The equilibrium phase diagram of the alloy formed between the two components tantalum and tungsten is a binary diagram, where the two components are totally soluble on each other. In this diagram the melting temperature of the two elements are shown. It can be seen that there are two lines, representing the solidus and... | 8 | Metallurgy |
T-symmetry or time reversal symmetry is the theoretical symmetry of physical laws under the transformation of time reversal,
Since the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy increases as time flows toward the future, in general, the macroscopic universe does not show symmetry under time reversal. In other wor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chloride is an anion in the human body needed for metabolism (the process of turning food into energy). It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of serum chloride is carefully controlled by the kidneys.
Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fibrosis or scar formation is another pro-oxidant-related symptom. E.g., interocular copper or vitreous chalicosis is associated with severe vitreous fibrosis, as is interocular iron. Liver cirrhosis is also a major symptom of Wilson's disease. The pulmonary fibrosis produced by paraquat and the antitumor agent bl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several genetic diseases may be the result of splice site mutations. For example, mutations that cause the incorrect splicing of β-globin mRNA are responsible of some cases of β-thalassemia. Another Example is TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). TTP is caused by deficiency of ADAMTS-13. A splice site mutation of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One unique property of dendrimers such as PAMAM is the high density of surface functional groups, which allow many alterations to be made to the surface of each dendrimer molecule. In putative PAMAM dendrimers, the surface is rife with primary amines, with higher generations expressing exponentially greater densities o... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Xylenol orange is an organic reagent, most commonly used as a tetrasodium salt as an indicator for metal titrations. When used for metal titrations, it will appear red in the titrand and become yellow once it reaches its endpoint. Historically, commercial preparations of it have been notoriously impure, sometimes cons... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
DnaA is a protein that activates initiation of DNA replication in bacteria. Based on the Replicon Model, a positively active initiator molecule contacts with a particular spot on a circular chromosome called the replicator to start DNA replication. It is a replication initiation factor which promotes the unwinding of D... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Imaging of biophotons from leaves has been used as a method for assaying R gene responses. These genes and their associated proteins are responsible for pathogen recognition and activation of defense signaling networks leading to the hypersensitive response, which is one of the mechanisms of the resistance of plants to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this technique a square or rectangular paper is used. Here the sample is applied to one of the corners and development is performed at a right angle to the direction of the first run. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Eva Smolková-Keulemansová, Weilová (27 April 1927 – 27 February 2024) was a survivor of Auschwitz, Neuengamme, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. After her liberation, she became a renowned Czech scientist and professor of analytical science at Charles University in Prague. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The city of Oslo, Norway installed a system for converting domestic food waste to fuel in 2012. A thermal hydrolysis system produces biogas from the food waste, which provides fuel for the city bus system and is also used for agricultural fertilizer. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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