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The internal heating within stars is so great that (after an initial phase of gravitational contraction) they ignite and sustain thermonuclear reaction of hydrogen (with itself) to form helium, and can make heavier elements (see Stellar nucleosynthesis). The Sun for example has a core temperature of 13,600,000 K. The m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TERRA in biology is an abbreviation for "TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA". TERRA is RNA that is transcribed from telomeres — the repeating 6-nucleotide sequences that cap the ends of chromosomes. TERRA functions with shelterin to inhibit telomere lengthening by enzyme telomerase. However, other studies have shown... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The question of how long a tunneling particle spends inside the barrier region has remained unresolved since the early days of quantum mechanics. It is sometimes suggested that the tunneling time is instantaneous because both the Keldysh and the closely related Buttiker-Landauer times are imaginary (corresponding to th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This hypothesis originated in a 1964 paper by Paul Ehrlich and Peter Raven, "Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution". While this paper outlined the concept, the actual term "escape and radiate" was not actually coined until 1989 by John N. Thompson. The theory has been highly influential in chemical ecology and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As with all flavonoids, anthoxanthins have antioxidant properties and are important for nutrition. They are sometimes used as food additives to add color or flavor to foods. One of the most well-known anthoxanthins is quercetin, which is found in many fruits and vegetables, including capers, red onions, and kale.
In ad... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A semiochemical, from the Greek σημεῖον (semeion), meaning "signal", is a chemical substance or mixture released by an organism that affects the behaviors of other individuals. Semiochemical communication can be divided into two broad classes: communication between individuals of the same species (intraspecific) or com... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hot filtration can be used to separate "compound A" from both "impurity B" and some "insoluble matter C". This technique normally uses a single-solvent system as described above. When both "compound A" and "impurity B" are dissolved in the minimum amount of hot solvent, the solution is filtered to remove "insoluble mat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The economic importance of ultrapotassic rocks is wide and varied. Because kimberlites, lamproites and lamprophyres are all produced at depths of 120 km or greater, they are known to be a major source of diamond deposits and thus can bring diamonds to the surface as xenocrysts. Additionally, ultrapotassic granites are ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
RecA recombinase appears to be universally present in bacteria. RecA has multiple functions, all related to DNA repair. RecA has a central role in the repair of replication forks stalled by DNA damage and in the bacterial sexual process of natural genetic transformation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bottromycin is produced naturally as a series of products differing in methylation patterns. All products contain valine and phenylalanine methylation. Bottromycin A2 is singly methylated on proline, bottromycin B lacks methylation on proline, and bottromycin C contains a doubly methylated proline.
A partial structure ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Preferential amplification is over-amplification of one of the alleles in comparison to the other. Most studies on MDA have reported this issue. The amplification bias is currently observed to be random. It might affect the analysis of small stretches of genomic DNA in identifying Short Tandem Repeats (STR) alleles. | 1 | Biochemistry |
UV-sensitive syndrome is a cutaneous condition inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, characterized by photosensitivity and solar lentigines. Recent research identified that mutations of the KIAA1530 (UVSSA) gene as cause for the development of UV-sensitive syndrome. Furthermore, this protein was identified as a ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ellipsometry is an indirect method, i.e. in general the measured and cannot be converted directly into the optical constants of the sample. Normally, a model analysis must be performed, for example the Forouhi Bloomer model. This is one weakness of ellipsometry. Models can be physically based on energy transitions or... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The SCODA DNA force results in the DNA sample concentrating in the center of the SCODA gel. To extract the DNA an extraction well can be pre-formed in the gel and filled with buffer. As the DNA does not experience non-linear mobility in buffer it accumulates in the extraction well. At the end of the concentration and p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*A helper strain, carrying a conjugative plasmid (such as the F-plasmid) that codes for genes required for conjugation and DNA transfer.
*A donor strain, carrying a mobilizable plasmid that can utilize the transfer functions of the conjugative plasmid.
*A recipient strain, you wish to introduce the mobilizable plasmid ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
;Grahams law: This law states that the rate at which gas molecules diffuse is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas density at a constant temperature. Combined with Avogadros law (i.e. since equal volumes have an equal number of molecules) this is the same as being inversely proportional to the root of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Emulsion stability refers to the ability of an emulsion to resist change in its properties over time. There are four types of instability in emulsions: flocculation, coalescence, creaming/sedimentation, and Ostwald ripening. Flocculation occurs when there is an attractive force between the droplets, so they form flocs,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants. It explains and predicts behaviors of solutions in dynamic equilibrium. Specifically, it implies that for a chemical reaction mixture... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A phosphorane (IUPAC name: λ-phosphane) is a functional group in organophosphorus chemistry with pentavalent phosphorus. Phosphoranes have the general formula PR.
Phosphoranes of the type PX adopt a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry with the two apical bonds longer than the three equatorial bonds. Hypervalent bon... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The glycerol phosphate shuttle was first characterized as a major route of mitochondrial hydride transport in the flight muscles of blow flies. It was initially believed that the system would be inactive in mammals due to the predominance of lactate dehydrogenase activity over Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Natural isotopic variations amongst the noble gases result from both radiogenic and nucleogenic production processes. Because of their unique properties, it is useful to distinguish them from the conventional radiogenic isotope systems described above. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The thermodynamic limit is essentially a consequence of the central limit theorem of probability theory. The internal energy of a gas of N molecules is the sum of order N contributions, each of which is approximately independent, and so the central limit theorem predicts that the ratio of the size of the fluctuations t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a technique that allows detection of single base mutations without the need for PCR or gel electrophoresis. Short (20–25 nucleotides in length), labeled probes are exposed to the non-fragmented target DNA, hybridization occurs with high specificity due to the short length of the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1975, Kono and Ito reported that Wilkinsons catalyst (Rh(PPh)Cl) can undergo oxidative addition with catecholborane (HBcat) or 4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane. These two borane compounds are otherwise slow to participate in hydroboration. In 1985, Männig and Nöth demonstrated for the first time that Wilkinsons c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It was excavated between 1968 and 1974 under the direction of German archaeologist Harald Hauptmann as part of the salvage project to document archaeological sites that would be flooded by the construction of the Keban Dam. Excavation of the site focused on three areas: the western slope, the so-called "acropolis" area... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Wrackmeyer-type 1,1 carboboration is proposed to go through a zwitterionic intermediate, and this intermediate has been isolated and characterized in some cases. However, the mechanism can be highly substrate and reagent dependent.
In a borane, the compound typically adopts a trigonal planar molecular geometry, making ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Another simple case of diffusion is the Brownian motion of one particle. The particle's Mean squared displacement from its original position is:
where is the dimension of the particle's Brownian motion. For example, the diffusion of a molecule across a cell membrane 8 nm thick is 1-D diffusion because of the spherical... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levomethamphetamine can register on urine drug screens as either methamphetamine, amphetamine, or both, depending on the subject's metabolism and dosage. L-methamphetamine metabolizes completely into L-amphetamine after a period of time. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In organic chemistry, carboboration describes an addition of both a carbon and a boron moiety to certain carbon-containing double and triple bonds, such as alkenes, alkynes, and allenes.
In the synthesis of organic compounds, this chemical reaction is used to install a new carbon-carbon bond and carbon-boron bond. The ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The malate is oxidized by NAD (the oxidizing agent) to oxaloacetate again, releasing NADH. The replenishment of oxaloacetate can be achieved. The oxaloacetate can react with the acetyl-CoA in the first step, completing a cycle. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Extrapolating site or depth specific measurements to the entire lake can be problematic as there can be significant metabolic variability both vertically and horizontally within a lake (see variability section). For example, many lake metabolism studies only have a single epilimnetic estimate of metabolism, however, th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fulmer Research Institute was founded in 1945 by Col W C (Dev) Devereux and incorporated in 1946. He had been a pioneer in the use of light metal alloys in aero engines and, in the Second World War, he had an important role in the UK Ministry of Aircraft Production, organizing the assembly in Britain of American aircra... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lynda Soderholm is a physical chemist at the U.S. Department of Energys (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory with a specialty in f-block elements. She is a senior scientist and the lead of the Actinide, Geochemistry & Separation Sciences Theme within Argonnes Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division. Her specific role i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The two-step conversion of ammonia to nitrate observed in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing archaea and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (such as Nitrobacter) is puzzling to researchers. Complete nitrification, the conversion of ammonia to nitrate in a single step known as comammox, has an energy yield (∆G°′) of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1 - Enzymatic hydrolysis - a single source of feedstock, switchgrass for example, is mixed with strong enzymes which convert a portion of cellulosic material into sugars which can then be fermented into ethanol. Genencor and Novozymes are two companies that have received United States government Department of Energy fu... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Functional selectivity has been proposed to broaden conventional definitions of pharmacology.
Traditional pharmacology posits that a ligand can be either classified as an agonist (full or partial), antagonist or more recently an inverse agonist through a specific receptor subtype, and that this characteristic will be c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dioxane has an of 5170 mg/kg in rats. It is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure may cause damage to the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. In a 1978 mortality study conducted on workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane, the observed number of deaths from cancer was not significantly different from the... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A conductometric titration method can also be used for the determination of the base number of petroleum products. A conductivity sensor is used to measure the conductivity of the analyte which allows the endpoint to be detected. It is suitable for both new and used products having base numbers from 1 mg to 40 mg KOH/g... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The spectral resolution of a spectrograph, or, more generally, of a frequency spectrum, is a measure of its ability to resolve features in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is usually denoted by , and is closely related to the resolving power of the spectrograph, defined as
where is the smallest difference in wavelen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One consequence of this difference is that the color charge is too large for perturbative computations which are the mainstay of QED. As a result, the main theoretical tools to explore the theory of the QGP is lattice gauge theory. The transition temperature (approximately ) was first predicted by lattice gauge theory.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A related intensive system parameter is the particle number density, a quantity of kind volumetric number density obtained by dividing the particle number of a system by its volume. This parameter is often denoted by the lower-case letter n. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dodecahedrane is a chemical compound, a hydrocarbon with formula , whose carbon atoms are arranged as the vertices (corners) of a regular dodecahedron. Each carbon is bound to three neighbouring carbon atoms and to a hydrogen atom. This compound is one of the three possible Platonic hydrocarbons, the other two being c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, toluene-p-sulfonyl chloride) is an organic compound with the formula CHCHSOCl. This white, malodorous solid is a reagent widely used in organic synthesis. Abbreviated TsCl or TosCl, it is a derivative of toluene and contains a sulfonyl chloride (−SOCl) functiona... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the 1960s, a light driven proton pump was discovered in Halobacterium salinarum, and called Bacteriorhodopsin. Over the following years, there were various studies of the membrane of H. salinarum to determine the mechanism of these light-driven proton pumps.
In 1988, another Manabu Yoshidas group at Osaka University... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some chiral three-dimensional objects, such as the helix, can be assigned a right or left handedness, according to the right-hand rule.
Many other familiar objects exhibit the same chiral symmetry of the human body, such as gloves and shoes. Right shoes differ from left shoes only by being mirror images of each other. ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
INT (iodonitrotetrazolium or 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium) is a commonly used tetrazolium salt (usually prepared with chloride ions), similar to tetrazolium chloride that on reduction produces a red formazan dye that can be used for quantitative redox assays. It is also toxic to prokaryot... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The silicon-vacancy center (Si-V) is an optically active defect in diamond (referred to as a color center) that is receiving an increasing amount of interest in the diamond research community. This interest is driven primarily by the coherent optical properties of the Si-V, especially compared to the well-known and ext... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photosynthetic oxygen evolution is the fundamental process by which oxygen is generated in the earth's biosphere. The reaction is part of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of green algae and plants. It utilizes the energy of light to split a water molecule into its pr... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Selective deprotection of silyl groups is possible in many instances. For example, in the synthesis of taxol:
Silyl ethers are mainly differentiated on the basis of sterics or electronics. In general, acidic deprotections deprotect less hindered silyl groups faster, with the steric bulk on silicon being more significan... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For many years, gene mapping was limited to identifying organisms by traditional phenotypes markers. This included genes that encoded easily observable characteristics such as blood types or seed shapes. The insufficient number of these types of characteristics in several organisms limited the mapping efforts that cou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It was originally used against microsporidian parasites Nosema apis infections in honey bees.
Some studies found it to be effective against some myxozoan parasites, including Myxobolus cerebralis, an important parasite of fish; however, in the more rigorous tests required for U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The octadecanoid pathway is a biosynthetic pathway for the production of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA), an important hormone for induction of defense genes. JA is synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid, which can be released from the plasma membrane by certain lipase enzymes. For example, in the wound defense resp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An aquatic system lacking dissolved oxygen (0% saturation) is termed anaerobic, reducing, or anoxic.
In water, oxygen levels are approximately 7 ppm or 0.0007% in good quality water, but fluctuate.
Many organisms require hypoxic conditions. Oxygen is poisonous to anaerobic bacteria for example.
Oxygen depletion is ty... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II) peroxydisulfate is a chemical compound which contains silver in the rare oxidation state of +2. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RIN for a sample is computed using several characteristics of an RNA electropherogram trace, with the first two listed below being most significant. RIN assigns an electropherogram a value of 1 to 10, with 10 being the least degraded. All the following descriptions apply to mammalian RNA because RNAs in other species h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Level 2 vectors have two inverted BpiI sites from the insertion of level 1 modules. The upstream fusion site is compatible to a gene cloned in level 1 vector while the downstream fusion site has a universal sequence. Each cloning allows 2-6 genes to be inserted in the same vector.
Adding more genes in one cloning step ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
During exercise when the ATP reservoir is low (ADP>ATP), the purine nucleotide cycle produces ammonia (NH) when it converts AMP into IMP. (With the exception of AMP deaminase deficiency, where ammonia is produced during exercise when adenosine, from AMP, is converted into inosine). During rest (ADP<ATP), ammonia is pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dielectric constants are not the only measure of polarity. Because solvents are used by chemists to carry out chemical reactions or observe chemical and biological phenomena, more specific measures of polarity are required. Most of these measures are sensitive to chemical structure.
The Grunwald–Winstein mY scale measu... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
SaltMod is computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the drain discharge (hydrology) in irrigated agricultural lands, using different (geo)hydrologic conditions, varying water management options, including the use of ground wat... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Centrifugal partition chromatography is a special chromatographic technique where both stationary and mobile phase are liquid, and the stationary phase is immobilized by a strong centrifugal force. Centrifugal partition chromatography consists of a series-connected network of extraction cells, which operates as element... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
RNA polymerase binding in bacteria involves the sigma factor recognizing the core promoter region containing the −35 and −10 elements (located before the beginning of sequence to be transcribed) and also, at some promoters, the α subunit C-terminal domain recognizing promoter upstream elements. There are multiple inter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Liquid chromatography as we know it today really got its start in 1969, when the first modern HPLC was designed and marketed as a nucleic acid analyzer. Columns throughout the 1970s were unreliable, pump flow rates were inconsistent, and many biologically active compounds escaped detection by UV and fluorescence detec... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
To demonstrate its capability in rapidly depolymerizing in presence of UV-light, DiLauro et al. synthesized a PPA polymer with two UV-sensitive endcaps, 2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol and 1-[[(chlorocarbonyl)oxy]methyl]-4,5-dimethoxy-2 nitrobenzene, and were able to achieve complete depolymerization in a few minut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbonyl hydrido tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) [Carbonyl(hydrido)tris(triphenylphosphane)rhodium(I)] is an organorhodium compound with the formula [RhH(CO)(PPh)] (Ph = CH). It is a yellow, benzene-soluble solid, which is used industrially for hydroformylation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When acidic solution of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine is mixed with copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide solutions, a violet color is formed. Upon shaking with ether, the organic phase turns red/purple and the aqueous phase turns blue. The staining is based on the formation of a coordination complex of two ephedrine mole... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One limitation of classic yeast two-hybrid screens is that they are limited to soluble proteins. It is therefore impossible to use them to study the protein–protein interactions between insoluble integral membrane proteins. The split-ubiquitin system provides a method for overcoming this limitation. In the split-ubiqui... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biosynthesis of msDNA is purported to follow a unique pathway found nowhere else in DNA/RNA biochemistry. Because of the similarity of the 2-5 branch junction to the branch junctions found in RNA splicing intermediates, it might at first have been expected that branch formation would be via spliceosome- or ribozyme-med... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Genomes can be analyzed systematically to identify regulatory regions. Conserved non-coding sequences often contain regulatory regions, and so they are often the subject of these analyses.
* CAAT box
* CCAAT box
* Operator (biology)
* Pribnow box
* TATA box
* SECIS element, mRNA
* Polyadenylation signal, mRNA
* A-box
*... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In polymer chemistry, compatibilization is the addition of a substance to an immiscible blend of polymers that will increase their stability. Polymer blends are typically described by coarse, unstable phase morphologies; this results in poor mechanical properties. Compatibilizing the system will make a more stable and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
1. van Kretschmar, J. B., Bailey W. D., Arellano, C., Thompson, G. D., Sutula, C. L., Roe, R. M., Feeding disruption tests for monitoring the frequency of larval lepidopteran resistance to Cry1Ac, Cry1F, and Cry1Ab, Crop Prot. 30(7), 863-870 (2011)
2. Roe, R. M., W. D. Bailey, W. D., Gould, F., Sorenson, C. E., Kennedy... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Dische test, or Dische reaction, is used to distinguish DNA from RNA. It was invented by Zacharias Dische. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the Gallagher–Hollander degradation (1946) pyruvic acid is removed from a linear aliphatic carboxylic acid yielding a new acid with two carbon atoms fewer. The original publication concerns the conversion of bile acid in a series of reactions: acid chloride (2) formation with thionyl chloride, diazoketone formation ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because it is biologically inert and chemically stable, perfluorohexane has attracted attention in medicine. Like other fluorocarbons, perfluorohexane dissolves gases, including oxygen from the air, to a higher concentration than ordinary organic solvents. This effect is attributed to the weak intermolecular forces bet... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Vancomycin was first isolated in 1953, by Edmund Kornfeld (working at Eli Lilly) from a bacteria in a soil sample collected from the interior jungles of Borneo by a missionary, William M. Bouw (1918–2006). The organism that produced it was eventually named Amycolatopsis orientalis. The original indication for vancomyci... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Two solutions are prepared separately:
* Solution A: 0.02 g of thymol blue, 0.01 g cresol red and 2 mL of ethanol
* Solution B: 0.8 g of sodium bicarbonate, 7.48 g of potassium chloride and 90 mL of water
* Mix Solution A and B and mix 9 mL of the mixed solution to 1000 mL of distilled water.
* This method to determina... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A selectable marker is carried by the vector to allow the selection of positively transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance is often used as marker, an example being the beta-lactamase gene, which confers resistance to the penicillin group of beta-lactam antibiotics like ampicillin. Some vectors contain two selectabl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electron acceptors participate in electron-transfer reactions. In this context, the oxidizing agent is called an electron acceptor and the reducing agent is called an electron donor. A classic oxidizing agent is the ferrocenium ion , which accepts an electron to form Fe(CH). One of the strongest acceptors commercially... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An electrical synapse is an electrically conductive link between two abutting neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic cells, known as a gap junction. At gap junctions, cells approach within about 3.5 nm of each other, rather than the 20 to 40 nm distance that separates cells at chemical... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metabolic networks can be used to detect comorbidity patterns in diseased patients. Certain diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, can be present in the same individual concurrently, sometimes one disease being a significant risk factor for the other disease. The disease phenotypes themselves are normally the conseque... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Governmental regulatory agencies stipulate for the food and dietary supplement industries certain health claims as allowable as statements on packaging.
European Food Safety Authority
* normal function of the immune system
* normal inflammatory response
* normal muscle function
* reduced risk of falling in people over ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a molecule or atom in the ground state (S) absorbs light, one electron is excited to a higher orbital level. This electron maintains its spin according to the spin selection rule; other transitions would violate the law of conservation of angular momentum. The excitation to a higher singlet state can be from HOMO ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Mammalian FAS consists of a homodimer of two identical protein subunits, in which three catalytic domains in the N-terminal section (-ketoacyl synthase (KS), malonyl/acetyltransferase (MAT), and dehydrase (DH)), are separated by a core region (known as the interdomain) of 600 residues from four C-terminal domains (enoy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the binding capabilities of antipsychotic drugs and various neurotransmitters associated with mood, the sigma-2 receptor is a viable target for therapies related to neuropsychiatric disorders and modulation of emotional response. It is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and sigma-2 r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A type of ion exchange chromatography, membrane exchange is a relatively new method of purification designed to overcome limitations of using columns packed with beads. Membrane Chromatographic devices are cheap to mass-produce and disposable unlike other chromatography devices that require maintenance and time to reva... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
mA describes the methylation of the nitrogen at position 6 in the adenosine base within mRNA. Discovered in 1974, mA is the most abundant eukaryotic mRNA modification; most mRNAs contain approximately three mA residues. However, some mRNA transcripts do not contain any mA at all, while others may have 10 or more. The t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Artificially constructed plasmids may be used as vectors in genetic engineering. These plasmids serve as important tools in genetics and biotechnology labs, where they are commonly used to clone and amplify (make many copies of) or express particular genes. A wide variety of plasmids are commercially available for suc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing (FGD) is a gene family consisting of:
* FGD1
* FGD2
* FGD3
* FGD4
Type 1 is associated with Aarskog-Scott syndrome. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Limited precision of chemical shift measurements also puts an upper limit of about 4 on . Limited to diamagnetic systems. H NMR cannot be used with solutions of compounds in HO. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The earliest records of bloomery-type furnaces in East Africa are discoveries of smelted iron and carbon in Nubia n ancient Sudan dated at least to the seventh to the sixth century BC. The ancient bloomeries that produced metal tools for the Nubians and Kushites produced a surplus for sale. All traditional sub-Saharan ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Solarization refers to a phenomenon in physics where a material undergoes a temporary change in color after being subjected to high-energy electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light or X-rays. Clear glass and many plastics will turn amber, green or other colors when subjected to X-radiation, and glass may tur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In comparison to Proton exchange membrane electrolysis, the advantages of alkaline water electrolysis are mainly:
# Cheaper catalysts with respect to the platinum metal group based catalysts used for PEM water electrolysis.
# Higher durability due to an exchangeable electrolyte and lower dissolution of anodic catalys... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In biochemistry, electron bifurcation (EB) refers to a system that enables an unfavorable (endergonic) transformation by coupling to a favorable (exergonic) transformation. Two electrons are involved: one flows to an acceptor with a "higher reduction potential and the other with a lower reduction potential" than the d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molecular cloning is the laboratory process used to produce recombinant DNA. It is one of two most widely used methods, along with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), used to direct the replication of any specific DNA sequence chosen by the experimentalist. There are two fundamental differences between the methods. One is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are a number of non-invasive head cooling caps and helmets designed to target cooling at the brain. A hypothermia cap is typically made of a synthetic material such as neoprene, silicone, or polyurethane and filled with a cooling agent such as ice or gel which is either cooled to a very cold temperature, , before... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Much of the Bay is shallow. At the point where the Susquehanna River flows into the Bay, the average depth is , although this soon diminishes to an average of southeast of the city of Havre de Grace, Maryland, to about just north of Annapolis. On average, the depth of the Bay is , including tributaries; over 24 perce... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As a separation technique, GPC has many advantages. First of all, it has a well-defined separation time due to the fact that there is a final elution volume for all unretained analytes. Additionally, GPC can provide narrow bands, although this aspect of GPC is more difficult for polymer samples that have broad ranges o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Activation of β adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The increase in cyclic AMP is associated with the activation of protein kinase A, which in turn, inhibits th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Macroprolactin is the term used to describe complexed forms of the pituitary hormone prolactin which are found in blood. The most common complex found in blood consists of prolactin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). While the free prolactin hormone is active, prolactin in the macroprolactin complex does not have any biologic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The liver is the second largest organ (after the skin) and is an accessory digestive gland which plays a role in the body's metabolism. The liver has many functions some of which are important to digestion. The liver can detoxify various metabolites; synthesise proteins and produce biochemicals needed for digestion. It... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The idea of microscopic reversibility was born together with physical kinetics. In 1872, Ludwig Boltzmann represented kinetics of gases as statistical ensemble of elementary collisions. Equations of mechanics are reversible in time, hence, the reverse collisions obey the same laws. This reversibility of collisions is t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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