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Cloxacillin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and otitis externa. It is not effective for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It can be used by mouth and by injection.
Side effects include nause... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In many cases, the Benesi–Hildebrand method provides excellent linear plots, and reasonable values for K and ε. However, various problems arising from experimental data have been noted from time to time. Some of these issues include: different values of ε with different concentration scales, lack of consistency between... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermometric titrations of silver nitrate with halides and cyanide are all possible. The reaction of silver nitrate with chloride is strongly exothermic. For instance, the reaction enthalpy of Ag with Cl is a high −61.2 kJ/mol. This permits convenient determination of chloride with commonly available standard 0.1 mol/L... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
__FORCETOC__
Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry is a reconstruction of the beginnings of life on Earth, assuming that formamide could accumulate in sufficiently high amounts to serve as the building block and reaction medium for the synthesis of the first biogenic molecules.
Formamide (NHCHO), the simplest naturally o... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Source:
The measurement of contact angles with the captive bubble method could also be useful in the surface analysis of the reverse osmosis membrane in the study of membrane performances. Through the analysis of contact angles, properties of membranes, such as roughness, can be determined. The roughness of membranes, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy — and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).
A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The van Oss theory separates the surface energy of solids and liquids into three components. It includes the dispersive surface energy, as before, and subdivides the polar component as being the sum of two more specific components: the surface energy due to acidic interactions () and due to basic interactions (). The a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In molecular cloning and biology, a gene knock-in (abbreviation: KI) refers to a genetic engineering method that involves the one-for-one substitution of DNA sequence information in a genetic locus or the insertion of sequence information not found within the locus. Typically, this is done in mice since the technology ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrogen bonding significantly influences the properties of primary and secondary amines. For example, methyl and ethyl amines are gases under standard conditions, whereas the corresponding methyl and ethyl alcohols are liquids. Amines possess a characteristic ammonia smell, liquid amines have a distinctive "fishy" and... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As there are a number of different electron donors (organic matter in organotrophs, inorganic matter in lithotrophs), there are a number of different electron acceptors, both organic and inorganic. As with other steps of the ETC, an enzyme is required to help with the process.
If oxygen is available, it is most often u... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By having more than one anion, many more compounds can be made, and properties tuned to desirable values.
In terms of optics, properties include phosphorescence, photocatalysis, laser damage threshold, refractive index, birefringence, absorption particularly in the ultraviolet or near infrared, non-linearity.
Mechanica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Distinguished Service Award of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy (1985)
* Garvan Medal from the American Chemical Society (1986)
* Fisher Award in Analytical Chemistry from the American Chemical Society (1993)
* Wilfred R. and Ann Lee Konneker Award from Ohio University (2003)
* Founder's Citation Award from Ohio ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry was established in 1934. Consisting of a bronze medal and honorarium, its purpose is to stimulate fundamental research in biological chemistry by scientists not over thirty-eight years of age. The Award is administered by the Division of Biological Chemistry of the American C... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The family also contains L-lactate dehydrogenases that catalyse the conversion of pyruvate to L-lactate, the last step in anaerobic glycolysis. Malate dehydrogenases that catalyse the interconversion of malate to oxaloacetate and participate in the citric acid cycle, and L-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenases are also m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Paul Benjamin Ferrara (November 2, 1942 – May 30, 2011) was a scientist and administrator who pioneered the use of DNA profiling in America. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The two ends of an actin filament differ in their dynamics of subunit addition and removal. They are thus referred to as the plus end (with faster dynamics, also called barbed end) and the minus end (with slower dynamics, also called pointed end). This difference results from the fact that subunit addition at the minus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A quantitative method to determine the amount of phosphate present in samples, such as boiler feedwater, is as follows. A measured amount of boiler water is poured into a mixing tube and ammonium heptamolybdate reagent is added. The tube is then stoppered and vigorously shaken. The next step is to add dilute stannous c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The carbon–fluorine bond stretching appears in the infrared spectrum between 1000 and 1360 cm. The wide range is due to the sensitivity of the stretching frequency to other substituents in the molecule. Monofluorinated compounds have a strong band between 1000 and 1110 cm; with more than one fluorine atoms, the band sp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* C. Michael Hogan, Leda C. Patmore and Harry Seidman (1973) Statistical Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases, Second Edition (EPA-660/2-73-003 2006) United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. [http://libr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Zeldovich number is a dimensionless number which provides a quantitative measure for the activation energy of a chemical reaction which appears in the Arrhenius exponent, named after the Russian scientist Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich, who along with David A. Frank-Kamenetskii, first introduced in their paper in 1938.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In plants, light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The light-dependent reactions are of two forms: cyclic and non-cyclic.
In the non-cyclic reaction, the photons are captured in the light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
EFF-AFF are the identifiers for type 1 glycoproteins that makeup cell–cell fusogens. They were first identified when EFF-1 mutants were found to "block cell fusion in all epidermal and vulval epithelia" in the roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans. EFF-AFF is a family of type I membrane glycoproteins that act as cell–cell ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
El-Sayed's research interests include the use of steady-state and ultra fast laser spectroscopy to understand relaxation, transport and conversion of energy in molecules, in solids, in photosynthetic systems, semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanostructures. The El-Sayed group has also been involved in the developme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are three basic methodologies: gel-clot, turbidimetric, and chromogenic. The primary application for LAL is the testing of parenteral pharmaceuticals and medical devices that contact blood or cerebrospinal fluid. In the United States, the FDA has published a guideline for validation of the LAL test as an endotoxi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Isotopomers or isotopic isomers are isomers which differ by isotopic substitution, and which have the same number of atoms of each isotope but in a different arrangement. For example, CHOD and CHDOH are two isotopomers of monodeuterated methanol.
The molecules may be either structural isomers (constitutional isomers) o... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Different 2A peptides have different efficiencies of self-cleaving, T2A and P2A being the most and F2A the least efficient. Therefore, up to 50% of F2A-linked proteins can remain in the cell as a fusion protein, which might cause some unpredictable outcomes, including a gain of function. One study reported that 2A site... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In Cartesian coordinates the 2 basis vectors are represented by a cell tensor :
The area of the unit cell, , is given by the determinant of the cell matrix:
For the special case of a square or rectangular unit cell, the matrix is diagonal, and we have that: | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The most general formula for radiated power as a function of angle is:
where is a unit vector pointing from the particle towards the observer, and is an infinitesimal bit of solid angle.
In the case where velocity is parallel to acceleration (for example, linear motion), this simplifies to
where is the angle between... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In some cases it is desirable to soften hard water. Most detergents contain ingredients that counteract the effects of hard water on the surfactants. For this reason, water softening is often unnecessary. Where softening is practised, it is often recommended to soften only the water sent to domestic hot water systems t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
NBS electrophilically brominates the amine, which is followed by decarboxylation and release of an imine. Further hydrolysis will yield an aldehyde and ammonia. (cf. non-oxidative PLP dependent decarboxylation) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Like many of the lakes in the Northwest Territories (NWT), Frame is glacial in origin. During the Wisconsin Glaciation, the last ice age, glaciers covered almost all of today's Western Canada. As they retreated about 20,000 years ago, they left large lakes of meltwater behind. One, known today as Lake McConnell, covere... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The salt balances are calculated for each reservoir separately. They are based on their water balances, using the salt concentrations of the incoming and outgoing water. Some concentrations must be given as input data, like the initial salt concentrations of the water in the different soil reservoirs, of the irrigation... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Each country adopts their own agricultural policies and Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). The level of food additive usage varies by country because forms of agriculture are different in regions according to their geographical or climatical factors.
Pre-harvest intervals are also set to r... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As the name suggests, the prerequisite of a successful RDRP is fast and reversible activation/deactivation of propagating chains. There are three types of RDRP; namely deactivation by catalyzed reversible coupling, deactivation by spontaneous reversible coupling and deactivation by degenerative transfer (DT). A mixture... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SMA is subject to structural fatigue – a failure mode by which cyclic loading results in the initiation and propagation of a crack that eventually results in catastrophic loss of function by fracture. The physics behind this fatigue mode is accumulation of microstructural damage during cyclic loading. This failure mode... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Fast hole drilling EDM was designed for producing fast, accurate, small, deep holes. It is conceptually akin to sinker EDM but the electrode is a rotating tube conveying a pressurized jet of dielectric fluid. It can make a hole an inch deep in about a minute and is a good way to machine holes in materials too hard for ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An apparent self-protective behaviour, known as "terminal burrowing", or "hide-and-die syndrome", occurs in the final stages of hypothermia. Those affected will enter small, enclosed spaces, such as underneath beds or behind wardrobes. It is often associated with paradoxical undressing. Researchers in Germany claim thi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*MCM3AP possibly a primase
*XRCC5 NM_021141 Ku80
*XRCC6 NM_001469 Homo sapiens thyroid autoantigen: Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Has a role in chromosome translocation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Earths natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively high temperature on Earth. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planets surface beyond the temperature it would ha... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The type of growth factor signaling can effect whether or not NSCs differentiate into motor neurons or not. Priming a media with FGF2 lowers the activity of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which activates GSK3β. This increases expression of HB9. Directly inhibiting PI3K in NSCs leads to a population of cells that are purely HB9+... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The NTN has over 250 sites that focus on wet deposition chemistry by collecting weekly precipitation samples nationwide. The samples are sent to the Central Analytical Laboratory (The Wisconsin State Lab of Hygiene) for analysis and are then used to determine geographic distribution and annual trends. The sample collec... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In the body, stores of fat are referred to as adipose tissue. In these areas, intracellular triglycerides are stored in cytoplasmic lipid droplets. When lipase enzymes are phosphorylated, they can access lipid droplets and through multiple steps of hydrolysis, breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Each... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Other photoinitiated free radical polymerization reactions can also be used for fiber production. In this case, the shealth fluid was only used to separate the core fluid from the tube wall. Also, to achieve the solidification rapid enough, a more concentrated monomer solution was usually used.
An example would be the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Unichiral indicates configurationally homogeneous substance (i.e. made up of chiral molecules of one and the same configuration). Other commonly used synonyms are enantiopure drugs and enantiomerically pure drugs. Monochiral drugs has also been suggested as another synonym. Professor Eliel, Wilen, and Gal expressed the... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Transcriptomic strategies have seen broad application across diverse areas of biomedical research, including disease diagnosis and profiling. RNA-Seq approaches have allowed for the large-scale identification of transcriptional start sites, uncovered alternative promoter usage, and novel splicing alterations. These reg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA Pol II elongation promoters can be summarised in three classes:
# Drug/sequence-dependent arrest affected factors, e.g., SII (TFIIS) and P-TEFb protein families.
# Chromatin structure oriented factors. Based on histone post translational modifications – phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and ubiquination.
#:... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In most laboratory situations, the difference in behaviour between a real gas and an ideal gas is dependent only on the pressure and the temperature, not on the presence of any other gases. At a given temperature, the "effective" pressure of a gas is given by its fugacity : this may be higher or lower than its mechani... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For strong gradients the transport equation typically has to be modified with higher order terms (and higher order Transport coefficients). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Cross-linkage: another irreversible method that does not require a support material for the attachment of enzyme molecules. In this technique, the molecules of enzymes are covalently bonded to each other to create a matrix consisting of almost only enzyme. The reaction ensures that the binding site does not cover the... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
All of these forms of crack development are the result of the cylinder being subject to high pressure for prolonged periods. The cracks are intergranular and occur at grain boundaries. There is no evidence of stress corrosion or fatigue.
The presence of a relatively high lead content has been identified as a contributo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The pyrosequencing method is based on the detection of the pyrophosphate release on nucleotide incorporation. Before performing pyrosequencing, the DNA strand to sequence has to be amplified by PCR. Then the order in which the nucleotides have to be added in the sequencer is chosen (i.e. G-A-T-C). When a specific nucle... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Each action potential is followed by a refractory period, which can be divided into an absolute refractory period, during which it is impossible to evoke another action potential, and then a relative refractory period, during which a stronger-than-usual stimulus is required. These two refractory periods are caused by c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Organic Synthesis Directed Toward Life Science, (Japanese), Kodansha, 1985.
* Organic Chemistry for Graduate Students, (Japanese), Tokyo Kagaku Dojin, 1998.
* Asymmetric Reaction for the Basis of Medicinal Chemistry, （Japanese, Hirokawa Shoten
* Stimulating Concepts in Chemistry, (English), VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mb... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Christian Alfred Elie Janot (January 4, 1936 – February 23, 2022) was a French physicist and materials scientist known for his work on materials characterization using Mössbauer spectroscopy and his physical metallurgy studies of quasicrystals and noncrystalline materials using neutron scattering techniques. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The magnetic moment of a gyrating particle is
which respects special relativity. is the relativistic Lorentz factor, is the rest mass, is the velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, and is the magnitude of the magnetic field.
is a constant of the motion to all orders in an expansion in , where is the rate ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photocytes are found distributed unevenly near the plate cilia cells. Gastric cells form a barrier that keep the photocytes away from the opening of the radially canal which they are found to exist along. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general the product distribution of hydrocarbons formed during the Fischer–Tropsch process follows an Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution, which can be expressed as:
: = (1 − α)α
where W is the weight fraction of hydrocarbons containing n carbon atoms, and α is the chain growth probability or the probability that a ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Other methods available for the preparation of 2,3-epoxy alcohols have the advantage that they do not begin with an existing 2,3-epoxy alcohol; however, they tend to involve more steps than epoxide migration. Asymmetric dihydroxylation may be used to synthesize epoxy alcohols with high stereoselectivity, and some of th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Unlike thermally initiated phosphaalkyne oligomerization reactions, transition metals and main group metals are capable of oligomerizing phosphaalkynes in a controlled manner, and have led to the isolation of phosphaalkyne dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, and even hexamers. A nickel complex is capable of catalyti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Gilchrist–Thomas process or Thomas process is a historical process for refining pig iron, derived from the Bessemer converter. It is named after its inventors who patented it in 1877: Percy Carlyle Gilchrist and his cousin Sidney Gilchrist Thomas. By allowing the exploitation of phosphorous iron ore, the most abund... | 8 | Metallurgy |
It is often useful to group processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a conjugate pair. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia, the eastern third of the United States, and southeastern Canada. Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The major ARCHER subsystem components include:
* advanced hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system with a resolution of one square meter per pixel.
* panchromatic high-resolution imaging (HRI) camera with a resolution of per pixel.
* global positioning system (GPS) integrated with an inertial navigation system (INS) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
HSP have been criticized for lacking the formal theoretical derivation of Hildebrand solubility parameters. All practical correlations of phase equilibrium involve certain assumptions that may or may not apply to a given system. In particular, all solubility parameter-based theories have a fundamental limitation that t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In thiol–disulfide exchange, a thiolate group displaces one sulfur atom in a disulfide bond . The original disulfide bond is broken, and its other sulfur atom is released as a new thiolate, carrying away the negative charge. Meanwhile, a new disulfide bond forms between the attacking thiolate and the original sulfur a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Yoon is openly gay and has been a vocal advocate for greater inclusion of and support for diverse members of the STEM community throughout his career. Yoon is a long time member of the UW-Madison Committee on LGBT Issues, which he chaired between 2013 and 2014. He has also given numerous invited lectures on topics rela... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Indicator bacteria are types of bacteria used to detect and estimate the level of fecal contamination of water. They are not dangerous to human health but are used to indicate the presence of a health risk.
Each gram of human feces contains approximately ~100 billion () bacteria. These bacteria may include species of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase-4 (PRMT4/CARM1) methylation of arginine residues within proteins plays a critical key role in transcriptional regulation (see the PRMT4 pathway on the left). PRMT4 binds to the classes of transcriptional activators known as p160 and CBP/p300. The modified forms of these proteins are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some kinds of cheese also, kefir, kumis (mare milk), shubat (camel milk), ayran, cultured milk products such as quark, filmjölk, crème fraîche, smetana, skyr, and yogurt | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gamma rays are the highest-energy form of electromagnetic radiation, being physically the same as all other forms (e.g., X-rays, visible light, infrared, radio) but having (in general) higher photon energy due to their shorter wavelength. Because of this, the energy of gamma-ray photons can be resolved individually, a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prelog wanted to work in an academic environment, so he accepted the position of lecturer at the University of Zagreb in 1935. At the Technical Faculty in Zagreb, he lectured on organic chemistry and chemical engineering.
With the help of collaborators and students, Prelog started researching quinine and its related co... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Butyric acid is metabolized by various human XM-ligases (ACSM1, ACSM2B, ASCM3, ACSM4, ACSM5, and ACSM6), also known as butyrate–CoA ligase. The metabolite produced by this reaction is butyryl–CoA, and is produced as follows:
:Adenosine triphosphate + butyric acid + coenzyme A → adenosine monophosphate + pyrophosphate +... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An exopolymer is a biopolymer that is secreted by an organism into the environment (i.e. external to the organism). These exopolymers include the biofilms produced by bacteria to anchor them and protect them from environmental conditions. One type of expolymer, Transparent Exopolymers (TEP), found in both marine and a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ASBMB hosts and sponsors numerous meetings each year. The annual meeting is held each April in conjunction with the Experimental Biology meeting. Additionally, themed special symposia are organized throughout the year. The society also produces webinars throughout the year focused on topics related to scientific resear... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both up and downregulation of miR-324-5p is shown to contribute to various types of cancer.
miR-324-5p plays a role in inflammation and tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer through regulation of CUEDC2, which regulates inflammation via interaction with NF-kB signaling. miR-324-5p can inhibit glioma proliferation, suppres... | 1 | Biochemistry |
From 1907 onward, Charles Moureu was a professor of chemical pharmacy at the École supérieure de Pharmacie in Paris. In 1913 he was named director of the laboratory of hydrological physical chemistry at the École pratique des hautes études.
He became a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine (from 1907), Académi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Of sulfur nucleophiles, hydrogen sulfide and its salts, thiols (RSH), thiolate anions (RS), anions of thiolcarboxylic acids (RC(O)-S), and anions of dithiocarbonates (RO-C(S)-S) and dithiocarbamates (RN-C(S)-S) are used most often.
In general, sulfur is very nucleophilic because of its large size, which makes it readil... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The aza-Payne rearrangement may be effected in either the "forward" (epoxide to aziridine) or "reverse" (aziridine to epoxide) direction depending on the conditions employed. Electron-poor aziridines undergo the reverse rearrangement in the presence of hydride base, while the corresponding epoxy amines undergo the forw... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Histones are composed of mostly positively charged amino acid residues such as lysine and arginine. The positive charges allow them to closely associate with the negatively charged DNA through electrostatic interactions. Neutralizing the charges in the DNA allows it to become more tightly packed. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The development of various methods of cryopreservation of bovine embryos improved embryo transfer technique considerably efficient technology, no longer depending on the immediate readiness of suitable recipients. Pregnancy rates are just slightly less than those achieved with fresh embryos. Recently, the use of cryopr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many metabolic pathways are of commercial interest. For instance, the production of many antibiotics or other drugs requires complex pathways. The pathways to produce such compounds can be transplanted into microbes or other more suitable organism for production purposes. For example, the worlds supply of the anti-can... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Haloalkanes undergo free-radical reactions with elemental magnesium to give alkyl-magnesium compound: Grignard reagent. Haloalkanes also react with lithium metal to give organolithium compounds. Both Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds behave as the R synthon. Alkali metals such as sodium and lithium are able... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One of the ways cell apoptosis is activated is by release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into cytosol. A study has shown that cells are able to protect themselves from apoptosis by blocking the release of cytochrome c using Bcl-x. Another way that cells can control apoptosis is by phosphorylation of Tyr48, which... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bioaerosols impact a variety of biogeochemical systems on earth including, but not limited to atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. As long-standing as these relationships are, the topic of bioaerosols is not very well-known. Bioaerosols can affect organisms in a multitude of ways including influencing the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Latvian Academy of Sciences named a biannual prize for advances in chemistry in Gustavs Vanags' name.
A commemorative plaque with bas-relief of G. Vanags is installed in the hall of Riga Technical University Faculty of Chemistry. A commemorative stone is erected at the place where his native house of "Rungas" once stoo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An Alkali-metal thermal to electric converter works by pumping something, usually sodium, though any Alkali metal will do, through, around, and over, a circuit. The heat evaporates the sodium at one end. This puts it at high pressure. It then passes through/over the Anode, releasing electrons, thus, charge. It then pas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Pulvermacher chain, especially in the form of one being worn on the body, was very familiar in the late 19th and early 20th century and would not have needed to be explained to an audience. For instance, there are references to it in the novel Madame Bovary when the character Homais wearing a number of Pulvermache... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The glyoxylate cycle may serve an entirely different purpose in some species of pathogenic fungi. The levels of the main enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, ICL and MS, are greatly increased upon contact with a human host. Mutants of a particular species of fungi that lacked ICL were also significantly less virulent in st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using a glass pipette, the photolysed cell is isolated by aspiration. Cells are lysed and affinity purification is performed using streptavidin-coated beads that bind, immobilize and purify the biotinylated TIVA tag. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper tubes have been used to distribute potable water within building for many years and hundreds of miles are installed throughout Europe every year. The long life of copper when exposed to natural waters is a result of its thermodynamic stability, its high resistance to reacting with the environment, and the format... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hybridization probes can be used to detect base flipping. This technique uses a molecule that has a complementary sequence to the sequence you would like to detect such that it binds to a single-strand of the DNA or RNA. Several hybridization probes have been used to detect base flipping. Potassium permanganate is us... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Romans used many methods to create metal objects. Like Samian ware, moulds were created by making a model of the desired shape (whether through wood, wax, or metal), which would then be pressed into a clay mould. In the case of a metal or wax model, once dry, the ceramic could be heated and the wax or metal melted un... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Different factors have been proposed to be related to codon usage bias, including gene expression level (reflecting selection for optimizing the translation process by tRNA abundance), guanine-cytosine content (GC content, reflecting horizontal gene transfer or mutational bias), guanine-cytosine skew (GC skew, reflecti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biocompatibility is related to the behavior of biomaterials in various environments under various chemical and physical conditions. The term may refer to specific properties of a material without specifying where or how the material is to be used. For example, a material may elicit little or no immune response in a giv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The refrigerant naming system is mainly used for fluorinated and chlorinated short alkanes used as refrigerants. In the United States, the standard is specified in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34–1992, with additional annual supplements. The specified ANSI/ASHRAE prefixes were FC (fluorocarbon) or R (refrigerant), but today mo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Helium-3 surface spin echo (HeSE) is an inelastic scattering technique in surface science that has been used to measure microscopic dynamics at well-defined surfaces in ultra-high vacuum. The information available from HeSE complements and extends that available from other inelastic scattering techniques such as neutro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Poroma is a benign, relatively common skin tumor that has the cellular features similar to those of a sweat gland duct. This tumor typically occurs as a solitary stalkless nodule on the soles and palms but may occur in any area where there are sweat glands. Porocarcinoma (also termed eccrine porocarcinoma and malignant... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Class I TEs are copied in two stages: first, they are transcribed from DNA to RNA, and the RNA produced is then reverse transcribed to DNA. This copied DNA is then inserted back into the genome at a new position. The reverse transcription step is catalyzed by a reverse transcriptase, which is often encoded by the TE it... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In spite of the usefulness in cell tracking and cell visualization of Kaede, there are some limitations.
Although Kaede will shift to red upon the exposure of UV or violet light and display a 2,000-fold increase in red-to-green fluorescence ratio, using both the red and green fluorescence bands can cause problems in m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
More recently Yamago et al. reported stibine-mediated polymerization, using an organostibine transfer agent with the general structure Z(Z')-Sb-R (where Z= activating group and R= free radical leaving group). A wide range of monomers (styrenics, (meth)acrylics and vinylics) can be controlled, giving narrow molecular we... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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