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The Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code (translation table 22) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Scenedesmus obliquus, a species of green algae. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from the presence of nanomolar concentrations of oxygen (e.g. Bacteroides fragilis). Like other anaerobes, these organisms do not require oxygen for growth. This growth benefit requires the ex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Prior to its widespread use in the past three decades radioactivity was the most common label.
The advantages of fluorescence over radioactive labels are as follows:
* Fluorescence is safer to use and does not require radiological controls.
* Several fluorescent molecules can be used simultaneously given that they do n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfoxides undergo deoxygenation to give sulfides. Typically metal complexes are used to catalyze the reaction, using hydrosilanes as the stoichiometric reductant. The deoxygenation of dimethylsulfoxide is catalyzed by DMSO reductase, a molybdoenzyme:
:OSMe + 2e + 2 H → SMe + HO | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
These models based on data are black box systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the model output (for instance runoff). Commonly used techniques are regression, transfer functions, neural networks and system identification. These models are known as stoch... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Green fluorescent protein may be used as a reporter gene.
For example, GFP can be used as a reporter for environmental toxicity levels. This protein has been shown to be an effective way to measure the toxicity levels of various chemicals including ethanol, p-formaldehyde, phenol, triclosan, and paraben. GFP is great a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfoquinovose is rarely found in its free form in nature; rather it occurs predominantly as a glycoside, SQDG. SQDG can be deacylated to form lyso-SQDG and sulfoquinovosylglycerol (SQGro). Sulfoquinovose is obtained from SQ glycosides by the action of sulfoquinovosidases, which are glycoside hydrolases that can hydrol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed primarily by soil-living bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria. In the primary stage of nitrification, the oxidation of ammonium () is performed by bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas species, which converts ammonia to nitrites (). Other bacterial species such as Nitrob... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1980s, most of the dioxane produced was used as a stabilizer for 1,1,1-trichloroethane for storage and transport in aluminium containers. Normally aluminium is protected by a passivating oxide layer, but when these layers are disturbed, the metallic aluminium reacts with trichloroethane to give aluminium trichlo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
As a reagent in organic chemistry, DBU is used as a ligand and base. As a base, protonation occurs at the imine nitrogen. Lewis acids also attach to the same nitrogen.
These properties recommend DBU for use as a catalyst, for example as a curing agent for epoxy resins and polyurethane.
It is used in the separation of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One suitable definition of organic matter is biological material in the process of decaying or decomposing, such as humus. A closer look at the biological material in the process of decaying reveals so-called organic compounds (biological molecules) in the process of breaking up (disintegrating).
The main processes by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The electrolyte is a solution of some other solvent different from water. Solvents like methanol, acetone, dimethyl sulphoxide and dimethyl formamide have been successfully employed in thermogalvanic cells running on copper sulfate. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Inside eukaryotic cells, there is a balance between the processes of translation and mRNA decay. Messages that are being actively translated are bound by ribosomes, the eukaryotic initiation factors eIF-4E and eIF-4G, and poly(A)-binding protein. eIF-4E and eIF-4G block the decapping enzyme (DCP2), and poly(A)-binding ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photolysis is part of the light-dependent reaction or light phase or photochemical phase or Hill reaction of photosynthesis. The general reaction of photosynthetic photolysis can be given in terms of photons as:
The chemical nature of "A" depends on the type of organism. Purple sulfur bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide... | 5 | Photochemistry |
As well as the electronic transitions discussed above, the energy of a molecule can also change via rotational, vibrational, and vibronic (combined vibrational and electronic) transitions. These energy transitions often lead to closely spaced groups of many different spectral lines, known as spectral bands. Unresolved ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The yeast homing endonuclease PI-Sce is a LAGLIDADG-type endonuclease encoded as an intein that splices itself out of another protein (). The high-resolution structure reveals two domains: an endonucleolytic centre resembling the C-terminal domain of Hedgehog proteins, and a Hint domain (Hedgehog/Intein) containing the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CKIα or CKIδ is essential in modulating the nuclear export of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (eIF6), a protein with essential nuclear and cytoplasmic roles in biogenesis of the 60S subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome. Phosphorylation of Ser-174 and Ser-175 by CKI promotes nuclear export of eIF6 while dephosp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds to a promoter of an exposed DNA strand and begins to synthesize the new strand of RNA. The double helix DNA is unwound and a short nucleotide sequence is accessible on each strand. The transcription bubble is a region of unpaired bases on one of the exposed DNA strands. The starting ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 0.946. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are plants or living things that have been altered at a genomic level by scientists to improve the organisms characteristics. These characteristics include providing new vaccines for humans, increasing nutrients supplies, and creating unique plastics. They may also be able to grow ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Usually, but not universally, the numbers indicate:
* the first digit corresponds to the furnace number
* the second digit indicates the year in which the material was melted
* the last three (and sometimes four) indicate the melt number. | 8 | Metallurgy |
At lower temperatures, about 400–450 °C, an interdiffusion process takes place at the junction, leading to formation of layers of different gold-aluminum intermetallic compounds with different growth rates. Gaps are formed as the denser and faster-growing layers consume the slower-growing layers. This process is known ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP), is a professional association focused on the protection of assets and performance of materials. AMPP was created when NACE International and SSPC the Society for Protective Coatings merged in 2021. AMPP is active in more than 130 countries and has more th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Genetic polymorphisms of genes that encode subunits of TFH are known to be associated with increased cancer susceptibility in many tissues, e.g.; skin tissue, breast tissue and lung tissue. Mutations in the subunits (such as XPD and XPB) can lead to a variety of diseases, including xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) or XP comb... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The human CCR4-Not complex is composed of structural (non-catalytic) subunits and those that have exonuclease and E3 ligase activity. Some but not all of the human subunits are conserved in budding yeast. In yeast the complex has nine core subunits, comprising Ccr4 (carbon catabolite repression), Caf proteins (Ccr4 as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The IUPAC has designated the symbols for nucleotides. Apart from the five (A, G, C, T/U) bases, often degenerate bases are used especially for designing PCR primers. These nucleotide codes are listed here. Some primer sequences may also include the character "I", which codes for the non-standard nucleotide inosine. I... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Triatomic molecules are molecules composed of three atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements. Examples include HO, CO (pictured), HCN, O (ozone) and NO. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Returning to his native Korea, he began studies of the staple Korean diet and its effects on metabolism as a research assistant at Kyŏngsŏng Medical College in February 1928. He was appointed an instructor of physiology in the department of biochemistry of Severance Union Medical College (now Yonsei University College... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In-situ leaching is also called "solution mining". This process initially involves drilling of holes into the ore deposit. Explosives or hydraulic fracturing are used to create open pathways within the deposit for solution to penetrate into. Leaching solution is pumped into the deposit where it makes contact with the o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Microscope-based diagnostics are widely performed and served as a gold standard in histological analysis. However this procedure generally requires a series time-consuming lab-based procedures including fixation, paraffin embedment, sectioning, and staining to produce microscope slides with optically thin tissue slides... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The body of a ChemFET is generally found to be robust. However, the unavoidable requirement for a separate reference electrode makes the system more bulky overall and potentially more fragile. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
(See also Bridgman's thermodynamic equations for the use of exact differentials in the theory of thermodynamic equations)
Suppose we have five state functions , and . Suppose that the state space is two-dimensional and any of the five quantities are differentiable. Then by the chain rule
but also by the chain rule:
and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gas electron diffraction (GED) can be used to determine the geometry of molecules in gases. A gas carrying the molecules is exposed to the electron beam, which is diffracted by the molecules. Since the molecules are randomly oriented, the resulting diffraction pattern consists of broad concentric rings, see Figure 24. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mefloquine is contraindicated in those with a previous history of seizures or a recent history of psychiatric disorders. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In an experiment in 1995, display of Glutathione S-transferase was attempted on both pVII and pIX and failed. However, phage display of this protein was completed successfully after the addition of a periplasmic signal sequence (pelB or ompA) on the N-terminus. In a recent study, it has been shown that AviTag, FLAG and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some examples of macromolecules are synthetic polymers (plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber), graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Polymers may be prepared from inorganic matter as well as for instance in inorganic polymers and geopolymers. The incorporation of inorganic elements enables the tunability of prope... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Together with 1,3,5-trioxane, hexamethylenetetramine is a component of hexamine fuel tablets used by campers, hobbyists, the military and relief organizations for heating camping food or military rations. It burns smokelessly, has a high energy density of 30.0 megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg), does not liquify while bu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Potential associations have been found between low vitamin D levels and the risk of developing several types of cancer. Meta-analyses of observational studies have found reduced risk of cancer incidence related to vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D levels, particularly for colorectal cancer, although the strength of the asso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Manufactured foods fortified with vitamin D include some fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, meal replacement energy bars, soy protein-based beverages, certain cheese and cheese products, flour products, infant formulas, many breakfast cereals, and milk.
In 2016 in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Directed-, chelation-assisted-, or "guided" C-H activation involves directing groups that influence regio- and stereochemistry. This is the most useful style of C-H activation in organic synthesis. N,N-dimethylbenzylamine undergoes cyclometalation readily by many transition metals. A semi-practical implementations inv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The PiggyBac (PB) transposon from the cabbage looper moth Trichoplusia ni was engineered to be highly active in mammalian cells, and is capable of genome-wide mutagenesis. Transposons contained both PB and Sleeping Beauty inverted repeats, in order to be recognized by both transposases and increase the frequency of tra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Present-day (2021) atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) levels of around 415 ppm are around 50% higher than preindustrial concentrations. The current elevated levels and rapid growth rates are unprecedented in the past 55 million years of the geological record. The sources of this excess CO are clearly established as human ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Deuterium is most commonly used in hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (proton NMR) in the following way. NMR ordinarily requires compounds of interest to be analyzed as dissolved in solution. Because of deuterium's nuclear spin properties which differ from the light hydrogen usually present in organic mol... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Contributions to the synthetic and structural chemistry of acetals, especially cyclic acetals.
* Studies of hydrogels containing UV-absorbing agents. Correlating the concentration, absorptive properties and extractability of the agents.
* Interaction of polymers with IR laser radiation – demonstrating that the monome... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Specific surface area (SSA) is a property of solids defined as the total surface area (SA) of a material per unit mass, (with units of m/kg or m/g). Alternatively, it may be defined as SA per solid or bulk volume (units of m/m or m).
It is a physical value that can be used to determine the type and properties of a mate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This section applies specifically to imaging in . For other imaging modes, the process is similar, except that "deflection" should be replaced by the appropriate feedback variable.
When using the AFM to image a sample, the tip is brought into contact with the sample, and the sample is raster scanned along an x–y grid (... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Two isozymes are encoded by the PKM gene: PKM1 and PKM2. The M-gene consists of 12 exons and 11 introns. PKM1 and PKM2 are different splicing products of the M-gene (exon 9 for PKM1 and exon 10 for PKM2) and solely differ in 23 amino acids within a 56-amino acid stretch (aa 378–434) at their carboxy terminus. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Selegiline is a selective inhibitor of MAO-B, irreversibly inhibiting it by binding to it covalently. It is generally believed to exert its effects by blocking the breakdown of dopamine, thus increasing its activity; however, recent evidence suggests that MAO-A is solely or almost entirely responsible for the metabolis... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Crystal violet can be used as an alternative to Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) in staining of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE, reportedly showing a 5x improved sensitivity vs CBB. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Accelerated testing may induce reaction kinetics that is not applicable to the actual service environment of an adhesive, which could cause greater concern than is necessary for certain adhesives. High temperatures are often avoided because it frequently causes new reactions to occur. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Early records of the discovery of polymorphism credit Eilhard Mitscerlich and Jöns Jacob Berzelius for their studies of phosphates and arsenates in the early 1800s. The studies involved measuring the interfacial angles of the crystals to show that chemically identical salts could have two different forms. Mitscerlich o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
By definition, internal transmittance is related to optical depth and to absorbance as
where
*τ is the optical depth;
*A is the absorbance.
The Beer–Lambert law states that, for N attenuating species in the material sample,
or equivalently that
where
*σ is the attenuation cross section of the attenuating species i in t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A carbyne can occur as a short-lived reactive intermediate. For instance, fluoromethylidyne (CF) can be detected in the gas phase by spectroscopy as an intermediate in the flash photolysis of CHFBr.
Carbynes can act as trivalent ligands in complexes with transition metals, in which they are connected to a metal by the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pheromones are used in the detection of oestrus in sows. Boar pheromones are sprayed into the sty, and those sows that exhibit sexual arousal are known to be currently available for breeding. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, a library is a collection of genetic material fragments that are stored and propagated in a population of microbes through the process of molecular cloning. There are different types of DNA libraries, including cDNA libraries (formed from reverse-transcribed RNA), genomic libraries (formed from ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The cross-flow or tangential fan, sometimes known as a tubular fan, was patented in 1893 by Paul Mortier, and is used extensively in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), especially in ductless split air conditioners. The fan is usually long relative to its diameter, so the flow remains approximately two-d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transfer of genes makes possible the horizontal transfer of genes from one organism to another. Thus plants can receive genes from humans or algae or any other organism. This provides limitless opportunities in breeding crop plants. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common types of π-interactions involve:
*Metal–π interactions: involves interaction of a metal and the face of a π system, the metal can be a cation (known as cation–π interactions) or neutral
*Polar–π interactions: involves interaction of a polar molecule and quadrupole moment a π system.
*Aromatic–aromatic ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides (approximately 150 to 200 base pairs long in eukaryotes) which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication. They were discovered in the 1960s by the Japanese molecular biol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With regard to the theory of CVI and ESA, there was an important observation made by O'Brien, who linked these measured parameters with dynamic electrophoretic mobility μ.
where
: A is calibration constant, depending on frequency, but not particles properties;
: ρ is particle density,
: ρ density of the fluid,
: φ is v... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Surface runoff can cause erosion of the Earth's surface; eroded material may be deposited a considerable distance away. There are four main types of soil erosion by water: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion and gully erosion. Splash erosion is the result of mechanical collision of raindrops with the soil surfa... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Indium gallium arsenide antimonide (InGaAsSb) is a compound III-V semiconductor. (InGaAsSb) The addition of GaAs allows for a narrower bandgap (0.5 to 0.6 eV), and therefore better absorption of long wavelengths. Specifically, the bandgap was engineered to 0.55 eV. With this bandgap, the compound achieved a photon-weig... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Crude oil is traded as a future on both the NYMEX and ICE exchanges. Futures contracts are agreements in which buyers and sellers agree to purchase and deliver specific amounts of physical crude oil on a given date in the future. A contract covers any multiple of 1000 barrels and can be purchased up to nine years into ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Poly(phthalaldehyde), abbreviated as PPA, is a metastable stimuli-responsive polymer first synthesized in 1967. It has garnered significant attention during the past couple of years due to its ease of synthesis and outstanding transient and mechanical properties. for this reason, It has been exploited for a variety of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A common problem to X-ray crystallography and electron crystallography is radiation damage, by which especially organic molecules and proteins are damaged as they are being imaged, limiting the resolution that can be obtained. This is especially troublesome in the setting of electron crystallography, where that radiat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many antagonists are reversible antagonists that, like most agonists, will bind and unbind a receptor at rates determined by receptor-ligand kinetics.
Irreversible antagonists covalently bind to the receptor target and, in general, cannot be removed; inactivating the receptor for the duration of the antagonist effects ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CDP Cities provides a platform for cities to measure, manage and disclose their environmental data. More than 500 cities are now measuring and disclosing environmental data annually. The potential and need for this program is enormous since over 56% of the world's population now live in cities. CDP Cities provides a gl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
To adapt the footprinting technique to updated detection methods, the labelled DNA fragments are detected by a capillary electrophoresis device instead of being run on a polyacrylamide gel. If the DNA fragment to be analyzed is produced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it is straightforward to couple a fluorescent m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most commonly used and commercially available fluorescent base analogue, 2-aminopurine (2-AP), has a high-fluorescence quantum yield free in solution (0.68) that is considerably reduced (appr. 100 times but highly dependent on base sequence) when incorporated into nucleic acids. The emission sensitivity of 2-AP to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Australian Capital Territory: Pepper spray is a "prohibited weapon", making it an offence to possess or use it.
* New South Wales: Possession of pepper spray by unauthorized persons is illegal, under schedule 1 of the Weapons Prohibition Act 1998, being classified as a "prohibited weapon".
* Northern Territory: Pres... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first total synthesis was accomplished in 2000 by the Danishefsky group at Columbia University, with a number of other syntheses following shortly thereafter by Williams, Ganesan, Fuji, Carreira, Horne, Overman, and most recently Trost.
From a synthetic point of view, the most challenging structural features of the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Good single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments in diamond anvil cells require sample stage to rotate on the vertical axis, omega. Most diamond anvil cells do not feature a large opening that would allow the cell to be rotated to high angles, a 60 degrees opening is considered sufficient for most crystals but larger ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A native antigen is an antigen that is not yet processed by an APC to smaller parts. T cells cannot bind native antigens, but require that they be processed by APCs, whereas B cells can be activated by native ones. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria. Cyanophages can be found in both freshwater and marine environments. Marine and freshwater cyanophages have icosahedral heads, which contain double-stranded DNA, attached to a tail by connector proteins. The size of the head and tail vary among species of cyanophages. ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In electrochemistry, ITIES (interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions) is an electrochemical interface that is either polarisable or polarised. An ITIES is polarisable if one can change the Galvani potential difference, or in other words the difference of inner potentials between the two adjacent phases, w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Up to now, seven meetings have been held:
* ACEPS-1, November 15–17, 2006, Kyoto, Japan
* ACEPS-2, October 21–23, 2007, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
* ACEPS-3, November, 2008, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
* ACEPS-4, November 8–12, 2009, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
*... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plain RNAs may be poor immunogens, but antibodies can easily be created against RNA-protein complexes. Many autoimmune diseases see these types of antibodies. There haven't yet been reports of antibodies against siRNA bound to proteins. Some methods for siRNA delivery adjoin polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the oligonucleo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Histamine intolerance is a presumed set of adverse reactions to ingested histamine in food believed to be associated with flawed activity of DAO and HNMT enzymes. This set of reactions include cutaneous reactions (such as itching, flushing and edema), gastrointestinal symptoms (such as abdominal pain and diarrhea), res... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many of the same people who created Rosetta@home worked on Foldit. The public beta version was released in May 2008 and has 240,000 registered players.
Since 2008, Foldit has participated in Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiments, submitting its best solutions to targets b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A bloomery consists of a pit or chimney with heat-resistant walls made of earth, clay, or stone. Near the bottom, one or more pipes (made of clay or metal) enter through the side walls. These pipes, called tuyeres, allow air to enter the furnace, either by natural draught or forced with bellows or a trompe. An opening... | 8 | Metallurgy |
With GM corn being a common feedstock, it is unsurprising that some bioplastics are made from this.
Under the bioplastics manufacturing technologies there is the "plant factory" model, which uses genetically modified crops or genetically modified bacteria to optimise efficiency. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Catalysts also have a role in the unblocking of blocked isocyanates. As with regular isocyanates organometallic compounds and tertiary amines may lower the unblocking temperature. Tin compounds, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate and other metal compounds are effective deblocking catalysts. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The visual cycle can be regulated by the retinal G-protein-coupled Receptor (RGR-opsin) system. When light activates the RGR-opsin, the recycling of chromophore in the RPE is accelerated. This mechanism provides additional chromophore after intense bleaches, and can be seen as an important mechanism in the early phase... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An insulator is a type of cis-regulatory element known as a long-range regulatory element. Found in multicellular eukaryotes and working over distances from the promoter element of the target gene, an insulator is typically 300 bp to 2000 bp in length. Insulators contain clustered binding sites for sequence specific DN... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The FDA estimated that in 2011, over 23 million outpatient prescriptions for fluoroquinolones, of which levofloxacin made up 28%, were filled in the United States. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Born in Leith, Thomas Anderson graduated from the University of Edinburgh with a medical doctorate in 1841. Having developed an interest in chemistry during his medical studies, he then spent several years studying chemistry in Europe, including spells under Jöns Jakob Berzelius in Sweden and Justus von Liebig in Germa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As a result of the Manhattan Project, the United States government needed ready access to uranium. Many different techniques in leaching were quickly employed at a large scale. Both synthetic resins and organic solvents were used early on to extract uranium. Ultimately, the use of organic solvents was less tedious comp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The occurrence of amorphous phases turned out to be a phenomenon of particular interest for the studying of thin-film growth. The growth of polycrystalline films is often used and preceded by an initial amorphous layer, the thickness of which may amount to only a few nm. The most investigated example is represented by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
First, the model tries to predict where an atom would land on a surface and its rate at particular environmental conditions, such as temperature and vapor pressure. In order to land on a surface, atoms have to overcome the so-called activation energy barrier. The frequency of passing through the activation barrier can ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rho-related GTPases from plants, otherwise known as ROPs, are involved in cell polarity through the regulation of cytoskeleton components like actin and microtubules. Unlike mammalian cells, plant cells do not contain heterotrimeric G proteins like Cdc42, Rac, and Rho that are known to regulate cellular polarity.
__TOC... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several different theories have been proposed to explain the formation of Liesegang rings. The chemist Wilhelm Ostwald in 1897 proposed a theory based on the idea that a precipitate is not formed immediately upon the concentration of the ions exceeding a solubility product, but a region of supersaturation occurs first... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of reactants have been mixed. For an acid-base reaction the equivalence point is where the moles of acid and the moles of base would neutralize each other according to the chemical reaction. Th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Glycosyltransferases (GTFs, Gtfs) are enzymes (EC 2.4) that establish natural glycosidic linkages. They catalyze the transfer of saccharide moieties from an activated nucleotide sugar (also known as the "glycosyl donor") to a nucleophilic glycosyl acceptor molecule, the nucleophile of which can be oxygen- carbon-, nitr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Type II MAPs are found exclusively in nerve cells in mammals. These are the most well studied MAPs—MAP2 and tau (MAPT)—which participate in determining the structure of different parts of nerve cells, with MAP2 being found mostly in dendrites and tau in the axon. These proteins have a conserved C-terminal microtubule-b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The combination of piperacillin and tazobactam, commonly branded as Zosyn, improves their overall bactericidal activity as amino-benzylpenicillins and ureidopencillins work synergistically with β-lactamase inhibitors. Concurrent use or unregulated dosages of piperacillin results in increasing levels of piperacillin wit... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
More precise measurement techniques developed in the late 1990s have allowed for a good understanding of how dissolved organic carbon is distributed in marine environments both vertically and across the surface. It is now understood that dissolved organic carbon in the ocean spans a range from very labile to very recal... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A novel input representation has been developed consisting of a combination of sparse encoding, Blosum encoding, and input derived from hidden Markov models. this method predicts T-cell epitopes for the genome of hepatitis C virus and discuss possible applications of the prediction method to guide the process of ration... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Combined gas law or General Gas Equation is obtained by combining Boyles Law, Charless law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It shows the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed mass of gas:
This can also be written as:
With the addition of Avogadro's law, the combined gas law develops into the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If suitably designed, general ventilation can also be used as a control of airborne dust. General ventilation can often help reduce skin and clothing contamination, and dust deposition on surfaces. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*Bio: Shortened form of Biology; refers to usage of bacteria.
*Hydro: Term referring to the usage of water; process occurs in aqueous environments
*Metallurgy: A process involving the separating and refining of metals from other substances;
*Bioleaching: Using biological agents (bacteria) to extract metals or soils; ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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