text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
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*phenylalanine racemase
*phenylalanine racemase (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolysing)
*gramicidin S synthetase I | 1 | Biochemistry |
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends definitions for several classes of chain-growth polymerization. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Guinier–Preston zone, or GP-zone, is a fine-scale metallurgical phenomenon, involving early stage precipitation.
GP-zones are associated with the phenomenon of age hardening, whereby room-temperature reactions continue to occur within a material through time, resulting in changing physical properties. In particular, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cannon has conducted research in the field of mammalian thermogenesis. Her research portfolio includes 185 original articles, as well as 125 invited review articles and book chapters. Notably, she authored a fundamental review on brown adipose tissue function in Physiological Reviews and a paradigm-changing review arti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The NPIS operates a 24-hour telephone advice service and internet database TOXBASE ([http://www.toxbase.org www.toxbase.org] for registered healthcare departments only). TOXBASE is free for UK NHS departments, and available by subscription to departments outside the UK NHS. The TOXBASE app is also available for Apple a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A structurally complete leaf of an angiosperm consists of a petiole (leaf stalk), a lamina (leaf blade), stipules (small structures located to either side of the base of the petiole) and a sheath. Not every species produces leaves with all of these structural components. The proximal stalk or petiole is called a stipe ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
It has recently been found that Acinetobacter sp. also show quorum sensing activity. This bacterium, an emerging pathogen, produces AHLs. Acinetobacter sp. shows both quorum sensing and quorum quenching activity. It produces AHLs and can also degrade the AHL molecules. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The G1 algorithm produces a numerical derivative that has the shape of a bell curve, this derivative obeys to certain laws, for example the G1 derivative of a cyclic voltammogram is mirrored at the abscissa as long as the electrochemical reaction is diffusion controlled, the planar diffusion approximation can be applie... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Imprelis is a selective herbicide created by DuPont. The active ingredient is aminocyclopyrachlor, a synthetic auxin.
Imprelis was registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency for sale in October 2010. Sale of Imprelis was voluntarily suspended a week before the EPA required sales stopped. DuPont ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Superose is a trade name for a collection of FPLC columns which are used in the automated separation of biological molecules. The different columns provided can separate a variety of macromolecules, ranging from small peptides and polysaccharides to DNA strands and entire viruses. The material inside the column is agar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Melt inclusions have been imaged in three dimensions using X-ray microtomography. This method can be used to determine the dimensions of different phases present in melt inclusions more precisely than by using visible light microscopy. | 9 | Geochemistry |
In formal mathematical presentations of T-symmetry, three different kinds of notation for T need to be carefully distinguished: the T that is an involution, capturing the actual reversal of the time coordinate, the T that is an ordinary finite dimensional matrix, acting on spinors and vectors, and the T that is an oper... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Introns are the parts of a gene that are transcribed into the precursor RNA sequence, but ultimately removed by RNA splicing during the processing to mature RNA. Introns are found in both types of genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. They are present in prokaryotes but they are much more common in eukaryoti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent algae blooms in Lake Erie have been fed primarily by agricultural runoff and have led to warnings for some people in Canada and Ohio not to drink their water. The International Joint Commission has called on United States and Canada to drastically reduce phosphorus loads into Lake Erie to address the threat. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*"Theory of thermal unimolecular reactions in the fall-off range. II. Weak collision rate constants". RG Gilbert, K Luther, J Troe, Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem, 87, 169–77 (1982)
::(How the pressure dependence of a major class of chemical reactions can be fitted and extrapolated; widely used in atmospheric and combustion m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Dahms pathway starts as the Weimberg pathway but the 2-keto-3 deoxy-xylonate is split by an aldolase to pyruvate and glycolaldehyde. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An ironmaster is the manager, and usually owner, of a forge or blast furnace for the processing of iron. It is a term mainly associated with the period of the Industrial Revolution, especially in Great Britain.
The ironmaster was usually a large-scale entrepreneur and thus an important member of a community. He would h... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sedimentation field flow fractionation (SFFF) is a non-destructive separation technique which can be used for both separation, and collecting fractions. Some applications of SFFF include characterization of particle size of latex materials for adhesives, coatings and paints, colloidal silica for binders, coatings and c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Triplet fluorenylidene reacts with olefins in a stepwise fashion to produce a racemic mixture, provided that the rate of spin inversion (intersystem crossing) is not significantly faster than rates of intermediate bond rotation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The curve is usually best described by a sigmoid plot, using a formula of the kind:
A hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules in a reversible method.
The shape of the curve results from the interaction of bound oxygen molecules with incoming molecules. The binding of the first molecule is difficult. Ho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A monovalent ion requires 1 electron for discharge, a divalent ion requires 2 electrons for discharge and so on. Thus, if electrons flow, atoms are discharged.
Thus, the mass discharged is
where
* is the Avogadro constant;
* is the total charge, equal to the number of electrons () times the elementary charge ;
* i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The melting temperature of the amplicon at which the two DNA strands come apart is entirely predictable. It is dependent on the sequence of the DNA bases. If you are comparing two samples from two different people, they should give exactly the same shaped melt curve. However, if one person has a mutation in the DNA re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polypeptides have an N-terminus and a C-terminus, which refer to the ends of the polymer in a way that reflects the direction in which the polymer was synthesized. The chronological sequence of each amino acid sub-unit is the basis for directionality notation in polypeptides; a given protein can be represented as its s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are two classes of receptors for neurotrophins: p75 and the "Trk" family of Tyrosine kinases receptors. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A tetrasaccharide is a carbohydrate which gives upon hydrolysis four molecules of the same or different monosaccharides. For example, stachyose upon hydrolysis gives one molecule each of glucose and fructose and two molecules of galactose. The general formula of a tetrasaccharide is typically CHO. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gold(III) bromide is a dark-red to black crystalline solid. It has the empirical formula , but exists primarily as a dimer with the molecular formula in which two gold atoms are bridged by two bromine atoms. It is commonly referred to as gold(III) bromide, gold tribromide, and rarely but traditionally auric bromide, a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A macromonomer is a macromolecule with one end-group that enables it to act as a monomer. Macromonomers will contribute a single monomeric unit to a chain of the completed macromolecule.
Several macromonomers have been successfully synthesized utilizing various methods such as controlled radical polymerization (CRP) an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sonoporation, or cellular sonication, is the use of sound in the ultrasonic range for increasing the permeability of the cell plasma membrane. This technique is usually used in molecular biology and non-viral gene therapy in order to allow uptake of large molecules such as DNA into the cell, in a cell disruption proces... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The data is presented to the user with a strong emphasis on the relation to curated background information and underlying evidence that led to the observation of a terminus, its modification or proteolytic cleavage. In brief the protein information, its domain structure, protein termini, terminus modifications and prot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metabolic imprinting refers to the long-term physiological and metabolic effects that an offsprings prenatal and postnatal environments have on them. Perinatal nutrition has been identified as a significant factor in determining an offsprings likelihood of it being predisposed to developing cardiovascular disease, obes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA is notoriously unstable and vulnerable to ribonucleases, which has thus been an obstacle to the production and analysis of the cellular transcriptome. First referenced by Berger et al., the substance was used to prevent the digestion of RNA during isolation from white blood cells, and was rapidly adopted for such p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It can be prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of antimony pentachloride:
:CCl + 2HF CClF + 2HCl
This reaction can also produce trichlorofluoromethane (CClF), chlorotrifluoromethane (CClF) and tetrafluoromethane (CF). | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Prior to the availability of sensitive TSH assays, thyrotropin releasing hormone or TRH stimulation tests were relied upon for confirming and assessing the degree of suppression
in suspected hyperthyroidism. Typically, this stimulation test involves determining basal
TSH levels and levels 15 to 30 minutes after an intr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A molecular logic gate is a molecule that performs a logical operation based on one or more physical or chemical inputs and a single output. The field has advanced from simple logic systems based on a single chemical or physical input to molecules capable of combinatorial and sequential operations such as arithmetic op... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
G protein can refer to two distinct families of proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins, sometimes referred to as the "large" G proteins, are activated by G protein-coupled receptors and are made up of alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) subunits. "Small" G proteins (20-25kDa) belong to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solutions of methanesulfonic acid are used for the electroplating of tin and tin-lead solders. It is displacing the use of fluoroboric acid, which releases corrosive and volatile hydrogen fluoride.
Methanesulfonic acid is also a primary ingredient in rust and scale removers. It is used to clean off surface rust from ce... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bis(trimethylsilyl)mercury (CH)Si-Hg-Si(CH) reacts with chloro-iminium and chloro-amidinium salts to give a metal-free carbene and elemental mercury. For example:
:(CH)Si−Hg−Si(CH) + RN=C(Cl)−Cl → RN−C−NR + Hg + 2(CH)SiCl | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
From the formation of the Roman Empire, Rome was an almost completely closed economy, not reliant on imports although exotic goods from India and China (such as gems, silk and spices) were highly prized (Shepard 1993). Through the recovery of Roman coins and ingots throughout the ancient world (Hughes 1980), metallurg... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Receptor proteins on the cell surface have the ability to bind specific signaling molecules secreted by other cells. Cell signaling allows cells to communicate with adjacent cells, nearby cells (paracrine) and even distant cells (endocrine). This binding induces a conformational change in the receptor which, in turn, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Interpolymer complexes can be prepared either by mixing complementary polymers in solutions or by matrix (template) polymerisation. It is also possible to prepare IPCs at liquid-liquid interfaces or at solid or soft surfaces. Usually the structure of IPCs formed will depend on many factors, including the nature of inte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of forams have been cited to have different coiling directions in response to surface temperature. Globierina pachyderma, for example, exhibits dominant population of right coiling direction in cold water vs. left in warm water, and the ratio of these two forms have been utilized to estimate paleotemperature. ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
To effect dual activation by a single metal, the same metal species that activates the enolate also interacts with the alkyne. Though the precise mechanisms are poorly understood and likely vary from case to case, metals such as In, Zn, Fe, and Cu are proposed to operate via this mode. One reaction system thought to pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together. This happens in presence of a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not miscible with the first one. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force bal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the Conception Bay in Newfoundland, Southeastern coast of Canada, a series of Pre-Cambrian to Cambrian-linked volcanic rocks were silicified. The rocks mainly consist of rhyolitic and basaltic flows, with crystal tuffs and breccia interbedded. Regional silicification was taken place as a preliminary alteration proce... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The bacteria R-M system has been proposed as a model for devising human anti-viral gene or genomic vaccines and therapies since the RM system serves an innate defense-role in bacteria by restricting tropism of bacteriophages. Research is on REases and ZFN that can cleave the DNA of various human viruses, including HSV-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A number of techniques exist to quantitatively analyze metallographic specimens. These techniques are valuable in the research and production of all metals and alloys and non-metallic or composite materials.
Microstructural quantification is performed on a prepared, two-dimensional plane through the three-dimensional ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The invariance of a Hamiltonian of an isolated system under time translation implies its energy does not change with the passage of time. Conservation of energy implies, according to the Heisenberg equations of motion, that .
or:
Where is the time-translation operator which implies invariance of the Hamiltonian under... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The diagram shows a ceramic crucible with a steel cylinder suspended within. Both cathode (C) and anode (A) are made of iron or nickel. The temperature is cooler at the bottom and hotter at the top so that the sodium hydroxide is solid in the neck (B) and liquid in the body of the vessel. Sodium metal forms at the cath... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The ISASMELT process began with the invention in 1973 of the Sirosmelt lance by Drs Bill Denholm and John Floyd at the CSIRO. The lance was developed as a result of investigations into improved tin-smelting processes, in which it was found that the use of a top-entry submerged lance would result in greater heat transfe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bounded by impoundments (an impoundment is a dam), these dams typically use "local materials" including the tailings themselves, and may be considered embankment dams. Traditionally, the only option for tailings storage was to contain the tailings slurry with locally available earthen materials. This slurry is a dilute... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For more details on this topic, see flow cytometry
Since the optical identity of each microsphere is known, the quantification of target samples hybridized to the microspheres can be achieved by comparing the relative intensity of target markers in one set of microspheres to target markers in another set of microsphere... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of N-terminal Fmoc protection allows for a milder deprotection scheme than used for Boc/Bzl SPPS, and this protection scheme is truly orthogonal under SPPS conditions. Fmoc deprotection utilizes a base, typically 20–50% piperidine in DMF. The exposed amine is therefore neutral, and consequently no neutralizatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some of the most notable contributors to the Corrosion Engineering discipline include among others:
* Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
* Marcel Pourbaix (1904–1998)
* Herbert H. Uhlig (1907–1993)
* Ulick Richardson Evans (1889–1980)
* Mars Guy Fontana (1910–1988)
* Melvin Romanoff ( -1970) | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ground-state depletion occurs when the pump beam sends the electron into an excited state. However, unlike in ESA, the probe beam cannot send an electron into a secondary excited state. Instead, it sends remaining electrons from the ground state to the first excited state. However, since the pump beam has decreased the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rosenkranz was a world-class bridge player and one of the most successful in Mexico. He won 12 NABC-level events at thrice-annual North American Bridge Championships meets, including all four major titles: the Grand Nationals, Reisinger, Spingold and Vanderbilt. In world championship teams competition, he represented... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Yoon's research lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison focuses on developing new reaction methods for organic synthesis, especially those involving transition metal photochemistry, stereocontrolling, and dual catalysis.
Overview
In particular, Yoons group aims to leverage the ability of visible light–absorbing tran... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For its main use as a fertilizer urea is mostly marketed in solid form, either as prills or granules. Prills are solidified droplets, whose production predates satisfactory urea granulation processes. Prills can be produced more cheaply than granules, but the limited size of prills (up to about 2.1 mm in diameter), the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transposable elements (transposons, TEs, jumping genes) are short strands of repetitive DNA that can self-replicate and translocate within the eukaryotic genome, and are generally perceived as parasitic in nature. Their transcription can lead to the production of dsRNAs (double-stranded RNAs), which resemble retrovirus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One proposed mechanism for Müllerian mimicry is the "two step hypothesis". This states that a large mutational leap initially establishes an approximate resemblance of the mimic to the model, both species already being aposematic. In a second step, smaller changes establish a closer resemblance. This is only likely to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In October 2006, Taiwan banned ractopamine along with other beta-adrenergic agonists. In a 2012 climb-down, its legislature passed amendments to its Act Governing Food Sanitation, authorising government agencies to set safety standards for ractopamine. The Taiwanese Department of Health ultimately established an MRL of... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Atmospheric Methane Removal is a category of potential approaches being researched to accelerate the breakdown of methane once in the atmosphere to mitigate some of the impacts of climate change.
Different methods to remove methane from the atmosphere include thermal-catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, biolo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A broad range of enzymes including DNA ligase, DNA polymerase and nucleases have been employed to generate high-fidelity SNP genotyping methods. | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to the Poisson summation formula:
is a reciprocal lattice vector of the periodic potential and is the volume of its unit cell. By comparison of (3) and (4), we find that the Laue equation must be satisfied for scattering to occur:
(5) is a statement of the conservation of crystal momentum. Particles scatter... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amoxicillin was one of several semisynthetic derivatives of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) developed by the Beecham Group in the 1960s. It was invented by Anthony Alfred Walter Long and John Herbert Charles Nayler, two British scientists. It became available in 1972 and was the second aminopenicillin to reach the ma... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Plants also have receptors that can cause a response to chitin, namely chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 and chitin elicitor-binding protein. The first chitin receptor was cloned in 2006. When the receptors are activated by chitin, genes related to plant defense are expressed, and jasmonate hormones are activated, wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transcription begins with the RNA polymerase and one or more general transcription factors binding to a DNA promoter sequence to form an RNA polymerase-promoter closed complex. In the closed complex, the promoter DNA is still fully double-stranded.
RNA polymerase, assisted by one or more general transcription factors, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
François Stanislas Cloez (24 June 1817 – 12 October 1883) was a French chemist, who authored both as "F. S. Cloez" and "S. Cloez", and is known for his pioneering role in analytical chemistry during the 19th century. He was a founder and later president of the Chemistry Society of France.
In 1851, Cloez and Italian che... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The configuration index consists of two digits which are the priority numbers of the ligands on the threefold rotation axis. The lowest numerical value is cited first. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In a solution that decreases in acidity, methyl orange moves from the color red to orange and finally to yellow with the opposite occurring for a solution increasing in acidity. This color change from yellow to red occurs because the protons in the acidic solution react with the N=N bond of the molecule, protonating on... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Gel extraction kits are available from several major biotech manufacturers for a final cost of approximately 1–2 US$ per sample.
Protocols included in these kits generally call for the dissolution of the gel-slice in 3 volumes of chaotropic agent at 50 °C, followed by application of the solution to a spin-column (the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As opposed to DNA gene editing techniques (e.g., using CRISPR-Cas proteins to make modifications directly to a defective gene), LEAPER targets editing messenger RNA (mRNA) for the same gene which is transcribed into a protein. Post-transcriptional RNA modification typically involves the strategy of converting adenosine... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The applications of DCP are comparable to inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Some applications include, but are not limited to:
* identification of boron in tissues and cells
* analysis of trace metals in cows
* synthesis of carbon nanofibers
Figure 2 shows DCP being used to grow carbon nanofibers. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Coexpression networks are data-derived representations of genes behaving in a similar way across tissues and experimental conditions. Their main purpose lies in hypothesis generation and guilt-by-association approaches for inferring functions of previously unknown genes. RNA-Seq data has been used to infer genes involv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another example is [Co(HO)]. Note that the ligand is the same as the last example. Here the cobalt ion has the oxidation state of +2, and it is a d ion. From the high-spin (left) side of the d Tanabe–Sugano diagram, the ground state is T(F), and the spin multiplicity is a quartet. The diagram shows that there are thre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In iron ore smelting, haematite gets reduced at the top of the furnace, where temperature is in the range 600 – 700 °C. The Ellingham diagram indicates that in this range carbon monoxide acts as a stronger reducing agent than carbon since the process
:2 CO + → 2
has a more-negative free energy change than the proce... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sigma hole interactions exhibit a strong preference for linearity. Theoretical studies have shown that the interaction is most stabilizing when the negative site is colinear with the bond that gives rise to the sigma hole. As the angle between this bond and the sigma hole interaction is decreased, the strength of the i... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In chemistry, ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of opposite electric charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity. Ion associates are classified, according to the number of ions that associate with each other, as ion pairs, ion triplets, etc. Ion pairs are also classified accor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
BTO draws upon the comprehensive enzyme specific data of the BRENDA enzyme information system. Presently (October 2019) 112,200 enzyme-organism-tissue specific data from more than 11,000 proteins are stored in BRENDA. These entries were manually annotated from more than 150,000 different literature references. All term... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ideal gas law follows from the van der Waals equation whenever is sufficiently large (or correspondingly whenever the molar density, , is sufficiently small), Specifically
* when , then is numerically indistinguishable from ,
* and when , then is numerically indistinguishable from .
Putting these two approximati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alkylation reactions of chiral (S)-1-amino-2-methoxymethylpyrrolidine (SAMP) and (R)-1-amino-2-methoxymethylpyrrolidine (RAMP) hydrazones were developed by Dieter Enders and E.J. Corey. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dicumyl peroxide is relatively stable compound owing to the steric protection provided by the several substituents adjacent to the peroxide group. Upon heating, it breaks down by homolysis of the relatively weak O-O bond. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to Agnes Arber's partial-shoot theory of the leaf, leaves are partial shoots, being derived from leaf primordia of the shoot apex. Early in development they are dorsiventrally flattened with both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Compound leaves are closer to shoots than simple leaves. Developmental studies have s... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ultraviolet-sensitive beads (UV beads) are beads that are colorful in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet rays are present in sunlight and light from various artificial sources and can cause sunburn or skin cancer. The color change in the beads alerts the wearer to the presence of the radiation.
When c... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules (or the pericyclic selection rules) are a set of rules devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann to rationalize or predict certain aspects of the stereochemistry and activation energy of pericyclic reactions, an important class of reactions in organic chemistry. The rules originate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Chen-Kao test is performed by creating an acidic solution of the compound to be tested and adding dilute Copper (II) Sulfate and Sodium hydroxide solutions.<br />The procedure is as follows:
#Place small amount of material to be tested on a spot plate.
#Add 2 drops of reagent A
#Add 2 drops of reagent B
#Add 2 drop... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lovelock has suggested that global biological feedback mechanisms could evolve by natural selection, stating that organisms that improve their environment for their survival do better than those that damage their environment. However, in the early 1980s, W. Ford Doolittle and Richard Dawkins separately argued against t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
With the proliferation of PDRC development, many proposed radiative cooling materials are not biodegradable. As per Park et al., "sustainable materials for radiative cooling have not been sufficiently investigated."
* Park et al. (2022), eco-friendly porous polymer structure via thermally induced phase separation, sola... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spiro structures contain chiral molecules with no say asymmetric center. The rings of a spiro structure lie at right angles to each other. It's important to note that the mirror images of spiro structures are non-superimposable and are enantiomers. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ammonia volatilization reduces the economic efficiency of agricultural cropping systems. Either yield will be reduced or additional costs will be incurred from additional nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of ammonia volatilization depends on several environmental factors, including temperature, pH, and the soil water co... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Dispersants can be delivered in aerosolized form by an aircraft or boat. Sufficient dispersant with droplets in the proper size are necessary; this can be achieved with an appropriate pumping rate. Droplets larger than 1,000 µm are preferred, to ensure they are not blown away by the wind. The ratio of dispersant to oil... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The electron distribution around an atom or molecule undergoes fluctuations in time. These fluctuations create instantaneous electric fields which are felt by other nearby atoms and molecules, which in turn adjust the spatial distribution of their own electrons. The net effect is that the fluctuations in electron posit... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A common method of quantitative nitrite detection is the Griess test, which relies on the reaction of nitrite with the two components of a Griess reagent to form a red azo dye. This allows the concentration of nitrite to be determined by UV-vis spectroscopy. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Positive and negative controls should be run after preparation of each lot of medium.
Positive control: Klebsiella
Negative control: Escherichia coli | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Non-stop decay (NSD) is a cellular mechanism of mRNA surveillance to detect mRNA molecules lacking a stop codon and prevent these mRNAs from translation. The non-stop decay pathway releases ribosomes that have reached the far 3' end of an mRNA and guides the mRNA to the exosome complex, or to RNase R in bacteria for se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NANOG is highly expressed in cancer stem cells and may thus function as an oncogene to promote carcinogenesis. High expression of NANOG correlates with poor survival in cancer patients.
Recent research has shown that the localization of NANOG and other transcription factors have potential consequences on cellular funct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are drugs, called depolarization blocking agents, that cause prolonged depolarization by opening channels responsible for depolarization and not allowing them to close, preventing repolarization. Examples include the nicotinic agonists, suxamethonium and decamethonium. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As illustrated to the right, tholins are thought to form in nature through a chain of chemical reactions known as pyrolysis and radiolysis. This begins with the dissociation and ionization of molecular nitrogen () and methane () by energetic particles and solar radiation. This is followed by the formation of ethylene, ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Gene knock-in originated as a slight modification of the original knockout technique developed by Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies, and Mario Capecchi. Traditionally, knock-in techniques have relied on homologous recombination to drive targeted gene replacement, although other methods using a transposon-mediated system to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this example, the following sequence is a region of the human mitochondrial genome with the two overlapping genes MT-ATP8 and MT-ATP6.
When read from the beginning, these codons make sense to a ribosome and can be translated into amino acids (AA) under the vertebrate mitochondrial code:
|Start|AAC GAA AAT CTG TTC G... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This test calls for a sample of the material in question to be placed in an airtight container with three coupons of different metals—silver, lead, and copper—that are not touching each other or the sample of the material. The container is sealed with a small amount of de-ionized water to maintain a high humidity, the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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