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The theory behind experimental archaeology comes from the new archaeology technique of the 1950s to use modern day examples in the form of experiments and ethnologies as analogues to past processes. Experimental archaeometallurgy is considered a part of general experimental archaeology and is rarely separated in the li... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Yttrium is a soft, silver-metallic, lustrous and highly crystalline transition metal in group 3. As expected by periodic trends, it is less electronegative than its predecessor in the group, scandium, and less electronegative than the next member of period 5, zirconium. However, due to the lanthanide contraction, it is... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Free energies in the presence of small amplitude fluctuations, e.g. in concentration, can be evaluated using an approximation introduced by Ginzburg and Landau to describe magnetic field gradients in superconductors. This approach allows one to approximate the free energy as an expansion in terms of the concentration g... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbohydrate NMR spectroscopy is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to structural and conformational analysis of carbohydrates. This method allows the scientists to elucidate structure of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates and other carbohydrate derivatives... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Borane–tetrahydrofuran is an adduct derived from borane and tetrahydrofuran (THF). These solutions, which are colorless, are used for reductions and hydroboration, reactions that are useful in synthesis of organic compounds. The use of borane–tetrahydrofuran has been displaced by borane–dimethylsulfide, which has a lo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
LFTs derive from paper chromatography, which was developed in 1943 by Martin and Synge, and elaborated in 1944 by Consden, Gordon and Martin. There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945. The ELISA technology was developed in 1971. A set of LFT patents, including the litigated US 6,485,982 described belo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bronze Age goldwork is marked by an elegant simplicity of design and fine execution, with decoration usually restricted to relatively simple geometric patterns such as parallel lines, chevron, zig-zag and circular patterns, often extremely small and perfectly executed, especially in Ireland, as can be seen by enlarging... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In contrast to the rarity of Möbius aromatic ground state molecular systems, there are many examples of pericyclic transition states that exhibit Möbius aromaticity. The classification of a pericyclic transition state as either Möbius or Hückel topology determines whether 4N or 4N + 2 electrons are required to make the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photocyclization can be used as the final step of a sequence to generate a fused aromatic ring at a benzylic position. After benzylic bromization with N-bromosuccinimide, transformation to the phosphonium salt, and a Wittig reaction with anaromatic aldehyde, photocyclization fuses the aromatic rings. Iteration of this ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Compounds that were historically given the formulae REAlB and REB have the MgAlB structure with an orthorhombic symmetry and space group Imma (No. 74). In this structure, rare-earth atoms enter the Mg site. Aluminium sites are empty for REB. Both metal sites of REAlB structure have partial occupancies of about 60–70%, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable semiconductor device. The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of a solar cell, and give guidance on the phenomena that co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Studies have shown that deletion of KAP1 in mice before gastrulation results in death (implicating it as a necessary protein for proliferation) while deletion in adult mice results in increased anxiety and stress-induced alterations in learning and memory. KAP1 has been shown to participate in the maintenance of pluri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The simplest monoalkene is ethene. Many complexes of ethene are known, including Zeise's salt (see figure), RhCl(CH), Cp*Ti(CH), and the homoleptic Ni(CH). Substituted monoalkene include the cyclic cyclooctene, as found in chlorobis(cyclooctene)rhodium dimer. Alkenes with electron-withdrawing groups commonly bind stron... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Peptide plane flipping is a type of conformational change that can occur in proteins by which the dihedral angles of adjacent amino acids undergo large-scale rotations with little displacement of the side chains. The plane flip is defined as a rotation of the dihedral angles φ,ψ at amino acids i and i+1 such that the r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A P1-derived artificial chromosome, or PAC, is a DNA construct derived from the DNA of P1 bacteriophages and Bacterial artificial chromosome. It can carry large amounts (about 100–300 kilobases) of other sequences for a variety of bioengineering purposes in bacteria. It is one type of the efficient cloning vector used ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The technique initially incubates a small amount of abnormal prion with an excess of normal protein, so that some conversion takes place. The growing chain of misfolded protein is then blasted with ultrasound, breaking it down into smaller chains and so rapidly increasing the amount of abnormal protein available to cau... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The yeast mediator complex is approximately as massive as a small subunit of a eukaryotic ribosome. The yeast mediator is composed of 25 subunits, while the mammalian mediator complexes are slightly larger. Mediator can be divided into 4 main parts: The head, middle, tail, and the transiently associated CDK8 kinase mod... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alkylating agents are a type of chemotherapeutic drug which keeps the cell from undergoing mitosis by damaging its DNA. They work in all phases of the cell cycle. The use of alkylating agents may result in leukemia due to them being able to target the cells of the bone marrow. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isocyanates also can react with themselves. Aliphatic diisocyanates can trimerise to from substituted isocyanuric acid groups. This can be seen in the formation of polyisocyanurate resins (PIR) which are commonly used as rigid thermal insulation. Isocyanates participate in Diels–Alder reactions, functioning as dienophi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Other lake constituents can influence lake metabolic rates including CO concentration, pH, salinity, and silica, among others. CO can be a limiting (or co-limiting along with other nutrients) resource for primary productivity and can promote more intense phytoplankton blooms. Some algal species, such as chrysophytes, m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the enthalpy and entropy are roughly constant as temperature varies over a certain range, then the Van 't Hoff plot is approximately linear when plotted over that range. However, in some cases the enthalpy and entropy do change dramatically with temperature. A first-order approximation is to assume that the two diff... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This complex is used as an indicator in analytical chemistry. The active ingredient is the [Fe(o-phen)] ion, which is a chromophore that can be oxidized to the ferric derivative [Fe(o-phen)]. The potential for this redox change is +1.06 volts in 1 M HSO. It is a popular redox indicator for visualizing oscillatory Belo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hand boilers date back at least as early as 1767, when the American polymath Benjamin Franklin encountered them in Germany. He developed an improved version in 1768, after which they were called Franklins pulse glass or palm glass or pulse hammer (German: Pulshammer) or water hammer (German: Wasserhammer'). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosphate affinity electrophoresis utilizes an affinity probe which consists of a molecule that binds specifically to divalent phosphate ions in neutral aqueous solution, known as a "Phos-Tag". This methods also utilizes a separation gel made of an acrylamide-pendent Phos-Tag monomer that is copolymerized. Phosphorylat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The enzyme phenylalanine racemase (, phenylalanine racemase, phenylalanine racemase (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolysing), gramicidin S synthetase I) is the enzyme that acts on amino acids and derivatives. It activates both the L & D stereo isomers of phenylalanine to form L-phenylalanyl adenylate and D-phenylalanyl ade... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Relativistic heat conduction refers to the modelling of heat conduction (and similar diffusion processes) in a way compatible with special relativity. In special (and general) relativity, the usual heat equation for non-relativistic heat conduction must be modified, as it leads to faster-than-light signal propagation.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for complete structural analysis of complex glycans is a difficult and complex field. However, the structure of the binding site of numerous lectins, enzymes and other carbohydrate-binding proteins have revealed a wide variety of the structural bas... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
hnRNPs also play a role in DNA damage response in coordination with p53. hnRNP K is rapidly induced after DNA damage by ionizing radiation. It cooperates with p53 to induce the activation of p53 target genes, thus activating cell-cycle checkpoints. p53 itself is an important tumor-suppressor gene sometimes known by th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Green sulfur bacteria contain a photosystem that is analogous to PSI in chloroplasts:
P840 → P840 → ferredoxin → NADH
cyt c ← bc ← menaquinol
There are two pathways of electron transfer. In cyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophy... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates. With a degree in this discipline, the graduate is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrophilic fluorinating reagents could in principle operate by electron transfer pathways or an S2 attack at fluorine. This distinction has not been decided. By using a charge-spin separated probe, it was possible to show that the electrophilic fluorination of stilbenes with Selectfluor proceeds through an SET/fluor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ethylene – π
In the most simple linear π systems, bonding to metals takes place by two interactions. Electron density is donated directly to the metal like a sigma bond would be formed. Also, the metal can donate electron density back to the linear π system (ethylene) from the metal's d orbital to the empty π* orbital ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemisph... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Heat capacity is a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to an object to the resulting temperature change. The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit amount (SI unit: mole) of a pure substance, and the specific heat capacity, often called simply specific heat, is the heat capacity... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A formerly unknown derivative of palytoxin, ovatoxin-a, produced as a marine aerosol by the tropical dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata caused hundreds of people in Genoa, Italy, to fall ill. In 2005 and 2006 blooms of these algae occurred in the Mediterranean sea. All those affected needed hospitalization. Symptoms were ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is a soft ionization method in mass spectrometry (MS) used for the analysis of protein mixtures. It is a variation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). In MALDI, the sample is mixed with a matrix material and applied to a metal plate before irradia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rosin fluxes are categorized by grades of activity: L for low, M for moderate, and H for high. There are also other abbreviations for different rosin flux grades:
* R (Rosin) – pure rosin, no activators, low activity, mildest
* WW (water-white) – purest rosin grade, no activators, low activity, sometimes synonymous wit... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Examples of simple tests are shown below that rely on the production of the molybdenum blue colour either due to reduction:
*tests for Sn(II) and Sb(III)
*tests for organic reducing agents
or by detection of the heteroatom
*silicate
*phosphate
Dittmer's spray reagent for phospholipids is used in thin layer chromatograp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Uncompahgre Ute indigenous people from Central Colorado are one of the first documented groups of people in the world credited with the application of mechanoluminescence involving the use of quartz crystals to generate light. The Ute constructed unique ceremonial rattles made from buffalo rawhide which they fille... | 5 | Photochemistry |
(AD 900–1500)
Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment
#Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas
#El Paredón, Chiapas
#Polol, Guatemala
#Santa Rita Corozal, Belize
#Nojpetén, Guatemala
#Tikal, Guatemala
#Yaxhá, Guatemala
#Palenque, Chiapas
#Wild Cane Cay, Belize
#Lamanai, Belize | 8 | Metallurgy |
Despite receiving considerable focus, the glycobiological literature do not contain evidence for the presence of paucimannosidic proteins within Fungi. Fungal species within this kingdom are therefore considered devoid of protein paucimannosylation and instead carry high mannosylated N-glycoproteins comprising extended... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An energy diagram can be created based on the Enthalpy of Reaction of the individual steps. The energy diagram can be used to compare homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions: Due to the high activation energy of the dissociation of nitrogen, the homogeneous gas phase reaction is not realizable. The catalyst avoids this... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molecular interactions can occur between molecules belonging to different biochemical families (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.) and also within a given family. Whenever such molecules are connected by physical interactions, they form molecular interaction networks that are generally classified by ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On 28 March 2017, Drahoš announced his intention to stand in the 2018 presidential election. On 24 April 2017, he started gathering the signatures required to be registered as a candidate. In July 2017, after meeting with Drahoš, the leaders of Populars and Mayors, Pavel Bělobrádek and Petr Gazdík, announced that they ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The reactions in this category behave like a clock reaction, however they are irreproducible, unpredictable and hard to control. Examples are chlorite/thiosulfate and iodide/chlorite reactions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The metal-carbon bond in organometallic compounds is generally highly covalent. For highly electropositive elements, such as lithium and sodium, the carbon ligand exhibits carbanionic character, but free carbon-based anions are extremely rare, an example being cyanide.
Most organometallic compounds are solids at room t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The M and H subunits are encoded by two different genes:
* The M subunit is encoded by LDHA, located on chromosome 11p15.4 ().
* The H subunit is encoded by LDHB, located on chromosome 12p12.2-p12.1 ().
* A third isoform, LDHC or LDHX, is expressed only in the testis (); its gene is likely a duplicate of LDHA and is al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
"Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of a mixture from wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog, cloudwater, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic components. Distilled water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Many problems in the chemical and physical sciences can be related to packing problems where more than one size of sphere is available. Here there is a choice between separating the spheres into regions of close-packed equal spheres, or combining the multiple sizes of spheres into a compound or interstitial packing. Wh... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane. Protons can be physically moved across a membrane, as seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV. The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction. The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hydrogen cycle consists of hydrogen exchanges between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) sources and sinks of hydrogen-containing compounds.
Hydrogen (H) is the most abundant element in the universe. On Earth, common H-containing inorganic molecules include water (HO), hydrogen gas (H), hydrogen sulfide (HS),... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Exciplexes provide one of the three dynamic mechanisms by which fluorescence is quenched. A regular exciplex has some charge-transfer (CT) character, and in the extreme case there are distinct radical ions with unpaired electrons. If the unpaired electrons can spin-pair to form a covalent bond, then the covalent bondin... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In cell adhesion laminin-111 and other isoforms are important proteins that anchor cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The linkage between cells and the ECM is formed by binding cell surface receptors to one end of the laminin α chain and binding ECM components to another region of the laminin. Globular domains (G... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Trimethylenemethane is a neutral, four-carbon molecule composed of four pi bonds; thus, it must be expressed either as a non-Kekulé molecule or a zwitterion. The orbital energy levels of TMM reveal that it possesses singlet and triplet states; generally, these states exhibit different reactivity and selectivity profile... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Standard CD/DVD readers can be used to read the assays. The CD/DVD readers contain a laser, set of optical elements which shape and focus the laser, a disk driver, and a signal detector that function as follows:
# The laser produces light of a selected wavelength.
# The beam of light hits the analyte in the spots of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (such as carbon tet for short and tetrachloromethane, also recognised by the IUPAC) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CCl. It is a non-flammable, dense, colourless liquid with a "sweet" chloroform-like odour that can be detected at low levels. It was f... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Recombination hotspots are DNA sequences that increase local recombination. The HOT1 sequence in yeast is one of the most well studied mitotic recombination hotspots. The HOT1 sequence includes an RNA polymerase I transcription promoter. In a yeast mutant strain defective in RNA polymerase I the HOT1 activity in pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
STAT6 has been shown to interact with:
* CREB-binding protein,
* EP300,
* IRF4,
* NFKB1,
* Nuclear receptor coactivator 1, and
* SND1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1914-1943)
* Albert Chibnall (1943-1949)
* Frank George Young (1949-1975)
* Hans Kornberg (1975-1995)
* Tom Blundell (1995-2009)
* Gerard Evan (2009-2022)
* Laura Machesky (2022- ) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neutron activation analysis is a sensitive multi-element analytical technique used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of major, minor, trace and rare elements. NAA was discovered in 1936 by Hevesy and Levi, who found that samples containing certain rare-earth elements became highly radioactive after exposur... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A 2018 Cochrane review found that it produced moderate improvement in sleep onset and maintenance. The authors suggest that where preferred non-pharmacological treatment strategies have been exhausted, eszopiclone provides an efficient treatment for insomnia. In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration asked that the ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
It was introduced by Lyklema in “Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science”. A recent IUPAC Technical Report used this term explicitly and detailed several means of measurement in physical systems.
The Dukhin number is a ratio of the surface conductivity multiplied by particle size a:
There is another expression ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Self-assembled vesicles are essential components of primitive cells. The second law of thermodynamics requires that the universe becomes increasingly disordered (entropy), yet life is distinguished by its great degree of organization. Therefore, a boundary is needed to separate life processes from non-living matter. Th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The pressure transmitting medium is an important component in any high-pressure experiment. The medium fills the space within the sample chamber and applies the pressure being transmitted to the medium onto the sample. In a good high-pressure experiment, the medium should maintain a homogeneous distribution of pressure... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molecular Biology of the Cell is a cellular and molecular biology textbook published by W.W. Norton & Co and currently authored by Bruce Alberts, Rebecca Heald, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts and Peter Walter. The book was first published in 1983 by Garland Science and is now in its seventh edition. The molec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Symptoms of lithium toxicity can be mild, moderate, or severe.
Mild symptoms include nausea, feeling tired, and tremor occur at a level of 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L in blood serum. Moderate symptoms include confusion, an increased heart rate, and low muscle tone occur at a level of 2.5 to 3.5 mEq/L. Severe symptoms include coma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Complex metallic alloys is an umbrella term for intermetallic compounds with a relatively large unit cell. There is no precise definition of how large the unit cell of a complex metallic alloy has to be, but the broadest definition includes Zintl phases, skutterudites, and Heusler compounds on the most simple end, and... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The resting potential must be established within a cell before the cell can be depolarized. There are many mechanisms by which a cell can establish a resting potential, however there is a typical pattern of generating this resting potential that many cells follow. The generation of a negative resting potential within t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Excited-state absorption (ESA) occurs when the pump beam sends an electron into an excited state, then the probe beam sends the electron into a higher excited state. This differs from TPA primarily in the timescale over which it occurs. Since an electron can remain in an excited state for a period of nanoseconds, thus ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
UV rays also treat certain skin conditions. Modern phototherapy has been used to successfully treat psoriasis, eczema, jaundice, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, and localized scleroderma. In addition, UV light, in particular UV‑B radiation, has been shown to induce cell cycle arrest in keratinocytes, the most common type ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The National Center for Functional Glycomics offers the following services:
* Printing custom microarrays on glass slides
* Analysis of qualitative and quantitative changes in glycans associated with diseases and disorders by Glycan Reductive Isotope Labeling and mass spectrometry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Amalgamated zinc is zinc that has been surface treated with mercury to form a surface amalgam containing little contamination from other elements. It is typically used for reduction, and is written as Zn(Hg) in reactions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a manual colorimeter the cuvettes are inserted and removed by hand. An automated colorimeter (as used in an AutoAnalyzer) is fitted with a flowcell through which solution flows continuously. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quantitative single-pulse nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is a method amenable for measuring kinetic fractionation of isotopes for natural abundance KIE measurements. Pascal et al. were inspired by studies demonstrating dramatic variations of deuterium within identical compounds from different sources and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Schultz theory (after D. L. Schultz) is applicable only for very high energy solids. Again, it is similar to the theories of Owens, Wendt, Fowkes, and Wu, but is designed for a situation where conventional measurement required for those theories is impossible. In the class of solids with sufficiently high surface e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The enzymes that make and use NAD and NADH are important in both pharmacology and the research into future treatments for disease. Drug design and drug development exploits NAD in three ways: as a direct target of drugs, by designing enzyme inhibitors or activators based on its structure that change the activity of NAD... | 5 | Photochemistry |
This section explains how the saprobic index of a water body is computed according to the Zelinka & Marvan method; without adjusting for several confounding factors.
In a first iteration, the abundance A of each indicator species is counted and converted to categories ranging from 1 to 7. An abundance of 1 means that o... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Yonekura shows the steel industry was central to the economic development of Japan. The nation's sudden transformation from feudal to modern society in the late nineteenth century, its heavy industrialization and imperialist war ventures in 1900–1945, and the post-World War II high-economic growth, all depended on iron... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The 17-bp transcriptional complex has an 8-bp DNA-RNA hybrid, that is, 8 base-pairs involve the RNA transcript bound to the DNA template strand. As transcription progresses, ribonucleotides are added to the 3′ end of the RNA transcript and the RNAP complex moves along the DNA. The characteristic elongation rates in pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This phenomenon was first discovered by Dorn in 1879. He observed that a vertical electric field had developed in a suspension of glass beads in water, as the beads were settling. This was the origin of sedimentation potential, which is often referred to as the Dorn effect.
Smoluchowski built the first models to calcul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The above standard treatment of a macroscopic Bose gas is straightforward, but the inclusion of the ground state is somewhat inelegant. Another approach is to include the ground state explicitly (contributing a term in the grand potential, as in the section below), this gives rise to an unrealistic fluctuation catastro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Researchers have been using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to mimic the papillae of lotus leaves. CNT nanoforests can be made using chemical vapor deposition techniques. CNT’s can be applied on a surface to modify its water contact angle. Lau et al. created vertical CNT forests with a polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) coating tha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1934 he was appointed as professor at the University of Oslo. He is well known in the Nordic countries for his textbook Lærebok i organisk kjemi. The first modern Norwegian textbook in organic chemistry, it was first released in 1942 and then re-released several times, the last in 1964. The 1958 edition became known... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In lipidomics, the process of shotgun lipidomics (named by analogy with shotgun sequencing) uses analytical chemistry to investigate the biological function, significance, and sequelae of alterations in lipids and protein constituents mediating lipid metabolism, trafficking, or biological function in cells.
Lipidomics ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GIS in environmental contamination is the use of GIS software in mapping out the contaminants in soil and water using the spatial interpolation tools from GIS. Spatial interpolation allows for more efficient approach to remediation and monitoring of soil and water contaminants. Soil and water contamination by metals ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The formation of a disaccharide molecule from two monosaccharide molecules proceeds by displacing a hydroxy group from one molecule and a hydrogen nucleus (a proton) from the other, so that the new vacant bonds on the monosaccharides join the two monomers together. Because of the removal of the water molecule from the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
By integrating the above four data sets, CTD automatically constructs putative chemical-gene-phenotype-disease networks to illuminate molecular mechanisms underlying environmentally-influenced diseases.
These inferred relationships are statistically scored and ranked and can be used by scientists and computational biol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nucleus of deuterium is called a deuteron. It has a mass of (just over ).
The charge radius of the deuteron is .
Like the proton radius, measurements using muonic deuterium produce a smaller result: . | 9 | Geochemistry |
Lead has four stable isotopes: Pb, Pb, Pb, and Pb.
Lead is created in the Earth via decay of actinide elements, primarily uranium and thorium.
Lead isotope geochemistry is useful for providing isotopic dates on a variety of materials. Because the lead isotopes are created by decay of different transuranic elements, the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The zone plate microscope uses a zone plate (that acts roughly like as a classical lens) instead of a pinhole to focus the atom beam into a small focal spot. This means that the beam width equation changes significantly (see below).
Here, is the zone plate magnification and is the width of the smallest zone. Note the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
AMPP administers accreditation programs for contractors working in the protective coatings and linings industries. "QP" stands for "Qualification Procedure", a reference to the technical standard that underlies each program.
*QP 1, Field Application to Complex Industrial and Marine Structures
*QP 2, Field Removal of Ha... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Optical sensors are growing in popularity due to the low-cost, low power requirements and long term stability. They provide viable alternatives to electrode-based sensors or more complicated analytical instrumentation, especially in the field of environmental monitoring although in the case of oxygen optrodes, they do ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Though the majority of information on transposons is in relation to their parasitic effect, it is sometimes unclear as to how exactly they hurt the host organism. To clarify, there are several ways in which a negative effect can be produced by transposable elements.
* Production of siRNA or miRNA that target specific c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) includes non-coding RNAs that play essential roles in rRNA regulation. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) takes part in protein synthesis. Occasional RNA molecules act catalytically, as RNA enzymes (ribozymes) or take part in protein export. The most important ribozyme is the major rRNA of the large subunit of t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Molecular Kink Paradigm proceeds from the intuitive notion that molecular chains that make up a natural rubber (polyisoprene) network are constrained by surrounding chains to remain within a ‘tube’. Elastic forces produced in a chain, as a result of some applied strain, are propagated along the chain contour within... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dimethyl methylphosphonate can be prepared from trimethyl phosphite and a halomethane (e.g. iodomethane) via the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction.
Dimethyl methylphosphonate is a schedule 2 chemical as it may be used in the production of chemical weapons. It will react with thionyl chloride to produce methylphosphonic acid d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A formyl group, –CHO, can be introduced by treating the aryl diazonium salt with formaldoxime (), followed by hydrolysis of the aryl aldoxime to give the aryl aldehyde. This reaction is known as the Beech reaction. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Ensembl: [http://www.ensembl.org/biomart/martview/4e6c01c28faed033db52d0d30e4c21ab]
*OmicTools: [https://omictools.com/mtd-3-tool]
*Transcriptome Browser: [http://tagc.univ-mrs.fr/tbrowser/]
*ArrayExpress: [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/] | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first such attempt is found in the Swain–Scott equation derived in 1953:
This free-energy relationship relates the pseudo first order reaction rate constant (in water at 25 °C), k, of a reaction, normalized to the reaction rate, k, of a standard reaction with water as the nucleophile, to a nucleophilic constant n f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2008, Alpert coined the term, ERLIC (electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography), for HILIC separations where an ionic column surface chemistry is used to repel a common ionic polar group on an analyte or within a set of analytes, to facilitate separation by the remaining polar groups. Electrosta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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